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LTE Air Interface
LTE Air Interface
Student text
Disclaimer
This book is a training document and contains simplifications. Therefore, it must
not be considered as a specification of the system.
The contents of this document are subject to revision without notice due to ongoing
progress in methodology, design and manufacturing.
ENKI Adam Girycki assumes no legal responsibility for any error or damage resulting
from the usage of this document.
Copyright ⃝
c April 28, 2014 by ENKI Adam Girycki.
This document was produced in Poland by ENKI Adam Girycki. It is used for
training purpose only and may not be copied or reproduced in any manner without
the express written consent of ENKI.
This document number ESB 4003 R2D supports course number ELP 4003 R2D.
2
Contents
1 OFDMA principles 5
1.1 Two way communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1.1 FDD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.1.2 TDD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2 Access network evolution overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.1 1G FDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.2 2G TDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2.3 3G WCDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2.4 4G OFDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3 Complex numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3.1 Rectangular notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3.2 Polar notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3.3 Relation between rectangular and polar notation . . . . . . . . 14
1.3.4 Euler’s formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.3.5 Exponential notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.4 Fourier analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.4.1 Fourier Transform (FT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.4.2 Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and Fast Fourier Transform
(FFT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.5 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) concept . . . . . 20
1.5.1 OFDM transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.5.2 OFDM receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.6 Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2 EPS architecture 27
2.1 LTE requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.2 EPS architectural principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.2.1 Evolved Packet Core (EPC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.2.2 Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.3 Strata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.3.1 Non-Access Stratum (NAS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.3.2 Access Stratum (AS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.4 EPS Bearer and QoS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.4.1 EPS Bearer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.4.2 Quality of Service (QoS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.5 Integration with 2G and 3G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.6 Interfaces overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.7 Evolved Packet Core (EPC) functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.7.1 Mobility Management Entity node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3
CONTENTS
3 LTE signalling 49
3.1 User plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.2 Control plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.3 Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.3.1 Radio Resource Control (RRC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.3.2 Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.3.3 Radio Link Control (RLC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.3.4 Medium Access Control (MAC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.4 Radio interface structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4
CONTENTS
5
CONTENTS
Acronyms 175
6
1 OFDMA principles
Figure 1.2: Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD).
7
1 OFDMA principles
1.1.1 FDD
The FDD system uses different frequency bands for UL and DL, separated by the
duplex distance, see Figure 1.2. In case of FDD, the UL is usually placed on the
lower frequency band because the transmission of lower frequency radio wave re-
quires less energy comparing to the higher frequency band, on which the DL is
placed. In FDD solution the transmission and reception may take place contin-
uously or discontinuously. An example of the FDD system is Global System for
Mobile communication (GSM).
1.1.2 TDD
The TDD system uses the same frequency band for both UL and DL, which is
time shared as presented in Figure 1.2. TDD requires only one frequency to realise
two way communications, which may be an advantage when the availability of radio
resources is a limiting factor. On the other hand, to avoid any collisions, TDD system
requires a time structure (synchronisation) to separate the UL and DL transmission,
which is always discontinuous. An examples of the TDD system is cordless telephony
system.
8
1.2 Access network evolution overview
1.2.1 1G FDMA
1st Generation (1G), the first generation of wireless telecommunications technology,
was introduced in the 1980s and it was an analogue system. The offered service was
the voice.
Examples of 1G system:
• Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT) introduced in 1981 and developed in Nordic
countries, Switzerland, Netherlands, Eastern Europe and Russia
• Advanced Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS) introduced in 1983 and developed
in North America and Australia
In 1G system, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) method of radio re-
sources usage was applied. The available radio resources were divided in frequency
domain. For each connection a separate bandwidth was allocated and the user trans-
mission on the allocated channel was continuous, which is illustrated in Figure 1.5.
The allocated one way channel had bandwidth of 25 kHz in NMT and 30 kHz in
case AMPS, resulting in a total of 50 kHz in NMT and 60 kHz in AMPS for each
duplex channel.
1.2.2 2G TDMA
2G, the second generation of wireless telecommunications technology, was introduced
in 1990s. It was a digital system. The offered services were voice, Short Message
Service (SMS), Circuit Switched (CS) data transfer with the rate of 9.6 kbit/s.
Examples of 2G systems:
9
1 OFDMA principles
• GSM introduced in 1991 and used across more than 212 countries and territo-
ries.
• Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Systems (D-AMPS) introduced 1991 and used
in North America.
• CDMAOne introduced in 1995 and used in the Americas and parts of Asia.
GSM, which is the dominant 2G system, employs the Time Division Multiple Access
(TDMA) method of radio resources usage combined with FDMA. Available radio
resources are first divided into Radio Frequency (RF) channels of 200 kHz bandwidth
(FDMA concept) and next each RF channel is divided in time domain into timeslots
(TDMA concept). A certain number of timeslots create so called TDMA frame. The
number of timeslots in the TDMA frame is system specific. In GSM system eight
timeslots make up the TDMA frame. A user has a cyclic access to the common radio
resources during the allocated timeslot. Thus the transmission is discontinuous. The
Figure 1.6 presents the TDMA system with 4 timeslots in the TDMA frame.
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), which is an add-on to the CS GSM also called
2.5G, offers Packet Switched (PS) data transfer with the rate of approximately 50
kbps.
10
1.2 Access network evolution overview
Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), also called 2.75G, offers higher date rate of PS data
transfer with the maximum rate of approximately 500 kbps, thanks to higher order
modulation.
1.2.3 3G WCDMA
3G, the third generation of wireless telecommunication technology, was introduced
in 2000s.
Examples of 3G system:
• CDMA2000 introduced in 2000 in South Korea and used in Asia, America and
Africa.
3G systems employ Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) method of radio re-
sources usage. CDMA allows for simultaneous transmission of multiple users in
the same frequency band, which is presented in Figure 1.7. Separation of different
connections is achieved by means of different codes. The codes must be orthogonal
(independent of each other).
In CDMA2000 the initial frequency band width was 1.25 MHz, which was next
tripled to 3x1.25 MHz.
In UMTS, the Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) method is ap-
plied, which utilizes wide frequency band of 5 MHz. Wide frequency channel allows
for lowering the power density, thus signal may be even weaker than thermal noise
level.
11
1 OFDMA principles
1.2.4 4G OFDMA
4G, the fourth generation of mobile telecommunications technology, must support 1
Gbit/s downlink bit rate. Currently there is no system, that is able to support mobile
communications with the required bit rate. However there are two technologies,
which are on a way to achieve this goal in the nearest future:
• LTE offers approximately 100 Mbit/s bit rate. The world’s first publicly avail-
able LTE-service was opened in the two Scandinavian capitals Stockholm and
Oslo on the 14 December 2009.
• Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) offers approxi-
mately 40 Mbit/s bit rate. WiMAX access was used to assist with communi-
cations in Aceh, Indonesia, after the tsunami in December 2004.
Both LTE and WiMAX employ Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
(OFDMA) method of radio resources usage. Theoretical foundation of OFDMA
had been already laid in 1960’, but due to high costs and lack of appropriate tech-
nologies for a long time it remained purely theoretical. This situation has changed
with advent of cheap, small and fast microchips capable of processing the FFT and
Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) algorithms. Nowadays, OFDM is widely
used in wireless networking (Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)), digital televi-
sion (Digital Video Broadcasting – Terrestrial (DVB-T)), audio broadcasting (Digi-
tal Audio Broadcasting (DAB)) and broadband wireless communications (WiMAX,
LTE).
OFDMA is a special type of the FDMA. OFDMA allows for transfer messages
simultaneously, using multiple narrow ranges of frequencies, called subcarriers, see
Figure 1.8.
To avoid Inter Carrier Interference (ICI), in ordinary FDMA system, all such subcar-
riers are separated in frequency domain with guard bands, therefore some spectrum
is wasted. OFDM provides much better spectrum efficiency, as it does not need gaps
between subcarrier bands. Moreover, the subcarrier bands are overlapping, which
allows to additionally save some spectrum. ICI is mitigated here by taking advan-
tage of the fact that under the following conditions the subcarriers are orthogonal
with one another:
12
1.2 Access network evolution overview
13
1 OFDMA principles
OFDMA uses very small subcarrier widths, the fading within every subcarrier
can be considered as relatively flat.
• OFDMA can achieve a higher Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) spec-
tral efficiency due to providing flatter frequency channels than a CDMA rake
receiver can.
• The complex OFDMA electronics, including the FFT algorithm and forward
error correction, is constantly active independent of the data rate, which is
inefficient from power consumption point of view, while OFDMA combined
with data packet scheduling may allow that the FFT algorithm hibernates
during certain time intervals.
14
1.3 Complex numbers
Each complex number z has a conjugate z ∗ , which has the same real part but
opposite imaginary part, see 1.11:
z = a + ib (1.1)
∗
z = a − ib (1.2)
a = r cos φ (1.3)
b = r sin φ (1.4)
15
1 OFDMA principles
Euler’s formula was called by Richard Feynman ”one of the most remarkable, almost
astounding, formulas in all of mathematics”.
16
1.4 Fourier analysis
z ∗ = e−iφ (1.8)
17
1 OFDMA principles
18
1.4 Fourier analysis
∑
N −1
Ak = an wkn k = 0, ..., N − 1 (1.9)
n=0
− 2π i
w=e N (1.10)
The inverse transform to the DFT, which transforms the sequence of complex num-
bers Ak back to the sequence of complex values an , is called Inverse Discrete Fourier
Transform (IDFT) and is given by the following formula:
N −1
1 ∑
an = Ak w−kn n = 0, ..., N − 1 (1.11)
N
k=0
In practice, the DFT can be computed efficiently using a Fast Fourier Transform
(FFT) algorithm and IDFT using Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) algo-
rithm.
DFT example
We are going to apply the DFT to the following sequence of N = 8 numbers in the
time domain:
a = [2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 1, 0, 1] (1.12)
We will show that the DFT of the above sequence is the following sequence of
numbers in the frequency domain:
A = [8, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0] (1.13)
Figure 1.15 shows the graphical presentation of the example, where the sequence
of real numbers an is transformed into the sequence of complex numbers Ak . The
complex numbers Ak are expressed by their modulus r and argument φ (see section
1.3). The modulus r represents the amplitude of the cosinusoidal signal of a given
frequency f and the argument φ corresponds to the phase shift of the cosinusoidal
signal. Because, in this example, the phase shift of the cosinusoidal signals is zero
(which means that the imaginary parts of complex numbers Ak are equal zero)
therefore Ak are actually real numbers. For the sequence of 8 numbers, the DFT
formula may be expressed by the following matrix form:
A0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 a0
w w2 w3 w4 w5 w6 w7
A1 1 a1
A2 1 w2 w4 w6 w8 w10 w12 w14 a2
A3 1 w3 w6 w9 w12 w15 w18 w21 a3
= · (1.14)
w4 w8 w12 w16 w20 w24 w28
A4 1 a4
A5 1 w5 w10 w15 w20 w25 w30 w35 a5
A6 1 w6 w12 w18 w24 w30 w36 w42 a6
A7 1 w7 w14 w21 w28 w35 w42 w49 a7
19
1 OFDMA principles
(π ) (π ) 1 i
w = e− = e− 4 i = cos
2π π
8
i
− i sin =√ −√ (1.15)
4 4 2 2
When raising the coefficient w to any integral power, one of eight values is obtained,
which are illustrated in Figure 1.16. Let us denote these eight complex values by
arrows according to Figure 1.16. Now, the matrix form of DFT can be noted in the
following way:
A0 → → → → → → → → 2
→ ↘ ↓ ↙ ← ↖ ↑ ↗
A1 1
A2 → ↓ ← ↑ → ↓ ← ↑ 0
A3 → ↙ ↑ ↘ ← ↗ ↓ ↖ 1
= · (1.16)
→ ← → ← → ← → ←
A4 2
A5 → ↖ ↓ ↗ ← ↘ ↑ ↙ 1
A6 → ↑ ← ↓ → ↑ ← ↓ 0
A7 → ↗ ↑ ↖ ← ↙ ↓ ↘ 1
A0 = 1 · 2 + 1 · 1 + 1 · 0 + 1 · 1 + 1 · 2 + 1 · 1 + 1 · 0 + 1 · 1 = 8 (1.17)
20
1.4 Fourier analysis
Im
Re
( ) ( )
1 i 1 i
A1 = 1 · 2 + √ − √ · 1(−i) · 0 + − √ − √ · 1+
2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) (1.18)
1 i 1 i
+ (−1) · 2 + − √ + √ ·1+i·0+ √ + √ ·1=0
2 2 2 2
A2 = 1 · 2 − i · 1 − 1 · 0 + i · 1 + 1 · 2 − i · 1 − 1 · 0 + i · 1 = 4 (1.19)
You may calculate the remaining Ak values to confirm that the DFT transforms
the sequence a = [2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 1, 0, 1] into the sequence A = [8, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0]. It
is important to observe that the duration of our signal sample in the time domain
was 8 s, while the shift between transformed signals in frequency domain is equal
1 1
8 s = 8 Hz.
A = [8, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0] (1.20)
a = [2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 1, 0, 1] (1.21)
Values an may be calculated from formula 1.11, as presented below, and values w−n
are shown in Figure 1.17:
N −1
1 ∑ 1
a0 = Ak = (8 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 4 + 0) = 2 (1.22)
N 8
k=0
21
1 OFDMA principles
N −1
1 ∑ 1 ( −0·1 )
a1 = Ak w−k = 8w + 4w−2·1 + 4w−6·1 =
N 8 (1.23)
k=0
1
= (8 + 4i − 4i) = 1
8
N −1
1 ∑ 1 ( −0·2 )
a2 = Ak w−2k = 8w + 4w−2·2 + 4w−6·2 =
N 8 (1.24)
k=0
1
= (8 − 4 − 4) = 0
8
Figure 1.17: The coefficient w−n in the IDFT for N = 8. When comparing with
Figure 1.16 notice that w−n is a conjugate of wn .
22
1.5 OFDM concept
23
1 OFDMA principles
So far we had to do with digital operations (modulation and IDFT are digital opera-
tions). Next, the 10 time domain circles an are used to generate an analogue signal,
which is physically transmitted from an antenna.
The receiver performs an opposite operation. It samples the time domain signal
every Ts and collects 10 time domain samples an , which are next transformed, with
use of the DFT, to frequency domain values Ak . The frequency domain values Ak
carry information about bits which were transmitted. The bits are retrieved by
demodulation of values Ak .
After time Tsymbol the next symbol may be transmitted. Figure 1.19 illustrates
transmission of 3 symbols. Please observe that there could be a break between
consecutive symbols transmission. This break is used to transmit cyclic prefix.
s[i] is input bit stream. First, bits are separated into N parallel streams. Streams
are assigned for Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) or Phase Shift Keying
(PSK) modulation. Depending on the modulation, subcarriers may have different
transmission bit rate.
Next, IFFT is computed for the sequence of complex data symbols A0 , ..., AN −1 ,
which results in a sequence of complex time symbols a0 , ..., aN −1 of the signal. For
each symbol, after imaginary and real part separation, both parts are converted
to analogue in Digital-to-Analogue converter (D/A). Next, analogue signals are
quadrature modulated (multiplied by cosine and sine functions) and summed up
giving the output modulated signal s(t).
24
1.6 Modulation
1.6 Modulation
In telecommunications, modulation is the process of conveying a message signal, for
example digital information bit stream, inside another signal that can be physically
25
1 OFDMA principles
26
1.6 Modulation
27
1 OFDMA principles
28
2 EPS architecture
29
2 EPS architecture
30
2.2 EPS architectural principles
31
2 EPS architecture
32
2.3 Strata
EPC and the E-UTRAN is called S1 and the interface between the eNBs is called
X2.
