Calculus: Lecture Notes

d. papadopoulos
Contents

I Differential Calculus 3

1 Limits 4
An Intuitive Approach to Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Computing Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Limits at Infinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Limits of Trig Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2 Derivatives 30
Tangent Lines and Rates of Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
The Derivative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Basic Derivative Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
The Chain Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Implicit Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Derivatives of Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Derivatives of Exponential and Inverse Trig Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

3 Applications of Differentiation 67
Related Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Local Linear Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
L’Hôpital’s Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Analysis of Functions: Part 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Analysis of Functions: Part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Analysis of Functions: Extrema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

II Integral Calculus 93

4 Integration 94
Area as a Limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
The Definite Integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
The Indefinite Integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

1
CONTENTS 2

5 Applications of Integration 119

Area Between Two Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Volumes by Slicing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Arc Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

6 Integration Techniques 136

Integration by Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Partial Fraction Decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Improper Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Integrating Trig Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Trig Substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

7 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates 164

Parametric Equations and Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Polar Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

III Multivariable Calculus 183

8 Working in 3-Space 184

Rectangular Coordinates in 3-Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
The Dot Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
The Cross Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Parametric Equations of Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Vector-Valued Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Quadric Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Functions of Several Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

9 Multivariable Calculus: Differentiation 225

Partial Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Multivariable Chain Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Directional Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Tangent Planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Extrema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246

10 Multivariable Calculus: Integration 254

Double Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Double Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Triple Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Jacobians and Change of Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
 Part I

Differential Calculus

3
Chapter 1

Limits

Contents
An Intuitive Approach to Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Computing Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Limits at Infinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Limits of Trig Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

4
InsintutiveAPPRACH
Q is 0.5 1 0.5 0.01
02 1 o g

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9 e
g F137 0.999
f6 o 999999

WE can make fin as chose to 1 AS WE Like

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sÉÉ É open Dot MEA

EXCLUDE Ca L or fca
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time fix L mean we saw

make fix or
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x close enough to a
 it
10 J
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LEFT means x ha

WE say
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11 ga BE

7
Notice 1 2 this
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121 1
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Computing limits

N PIECEWISEFACTONS 3 cases

i
PLUG IN AND DONE

x2 22 2123
e
g 112 2 1 1

n y
ti 9

2 PLUG IN AND Get to

e I
g 3
3 PLUG IN AND Get i k 0

CEI EXAMPLES

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I

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CASE FACTOR CANCEL SIMPLIFY

I II I
I X 3 CASE 1

D
y x 3

Faoring trick AZ B2 A B A B

x2 25 x 5 x 5

25 x 5 x s
ar
a

s
E

E FEET
II É case I
 Ffs
E
CALEB I CK o TELLS US THERE'S A ERICAL ASIDE

RECALL A VERT CAL ASYMPTOTE AT x a MEANS

Isa fix Io
ily fix to

EX
11 I VERT Asymptote x

to Determine if it's too on o is

TEST A POINT A LITLE LEFT OF X Z

co
f

It

Ex fix
FIND ALL VERT ASYMPTOTES

EVALUATE ALL O E SIDED LIMITS AT EACH ASYMPTOTE

 Italy where is f
I x2 O 1 7

ME.si IIIinp oa DBoT0m 0

2x 1 0 1 x2
x

THESE ARE THE ONLY PLACES WHERE IT

of change
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only change sian
IF It's O or
ti is U Defined

Ifp
test points in each chunk

fix 47 ONLY MATERS

II

EET
READ LIMITS FROM CHART

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fig fax
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FIND ALL VERTICAL ASYMPTOTES

compute all one SIDED Limits AT EACH ASYMPTOTE

Asymptotes x I 3

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f's gox o
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tht I
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t
I

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e x c l
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I
Ed
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V

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N PIECEWISEFACTONS 3 cases

i
PLUG IN AND DONE

x2 22 2123
e
g 112 2 1 1

n y
ti 9

2 PLUG IN AND Get to

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CEI EXAMPLES

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CASE FACTOR CANCEL SIMPLIFY

I II I
I X 3 CASE 1

D
y x 3

Faoring trick AZ B2 A B A B

x2 25 x 5 x 5

25 x 5 x s
ar
a

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E

E FEET
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 Ffs
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CALEB I CK o TELLS US THERE'S A ERICAL ASIDE

RECALL A VERT CAL ASYMPTOTE AT x a MEANS

Isa fix Io
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EX
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to Determine if it's too on o is

TEST A POINT A LITLE LEFT OF X Z

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FIND ALL VERT ASYMPTOTES

EVALUATE ALL O E SIDED LIMITS AT EACH ASYMPTOTE

 Italy where is f
I x2 O 1 7

ME.si IIIinp oa DBoT0m 0

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THESE ARE THE ONLY PLACES WHERE IT

of change
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IF It's O or
ti is U Defined

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test points in each chunk

fix 47 ONLY MATERS

II

EET
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THERE ARE NO
END Pts
7

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a e x s b

7
i
f is continuous on a b if it is continuous At

Every point in a b

FOR CLOSED Let's look at f x Tx

72 4 x2
xZ yZ Y

at b c
to say f is

In f
I
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2,2
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f son at b c

l f is lo t on a b Dist From x y
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 Limitsoftigfftion
s

h are continuous around x 1 A D

g
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AREAS I cos si O E I i E i ta O
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RECIPROCALS s
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Chapter 2

Derivatives

Contents
Tangent Lines and Rates of Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
The Derivative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Basic Derivative Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
The Chain Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Implicit Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Derivatives of Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Derivatives of Exponential and Inverse Trig Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

