I.

Introduction to Geography

A. Definition

 Geography is the study of the Earth's physical features, climate, and the distribution of life on
the planet.

 It explores the relationships between humans and their environments.

B. Importance

 Provides insights into global patterns and trends.

 Helps in understanding natural disasters, climate change, and resource distribution.

 Influences decision-making in areas such as urban planning, agriculture, and international

relations.

II. Physical Geography

A. Earth's Structure

 Core: Innermost layer, composed mainly of iron and nickel.

 Mantle: Surrounds the core, semi-fluid layer.

 Crust: Outermost layer, where all life exists.

B. Landforms

 Mountains: Formed by tectonic plate movements.

 Plains: Flat, low-lying areas often found near coastlines.

 Plateaus: Elevated flat areas, often with steep sides.

C. Climate Zones

 Tropical: Near the equator, hot and humid.

 Temperate: Moderate temperatures, found in mid-latitudes.

 Polar: Cold temperatures, near the poles.

D. Natural Disasters

 Earthquakes: Result from tectonic plate movements.

 Hurricanes: Form over warm ocean waters.

 Floods: Often caused by heavy rainfall or rapid snowmelt.

III. Human Geography

A. Population and Migration

  Population Distribution: Concentrated in urban areas.

 Migration: Movement of people, often for economic reasons.

B. Cultural Diversity

 Language: Reflects cultural identity.

 Religion: Influences social and political structures.

 Traditions: Passed down through generations.

C. Economic Activities

 Agriculture: Varied across regions, influenced by climate.

 Industry: Concentrated in urban areas with access to resources.

 Trade: Globalization has increased the interconnectedness of economies.

IV. Regional Geography

A. North America

 United States: Diverse landscapes, economic powerhouse.

 Canada: Vast natural resources, multicultural society.

B. Europe

 Western Europe: Industrialized, diverse cultures.

 Eastern Europe: Transitioning economies, historical influences.

C. Asia

 China: Rapid economic growth, diverse landscapes.

 India: Population density, cultural richness.

D. Africa

 Sub-Saharan Africa: Diverse ecosystems, challenges with development.

 North Africa: Arab influences, historical civilizations.

E. South America

 Amazon Basin: Rich biodiversity, environmental concerns.

 Andes Mountains: High-altitude challenges, cultural diversity.