2.3 Strata
To keep the questions of mobility and connection management independent of the
air interface technology, the concept of communication strata has been employed in
UMTS and it is also used in LTE/SAE. The stack of protocols has been divided
into:
• NAS – containing Core Network (CN) protocols between the CN and UE,
which do not terminate in the E-UTRAN, but in the CN itself. E-UTRAN is
completely transparent for these protocols, and hence they can be independent
of the radio technology used.
• Access Stratum (AS) – containing radio access protocols between the UE and
the E-UTRAN. These protocols are different in GSM, UMTS and LTE, since
the radio access technology is different here (OFDMA instead of TDMA or
WCDMA).
33
2 EPS architecture
The NAS messages are transported by the Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer –
the signalling layer of the AS. There are two ways to transport the NAS messages
by RRC, either by concatenating the NAS messages with other Radio Resource
Control (RRC) messages, or by including the NAS messages in dedicated RRC
messages without concatenation.
The NAS messages are protected using the ciphering and integrity protection services
provided by the Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer. However, NAS
is also protected by its own security functions terminated in the UE and MME,
respectively.
On the network side, the NAS layers are in 3rd Generation Partnership Project
(3GPP) agreed to be terminated by the MME.
The NAS state model is based on a two-dimensional model which consists of EMM
states describing the mobility management states that result from the mobility man-
agement procedures e.g. attach and Tracking Area Update (TAU) procedures, and
of EPS Connection Management (ECM) states describing the signalling connectivity
between the UE and the EPC.
The ECM and EMM states are independent of each other and when the UE is in
EMM-CONNECTED state this does not imply that the user plane (radio and S1
bearers) is established.
The AS provides the connectivity between the nodes in the E-UTRAN. There are
three interfaces that are involved in the AS concept:
• Radio interface – connectivity between the UE and the E-UTRAN node – the
eNB.
34
2.4 EPS Bearer and QoS
35
2 EPS architecture
Radio Bearer and the EPS Bearer/E-RAB. An S1 Bearer transports the packets of
an E-RAB between an eNB and a S-GW.
A UE stores a mapping between an uplink packet filter and a Radio Bearer to
create the binding between an SDF and a Data Radio Bearer in the uplink. A
P-GW stores a mapping between a downlink packet filter and an S5/S8a Bearer to
create the binding between an SDF and an S5/S8a Bearer in the downlink.
An eNB stores a one-to-one mapping between a Radio Bearer and an S1 Bearer to
create the binding between a Radio Bearer and an S1 Bearer in both the uplink and
downlink.
A S-GW stores a one-to-one mapping between an S1 Bearer and an S5/S8a Bearer
to create the binding between an S1 Bearer and an S5/S8a Bearer in both the uplink
and downlink.
QoS has been defined by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as:
the collective effect of service performance, which determines the degree of
satisfaction of a user of a service.
Thus, QoS is connected with the way the user perceives the service. The user is
not interested in how a service is provided but only whether or not he or she is
satisfied with that service. So, from a user’s perspective the QoS level is a very sub-
jective thing and if the network does not provide the desired level of satisfaction, the
user may simply stop using the service and possibly change to some other operator
offering a similar service with the desired QoS level.
QoS classes
In UMTS four different QoS classes (referred also to as traffic classes) have been
defined. These QoS classes are:
• Conversational class,
• Streaming class,
• Interactive class, and
• Background class.
The main distinction between these QoS classes follows from how delay-sensitive
the traffic is: Conversational class is meant for traffic, which is very delay-sensitive,
while Background class is the most delay-insensitive traffic class.
In case of LTE, 3GPP in Release 8 introduces another concept: QoS Class Identifier
(QCI). QCI is a scalar that is used as a reference to node specific parameters that
36
2.5 Integration with 2G and 3G
37
2 EPS architecture
Packet
Packet
Resource error
QCI Priority delay Example service
type loss
budget
rate
1 2 100 ms 10−2 Conversational voice
2 4 150 ms 10−3 Conversational video (live
streaming)
GBR
3 3 50 ms 10−3 Real-time gaming
4 5 300 ms 10−6 Non-conversational video
(buffered streaming)
5 1 100 ms 10−6 IMS signalling
6 6 300 ms 10−6 Video buffered
streaming,TCP based
services (e.g. www, e-mail,
chat, ftp, p2p file sharing,
progressive video, etc.)
7 7 100 ms 10−3 Voice, video live streaming,
interactive gaming
8 8 300 ms 10−6 ”Premium bearer” for video
non-GBR
buffered streaming, TCP
based services (e.g. www,
e-mail, chat, ftp, p2p file
sharing, progressive video,
etc) for premium subscribers
9 9 300 ms 10−6 ”Default bearer” for video,
TCP based services (etc. for
non-privilaged subscribers
Traffic
Signalling Source statistics
QCI Traffic class Handling
indication descriptor
Priority
1 Conversational N/A N/A Speech
2 Conversational N/A N/A Unknown
3 Conversational N/A N/A Unknown
4 Streaming N/A N/A Unknown
5 Interactive 1 Yes N/A
6 Interactive 1 No N/A
7 Interactive 2 No N/A
8 Interactive 3 No N/A
9 Background N/A N/A N/A
Table 2.2: Mapping between standardized QCIs and pre-Relese-8 QoS parameter
values.
38
2.6 Interfaces overview
Figure 2.3: E-UTRAN, UTRAN and GERAN architecture. GPRS one tunnel
approach.
will make it possible to support intra SGSN/MME and inter P/S-GW/GGSN node
mobility between the different accesses.
Gi
Gi is the interface to external packet data networks (e.g. Internet) and contains the
end-user’s IP Point of Presence (PoP). All user-plane and control-plane functions
that use the Gi interface are handled above the end-user’s IP layer, whereas all
terminal mobility within 3GPP is handled below the Gi interface.
S1
S1 is the interface between eNB and MME and between eNB and S-GW. In the user
plane this interface will be based on GTP User data tunnelling (GTP-U) (similar
to Iu and Gn interface in UMTS). In the control plane the interface is more similar
39
2 EPS architecture
to RAN Application Part (RANAP), with some simplifications and changes due to
the different functional split and mobility within EPS.
It has been agreed to split the S1 interface into a S1-CP (control plane) and S1-
UP (user plane) part. The signalling transport on S1-CP will be based on Stream
Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP). The signalling protocol for S1 is called S1
Application Protocol (S1AP). S1AP protocol has the following functions:
• EPS Bearer management function.
This overall functionality is responsible for setting up, modifying and releasing
EPS bearers, which are triggered by the MME The release of EPS bearers may
be triggered by the eNB as well.
• Initial context transfer function.
This functionality is used to establish an S1 UE context in the eNB, to setup
the default IP connectivity, to setup one or more SAE bearer(s) if requested
by the MME, and to transfer NAS signalling related information to the eNB
if needed.
• Mobility functions for UEs in LTE ACTIVE in order to enable:
◦ a change of eNB within LTE/SAE (inter MME/S-GW handovers) via the
40
2.6 Interfaces overview
X2
X2 is the interface between eNBs. The interface is mainly used to support active
mode UE mobility (Packet Forwarding). This interface may also be used for multi-
cell Radio Resource Management (RRM) functions. The X2-CP interface consists
of a signalling protocol called X2 Application Protocol (X2AP) on top of SCTP.
The X2-UP interface is based on GTP-U. The X2-UP interface is used to support
loss-less mobility (packet forwarding).
The X2-AP protocol provides the following functions:
• Mobility Management (MM).
This function allows the eNB to move the responsibility of a certain UE to
another eNB. Forwarding of user plane data is a part of the mobility manage-
ment.
• Load management.
This function allows eNBs to indicate overload and traffic load to each other.
• Reporting of general error situations.
41
2 EPS architecture
This function allows reporting of general error situations, for which function
specific error messages have not been defined.
The X2 interface is a many-to-many interface.
S3
S3 is a control interface between the MME and 2G/3G SGSNs. The interface is
based on Gn/GTP Control plane (GTP-C) (SGSN-SGSN), possibly with some new
functionality to support signalling free idle mode mobility between E-UTRAN and
UTRAN/GERAN. S3 will not support packet forwarding; instead this will be sup-
ported on the S4 interface.
S3 is a many-to-many interface.
The S3 interface is similar to the S10 interface between MMEs which will be used
for intra-LTE mobility between two MME pool areas.
S4
S4 is the interface between the P-GW and 2G/3G SGSNs. The interface is based
on Gn/GPRS Tunnelling Protocol (GTP) (SGSN-GGSN). The user plane interface
is based on GTP-U (same as S1-UP and Iu-UP) and the control plane is based on
GTP-C (similar to S11).
S4 is a many-to-many interface.
The S4 interface is backwards compatible with the Gn interface.
S6
S5/S8
S5/S8 is the interface between the S-GW and P-GW. In principle S5 and S8 is the
same interface, the difference being that S8 is used when roaming between different
operators while S5 is network internal. The S5/S8 interface will exist in two variants
one based on Gn/GTP (SGSN-GGSN) and the other will use the Internet Engineer-
ing Task Force (IETF) specified Proxy Mobile IP (PMIP) for mobility control with
additional mechanism to handle QoS.
The usage of PMIP or GTP on S5/S8 will not be visible over the S1 interface or
in the terminal. In the non roaming case the S-GW and P-GW functions can be
performed in one physical node.
It has been agreed in 3GPP that the usage of PMIP or GTP on S5 and S8 should
not impact RAN behaviour or impact the terminals.
42
2.6 Interfaces overview
In the roaming case S8 is providing user and control plane between the S-GW in the
Visited PLMN (VPLMN) and the P-GW in the Home PLMN (HPLMN). S8 is the
inter Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) variant of S5.
S5/S8 is a many-to-many interface.
S9
S9 provides transfer of QoS policy and charging control information between the
Home Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF) and the Visited PCRF in order
to support local breakout function.
S10
S10 is a control interface between the MMEs which will be very similar to the
S3 interface between the SGSN and MME. The interface is based on Gn/GTP-C
(SGSN-SGSN) with additional functionality.
S10 is a many-to-many interface.
S11
S11 is the interface between the MME and S-GW. The interface is based on
Gn/GTP-C (interface between SGSN and GGSN) with some additional functions for
paging coordination, mobility compared to the legacy Gn/GTP-C (SGSN-GGSN)
interface.
S11 is a many-to-many interface.
S12
S12 is the interface between UTRAN and S-GW for user plane tunnelling when
direct tunnel is established. It is based on the Iu-u/Gn-u reference point using the
GTP-U protocol as defined between SGSN and UTRAN or respectively between
SGSN and GGSN. Usage of S12 is an operator configuration option.
S13
S13 enables UE identity check procedure between MME and Equipment Identify
Register (EIR).
SGi
SGi is the interface between the P-GW and the packet data network. Packet data
network may be an operator external public or private packet data network or an
intra operator packet data network, e.g. for provision of IP Multimedia Subsystem
(IMS) services. This interface corresponds to Gi for 3GPP accesses.
Rx
Rx is the interface between the application server and the PCRF
43
2 EPS architecture
Gx
Gx provides transfer of QoS policy and charging rules from PCRF to PCEF in the
P-GW.
44
2.7 Evolved Packet Core (EPC) functions
P-GW provides an interface to the outside world (e.g. the Internet). The P/S-GW
can mainly be seen as a user plane node, however it also performs some QoS related
signalling (it terminates the interface for policy control).
The P/S-GW is involved in the following control plane functions:
• EPS Bearer Handling.
The P/S-GW triggers the setup of EPS Bearers upon request from the policy
control functions.
• Mobility Anchor – IP PoP.
The P-GW acts as a mobility anchor point which hides UE mobility from the
fixed network. When a UE attaches to the network it is assigned an IP address
from a P-GW, which then also assumes the role of mobility anchor to the UE.
While the control of a UE may be transferred to another MME or S-GW as a
consequence of a Handover (HO), the UE’s IP PoP will remain at the P-GW.
Thus, the mobility of UEss is transparent to the fixed network.
Further, the P/S-GW handles the following user plane functions:
• QoS Policy Control and Enforcement.
To simplify bearer requests from an application point of view, increase op-
erator’s control over its network resources and limit the potential for abuse
by users, EPS QoS is network controlled. The policy control and enforcement
functions associate users’ traffic flows with appropriate QoS classes and execute
rate policing to prohibit users or flows from exceeding the QoS limits speci-
fied in users’ subscription agreements. DL traffic is policed in the P/S-GW
whereas UL traffic is policed in the eNB.
• Charging.
The charging function is responsible for charging the user for its traffic accord-
ing to the rate that applies for a particular service, subscription etc.
• Lawful Intercept.
This function enables communications to be electronically intercepted, or eaves-
dropped, by law enforcement agencies, should it be authorized by judicial or
regulatory mandates.
45
2 EPS architecture
sharing of networks; i.e., to use only a part of the operator’s network as a shared
network.
The individual pooled MMEs and S-GW do not have to be located on the same
physical site, but can be distributed in the network. All pools of a particular op-
erator are assumed to be interconnected by means of an interface similar to the
S3/S4/S10/S11 interface.
When a UE attaches to the network, it is assigned to one of the MMEs that belong
to the MME pool associated with the eNB through which the UE is attaching, the
MME then selects an S-GW in the S-GW pool. No change of MME or S-GW is
required while the UE moves around among eNBs belonging to the same MME or
S-GW pool. If the UE moves out of the pools coverage it is reassigned to an MME
or S-GW in the pool associated with the new eNB.
The P-GW, which performs charging, policy enforcement and UE’s IP PoP is not
changed when the S-GW is relocated. The main purpose of the S-GW is to act as
a local mobility anchor and to buffer packets during E-UTRAN paging. In some
equipment vendors views (for example Ericsson) S-GWs are rare and in most cases
the S-GW and P-GW functions are performed by the same physical node. MME
relocation may be more motivated since there may be limits on how many eNBs the
MME is connected to.
46
2.8 LTE functions
Partially overlapping pools will also be supported. Overlapping pools may have
some benefits since it makes it possible to avoid some of the negative effects of hard
pool borders, however it comes with extra complexity.
47
2 EPS architecture
eNB owns and controls the radio resources of its own cells. Cell resources are
requested by and granted to MMEs in an ordered fashion. This arrangement
supports the MME pooling concept. S-GW pooling is managed by the MMEs
and is not really seen in the eNB.
• Mobility control.
The eNB is responsible for controlling the mobility for terminals in active state.
This is done by ordering the UE to perform measurement and then performing
handover when necessary.
• Control Plane (CP) and User Plane (UP) security.
The ciphering of user plane data over the radio interface is terminated in
the eNB. Also the ciphering and integrity protection of RRC signalling is
terminated in the eNB.
• Shared channel handling.
Since the eNB owns the cell resources, the eNB also handles the shared and
random access channels used for signalling and initial access.
• Segmentation/concatenation.
Radio Link Control (RLC) Service Data Units (SDUs) received from the PDCP
layer consist of whole IP packets and may be larger than the transport block
size provided by the physical layer. Thus, the RLC layer must support seg-
mentation and concatenation to adapt the payload to the transport block size.
• Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ).
Medium Access Control (MAC) HARQ layer with fast feedback provides a
means for quickly correcting most errors from the radio channel. To achieve
low delay and efficient use of radio resources, the HARQ operates with a
native error rate which is sufficient only for services with moderate error rate
requirements such as for instance Voice over IP (VoIP). Lower error rates are
achieved by letting an outer Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) layer in the
eNB handle the HARQ errors.
• Scheduling.
Scheduling with support for QoS provides for efficient scheduling of UP and
CP data.
• Multiplexing and mapping.
The eNB performs mapping of logical channels onto transport channels.
• Physical layer functionality.
The eNB handles the physical layer processing such as scrambling, Transmit
(TX) diversity, beamforming and OFDM modulation. The eNB also handles
layer one functions like link adaptation and power control.
