CHAPTER 8: Bioenergetics and Metabolism

8.1. Introduction to metabolism

8.2. Carbohydrate metabolism
8.3. Protein metabolism
8.4. Lipid metabolism

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8.1. Introduction to metabolism

Metabolism - sum total of all chemical reactions in living cells

 catabolic reactions - degrade macromolecules and other molecules to

release energy

 anabolic reactions - used to synthesize macromolecules for cell

growth, repair, and reproduction

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8.1. Introduction to metabolism

Input Output
Anabolism -Amino acid - Protein
- Monosaccharides - Polysaccharides
- Fatty acid - Lipid
- Nitrogenous Base - Nucleic acid
- ATP, NADH, NADPH, - ADP, NAD+, NADP+,
FADH2 FAD, H3PO4
Catabolism - Carbohydrate - CO2
- Lipid - H2O
- Protein - NH3
- ADP, NAD+, NADP+, - ATP, NADH, NADPH,
FAD, H3PO4 FADH2

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8.1. Introduction to metabolism

Bioenergetics

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8.2. Carbohydrate metabolism
8.2.1. Degradation of polysaccharide & oligosaccharide:
+ Digestion of carbohydrates: amylase in mouth and intestine work on
starch

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8.2. Carbohydrate metabolism

8.2.1. Degradation of polysaccharide & oligosaccharide:

+ Phosphorylation: Glucose residues of glycogen released through

enzymes called glycogen phosphorylases. Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) is
prosthetic group in active site of enzyme

Glycogen +Pi ---> glycogen(n-1) + glucose 1-phosphate

phosphoglucomutase
glucose 1-phosphate ----------------------> glucose 6-phosphate

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8.2. Carbohydrate metabolism

8.2.2. Aerobic or Anaerobic Respiration:

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Glycolysis

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Crebs cycle
Chapter 8: Bioenergetics and Metabolism

Conversation of pyruvate into acetyl CoA

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Krebs cycle

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Electron transport system

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Aerobic respiration

https://www.bioexplorer.net/cellular-respiration-equation.html/
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Anaerobic respiration

http://biology4alevel

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8.3. Protein metabolism

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8.3. Protein metabolism

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8.3. Protein metabolism

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8.4. Lipid metabolism:

8.4.1 Digestion of lipids

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8.4. Lipid metabolism:

8.4.1 Digestion of lipids

 Hydrolysis of triglyceride

CH2OCOR1 CH2OH R1COOH

lipase
CHOCOR2 + 3H2O CHOH + R2COOH

CH2OCOR3 CH2OH R3COOH

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8.4.1 Digestion of lipids
 Digestion of
phospholipis

Lata Ramrakhiani and Subhash Chand, 2011, Recent Progress on Phospholipases: Different Sources, Assay
Methods, Industrial Potential and Pathogenicity

(a) Phospholipase A1 (PLA1) cuts off a fatty-acid chain of a di-acyl phospholipid in

the sn-1 position while
(b) Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) attacks the fattyacid chain which is at the sn-2 position.
(c) Phospholipase B can cut off both fatty-acid chains of a di-acyl phospholipid.
(d) Phospholipase C cuts off the head group of a phospholipid.
(e) Phospholipase D can cut off the polar head group of a phospholipid.
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8.4.2 Degradation of glycerin

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8.4.3 The β -oxidation pathway of FA

- Activation of FA

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8.5.3 The β -oxidation
pathway of FA

- The β -oxidation of
Fatty acyl-CoA
MTP: mitochondrial trifunctional
protein, an enzyme complex
associated with the inner
mitochondrial membrane.

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8.6. Metabolism summary

chemistry.elmhurst.edu

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