• Measurements and reporting.
eNB provides functions for configuring and making measurements on the radio
environment and eNB-internal variables and conditions. The collected data is
48
2.8 LTE functions
used internally for RRM but can be reported for the purpose of multi-cell
RRM.
49
2 EPS architecture
50
3 LTE signalling
• Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP), which maps the EPS bearer
onto the E-UTRAN radio bearer and performs Robust Header Compression
(ROHC).
• Radio Link Control (RLC), which maps the E-UTRAN radio bearer to a
logical channel and performs segmentation, in-sequence delivery and retrans-
missions.
• The physical layer, which maps the transport channel onto a physical chan-
nel and performs channel coding, modulation etc.
The LTE radio interface protocol architecture for User Plane is shown in Figure 3.1.
51
3 LTE signalling
3.3 Protocols
3.3.1 Radio Resource Control (RRC)
The following control plane functions are agreed in 3GPP to be performed by the
Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer:
• Broadcast of System Information (SI) related to the NAS,
• Broadcast of SI related to the AS,
• Paging,
• Establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between the
UE and E-UTRAN including:
◦ Allocation of temporary identifiers between UE and E-UTRAN,
52
3.3 Protocols
53
3 LTE signalling
54
3.3 Protocols
55
3 LTE signalling
ARQ processes. The motivation for this type of protocol is to allow continuous
transmission, which cannot be achieved with a single stop-and-wait scheme, while
at the same time having some of the simplicity of a stop-and-wait protocol. The
functionality and performance is similar to that of a window based selective repeat
protocol but only single-bit HARQ feedback is required.
The protocol is modelled as a number of parallel HARQ processes, where each
process uses a simple stop-and-wait protocol. By using NHARQ parallel HARQ
processes, where NHARQ > Round trip time/Subframe length, a continuous trans-
mission is achieved. The maximum UE processing time before sending a HARQ
feedback has been specified such that 8 HARQ processes are needed for continuous
transmission in FDD with a typical eNB implementation.
In 3GPP, the current working assumption is to use a synchronous HARQ for the
uplink and an asynchronous HARQ for the downlink. That is, for the uplink, the
subframe when the retransmission occurs is known at the receiver, while for the
downlink the scheduler has the freedom to choose the subframe for the retransmis-
sion dynamically. For both up- and downlink a synchronous, single-bit HARQ feed-
back Acknowledge (ACK)/Negative Acknowledge (NACK) is sent providing feed-
back about the success of the previous transmission. The HARQ protocol is adap-
tive in both uplink and downlink, meaning that the scheduler can decide to use a
different resource for a retransmission compared to that one used for the previous
(re)transmission.
The redundancy version of a (re)transmission needs to be known by the receiver.
Thus, the redundancy version and an indication whether the transmission contains a
first transmission or a retransmission is indicated on the Physical Downlink Control
Channel (PDCCH). In case the data is a retransmission of previously stored data,
the received data is soft combined with the data stored in the soft buffer. In case
the received data is not a retransmission or a retransmission of data that has not
been stored, the soft buffer is cleared and only the latest received data is placed in
the buffer.
The Figure 3.4 presents the principle of HARQ operation for MAC layer.
The MAC layer does not support in-order delivery to RLC. HARQ retransmissions
will lead to that MAC PDUs are received in a different order than they were sent.
Due to the lack of MAC sequence numbers it is up to the RLC receivers to restore
the original sequence and to provide in-order delivery to higher layers.
56
3.4 Radio interface structure
The MAC layer supports the ARQ in the RLC layer with certain triggers if residual
HARQ errors are detected, e.g., if the maximum number of HARQ transmissions
has been reached. Finally, MAC also allows flows from a single user to be multi-
plexed. Correspondingly, the MAC header carries multiplexing information used to
de-multiplex RLC PDUs to different flows.
57
3 LTE signalling
58
4 LTE radio interface introduc-
tion
59
4 LTE radio interface introduction
• Traffic channels:
◦ Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH).
A DTCH is a point-to-point channel, dedicated to one UE, for the transfer
of user information. A DTCH can exist in both uplink and downlink.
◦ Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH).
A point-to-multipoint downlink channel for transmitting traffic data from
the network to the UE using MBMS.
60
4.1 Channel structure
based. For UEs having an RRC connection there is some limited support
for contention free access.
61
4 LTE radio interface introduction
62
4.2 Time domain structure
4.2.1 FDD
For the LTE FDD mode of operation, the time domain structure is divided into 10
ms long radio frames. Each radio frame consists of ten equally sized subframes of
1 ms length, which is illustrated in Figure 4.2. Each subframe, in turn, consists of
two equally sized slots of 0.5 ms length. The subframe is the typical scheduling unit
of LTE, while slots are relevant in case of frequency hopping. Figure 4.2 is valid for
both the downlink and uplink transmission direction.
As a result of OFDMA and applied subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz, the length of the
1
OFDMA symbol is 15 kHz = 66.67 µs. To the beginning of each OFDM symbol, a
cyclic prefix is appended, which is a guard time to combat ISI due to multipath prop-
agation. Cyclic prefix is a copy of the ending part of the OFDM symbol and when
it is appended to the beginning of the OFDM symbol then the frequency domain
content of the transmitted signal is unchanged, see Figure 4.3 and Figure 1.18. With
cyclic prefix the transmission of time domain signal takes longer, but when receiver
makes FFT of the received time domain signal then it obtains exactly the same
frequency representation of the signal as it would get without cyclic prefix.
500 µs
One slot could theoretically fit 7.5 symbols ( 66.67 µs = 7.5), therefore a slot contains
maximum 7 symbols and the remaining time of half of a symbol duration is used
as the cyclic prefixes for all 7 symbols, according to Table 4.1. In large cells, with
higher delay spread of the radio channel, the cyclic prefix must be extended and
only 6 symbols may be placed in a slot.
63
4 LTE radio interface introduction
4.2.2 TDD
In case of TDD, some of the subframes, in 10 ms long frame, are reserved for downlink
transmission, some subframes are reserved for uplink transmission and one or two
subframes have special structure, because they are used as switch points between
downlink and uplink. Seven uplink-downlink configurations are supported, see Table
4.2.
All subframes, which are not special subframes, are defined as two slots of length 0.5
ms in each subframe. The special subframes consist of the three fields, see Figure
4.4:
64
4.3 Frequency domain structure
Number Propagation
Prefix type of symbols ∆f Cyclic prefix length path
in a slot difference
Normal 5.2 µs for first symbol
7 15 kHz 1.4 km
prefix 4.7 µs for other symbols
Extended 6 15 kHz 16.7 µs 5.0 km
prefix 3 7.5 kHz 33.3 µs 10 km
65
4 LTE radio interface introduction
66
4.4 Scheduling Block
For example for channel bandwidth 5 MHz there are 25 RBs, which can be allocated
to users. The remaining frequency band is unused and needed as band guard, see
also Figure 4.7.
Channel bandwidth
1.4 3 5 10 15 20
[MHz]
Transmission bandwidth
configuration 6 15 25 50 75 100
[RB]
Table 4.4: Number of RBs for different channel bandwidths in FDD and TDD.
In DL, one UE can be allocated integer multiples of one SB in the frequency domain.
These SBs do not have to be adjacent to each other. In the time domain, the
scheduling decision can be modified every Transmission Time Interval (TTI) of 1
ms. The scheduling decision is done in the eNB. The scheduling algorithm has
to take into account the radio link quality situation of different users, the overall
interference situation, QoS requirements, service priorities, etc. Figure 4.8 shows an
example of downlink data allocation to different users.
67
4 LTE radio interface introduction
68
4.6 System spectral efficiency
Physical Resource Block (PRB) is what we have been discussing so far, RB with the
following properties: 180 kHz over 0.5 ms.
A Virtual Resource Block (VRB) is of the same size as a PRB. Two types of VRBs
are defined:
• VRB of localised type,
• VRB of distributed type.
Ngap,1 is defined and Ngap = Ngap,1 . For 50 ≤ NDL ≤ 110, two gap values Ngap,1
RB
and Ngap,2 are defined. Whether Ngap = Ngap,1 or Ngap = Ngap,2 is signalled as part
of the downlink scheduling assignment.
DL − 1, where
VRBs of distributed type are numbered from 0 to NVRB
N DL
VRB,gap2 = ⌊ 2Ngap ⌋ · 2Ngap for Ngap = Ngap,2 .
DL = N DL
NVRB RB
RB
NDL 6 7-8 9-10 11 12-19 20-26 27-44 45-49 50-63 64-79 80-110
RBG 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4
Ngap,1 3 4 5 4 8 12 18 27 27 32 48
Ngap,2 - - - - - - - - 9 16 16
69
4 LTE radio interface introduction
Figure 4.9: Localized and distributed VRB. The picture illustrates Ngap,1 = 48
RB = 100.
for NDL
70
4.6 System spectral efficiency
system spectral efficiency is achieved thanks to high symbol rate of 3840 ksym/s
used for wide channel band width. In LTE higher system spectral efficiency is
achieved even though the symbol rate is low, this is because the channel band width
is narrow.
User bit rate depends not only on the system spectral efficiency, but also on the
frequency band width allocated for the user as well as Carrier (C) to Noise (N)
and Interferer (I) conditions C/(N+I). Low C/(N+I) may unable usage of high
modulation techniques like 64QAM. User bit rate may also be increased thanks to
multiple antennas used for transmission and for reception, so called MIMO concept,
which is discussed in further in the book.
71
Radio Modulation System
(Sub)carrier (Sub)carrier Spectral Frequency
System access Symbol Symbol spectral
bandwidth Technique Scheme bit rate efficiency reuse
technique duration rate efficiency
ksymb bit kbit bit/s freq bit/s
kHz µs s symb s Hz cell Hz· cell
1
GSM TDMA 200 3.7 271 GMSK 1 271 1.36 3 0.45
1
UMTS WCDMA 5000 0.3 3840 QPSK 2 7680 1.54 1 1.54
1
WiMAX OFDMA 10.94 91.4 10 QPSK 2 20 1.83 1.83
72
1
1
WiMAX OFDMA 10.94 91.4 10 64QAM 6 60 5.48 5.48
4 LTE radio interface introduction
1
1
LTE OFDMA 15 66.7 14 QPSK 2 28 1.87 1 1.87
1
LTE OFDMA 15 66.7 14 64QAM 6 84 5.60 1 5.60
Table 4.6: GSM, UMTS, WiMAX and LTE comparison. The table presents gross bit rate, spectral efficiency and system spectral efficiency,
which include not only user date bit rate but also system signalling. The table does not consider MIMO which can further increase spectral
efficiency.
5 LTE downlink physical chan-
nels
In the OFDMA technique, which is used in the LTE DL, each RE contains one
complex number. The complex numbers, which are sent duration the same symbol,
are input the IFFT to build the time domain signal. The time domain signal is next
converted to analogue and transmitted by an antenna.
The complex numbers compose different physical channels, in order to support the
system with not only user data transmission (carried out on PDSCH), but also with
all kinds of signalling necessary to support this transmission.
This chapter presents the process of the complex numbers generation, which compose
different physical channels.
73
5 LTE downlink physical channels
5.2 P-SS
The P-SS is a sequence of 62 symbols transmitted on the 62 central subcarriers. The
sequence is generated from a frequency-domain Zadoff-Chu1 sequence. The Zadoff-
Chu sequence has an ideal periodic auto-correlation property (i.e. the periodic auto-
correlation is zero for all time shifts other than zero). Thanks to this property and
also thanks to location of the P-SS on the central subcarriers an UE may synchronize
to the subcarrier structure (frequency domain synchronization).
There are three different Zadoff-Chu root sequences defined in the 3GPP standard
(3GPP TS 36.211) using root indices 25, 29, 34, corresponding to cell parameter
physicalLayerId = {0, 1, 2}, see Figure 5.3.
Since the P-SS occurs twice per frame it does not uniquely determine the frame
timing, but has an ambiguity of 5 ms.
1
A Zadoff-Chu sequence is a complex-valued mathematical sequence which have the property
that cyclicly shifted versions of the sequence comprising the signal do not cross-correlate with each
other when the signal is recovered at the receiver. A generated Zadoff-Chu sequence that has not
been shifted is known as a ”root sequence”. Zadoff-Chu sequences are used in the 3GPP LTE air
interface in the definition of Primary Synchronization Signal (P-SS), random access preamble (sent
on PRACH), HARQ ACK/NACK responses (sent on PUCCH) and Sounding Reference Signals
(SRS).
2
Correlation is a dependence between two variables. Intuitively, correlation between two vari-
ables means, that if we know the value of one of them, then we are able, at least in some cases, to
predict the value of the other variable with better accuracy than without this information. Cross-
correlation is a measure of similarity of two waveforms as a function of a time-lag applied to one of
them. This is also known as a sliding dot product or inner-product.
74
5.3 S-SS
The mapping of P-SS as well as other physical channels and physical signals is
illustrated in Figure 5.4
5.3 S-SS
The sequence d(n) used for the S-SS is an interleaved concatenation of two length-31
binary sequences s0 (n) and s1 (n), hence the total length is 62. The two sequences
s0 (n) and s1 (n) are defined as two different cyclic shifts of a source sequence s(n),
see Table 5.1.
The sequence s(n) is used to generate, by its cyclic shift, two sequences s0 and s1 .
The Table 5.1 shows cyclic shifts of 1 and 4 respectively, which sent in subframe 0
encode physicalLayerCellIdGroup = 60. The sequences s0 (n) and s1 (n) are next
75
5 LTE downlink physical channels
Figure 5.4: Mapping of Physical Channels on DL for FDD mode. Time on hori-
zontal axis and frequency on vertical axis.
76
5.4 RS
concatenated with interleaving building 62-long sequence. The 3GPP standard spec-
ifies 168 different pairs of shifts, therefore one of 168 different 62-long concatenated
binary sequences may be transmitted on the S-SS, which encode the parameter
physicalLayerCellIdGroup = {0, 1, ....167}.
The concatenated sequence is next scrambled with a scrambling sequence given
by the P-SS.and, similar to the P-SS, transmitted on 62 central subcarriers. The
combination of two length-31 sequences defining the S-SS differs between subframe 0
and subframe 5 and is used to resolve the ambiguity of 5 ms mentioned above.
Parameters physicalLayerId and physicalLayerCellIdGroup compose the physical
layer cell identity according the below formula:
The above formula makes available 504 different physical layer cell identities. Both
P-SS and S-SS must be transmitted on the same antenna port. Placing P-SS and S-
SS close to each other enables coherent detection of S-SS using the channel estimate
obtained from P-SS. A drawback of this placement is that the duration between
P-SS and S-SS depends on the length of the CP and its length must therefore be
blindly estimated.
5.4 RS
Reference Signals (RS) are transmitted in both downlink and uplink. The downlink
reference signals consist of so-called reference symbols, which are known symbols in-
serted within in the OFDM time/frequency grid. This section discusses the downlink
RS, which enable:
• Coherent demodulation of other symbols into bits in UE. Without these ref-
erence symbols it would be very difficult for the UE to demodulate symbols
into bits in so dense modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM where different
between different modulation constellations may be small. If an NodeB is uses
2 or 4 antennas for transmission then different RS are transmitted by each
antenna.
• Channel quality measurements for scheduling. Because the downlink RS are
sent in whole frequency band of the carrier therefore measurements done by
UE and provided to the NodeB may be used by the NodeB to allocate the
optimal downlink subcarriers for downlink transmission.
• Measurements for mobility. RS are transmitted with constant output power,
therefore measurements on the m are good signal strength measure of a cell
and are used in cell reselection and handover process.
Specific predefined resource elements carry the cell specific reference signal, which
consists of so called reference symbols. The reference symbols are transmitted every
6-th subcarrier across the whole band of the carrier. In case of normal cyclic prefix,
the reference symbols are transmitted on symbols 0 and 4 in each slot (for one or two
antenna ports) and also on symbol 1 for four antenna ports in a cell, see Figure 5.5.
In case of extended cyclic prefix the reference symbols are transmitted on symbols
77
5 LTE downlink physical channels
78
5.5 PBCH
0 and 3 in each slot (for one or two antenna ports) and also on symbol 1 for four
antenna ports in a cell.
In case of one or two transmit antennas, each antenna has 4 reference symbols in
a RB. In case of four transmit antennas in a cell, antenna ports 0 and 1 have four
reference symbols in a RB, while antenna ports 2 and 3 have two reference symbols
in a RB.
The reference symbols, which are sent on a particular symbol every 6-th subcarrier
across the carrier frequency band, compose a pseudo random sequence of QPSK
modulation symbols. The sequence is generated with use of Gold codes3 and dif-
ferent pseudo random sequence is used for different symbols within a frame, but
are repeated every 10 ms frame. The pseudo random sequences are different for
each physical layer CellID. Not only the random sequence, but also the frequency
domain location of the reference symbols depends on the CellID. The cell-specific
frequency shift of the reference symbols is given by:
5.5 PBCH
As additional help during cell search a set of parameters, called System Information
(SI), is broadcast to all UEs in the whole cell area by the logical channel BCCH.
The SI is divided into two parts. The static part is called Master Information
Block (MIB) and is carried out by transport channels BCH. The dynamic part
contains different System Information Blocks (SIBs) and is carried out by DL-SCH
as presented in Figure 5.7.
3
A Gold code, also known as Gold sequence, is a type of binary sequence, used in telecommunica-
tion (CDMA, LTE) and satellite navigation (GPS). Gold codes are named after Robert Gold. Gold
codes have bounded small cross-correlations within a set, which is useful when multiple devices are
broadcasting in the same range.
79
5 LTE downlink physical channels
5.5.1 MIB
The MIB contains a limited number of the most essential and most frequently trans-
mitted parameters that are needed to acquire other information from the cell, and
is transmitted on PBCH. The MIB contains 24 bits of information plus 16 bits of
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) and transmits the following parameters:
• DL carrier bandwidth.
• PHICH configuration.
The MIB uses a fixed schedule with a periodicity of 40 ms and repetitions made
within 40 ms. The first transmission of the MIB is scheduled in subframe number
0 of radio frames for which the SFN mod 4 = 0, and repetitions are scheduled in
subframe number 0 of all other radio frames.
The PBCH is mapped onto the first four OFDM symbols of the second slot in the
first subframe of every frame. In the frequency domain PBCH uses the 72 centre
subcarriers, which corresponds to six resource blocks. Over one radio frame this
corresponds to 4 symbols · 72 subcarriers = 288 RE.
• In case of extended cyclic prefix, 72 resource elements (12 reference symbols per
resource block and 6 resource block) are occupied by RS and thus 288 − 72 =
216 resource elements are used for PBCH per frame. This corresponds to 432
coded bits per frame, since QPSK is used.
80
5.6 PCFICH
The BCH transport block is encoded with a convolutional encoder. The BCH TTI
is 40 ms and thus, in case of normal cyclic prefix, a BCH transport block of 4 · 480 =
1920 bits is delivered to L1 every 40 ms. In case of extended cyclic the block size
is of 4 · 432 = 1728 bits. The block of bits is scrambled with a cell-specific sequence
prior to modulation.
5.5.2 SIB
The remaining parameters are divided thematically into blocks, so called SIBs:
SIB1 contains information on e.g. access related information and scheduling
information on how the other SIBs are scheduled.
SIB2 contains radio resource configuration information that is common for all
UEs.
SIB3 transmits cell reselection parameters.
SIB4 contains info for intra frequency LTE neighbouring cell relevant for cell
reselection.
SIB5 contains info for inter frequency LTE neighbouring cell relevant for cell
reselection.
SIB6 contains info for UTRAN neighbouring cells relevant for cell reselection.
SIB7 contains info for GERAN neighbouring cells relevant for cell reselection.
SIB8 contains info for CDMA2000 neighbouring cells relevant for cell reselec-
tion.
SIB9 contains home eNB name.
SIB10 contains an Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System (ETWS) primary
notification.
SIB11 contains and ETWS secondary notifications.
SIB12 contains a CMAS notification.
SIB13 contains the information required to acquire the MBMS control informa-
tion associated with one or more MBSFN areas.
Each SIB is transmitted periodically. SIB1 uses a fixed schedule with a periodicity
of 80 ms. SIBs other than SIB1 are carried in System Information (SI) messages.
Mapping of SIBs to SI messages is flexibly configurable by schedulingInfoList in-
cluded in SIB1. SIBs are transmitted on DL-SCH, which in turn is transmitted by
the physical channel PDSCH. The scheduling of the SIB is indicated by sending a
single System Information RNTI (SI-RNTI) on PDCCH.
Parameters transmitted in SIBs are listed in Appendix A on page 157.
5.6 PCFICH
The Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) carries information about
the number of OFDM symbols used for transmission of PDCCHs in a subframe. The
81
5 LTE downlink physical channels
set of OFDM symbols possible to use for PDCCH in a subframe is given in Table
5.2.
Subframe DL > 10
NRB DL ≤ 10
NRB
Subframe 1 and 6 in TDD 1, 2 2
MBSFN subframes on a carrier supporting both PMCH 1, 2 2
and PDSCH for 1 or 2 cell specific antenna ports
MBSFN subframes on a carrier supporting both PMCH 2 2
and PDSCH for 4 cell specific antenna ports
MBSFN subframes on a carrier not supporting PDSCH 0 0
All other cases 1, 2, 3 2, 3, 4
Table 5.2: Number of OFDM symbols used for PDCCH. The NRB DL is the downlink
Two bits of information are coded into a 32-bit long sequence using a rate-1/16
simplex code. The coded bits are scrambled with a cell-specific sequence, modulated
with QPSK modulation and mapped to 16 resource elements grouped into 4 groups
of 4 elements each. The four groups are well-separated in frequency to obtain good
diversity. Furthermore, to avoid inter-cell PCFICH collisions, the location of the
four groups in the frequency domain depends on the CellID.
The PCFICH is transmitted on the same set of antenna ports as the PBCH.
5.7 PDCCH
• Uplink scheduling grants informing the UE about grants of PUSCH. The up-
link scheduling grants include:
82
5.7 PDCCH
83
5 LTE downlink physical channels
84
5.7 PDCCH
• CRC attachment.
An CRC is attached to each PDCCH payload, where the MAC ID (Radio
Network Temporary Identity (RNTI)) is included in the CRC calculation.
Upon reception of a PDCCH, the terminal checks the CRC using its own
RNTI. If the CRC checks, the message is declared to be correctly received
and intended for the terminal. Thus, the identity of the terminal, which is
supposed to receive the PDCCH message, is implicitly encoded in the CRC
and not explicitly transmitted.
• Channel coding and rate matching.
PDCCHs, which are sent to different terminals located in different radio condi-
tions, may require different codec rate. Matching of the codec rate to different
radio conditions is supported and carried out by the Link Adaptation (LA)
algorithm. The number of bits after coding and rate matching depends on the
PDCCH format and is presented in Table 5.3.
• Multiplexing of CCEs.
The bits of coded PDCCHs are multiplexed in such a way, that bits of the first
PDCCH are put first and they are followed by bits of the second PDCCH and
so on.
• Scrambling.
The block of multiplexed bits is scrambled by the cell specific scrabbling se-
quence.
• Modulation.
The block of scrambled bits is modulated with QPSK modulation resulting in
a block of complex-valued modulation symbols.
• Layer mapping and precoding.
The block of modulation symbols is mapped to layers to support the following
TX schemes:
◦ Transmission on a single antenna port.
◦ Transmit diversity with 2 or 4 layers. In transmit diversity there is always
one codeword and the number of layers is equal to the number of antenna
ports. For details on precoding for transmit diversity see Section 5.8.9.
The PDCCHs are transmitted on the same set of antenna ports as the
PBCH.
85
5 LTE downlink physical channels
is 15, see Figure 5.10. The UE tries to apply the MAC ID to each one PDCCH
candidates. First the UE assume that the PDCCH consists of 1 CCE, thereafter 2,
4 and 8 CCEs. The UE knows that the PDCCH is intended for it if the CRC is
OK.
If the number of CCEs is three times bigger then the number of channel PDCCH
candidates triples as well. Figure 5.11 shows an example of mapping of PDCCHs
into the Control Channel Element (CCE), when the control region consists of 24
CCEs.
In order to reduce the number of decoding attempts the common search space and
UE specific search spaces are also defined by the 3GPP:
• Common search space is used to send PDCCHs for all users or a group of users
(e.g. indications about paging). All UEs monitor the common search space on
PDCCH.
• The UE specific search space contains PDCCHs intended for one UE only (e.g.
scheduling grants for transmitting UL data.) The UE uses its RNTI to find
its specific search space.
5.8 PDSCH
The Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) processing consists of two parts:
1. DL-SCH processing.
Figure 5.12 shows the processing structure for each transport block for the DL-
SCH, PCH and MCH transport channels as described in TS 36.212. Data and
control streams from/to MAC layer are encoded/decoded to offer transport
and control services over the radio transmission link. Channel coding scheme
is a combination of: error detection, error correcting, rate matching, interleav-
ing and transport channel or control information mapping onto/splitting from
physical channels.
• CRC attachment,
• Code block segmentation,
• Channel coding,
• Rate matching,
• Code block concatenation.
2. Physical layer PDSCH processing.
Physical layer PDSCH processing is described in 3GPP 36.211 clause 6.3. The
processing consists of the following steps, which are also presented in Figure
5.13:
• Scrambling.
Scrambling of coded bits in each of the code words to be transmitted on
a physical channel.
86
5.8 PDSCH
87
5 LTE downlink physical channels
Figure 5.12: Transport channel processing for DL-SCH, PCH and MCH.
• Modulation mapper.
• Layer mapper.
• Precoding.
88
5.8 PDSCH
89
5 LTE downlink physical channels
Transmitter
Original data
10010111010011011...
CRC generator
Radio frequency
transmission path
Regenerated checksum
00001110011101...
Receiver
90
5.8 PDSCH
date bits on the transmitting side. The receiver performs decoding of the signal by
removals of the additional encoding bits and correcting possible bit errors.
The following channel coding schemes can be applied to TrCHs:
• Convolutional coding with rate 1/3, see Figure 5.15.
• Turbo coding. The scheme of turbo encoder is a Parallel Concatenated
Convolutional Code (PCCC) with two 8-state constituent encoders and one
turbo code internal interleaver. The coding rate of turbo encoder is 1/3. The
structure of turbo encoder is illustrated in Figure 5.16.
Usage of coding scheme and coding rate for the different types of TrCH is shown in
Table 5.4.
Table 5.4: Usage of channel coding scheme and coding rate for control information.
D D D D D D
Due to reflections from different objects, like for example buildings, the radio waves
propagate over several paths before they reach the receiver. The multipath propaga-
tion results in constructive or destructive interference of radio waves, which propa-
gate over different paths. The destructive interference causes signal attenuation. The
signal attenuation leads to bursty errors (consecutive erroneous bits) that appear
repeatedly when receiver is moving. The decoder fails to recover bursty errors, but
it successfully recovers single errors spread over the whole coding block. Therefore
turbo coding has an internal Quadrature Permutation Polynomial (QPP) interleaver,
as shown in Figure 5.16, which spreads bursty errors over the whole coding block
and hence making the decoding more effective. The interleaver concept is presented
in Figure 5.17.
91
5 LTE downlink physical channels
D D D
Turbo code
internal
interleaver 2nd constituent encoder
D D D
Figure 5.16: Structure of rate 1/3 turbo encoder (dotted lines apply for trellis
termination only). The initial value of the shift registers of the 8-state constituent
encoders is all zeros when starting to encode the input bits.
Transmitter
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 ... 39
Interleaver
0 13 6 19 12 25 18 31 24 37 30 3 36 9 2 15 8 21 14 27 20 33 26 39 ... 7
Amplitude
Radio frequency
transmission path
Time
0 13 6 19 12 25 18 31 24 37 30 3 36 9 2 15 8 21 14 27 20 33 26 39 ... 7
Consecutive
errors Deinterleaver
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 ... 39
Distributted errors
To decoder
Receiver
92
5.8 PDSCH
be different from the mother code rate of the turbo coder. The rate matching
algorithm also facilitates enhanced HARQ operation by minimising repetition of
coded bits (when possible) for subsequent retransmissions of a packet in order to
increase coding gains via Incremental Redundancy (IR).
The rate matching for turbo coded transport channel is presented in Figure 5.18. For
an input block size of K bits, the output of a turbo encoder consists of three length-
K streams, corresponding to the systematic bit d(0) and two parity bit streams d(1)
and d(2) , referred to as P1 and P2 respectively. In the Circular Buffer Rate Matching
(CBRM) method for rate-1/3 turbo codes, which is used in LTE, each of the three
output streams of the turbo coder is rearranged with its own sub-block interleaver.
Then, a single output buffer is formed by placing the rearranged systematic bits in
the beginning followed by bit-by-bit interlacing of the two rearranged parity streams.
Interlacing allows equal levels of protection for each constituent code.
Figure 5.18: Operations of circular buffer rate matching for turbo code.
For a desired code rate, the number of coded bits Ndata to be selected for transmission
is passed to the rate matching algorithm. The bit selection step of the CBRM simply
reads out the first Ndata bits from the start of the buffer. In general, the bits to be
selected for transmission can be read out starting from any point in the buffer. If
the end of the buffer is reached, then the reading continues by wrapping around to
the beginning of the buffer (hence the term circular buffer). Thus, puncturing and
repetition is achieved using a unified method.
IR based HARQ operation is a key performance enabler in LTE. Thus, an LTE RM
algorithm is expected to provide different subsets, denoted by Redundancy Version
(RV), of the codeword for different transmissions of a packet (i.e., minimise repetition
93
5 LTE downlink physical channels
of coded bits when possible). In CBRM, different RVs can be specified by simply
defining different starting points (to start reading out) in the CB. For the first
transmission (RV = 0), it is conventionally assumed the bits are read out from the
beginning of the circular buffer, which means that all systematic bits are always
selected and puncturing, if needed, is applied to parity bits only.
5.8.6 Scrambling
(q)
Each codeword q = 0, 1, the block of bits b(q) (0), b(q) (1), ..., b(q) (M bit − 1), where
(q)
M bit is the number of bits in code word transmitted on the physical channel in one
subframe, is scrambled prior to modulation, resulting in a block of scrambled bits
(q)
b̃(q) (0), b̃(q) (1), ..., b̃(q) (M bit − 1) according to:
( )
b̃(q) (i) = b(q) (i) + c(q) (i) mod 2 (5.3)
The scrambling sequence c(q) (i) is different for each code word, CellID as well as
RNTI associated with the PDSCH transmission. Up to two code words can be
transmitted in one subframe.
94
5.8 PDSCH
For transmission on a single antenna port, a single layer is used, υ = 1, and the
mapping is defined by:
layer (0)
with M symb = M symb .
Spatial multiplexing
For spatial multiplexing, the layer mapping is done according to Table 5.5, which is
also illustrated in Figure 5.19. The number of layers υ = 1 is less than or equal to
the number of antenna ports P used for transmission of the physical channel. The
case of a single code word mapped to two layers is only applicable when the number
of antenna ports is 4.
Trasmit diversity
For transmit diversity, the layer mapping is done according to Table 5.6, which is
also illustrated in Figure 5.19. There is only one codeword and the number of layers
υ = 1 is equal to the number of antenna ports P used for transmission of the physical
channel.
95
5 LTE downlink physical channels
1).
96
5.8 PDSCH
5.8.9 Precoding
The precoder maps layers onto resources on each of the antenna ports. There are
several variants of precoding:
• Precoding for transmission on a single antenna port,
• Precoding for spatial multiplexing,
◦ Precoding without Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD),
◦ Precoding for large delay CDD,
• Precoding for diversity.
where p ∈ {0, 4, 5, 7, 8} is the number of the single antenna port used for transmission
ap ap layer
of the physical channel and i = 0, 1, M symb − 1, M symb = M symb .
Spatial multiplexing
Precoding for spatial multiplexing using antenna ports with cell-specific reference
signals is only used in combination with layer mapping for spatial multiplexing.
Spatial multiplexing supports two or four antenna ports and the set of antenna
ports used is p ∈ {0, 1} or p ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3}, respectively.
• Precoding without CDD is defined by:
(0)
y (0) (i) x (i)
.. ..
. = W (i) . (5.6)
y (P −1) (i) x (υ−1) (i)
ap
where the precoding matrix W (i) is of size P × υ and i = 0, 1, ..., M symb − 1,
ap layer
M symb = M symb .
For spatial multiplexing, the values of W (i) are selected among the precoder
elements in the codebook configured in the eNB and the UE. The eNB can
further confine the precoder selection in the UE to a subset of the elements
in the codebook using codebook subset restrictions. For 2 antenna ports,
a codebook index from Table 5.7 must be selected. Different code book is
specified for 4 antenna transmission.
Figure 5.20 presents the precoding matrix W (i) selection for a relatively sim-
ple case of spatial multiplexing with one layer and two antenna ports. This
technique is also called beamforming. The possible precoding matrixes, which
may be applied in this case, are presented in Table 5.7 in the column υ = 1.
97
5 LTE downlink physical channels
Figure 5.20: Spatial multiplexing with one layer and two antenna ports.
98
5.8 PDSCH
[ ]
√1
1
Let us assume that currently W = 2
is used. Signals transmitted from
1
antennas can be calculated as follows:
[ ] [ ]
y (0) 1 1
=√ x(0) (5.7)
y (1) 2 1
y (0) = √1 (1
2
· x(0) ) = √1 x(0)
2 (5.8)
y (1) = √1 (1
2
· x(0) ) = √1 x(0)
2
] [
1 √1
It can be seen from the above formulas that, for W = , both antennas 2
1
transmit exactly the same signal. It means, that the transmitted signals have
the same phase. This is advantageous for the UE located in front of the
transmitted antennas, where it has equal distances to both antennas. Signals
transmitted from both antennas will change their phases during propagation,
but, because they cover the same distance, they will reach the UE with the
same phase leading to constructive interference and producing a gain in the
UE antenna.
The UE may change its location in the cell and move to an area, where it is
closer to the antenna TX0 (denoted by red colour in the figure) than to the
antenna TX1 (denoted by blue colour in the figure). If the difference in the
paths is equal λ/4, then the blue wave reaches the UE later, with a phase
delay of 90 degrees, compared to the red wave. To compensate the phase shift,
the blue antenna should start its transmission earlier, which is achieved by
shifting its phase by −90 degrees. The phase shift takes place in the precoder
by multiplying the transmuted symbol x(0) by −j. Multiplication by −j, which
in the exponential notation is equal to e− 2 j , results in −90 degree (− π2 ) phase
π
99
5 LTE downlink physical channels
antenna port 0 and a phase shift of 180 degrees (coefficient −1) to the antenna
port 1.
It can be seen from Table 5.7, that, for spatial multiplexing with one layer,
no phase shift is applied to the signal transmitted from antenna port 0 (in all
matrixes the coefficient corresponding to the antenna port 0 is equal 1). The
phase shift is applied to the signal transmitted from antenna port 1 and the
possible phase shifts are: 0 degree (coefficient 1), 180 degrees (coefficient −1),
90 degrees (coefficient j) and −90 degrees (coefficient −j).
• Precoding with large delay CDD is defined by:
(0)
y (0) (i) x (i)
.. ..
. = W (i)D(i)U . (5.9)
y (P −1) (i) x(υ−1) (i)
ap
where the precoding matrix W (i) is of size P × υ and i = 0, 1, ..., M symb − 1,
ap layer
M symb = M symb . The diagonal size-υ × υ matrix D(i) supports cyclic delay
diversity and is specified in TS 36.211 6.3.4.2.2. The size-υ × υ matrix U is
also specified in TS 36.211 6.3.4.2.2.
Transmit diversity
Precoding for transmit diversity is only used in combination with layer mapping for
transmit diversity described above. The precoding operation for transmit diversity
is defined for two and four antenna ports.
For transmission on two antenna ports, p ∈ {0, 1}, the output
[ ]T
ap
y(i) = y (0) (i) y (1) (i) , i = 0, 1, M symb − 1 of the precoding operation is defined
by:
( )
y (0) (2i) 1 0 j 0 Re x(0) (i)
(1) ( )
y (2i) 1 0 −1 0 j Re x(1) (i)
(0) = √ ( ) (5.10)
y (2i + 1) 2 0 1 0 j Im x(0) (i)
( )
(1)
y (2i + 1) 1 0 −j 0 Im x(1) (i)
ap ap layer
for i = 0, 1, ..., M symb − 1 with M symb = 2M symb .
It can be seen from the equation 5.10 that in the transmit diversity two different
modulation symbols x(0) (i) and x(1) (i), that come from different layers, are trans-
mitted simultaneously by different antennas and are transmitted twice, which is also
illustrated in Figure 5.19. First antenna port 0 transmits modulation symbol x0 (i)
and at the same time antenna port 1 transmits modulation symbol x1 (i). Next an-
tenna port 0 transmits modulation symbol x(1) (i) and at the same time antenna port
1 transmits modulation x(0) (i), but with changed phase. This technique results in
sending each modulation symbol twice in different directions and therefore increases
probability of successful reception.
For transmission on four antenna ports p ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3} the output y(i) is described
in TS 36.211 6.3.4.3 and not presented in this book.
100
5.9 PHICH
For each of the antenna ports used for transmission of the physical channel, the block
ap
of complex-valued symbols y (p) (0), ..., y (p) (M symb −1) is mapped in sequence starting
(p)
with y (0) to resource elements (k, l) which meet all of the following criteria:
• they are in the physical resource blocks corresponding to the virtual resource
blocks assigned for transmission, and
• they are not used for transmission of PBCH, synchronisation signals, cell-
specific reference signals, MBSFN reference signals or UE-specific reference
signals, and
The mapping to resource elements (k, l) on antenna port p not reserved for other
purposes shall be in increasing order of first the index k over the assigned physical
resource blocks and then the index l, starting with the first slot in a subframe.
5.9 PHICH
The Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) is used for transmission
of hybrid-ARQ acknowledgements in response to UL-SCH transmission. There is
one PHICH present for each terminal expecting an acknowledgement in the sub-
frame.
Each PHICH carries one bit, which is repeated three times, modulated, spread with
a spreading factor of four and mapped to three REGs. Multiple PHICHs form a
PHICH group and the PHICHs within a PHICH group are code-multiplexed using
different orthogonal sequences and share the same set of resource elements, see
Figure 5.21. There is in total eight 3GPP defined orthogonal sequences available
when using normal CP. Four orthogonal sequences are available in case of extended
CP. The use of use of code division multiplexing is motivated by power control of
the PHICH, because with code division multiplexing the power difference between
subcarriers is not as large as with pure frequency division multiplexing. The capacity
of PHICH depends on the configured number of PHICH groups. Each PHICH group
is assigned a unique frequency resource.
Typically, the PHICH is transmitted in the first OFDM symbol only. However,
in some propagation environments, this would unnecessarily restrict the PHICH
coverage. To alleviate this, it is possible to configure a PHICH duration of three
OFDM symbols10. In this case the control region is three OFDM symbols long in
all subframes.
The PHICH configuration is part of the system information (MIB on the BCH);
one bit indicates whether the duration is one or three OFDM symbols and two bits
indicate the amount of resources set aside for PHICHs.
101
5 LTE downlink physical channels
5.10 PMCH
The Physical Multicast Channel carries DL transmission of the MCH transport
channel.
Physical channel
Modulation
or physical signal
P-SS Zadoff-Chu sequence
S-SS Interleaved concatenation of two length-31 binary se-
quences
RS Gold sequence (pseudo random) of QPSK symbols
PBCH QPSK
PCFICH QPSK
PDCCH QPSK
PDSCH QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM
PHICH BPSK
102
6 LTE uplink physical channels
During the LTE development phase different alternatives for the optimum uplink
transmission scheme were investigated. While OFDMA is seen optimum to fulfil the
LTE requirements in DL, OFDMA properties are less favourable for the UL. This is
mainly due to worse Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) properties of an OFDMA
signal, resulting in worse UL coverage. Thus, the LTE UL transmission scheme for
FDD and TDD mode is based on Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access
(SC-FDMA) with cyclic prefix. SC-FDMA signals have better PAPR properties
compared to an OFDMA signal, see Figure 6.1. This was one of the main reasons
for selecting SC-FDMA as LTE UL access scheme. The PAPR characteristics are
important for cost-effective design of UE power amplifiers. Still, SC-FDMA signal
processing has some similarities with OFDMA signal processing, so parametrisation
of downlink and uplink can be harmonised.
The principles of the DFT-s-OFDM are illustrated in Figure 6.2. A size-M DFT is
first applied to a block of M modulation symbols (i.e. complex numbers). QPSK,
16QAM or 64QAM may be used as uplink modulation schemes, the latter being
optional for the UE. The DFT transforms the M modulation symbols into another
M modulation symbols in the frequency domain. The result is mapped onto the
M available UL subcarriers, that is inputs of the size-N IDFT. Unused inputs of
the IDFT are set to zero. In UL, only localised transmission on consecutive M
subcarriers is allowed. An size-N IDFT, where N > M , is then performed as in
OFDM (see Figure 1.20), followed by addition of the cyclic prefix and parallel to
serial conversion.
103
6 LTE uplink physical channels
6.1 PUSCH
The UL SC-FDMA subcarrier spacing equals ∆f = 15 kHz and RBs, consisting of
12 subcarriers in the frequency domain, are defined also for the UL. However, in
contrast to the DL, no unused DC subcarrier is defined for the UL as this would
destroy the ’single-carrier’ property of the UL transmission (single-carrier charac-
teristics require the transmission of consecutive subcarriers).
Similar to the DL, the SC-FDMA used for the UL, also allows for a very high degree
of flexibility in terms of transmission bandwidth by allowing for, in essence, any
number of UL subcarriers. However, from a DFT implementation point of view,
the DFT size M should preferably be constrained to a power of 2 (M = 2n ). On
the other hand, such constraint is in direct conflict with a desired flexibility of UL
bandwidth allocation to different terminals. From a flexibility point of view, all
possible values of M should rather be allowed. For LTE, a middle way has been
adopted where the DFT size is limited to products of the integers two, three and
five (M = 2α · 3β · 5γ , where α, β, γ = 0, 1, 2, ...). Thus, as an example, DFT of
104
6.1 PUSCH
Also in terms of the more detailed time-domain structure the LTE UL is very similar
to the DL. Each 1 ms UL subframe consists of two slots of length Tslot = 0.5 ms,
see Figure 6.4. Each slot consists of seven or six DFT-s-OFDM blocks including the
cyclic prefix. Also similar to the downlink, two cyclic prefix lengths, a normal cyclic
prefix (for seven DFT-s-OFDM blocks symbol) and an extended cyclic prefix (for
six DFT-s-OFDM blocks symbol) are defined for the UL.
In Figure 6.3, UEs gets radio resources on the same subcarriers in the two slots.
As an alternative, inter slot frequency hopping may be applied for the LTE uplink.
In this case different frequencies are used for transmission in the two slots of a
subframe as presented in Figure 6.5. There are two potential benefits with UL
frequency hopping if the hopping pattern are different in neighbouring cells.
• Frequency diversity.
• Interference averaging.
105
6 LTE uplink physical channels
6.2.1 RS
As illustrated in Figure 6.6, the uplink RSs used for channel estimation are trans-
mitted within the fourth DFT-s-OFDM block of each uplink slot1 and with an
instantaneous bandwidth equal to the bandwidth of the data transmission.
106
6.3 PUCCH
6.2.2 SRS
Channel dependent scheduling, in both the time and frequency domain, is a key LTE
technology. The RS allow for UL channel estimation on the subcarriers, which are
currently used by the UE’s PUSCH. The intention with the SRS is for the network
to estimate the channel quality of the uplink frequencies, which are currently not
used by UE’s PUSCH transmission. The sounding reference signals can also be used
to estimate the timing of UE transmissions and to derive timing control commands
for UL time alignment.
SRS are transmitted independently of the UE’s PUSCH transmission, i.e. a UE may
transmit the SRS also in subframes, where it does not have any data transmission.
Furthermore, the bandwidth of SRS can be, and typically is, different from that of
the UE’s PUSCH.
The SRSs are transmitted within the last DFT-s-OFDM block of a subframe as
shown in Figure 6.7. The SRS resources are shared by a number of UEs by their
multiplexing in the time, frequency and orthogonal codes domain:
• SRS in the time domain.
Different UEs may by configured to transmit SRS in different subframes by
providing the UE with SRS periodicity and SRS subframe offset. The period-
icity of the SRS transmission is selected from the set {2, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160,
320} ms or subframes.
• SRS in the frequency domain.
UE may be configured to transmit SRS in the whole or a fraction of the
UL carrier bandwidth. For example, if srs-BandwidthConfig = 2 in a cell with
5 MHz UL bandwidth then some UEs in the cell may be configured to transmit
SRS in the bandwidth of 24 RBs, some in the bandwidth 4 RBs and some in
the bandwidth of 4 RBs.
• SRS orthogonal codes.
Similar to the RS, the SRS is a Zadoff-Chu sequence. With cyclic shifts up to
8 shift can be configured, which implies that up to 8 UEs can transmit SRS
in the same time and in the same bandwidth but with different orthogonal
(independent) sequences.
Example of the SRS allocation is illustrated in Figure 6.7.
6.3 PUCCH
PUCCH supports uplink L1/L2 control signalling, which carriers one (or more) of
the following singling information:
• HARQ acknowledgements related to reception of DL-SCH transport. HARQ
acknowledgements are sent by PUCCH format 1A, 1B or PUSCH.
• Scheduling requests, used by the terminal to request UL-SCH resources in case
it does not have a valid scheduling grant. Scheduling request are transmitted
on the PUCCH format 1.
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6 LTE uplink physical channels
• Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) indicating the downlink channel quality per-
ceived by the terminal. CQI is used by the network for DL modulation and
coding scheme selection. The CQI reports are transmitted periodically on
PUCCH format 2 or aperiodically on PUSCH. UE reporting is discuss in
section 7.5.
As illustrated in Figure 6.8, these resources are located at the edges of the total
available system bandwidth. Each such resource consists of 12 subcarriers (one re-
source block) within each slot of an uplink subframe. To provide frequency diversity,
these frequency resources are frequency hopping on the slot boundary, that is one
L1/L2 control resource consists of 12 subcarriers at the upper part of the spectrum
within the first slot of a subframe and an equally sized resource at the lower part of
the spectrum during the second slot of the subframe or vice versa, and it is referred
to as a resource block pair.
If more resources are needed for the uplink L1/L2 control signalling, for example,
in case of very large overall transmission bandwidth supporting a large number of
users, additional resources blocks can be assigned next to the previously assigned
resource blocks.
108
6.3 PUCCH
• Format 1B supports two bits acknowledgement to two code words sent to the
UE during one subframe, which is the case of spacial multiplexing.
One (format 1A) or two (format 1B) acknowledgement bits are modulated using
BPSK or QPSK, respectively, resulting in one complex number (modulation sym-
bol).
The same PUCCH structure is used in the two slots of a subframe. To further ran-
domise the inter-cell interference between PUCCH resource blocks, cyclic shift hop-
ping (per OFDM symbol) and orthogonal cover hopping (per slot) are used.
109
6 LTE uplink physical channels
PDCCH used for scheduling the downlink transmission (or from RRC signalling in
case of persistent scheduling).
It is also possibility for one UE to send CQI reports together with ACK/NACK.
In that case format 2A or 2B is used. However, it is also possible to mix different
110
6.4 PRACH
formats, i.e. different UEs transmit different feedback (e.g. CQI and ACK/NACK)
in the same resource block. This is then signalled by higher layers.
6.4 PRACH
In the LTE, the UE uses the Random Access (RA) process to gain an access to a
cell for the following reasons:
• Initial access to the network from the RRC IDLE state.
• Regaining access to the network after a radio link failure.
• As part of the handover process to gain timing synchronisation with a new
cell.
• Before uplink data transfers when the UE is in RRC CONNECTED, but not
UL time synchronised with the cell. When UE is RRC CONNECTED and
UL synchronised then it uses scheduling request on PUCCH to request for UL
transmission.
In both RRC IDLE and RRC CONNECTED the UE is time synchronise to the DL
BCCH, however, due to the propagation (round trip) delay, there is a timing uncer-
tainty in the uplink. Therefore, the RA process is used by the UE to obtain time
synchronisation. The PRACH shall reserve a sufficient time window to accommo-
date various arrival times. During this time the UE transmits RA preamble. Five
formats of RA preamble exist (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4) (TS 36.211), see Table 6.1, which is
illustrated in Figure 6.11. Format 4 is used in TDD only.
The RA preamble has different subcarrier spacing than other UL channels. Duration
of the RA preamble symbol is 0.8 ms, therefore RA subcarrier spacing is 1/800 ms
= 1250 Hz. The RA preamble consists of 840 such subcarriers leading to the total
effective bandwidth of 840 · 1250 Hz = 1.05 MHz. The bandwidth reserved for a RA
opportunity is 1.08 MHz (6 RBs), so it is slightly bigger leaving small spectral guard
bands on each side of the RA preamble. This is necessary since RA and regular UL
data are separated in frequency domain, but are not completely orthogonal.
The parameter prach-ConfigIndex specifies the preamble format and subframes where
where PRACH is allowed (TS 36.211). Location of the PRACH in the frequency do-
111
6 LTE uplink physical channels
112
6.4 PRACH
113
6 LTE uplink physical channels
114
7 Physical layer procedures
115
7 Physical layer procedures
116
7.1 Timing advance
which means that the maximum timing advance value sent on the random access
channel is 16 · 1282 · Ts ≃ 66.77 ms and corresponds to the distance of 100 km.
The granularity of the timing advance is 16Ts ≃ 0.52 µs and during this time radio
waves cover the distance of 156 m. This distance is the sum of downlink and up-
link path, therefore one step of timing advance corresponds to the distance change
between the UE and the eNB of 78 m.
The timing advance command field is 6 bits TA = 0, 1, 2, ..., 63 and indicates adjust-
ment of the current NTA value (NTA,old ) to the new NTA value (NTA,new ) expressed
in multiples of 16 Ts , as specified by 3GPP TS 36.213:
117
7 Physical layer procedures
118
7.3 Resource allocation
Since the initial access attempt cannot be scheduled by the network, the RA pro-
cedure is by definition contention based. Collisions may occur and an appropriate
contention-resolution scheme needs to be implemented.
The process of the RA is presented in Figure 7.6. UE sends the RA preamble with
initial power, which calculated based on the parameter preambleInitialReceivedTar-
getPower and waits for the response in the response window configured by the pa-
rameter ra-ResponseWindowSize. If the UE does not receive the RA response then
retransmits the RA increasing the power by powerRampingStep. The RA response
is recognised by its Random Access Radio Network Temporary Identity (RA-RNTI)
and contains the allocation of the PDSCH, which includes the RA preamble iden-
tity, timing and UL scheduling grant. The UE uses the granted PUSCH resources
to send message 3, which contains RRC CONNECTION REQUEST command to
the eNB.
119
7 Physical layer procedures
120
7.3 Resource allocation
The Downlink Control Information (DCI) on the PDCCH has several supported
formats. The UE interprets the resource allocation field depending on the PDCCH
DCI format detected. A resource allocation field in each PDCCH includes two
parts:
PDCCH DCI formats 1, 2, 2A and 2B with type 0 and PDCCH DCI formats 1,
2, 2A and 2B with type 1 resource allocation have the same format and are dis-
tinguished from each other via the single bit resource allocation header field which
exists depending on the downlink system bandwidth, where type 0 is indicated by 0
value and type 1 is indicated otherwise. PDCCH with DCI format 1A, 1B, 1C and
1D have a type 2 resource allocation while PDCCH with DCI format 1, 2, 2A and
2B have type 0 or type 1 resource allocation. PDCCH DCI formats with a type 2
resource allocation do not have a resource allocation header field. A UE shall dis-
card PDSCH resource allocation in the corresponding PDCCH if consistent control
information is not detected.
Table 7.1: Type 0 resource allocation RBG size vs. downlink system bandwidth.
The total number of RBGs for the downlink system bandwidth is given by
⌈RB ⌉
NDL
NRBG = (7.5)
P
One RBG may be of size lower than P. Assignment information includes a bitmap
indicating the RBGs that are allocated to the scheduled UE. The bitmap is of size
NRBG bits with one bitmap bit per RBG such that each RBG is addressable. The
RBG is allocated to the UE if the corresponding bit value in the bitmap is 1, the
RBG is not allocated to the UE otherwise.
The resource allocation type 0 allows to allocate all RBs if needed, but it allows to
allocate a single RB.
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7 Physical layer procedures
7.4 MIMO
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) refers to the use of multiple antennas at
transmitter and receiver side. The concept of multiple transmitting and receiving
antennas is extensively used in LTE. MIMO systems form an essential part of
LTE in order to achieve the ambitious requirements for throughput and spectral
efficiency. For the LTE downlink, a 2x2 configuration for MIMO is assumed as
baseline configuration, i.e. two transmit antennas at the base station and two receive
antennas at the terminal side. Configurations with four transmit or receive antennas
are also foreseen and reflected in specifications.
The 3GPP TS 36.211 defines two downlink modes of MIMO, which were described
in sections 5.8.8 and 5.8.9:
• Spatial multiplexing
◦ without Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD) – also called closed loop special
multiplexing, which requires UE feedback concerning received phase shifts
from transmitting antennas,
◦ with CDD – also called open loop special multiplexing, which does not
require UE feedback.
• Transmit diversity.
Depending on the MIMO mode that is used different gains can be achieved, see
Figure 7.8:
• With use of spatial multiplexing different data streams may be transmitted
from antennas resulting in data rate multiplication.
• With use of spatial multiplexing modulation symbols from the same layer may
be transmitted from several antennas simultaneously. By adjusting the phase
122
7.4 MIMO
123
7 Physical layer procedures
Figure 7.10 shows the principles of spatial multiplexing. In this figure, antennas
TX0 and TX1 transmit different modulation symbols x(0) and x(1) respectively1 .
The signal received by antenna RX0 is a sum of signals transmitted by antenna
TX0 and TX1. The signal transmitted by antenna TX0 is attenuated by pathloss
h00 between antenna TX0 and RX0, while the signal transmitted by antenna TX1
is attenuated by pathless h10 between antenna TX1 and RX0. In the same way, also
signal received by antenna RX1 comes from antenna TX0 and TX1, but the trans-
mitted signals are attenuated by path losses h01 and h11 respectively, see equations
in Figure 7.10. The path losses are measured by UE thanks to reference signals. It
is important that when one of the antennas transmits its reference signals then all
others antennas are silent. This lets the UE antennas measure the pathloss to this
particular antenna.
Because all the path losses are known, as well as the measured signals z(0) and z(1) ,
the UE may solve the set of equations in Figure 7.10 for x(0) and x(1) . This is how the
UE is able to detect signals transmitted simultaneously from two antennas.
Let us consider a system with more than two TX antennas. A signal from each
TX antenna can be considered as an unknown. Therefore the number of unknowns
is equal to the number of TX antennas. On the other hand, for each RX antenna
one equation may be created, so the number of equations is equal to the number of
receiving antennas. To be able to solve a set of equations the number of equations
must be equal to or more than the number of unknowns. Therefore having 4 TX
antennas (unknowns) we must also have 4 receiving antennas (equations). Having
one or two receiving antennas would not let the UE to detect all 4 transmitted
signals.
Each antenna may transmit different layer. In spatial multiplexing, the number of
layers used for the transmission is equal to the bit rate multiplication. In order to
achieve bit rate multiplication of 4, four layers must be transmitted simultaneously,
which requires four TX and four RX antennas.
Spatial multiplexing is only possible if the radio channel allows for it. Depending on
the radio channel properties, it may be impossible to transmit 4 independent layers
1
This is one of the spatial multiplexing transmission type. The complex numbers may also be
weighted and added so, that each antenna actually transmits a combination of the symbols x(0) and
x(1) . This process is called precoding, see section 5.8.9.
124
7.4 MIMO
between the transmitter and receiver. In this case the number of layers used for the
transmission may be less then rmax .
In the DL, the UE estimates the spatial properties of the radio channel by measuring
the DL reference symbols from different antenna ports. This estimation is reported
to the eNB, so that the eNB can use an appropriate number of layers an make
optimal antenna mapping.
The report consists of CQI, Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI) and RI (for details
see section 7.5):
• CQI indicates the channel quality and is used whether or not spatial multi-
plexing is used.
• RI indicates the number of useful layers and it must be equal to or less then
the maximum number of layers.
RI ≤ rmax (7.7)
The maximum number of layers depends on the number of TX and RX anten-
nas.
• PMI indicates the precoder matrix that the UE considers as the best (gives
the highest estimated Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR)).
125
7 Physical layer procedures
7.12.
Figure 7.12: Transmission mode 3: spatial multiplexing with large delay CDD or
transmit diversity.
126
7.4 MIMO
Transmission DCI
Search space Transmission scheme of PDSCH
mode format
1 1A Common and Single-antenna port, port 0
UE specific
1 UE specific Single-antenna port, port 0
2 1A Common and Transmit diversity
UE specific
1 UE specific Transmit diversity
3 1A Common and Transmit diversity
UE specific
2A UE specific Large delay CDD or Transmit diver-
sity
4 1A Common and Transmit diversity
UE specific
2 UE specific Closed-loop spatial multiplexing or
Transmit diversity
5 1A Common and Transmit diversity
UE specific
1D UE specific Multi-user MIMO
6 1A Common and Transmit diversity
UE specific
1B UE specific Closed-loop spatial multiplexing with
a single transmission layer
7 1A Common and If the number of PBCH antenna ports
UE specific is one, Single-antenna port, port 0;
otherwise Transmit diversity
1 UE specific Single-antenna port, port 5
8 1A Common and If the number of PBCH antenna ports
UE specific is one, Single-antenna port, port 0;
otherwise Transmit diversity
2B UE specific Dual layer transmission, port 7 and 8
or Single-antenna port, port 7 or 8
127
7 Physical layer procedures
7.5 UE reporting
The UE reporting is used to support optimal radio resource allocation for the down-
link transmission towards UE. It means, the UE reporting is used by eNB to se-
lect:
• Transport Format (TF) and
• frequency subbands.
The UE report may include indicators presented in Figure 7.14:
• Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), which is a measure of DL quality and
it is used by eNodeB to choose the optimal modulation and coding rate for
downlink transmission.
• Rank Indicator (RI), which is the optimal number of layers for the DL
transmission for spatial multiplexing. For transmit diversity RI is equal to
one.
• Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI), which is used for precoding matrix
selection when operating with MIMO.
The time and frequency resources that can be used by the UE to report CQI, PMI,
and RI are controlled by the eNB. The UE reporting is periodic or aperiodic.
• Periodic CQI/PMI, or RI reports are send by UE on PUCCH or PUSCH if
it collides in time domain with PUCCH.
• Aperiodic CQI/PMI, and RI reports are transmitted by UE on PUSCH if
the conditions specified hereafter are met. For aperiodic CQI reporting, RI re-
porting is transmitted only if configured CQI/PMI/RI feedback type supports
RI reporting.
Regarding the reported frequency band the CQI reporting is of two kinds:
• Frequency non-selective. One CQI value is reported by the UE for the
whole frequency band.
128
7.5 UE reporting
• Frequency selective. UE provides several CQI values, one for each sub band
of the carrier. Frequency selective reporting is used for channel dependent
scheduling and it is always aperiodic and transmitted on PUSCH only, see
also Table 7.3.
Scheduling mode
Periodic CQI Aperiodic CQI
reporting channels reporting channels
Frequency non-selective PUCCH
Frequency selective PUCCH PUSCH
The reporting described in this section is not used for the best cell selection or
handover, as different event triggered reporting of Reference Signal Received Power
(RSRP) and Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) is specified to support UE
mobility.
129
7 Physical layer procedures
Efficiency
CQI index Modulation Code rate x 1024 (information bits
(per symbol)
0 out of range
1 QPSK 78 0.1523
2 QPSK 120 0.2344
3 QPSK 193 0.3770
4 QPSK 308 0.6016
5 QPSK 449 0.8770
6 QPSK 602 1.1758
7 16QAM 378 1.4766
8 16QAM 490 1.9141
9 16QAM 616 2.4063
10 64QAM 466 2.7305
11 64QAM 567 3.3223
12 64QAM 666 3.9023
13 64QAM 772 4.5234
14 64QAM 873 5.1152
15 64QAM 948 5.5547
Table 7.5: CQI and PMI Feedback Types for PUSCH reporting modes.
130
7.5 UE reporting
Transmission Reporting
mode mode
1 2-0, 3-0
2 2-0, 3-0
3 2-0, 3-0
4 1-2, 2-2, 3-1
5 3-1
6 1-2, 2-2, 3-1
7 2-0, 3-0
8 1-1, 2-2, 3-1
if the UE is configured
with PMI/RI reporting
2-0, 3-0
if the UE is configured
without PMI/RI reporting
131
7 Physical layer procedures
Table 7.8: CQI and PMI Feedback Types for PUCCH reporting modes.
For each of the transmission modes defined in Table 7.2, the reporting modes spec-
ified in Table 7.9 are supported on PUCCH. The periodic CQI reporting mode is
given by the parameter cqi-FormatIndicatorPeriodic, which is configured by higher-
layer signalling.
The periodicity of the QCI/PMI reporting is defined by the parameter cqi-PUCCH-
ResourceIndex (TS 36.331) and can be set between 2 ms to 160 ms for FDD (TS
36.213). The periodicity of RI reporting is set by the parameter ri-ConfigIndex and
can be set between 1 to 32 ms.
Transmission Reporting
mode mode
1 1-0, 2-0
2 1-0, 2-0
3 1-0, 2-0
4 1-1, 2-1
5 1-1, 2-1
6 1-1, 2-1
7 1-0, 2-0
8 1-1, 2-1
if the UE is configured
with PMI/RI reporting
1-0, 2-0
if the UE is configured
without PMI/RI reporting
132
7.6 Modulation order and transport block size determination
is based on averaged link quality and next adjusted depending if the objective is to
provide high throughput or low delay:
• If the objective is to provide low delay (few retransmissions), a margin to
the interference variations can be included. This however leads to limited
throughput, as often an unnecessary robust MCS is used.
• To reach high throughput, a low margin (even negative) is used. This will
instead lead to a larger number of retransmissions, and hence a larger delay.
The risk of throughput loss or large delays in case of negative margins is
reduced by the use of incremental redundancy for retransmissions.
133
7 Physical layer procedures
134
7.6 Modulation order and transport block size determination
NPRB
ITBS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 98 99 100
0 16 32 56 88 120 152 176 2728 2728 2792
1 24 56 88 144 176 208 224 3624 3624 3624
2 32 72 144 176 208 256 296 4392 4392 4584
3 40 104 176 208 256 328 392 5736 5736 5736
4 56 120 208 256 328 408 488 6968 6968 7224
5 72 144 224 328 424 504 600 8760 8760 8760
6 328 176 256 392 504 600 712 10296 10296 10296
7 104 224 328 472 584 712 840 11832 12216 12216
8 120 256 392 536 680 808 968 13536 14112 14112
9 136 296 456 616 776 936 1096 15264 15840 15840
10 144 328 504 680 872 1032 1224 16992 17568 17568
11 176 376 584 776 1000 1192 1384 19848 19848 19848
12 208 440 680 904 1128 1352 1608 22152 22920 22920
13 224 488 744 1000 1256 1544 1800 25456 25456 25456
14 256 552 840 1128 1416 1736 1992 28336 28336 28336
15 280 600 904 1224 1544 1800 2152 30576 30576 30576
16 328 632 968 1288 1608 1928 2280 31704 31704 32856
17 336 696 1064 1416 1800 2152 2536 35160 35160 36696
18 376 776 1160 1544 1992 2344 2792 39232 39232 39232
19 408 840 1288 1736 2152 2600 2984 42368 42368 43816
20 440 904 1384 1864 2344 2792 3240 45352 46888 46888
21 488 1000 1480 1992 2472 2984 3496 48936 48936 51024
22 520 1064 1608 2152 2664 3240 3752 52752 52752 55056
23 552 1128 1736 2280 2856 3496 4008 57336 57336 57336
24 584 1192 1800 2408 2984 3624 4264 59256 61664 61664
25 616 1256 1864 2536 3112 3752 4392 61664 63776 63776
26 712 1480 2216 2984 3752 4392 5160 73712 73712 75376
135
7 Physical layer procedures
• In closed loop power control additional correction of the open loop power con-
trol algorithm is provided to the UE. The correction provided by eNB indicates
if the UE should increase or decrease its transmit power compared to the open
loop algorithm, see Figure 7.16.
136
7.7 UL power control
UE with a Transmit Power Control (TPC) command that includes δPUSCH . The
δPUSCH is used to calculate the closed loop power adjustment f (i):
where,
• PCMAX is the maximum allowed power by the terminal and depends on the
UE power class,
• MPUSCH (i) is the bandwidth of the PUSCH resource assignment expressed in
number of resource blocks valid for subframe i.
• P0 PUSCH (j) is the parameter composed of the sum of a cell specific nominal
component P0 NOMINAL PUSCH (j) sent in the SIB2 for j = 0 and 1 and a UE
specific component P0 UE PUSCH (j) sent in dedicated signalling for layers for
j = 0 and 1.
◦ For PUSCH (re)transmissions corresponding to a semi-persistent grant
then j = 0.
◦ For PUSCH (re)transmissions corresponding to a dynamic scheduled grant
then j = 1.
◦ For PUSCH (re)transmissions corresponding to the random access re-
sponse grant then j = 2 and:
P0 UE PUSCH (2) = 0
(7.9)
P0 NOMINAL PUSCH (2) = P0 PRE + ∆P REAM BLE M sg3 ,
137
7 Physical layer procedures
Absolute
TCP Command Field Accumulated
δPUSCH [dB]
in DCI format 0/3 δPUSCH [dB]
only DCI format 0
0 -1 -4
1 0 -1
2 1 1
3 3 4
Table 7.12: Mapping of TPC Command Field in DCI format 0/3 to absolute and
accumulated δPUSCH values.
138
7.7 UL power control
For both accumulated and absolute method the first value is set as follows:
Figure 7.17: Accumulated method of the closed loop power control adjustment.
Figure 7.18: Absolute method of the closed loop power control adjustment.
139
7 Physical layer procedures
the eNB in accordance to the setting of the parameter P0 PUSCH = −109 dBm.
But for far enough distance UE reaches its maximum transmit power and it cannot
anymore compensate the path loss increase. In this example it happens for the
RSRP equal to −117 dBm. Therefore, when the UE moves further from the eNB
and RSRP drops below −117 dBm, the P SDRX at the eNB drops below the design
threshold P0 PUSCH = −109 dBm resulting in throughput reduction. It should also
be noted, that, as long as the P SDRX at the eNB is equal to the design threshold
P0 PUSCH = −109, the UE UL throughput is constant regardless of the UE location
in a cell.
Figure 7.19: Transmitted power and signal at eNB as a function of the RSRP
for the following parameters setting: PCMAX = 23 dBm, MPUSCH = 1, P0 PUSCH =
−109 dBm, α = 1, ref erenceSignalP ower = 15 dBm.
Figure 7.20 shows dependence of P SDRX and the TBS on the number of allocated
RBs to the UE. For low number of allocated RBs the UE is able to keep required
target P SDRX in accordance with the parameter P0 PUSCH = −109 dBm. To do so,
the UE must transmit more power when more RBs are allocated to it. Therefore
the transmitted power of the UE grows linearly with the number of allocated RB.
Accordance to the power control algorithm, UE transmits the same power for each
RB. Because the target P SDRX is achieved the same coding and modulation is used
and the TBS (that is also throughput) grows linearly with the number of allocated
RBs.
At some number of RBs the maximum power of the UE is achieved and the UE can-
not further increase its power. Therefore the output power of the UE is distributed
evenly between the transmitted RBs leading to the power per RB below the target
P SDRX . To handle lower signal-to-interference ratio at the eNB, the eNB’s link
140
7.7 UL power control
P0 PUSCH
In this example the parameter P0 PUSCH = −109 dBm. This section show the process
of the parameters calculation.
The throughput depends on the bandwidth, which is used for the signal transmis-
sion, and SINR. Stronger the signal above noise and interference level, bigger the
throughput. This theoretical relation is know as Snannon theorem:
141
7 Physical layer procedures
142
8 LTE mobility
This chapter describes UE mobility in LTE with a focus on the algorithms, that are
used to choose the best cell to serve the UE.
In the RRC IDLE the cell selection algorithm S and cell reselection algorithm R are
used by the UE to choose a cell. Also the PLMN selection algorithm is presented in
this chapter.
In RRC CONNECTED the eNB chooses a cell, but its decision is supported by
the UE measurements. The UE measurement reports are triggered by events. For
example, the UE may send a measurement report when it finds a neighbouring cell
that is better than serving. This event may be used by the eNB to trigger a handover
to the reported better neighbouring cell. This chapter also presents a flow graph of
the handover process.
143
8 LTE mobility
144
8.1 Idle mode mobility
UTRAN, or GERAN associated with each entry in the PLMN selector lists. A
PLMN in a selector list may have multiple occurrences with different access tech-
nology identifiers. The UE ignores those PLMN + access technology entries in the
PLMN selector lists where the associated access technology is not supported by the
UE.
EHPLMN
It shall be possible to handle cases where one network operator accepts access from
access networks with different network IDs. It shall also be possible to indicate to
the UE that a group of PLMNs are equivalent to the registered PLMN regarding
PLMN selection, cell selection/reselection and handover.
It shall be possible for the home network operator to identify alternative network
IDs as the Home PLMN (HPLMN). It shall be possible for the home network
operator to store in the USIM an indication to the UE that a group of PLMNs are
treated as the HPLMN regarding PLMN selection. Any PLMN to be declared as an
equivalent to the HPLMN shall be present within the EHPLMN list and is called an
EHPLMN. The EHPLMN list replaces the HPLMN derived from the International
Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI). When the EHPLMN list is present, any PLMN
in this list shall be treated as the HPLMN in all the network and cell selection
procedures.
145
8 LTE mobility
Description
To select a cell the UE uses one of the following two cell selection procedures:
1. Initial cell selection.
This procedure requires no prior knowledge of which RF channels are Evolved
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) carriers. The UE shall scan
all RF channels in the E-UTRA bands according to its capabilities to find
a suitable cell. On each carrier frequency, the UE need only search for the
strongest cell. Once a suitable cell is found this cell shall be selected.
146
8.1 Idle mode mobility
147
8 LTE mobility
S>0 (8.1)
where
where
S– cell selection level value [dB].
Qmeas,s – measured cell RX level value RSRP [dBm].
q-RxLevMin – minimum required RX level [dBm] in the cell sent in SIB1
(Table A.2).
q-RxLevMinOffset – offset [dB] to the signalled q-RxLevMin taken into account in
the Srxlev evaluation as a result of a periodic search for a
higher priority PLMN while camped normally in a VPLMN.
Sent in SIB1 (Table A.2).
Pcompensation = max(p-Max − PPowerClass , 0) [dB].
p-Max – maximum TX power level [dBm] an UE may use when trans-
mitting on the uplink in the cell. The parameter is sent in
SIB1 (Table A.2).
PPowerClass – maximum RF output power of the UE according to the UE
power class [dBm].
148
8.1 Idle mode mobility
Rs = Qmesa,s + q-Hyst
(8.3)
Rn = Qmesa,n − Qoffset
{
q-OffsetCells,n for intra LTE frequency neighbour
Qoffset =
q-OffsetFreq + q-OffsetCells,n for inter LTE frequency neighbour
(8.4)
q-OffsetCells,n – neighbour relation specific offset [dB] sent in SIB4 for intra
LTE frequency neighbouring cells (Table A.5) and in SIB5 for
inter LTE frequency neighbouring cells (Table A.6).
q-OffsetFreq – frequency specific offset [dB] for equal priority E-UTRAN fre-
quencies sent in SIB5 (Table A.6).
The UE reselects the new cell, if the cell reselection criteria are fulfilled during the
time interval t-ReselectionEUTRA, which is illustrated in Figure 8.3.
Mobility states of UE
Besides normal mobility state a high mobility state and a medium mobility state are
applicable. Reduced value of q-Hyst and t-ReselectionEUTRA are applied for UE in
high or medium mobility state, which result in earlier reselections compared to the
normal mobility state:
• High mobility state. UE enters high mobility state if number of cell rese-
lections during time period t-Evaluation exceeds n-CellChangeHigh.
Hysteresis and reselection time for high mobility state:
q-Hyst + q-HystSF(sf-High)
(8.5)
t-ReselectionEUTRA · t-ReselectionEUTRA-SF(sf-High)
149
8 LTE mobility
q-Hyst + q-HystSF(sf-Medium)
(8.6)
t-ReselectionEUTRA · t-ReselectionEUTRA-SF(sf-Medium)
150
8.2 Connected mode mobility
The HO procedure is performed with MME involvement. The MME and S-GW
may be reallocated.
8.2.1 X2 handover
The Figure 8.4 depicts the basic handover scenario where neither MME nor S-GW
changes (TS 36.300):
1. To facilitate the handover decision the source eNB configures the UE to per-
form measurement reporting.
2. UE is triggered to send MEASUREMENT REPORT by the rules set by
i.e. system information, specification etc.
3. Source eNB makes decision based on MEASUREMENT REPORT and RRM
information to hand off UE. The network may also initiate handover blindly,
i.e. without having received measurement reports from the UE.
151
8 LTE mobility
4. The source eNB issues a HANDOVER REQUEST message to the target eNB
passing necessary information to prepare the HO at the target side (UE X2
signalling context reference at source eNB, UE S1 EPC signalling context
reference, target cell ID, KeNB∗ , RRC context including the C-RNTI of the UE
in the source eNB, AS-configuration, E-RAB context and physical layer ID of
the source cell + MAC for possible Radio Link Failure (RLF) recovery). UE
X2/UE S1 signalling references enable the target eNB to address the source
eNB and the EPC. The E-RAB context includes necessary Radio Network
Layer (RNL) and Transport Network Layer (TNL) addressing information,
and QoS profiles of the E-RABs.
6. Target eNB prepares HO with L1/L2 and sends the HANDOVER REQUEST
ACKNOWLEDGE to the source eNB. The HANDOVER REQUEST AC-
KNOWLEDGE message includes a transparent container to be sent to the
UE as an RRC message to perform the handover. The container includes a
new C-RNTI, target eNB security algorithm identifiers for the selected security
algorithms, may include a dedicated RACH preamble, and possibly some other
parameters i.e. access parameters, SIBs, etc. The HANDOVER REQUEST
ACKNOWLEDGE message may also include RNL/TNL information for the
forwarding tunnels, if necessary.
NOTE: As soon as the source eNB receives the HANDOVER REQUEST AC-
KNOWLEDGE, or as soon as the transmission of the handover command
is initiated in the downlink, data forwarding may be initiated.
7. The target eNB generates the RRC message to perform the handover, i.e RRC-
ConnectionReconfiguration message including the mobilityControlInformation,
to be sent by the source eNB towards the UE. The UE does not need to delay
the handover execution for delivering the HARQ/ARQ responses to source
eNB.
8. The source eNB sends the SN STATUS TRANSFER message to the target
eNB to convey the uplink PDCP Sequence Number (SN) receiver status and
the downlink PDCP SN transmitter status of E-RABs for which PDCP status
preservation applies (i.e. for RLC AM). The uplink PDCP SN receiver status
includes at least the PDCP SN of the first missing UL SDU and may include
a bit map of the receive status of the out of sequence UL SDUs that the
UE needs to retransmit in the target cell, if there are any such SDUs. The
downlink PDCP SN transmitter status indicates the next PDCP SN that the
target eNB shall assign to new SDUs, not having a PDCP SN yet. The source
eNB may omit sending this message if none of the E-RABs of the UE shall be
treated with PDCP status preservation.
152
8.2 Connected mode mobility
153
8 LTE mobility
154
8.2 Connected mode mobility
155
8 LTE mobility
8.2.3 A3 event
To illustrate the event triggered reporting, this section describes details of event A3.
Conditions to enter the event, reporting parameters and condition to leave the event
are presented.
Event A3 is the normal event, which is used to trigger intra LTE frequency handover
and this is the reason it was selected as an example. When UE is configured to re-
ports measurements upon event A3 takes place, then the UE will sent measurements
if it finds cells, which are several dB (so called offset) stronger than the serving cell.
Figure 8.6 illustrates the event together with parameters controlling UE reporting
when the condition to enter the event is met.
Figure 8.6: Event A3: Neighbour becomes offset better than serving. Frequency
specific offsets (Ofn and Ofs) as well as cell specific offsets (Ocn and Ocs) are assumed
to be set to zero in this figure.
where
Mn – the measurement result of the neighbouring cell, not taking into
account any offsets. Expressed in dBm in case of RSRP, or in dB
in case of RSRQ
Ofn – the frequency specific offset of the frequency of the neighbour cell
(i.e. offsetFreq as defined within measObjectEUTRA correspond-
ing to the frequency of the neighbour cell) [dB].
156
8.2 Connected mode mobility
Ocn – the cell specific offset of the neighbour cell (i.e. cellIndividualOff-
set as defined within measObjectEUTRA corresponding to the fre-
quency of the neighbour cell), and set to zero if not configured for
the neighbour cell [dB].
Ms – the measurement result of the serving cell, not taking into account
any offsets. Expressed in dBm in case of RSRP, or in dB in case
of RSRQ
Ofs – the frequency specific offset of the serving frequency (i.e. offsetFreq
as defined within measObjectEUTRA corresponding to the serving
frequency) [dB].
Ocs – the cell specific offset of the serving cell (i.e. cellIndividualOffset
as defined within measObjectEUTRA corresponding to the serving
frequency), and is set to zero if not configured for the serving cell
[dB].
hysteresis – the hysteresis parameter for this event as defined within report-
ConfigEUTRA for this event [dB].
a3-Offset – the offset parameter for this event as defined within reportCon-
figEUTRA for this event [dB].
s-Measure – defines when the UE is required to perform measurements on
neighbouring cells.
riggerQuantity – the quantities used to evaluate the triggering condition for the
event (RSRP or RSRQ).
timeToTrigger – time during which specific criteria for the event needs to be met
in order to trigger a measurement report.
ReportInterval – indicates the interval between periodical reports.
reportQuantity – the quantities to be included in the measurement report. The
value both means that both the RSRP and RSRQ quantities are
to be included in the measurement report.
reportAmount – number of measurement reports sent.
157
8 LTE mobility
158
A System information
MIB
dl-Bandwidth, ENUMERATED {n6, n15, n25, n50, n75, n100}
phich-Config
phich-Duration, ENUMERATED {normal, extended}
phich-Resource, ENUMERATED {oneSixth, half, one, two}
systemFrameNumber, BIT STRING (SIZE (8))
spare, BIT STRING (SIZE (10))
159
A System information
SIB1
cellAccessRelatedInfo
plmn-IdentityList, SEQUENCE (SIZE (1..6)) OF PLMN-IdentityInfo
PLMN-IdentityInfo
plmn-Identity
mcc, SEQUENCE (SIZE (3)) OF MCC-MNC-Digit
mnc, SEQUENCE (SIZE (2..3)) OF MCC-MNC-Digit
cellReservedForOperatorUse, ENUMERATED {reserved, notReserved}
trackingAreaCode, BIT STRING (SIZE (16))
cellIdentity, BIT STRING (SIZE (28)
cellBarred, ENUMERATED barred, notBarred
intraFreqReselection, ENUMERATED allowed, notAllowed
csg-Indication, BOOLEAN
csg-Identity, BIT STRING (SIZE (27))
cellSelectionInfo
q-RxLevMin, INTEGER (-70..-22)
q-RxLevMinOffset, INTEGER (1..8)
p-Max, INTEGER (-30..33)
freqBandIndicator, INTEGER (1..64)
schedulingInfoList
si-Periodicity, ENUMERATED {rf8, rf16, rf32, rf64, rf128, rf256, rf512}
sib-MappingInfo, SEQUENCE (SIZE (0..maxSIB-1)) OF SIB-Type
tdd-Config
subframeAssignment, ENUMERATED {sa0, sa1, sa2, sa3, sa4, sa5, sa6}
specialSubframePatterns, ENUMERATED {ssp0, ssp1, ssp2, ssp3, ssp4, ssp5,
ssp6, ssp7, ssp8}
si-WindowLength, ENUMERATED {ms1, ms2, ms5, ms10, ms15, ms20, ms40}
systemInfoValueTag, INTEGER (0..31)
nonCriticalExtension spare bits set to zero
160
SIB2
ac-BarringInfo
ac-BarringForEmergency, BOOLEAN
ac-BarringForMO-Signalling, AC-BarringConfig
ac-BarringForMO-Data, AC-BarringConfig
AC-BarringConfig
ac-BarringFactor, ENUMERATED {p00, p05, p10, p15, p20, p25, p30,
p40, p50, p60, p70, p75, p80, p85, p90, p95}
ac-BarringTime, ENUMERATED {s4, s8, s16, s32, s64, s128, s256, s512}
ac-BarringForSpecialAC, BIT STRING (SIZE(5))
radioResourceConfigCommon
rach-ConfigCommon
preambleInfo
numberOfRA-Preambles, ENUMERATED {n4, n8, n12, n16 ,n20, n24,
n28, n32, n36, n40, n44, n48, n52, n56, n60}
preamblesGroupAConfig
powerRampingParameters
powerRampingStep, ENUMERATED {dB0, dB2,dB4, dB6}
preambleInitialReceivedTargetPower, ENUMERATED {dBm-120,
dBm-118, dBm-116, dBm-114, dBm-112,dBm-110,
dBm-108, dBm-106, dBm-104, dBm-102, dBm-100,
dBm-98, dBm-96, dBm-94, dBm-92, dBm-90}
ra-SupervisionInfo
preambleTransMax, ENUMERATED {n3, n4, n5, n6, n7, n8, n10, n20,
n50, n100, n200}
ra-ResponseWindowSize, ENUMERATED {sf2, sf3, sf4, sf5, sf6, sf7,
sf8, sf10}
mac-ContentionResolutionTimer, ENUMERATED {sf8, sf16, sf24,
sf32, sf40, sf48, sf56, sf64}
maxHARQ-Msg3Tx, INTEGER (1..8)
bcch-Config
pcch-Config
prach-Config
pdsch-ConfigCommon
referenceSignalPower, INTEGER (-60..50)
p-b, INTEGER (0..3)
pusch-ConfigCommon
pusch-ConfigBasic
n-SB, INTEGER (1..4)
hoppingMode, ENUMERATED {interSubFrame,
intraAndInterSubFrame}
pusch-HoppingOffset, INTEGER (0..98)
enable64QAM, BOOLEAN
161
A System information
ul-ReferenceSignalsPUSCH
pucch-ConfigCommon
soundingRS-UL-ConfigCommon
uplinkPowerControlCommon
p0-NominalPUSCH, INTEGER (-126..24)
alpha, ENUMERATED {al0, al04, al05, al06, al07, al08, al09, al1}
p0-NominalPUCCH, INTEGER (-127..-96)
deltaFList-PUCCH
deltaPreambleMsg3, INTEGER (-1..6)
ul-CyclicPrefixLength, ENUMERATED {len1, len2}
ue-TimersAndConstants
t300, ENUMERATED {ms100, ms200, ms300, ms400, ms600,
ms1000, ms1500, ms2000}
t301, ENUMERATED {ms100, ms200, ms300, ms400, ms600,
ms1000, ms1500, ms2000}
t310, ENUMERATED {ms0, ms50, ms100, ms200, ms500, ms1000, ms2000}
n310, ENUMERATED {n1, n2, n3, n4, n6, n8, n10, n20}
t311, ENUMERATED {ms1000, ms3000, ms5000, ms10000,
ms15000, ms20000, ms30000}
n311, ENUMERATED {n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n8, n10}
freqInfo
ul-CarrierFreq, ARFCN-ValueEUTRA
ul-Bandwidth, ENUMERATED {n6, n15, n25, n50, n75, n100}
additionalSpectrumEmission, INTEGER (1..32)
mbsfn-SubframeConfigList
timeAlignmentTimerCommon, ENUMERATED {sf500, sf750, sf1280, sf1920,
sf2560, sf5120, sf10240, infinity}
162
SIB3
cellReselectionInfoCommon
q-Hyst, ENUMERATED {B0, dB1, dB2, dB3, dB4, dB5, dB6, dB8, dB10,
dB12, dB14, dB16, dB18, dB20, dB22, dB24}
speedStateReselectionPars
mobilityStateParameters
t-Evaluation, ENUMERATED {s30, s60, s120, s180, s240,
spare3, spare2, spare1}
t-HystNormal, ENUMERATED {s30, s60, s120, s180, s240,
spare3, spare2, spare1}
n-CellChangeMedium, INTEGER (1..16)
n-CellChangeHigh, INTEGER (1..16)
q-HystSF
sf-Medium, ENUMERATED {dB-6, dB-4, dB-2, dB0}
sf-High, ENUMERATED {dB-6, dB-4, dB-2, dB0}
cellReselectionServingFreqInfo
s-NonIntraSearch, INTEGER (0..31)
ThreshServingLow, INTEGER (0..31)
cellReselectionPriority, INTEGER (0..7)
intraFreqCellReselectionInfo
q-RxLevMin, INTEGER (-70..-22)
p-Max, INTEGER (-30..33)
s-IntraSearch, INTEGER (0..31)
allowedMeasBandwidth, ENUMERATED {mbw6, mbw15, mbw25, mbw50,
mbw75, mbw100}
presenceAntennaPort1, BOOLEAN
neighCellConfig, BIT STRING (SIZE (2))
t-ReselectionEUTRA, INTEGER (0..7)
t-ReselectionEUTRA-SF
sf-Medium, ENUMERATED {oDot25, oDot5, oDot75, lDot0}
sf-High, ENUMERATED {oDot25, oDot5, oDot75, lDot0}
163
A System information
SIB4
intraFreqNeighCellList, SEQUENCE (SIZE (1..maxCellIntra)) OF
IntraFreqNeighCellInfo
intraFreqBlackCellList, SEQUENCE (SIZE (1..maxCellBlack)) OF
PhysCellIdRange
csg-PhysCellIdRange, PhysCellIdRange
IntraFreqNeighCellInfo
physCellId, INTEGER (0..503)
q-OffsetCell, ENUMERATED {dB-24, dB-22, dB-20, dB-18, dB-16, dB-14,
dB-12, dB-10, dB-8, dB-6, dB-5, dB-4, dB-3, dB-2, dB-1,
dB0, dB1, dB2, dB3, dB4, dB5, dB6, dB8, dB10, dB12
dB14, dB16, dB18, dB20, dB22, dB24}
PhysCellIdRange
start, INTEGER (0..503)
range, ENUMERATED {n4, n8, n12, n16, n24, n32, n48, n64, n84, n96,
n128, n168, n252, n504, spare2, spare1}
164
SIB5
interFreqCarrierFreqList, SEQUENCE (SIZE (1..maxFreq)) OF
InterFreqCarrierFreqInfo
InterFreqCarrierFreqInfo
dl-CarrierFreq, INTEGER (0..maxEARFCN)
q-RxLevMin, INTEGER (-70..-22)
p-Max, INTEGER (-30..33)
t-ReselectionEUTRA, INTEGER (0..7)
t-ReselectionEUTRA-SF
sf-Medium, ENUMERATED {oDot25, oDot5, oDot75, lDot0}
sf-High, ENUMERATED {oDot25, oDot5, oDot75, lDot0}
threshX-High, INTEGER (0..31)
threshX-Low, INTEGER (0..31)
allowedMeasBandwidth, ENUMERATED {mbw6, mbw15, mbw25, mbw50,
mbw75, mbw100}
presenceAntennaPort1, BOOLEAN
cellReselectionPriority, INTEGER (0..7)
neighCellConfig, BIT STRING (SIZE (2))
q-OffsetFreq, dB-24, dB-22, dB-20, dB-18, dB-16, dB-14, dB-12, dB-10,
dB-8, dB-6, dB-5, dB-4, dB-3, dB-2, dB-1, dB0, dB1, dB2, dB3, dB4,
dB5, dB6, dB8, dB10, dB12, dB14, dB16, dB18, dB20, dB22, dB24}
interFreqNeighCellList, InterFreqNeighCellList
interFreqBlackCellList, SEQUENCE (SIZE (1..maxCellBlack)) OF
PhysCellIdRange
InterFreqNeighCellInfo
physCellId, INTEGER (0..503)
q-OffsetCell, dB-24, dB-22, dB-20, dB-18, dB-16, dB-14, dB-12, dB-10,
dB-8, dB-6, dB-5, dB-4, dB-3, dB-2, dB-1, dB0, dB1, dB2, dB3, dB4,
dB5, dB6, dB8, dB10, dB12, dB14, dB16, dB18, dB20, dB22, dB24}
165
A System information
166
List of Figures
167
LIST OF FIGURES
168
LIST OF FIGURES
169
LIST OF FIGURES
170
List of Tables
7.1 Type 0 resource allocation RBG size vs. downlink system bandwidth. 119
7.2 PDSCH transmission scheme. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
7.3 Physical Channels for Aperiodic or Periodic CQI reporting. . . . . . 127
7.4 4-bit CQI Table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
7.5 CQI and PMI Feedback Types for PUSCH reporting modes. . . . . 128
7.6 PUSCH reporting modes for different transmission modes. . . . . . 129
7.7 Subband size (k) vs. System Bandwidth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
7.8 CQI and PMI Feedback Types for PUCCH reporting modes. . . . . 130
7.9 PUCCH reporting modes for different transmission modes. . . . . . 130
171
LIST OF TABLES
172
Acronyms
1G 1st Generation
16QAM 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
1xRTT 1x Radio Transmission Technology
2G 2nd Generation
3G 3rd Generation
3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project
3GPP TS 3GPP Technical Specification
4G 4th Generation
64QAM 64 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
AAA Authentication, authorisation and accounting
ACK Acknowledge
A/D Analogue-to-Digital converter
AM Acknowledged Mode
AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone Systems
ARQ Automatic Repeat reQuest
AS Access Stratum
AS Application Server
BCCH Broadcast Control Channel
BCH Broadcast Channel
BLER Block Error Rate
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying
BS Base Station
BSS Base Station System
C Carrier
CAZAC Constant Amplitude Zero AutoCorrelation
CCCH Common Control Channel
173
ACRONYMS
174
E-RAB E-UTRAN Radio Access Bearer
ETWS Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System
E-UTRA Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
E-UTRAN Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
FDD Frequency Division Duplex
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
FFT Fast Fourier Transform
FT Fourier Transform
GBR Guaranteed Bit Rate
GERAN GSM EDGE Radio Access Network
GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
GP Guard Period
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
GMM GPRS Mobility Management
GSM Global System for Mobile communication
GTP GPRS Tunnelling Protocol
GTP-C GTP Control plane
GTP-U GTP User data tunnelling
HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest
HO Handover
HPLMN Home PLMN
HRPD High Rate Packet Data
HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access
HSPA High Speed Packet Access
HSS Home Subscriber Server
I Interferer
ICI Inter Carrier Interference
IDFT Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem
IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity
IP Internet Protocol
175
ACRONYMS
176
PCH Paging Channel
PCRF Policy and Charging Rules Function
PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel
PDCP Packet Data Convergence Protocol
PDP Packet Data Protocol
PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel
PDU Packet Data Unit
P-GW Packet Data Network Gateway
PHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel
PLMN Public Land Mobile Network
PMCH Physical Multicast Channel
PMI Precoding Matrix Indicator
PMIP Proxy Mobile IP
PoP Point of Presence
PRACH Physical Random Access Channel
PRB Physical Resource Block
PS Packet Switched
P/S-GW Packet Data Network/Serving Gateway
PSK Phase Shift Keying
P-SS Primary Synchronisation Signals
PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel
PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QCI QoS Class Identifier
QoS Quality of Service
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
RA Random Access
RACH Random Access Channel
RAN Radio Access Network
RANAP RAN Application Part
RA-RNTI Random Access Radio Network Temporary Identity
RAT Radio Access Technology
RB Resource Block
177
ACRONYMS
RE Resource Element
REG Resource Element Group
RF Radio Frequency
RI Rank Indicator
RLC Radio Link Control
RLF Radio Link Failure
RNC Radio Network Controller
RNL Radio Network Layer
RNTI Radio Network Temporary Identity
ROHC Robust Header Compression
RRC Radio Resource Control
RRM Radio Resource Management
RS Reference Signals
RSRP Reference Signal Received Power
RSRQ Reference Signal Received Quality
S1AP S1 Application Protocol
SAE System Architecture Evolution
SAE-GW System Architecture Evolution Gateway
SB Scheduling Block
SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access
SCTP Stream Control Transmission Protocol
SDF Service Data Flow
SDU Service Data Unit
SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
S-GW Serving Gateway
SI System Information
SIB System Information Block
SINR Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio
SI-RNTI System Information RNTI
SM Session Management
SMS Short Message Service
SN Sequence Number
SRB Signalling Radio Bearer
178
SRS Sounding Reference Signal
S-SS Secondary Synchronisation Signals
SU-MIMO Single User MIMO
TA Tracking Area
TAU Tracking Area Update
TBS Transport Blok Size
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
TDD Time Division Duplex
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
TFT Traffic Flow Template
TNL Transport Network Layer
TPC Transmit Power Control
TS Time Slot
TTI Transmission Time Interval
TX Transmit
UE User Equipment
UL Uplink
UM Unacknowledged Mode
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
UP User Plane
UpPTS Uplink Pilot Time Slot
UL-SCH Uplink Shared Channel
USIM Universal Subscriber Identity Module
UTRAN Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
VoIP Voice over IP
VPLMN Visited PLMN
VRB Virtual Resource Block
WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
WLAN Wireless Local Area Network
X2AP X2 Application Protocol
179
ACRONYMS
180