30
 IRAteson
tk

I AVERAGE RATE OF CHANGE

e
g IIIII oomph

2 INSTANTANEOUS RATE OF CHANGE

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g

Avg RATE OF CHANGE For

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x 3 4 3 4 th
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THE SLOPE WHEN WE Evaluate it

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THE POWER Race Doesnt work for was Like

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e
g fax
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5

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When computing
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RADICALS AS EXPONENTS

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s
h x h x g
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ComBi iIuE

cons tmupe F x k f x F x k fix

3
e F x 7 F x 7 3 21
g
ZI
G x 3 co Sx G x 3 six I
3
7
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k f x
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s
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s

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a

b
g
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fix 3x

a
Ex
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t
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y y

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y
Function VARIABLE

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3
e x 4 f x4
g
1
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 ICHAINRULEI
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sect
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III if target
Chance tells us How to Differentiate a composition

of functions

A Function plugged into another function

fix a bix

x B b x
ld a b x

ICHAWRn eifixl a x.be

WHAT IF this Ann led to Si x

i

b4 I x2
a x cos

s
f al Isis P
2xcos
 lailx.TT
2
EI x 2 5 1 a lx 2x
g
b x 5 2 1 bi
x 8 5
2
tip no x
g
180 17
5

prnouittcm

IYIIIF.LI A B
A B

f x a x1 bat t a x i bid b x

CHAI
assist
fainbaggybfy
EI fix É 5 x 3

f x 20 x 355

EI get pink out I j

a
sin
b
x

chit
t
Z
g
x t sin x cos x Ex
 455ft

g x sin
I
g ext t sin x cos x I x
2
sea ones

Curves whose Equations can't BE EXPRESSED

AS Functions

e unit circle x y
g

j th Y A

y FI
E
Itm y X

y É
MPLS D DIFFERENT ATON GI ES us A NICE ALTERNATIVE
2
x2 y I

TAKE Derivative É OF BOTH SIDES

Renae is
x't ya a AN OPERATO command

bi take the Dern

yay g n

2ygI
TREAT Y LIKE
2x A Function of X

lentwenty
g
y y
TA GE tune.AT Fz dE
q
É ftd
SLOPE

why is it THAT x2 2y y

sin x 2 sin x cost

I 2y y
2
5 3 1 2 5 3 1 15

42 2 yy

tffIIIIIasas
eminan

t x y
use It or y your choice

il sink x cos y
y2x 3yd y
y
x ios y 3y y 2x S
ny
y
 xcoscyl 342 2x sing
y

1i
Ex x Folium of DECartes
y
4 5,3
2 3y
3 y 1
y 2xy 0
2
3 34 y Zy 2 41 0
2
y 342 2x 2y 3

1i
tach y ly

I x 1
y
y

É
 3 3
Ex x2 y 1
x'y 0 i i

3 x't 2 it 2x Zyy 2 43 3
4241 0

WE can put in i i And then solve

3 2
241 2 341 0

6 64 2 3y 0

3y 4

Y I
y

Fa
Dh
 IDErivativesofcogs
P

IEI.es WHERE these come from

AB ée
In AIB In a In B 1 em n
eyer
AP Bln a
Gentzen
n

CHANGE OF BASE

log x
IT G serena
I
Definition of e

e
ÉI t t T t
e

t t
t t
m

t t
t

i e ite sun

ft t Bla eth cosotisino

h o k the Donan
D v.mx t
or in x is

Ling hGth
o o
tnx
A HB in

L's s In EI
Bina Inas
nd
E

f Ee Eth
Imo In
it
 sake t I
Lincoln i t t as h ot t o

AND I I
In Itt
L as I E

I In e

Fi it m
iii
or

ginnyynnfy fly I n or É
u x2 t l n 2x

EI x In six
g
g'sx If
WE
 Ex h x In Fx tan x simplify w log Properties
Before taking the Deriv
In 7 In x In fan x inAB 1nA lets

Int 31 x In sin S In Int int

InAB Bin A
h x o 3 I É
x
tcot compare w

x
x I
TAKE In of Both sides

In y In x

DO IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

i i up with
came
a run
Fon f x gin
g ai la fast gaff fig
Ew

TRI
fax In SF sink gex
In YET
 y xtanx

fix Ins tnx 4 In six

fix o I I 4
4

go
In Eff
3
In 3 2 In x 5

g
x
3 7

y xtanx
tax
In y In
tax tnx

I y see x tnx taxi I

sec'xhx t
fy
Recap

WE CAN use Log Properties to simplify BEFORE

WE DIFFERENTIATE

e.g
fax l SF sin x

In 5 tnx t 7 In six

Logarithmic Differentiation
TAKE In of Both SIDES

Do implicit DIFFERENTATION

y xx
e.g
In y In xx
In y x In x

4x h x txt I
141 64 3 3
1
TRI
for.in i
In 5 3 sin 4h In 117
2
ÉÉÉÉ
no In Att

s shxt 4h sing he

fix o
3 4 7 ET
13 4,0
2 1

x osx
g
In In co x
glx
In lx x In osx
g
g 3 2 n cos x x x
go
g
x 3 4 nose x'tan x co x
 e
y
In y In e
he e e
In y x In e
Ble Ina Be E A
In y x

w
out
Leg in est g't
THIS is
gases's NOT THE
POWER
RULE
e
g fax ex 81 1 Eet
fix 4 sexy x 2x etat x seek etat
g A B A B
Oth BASES

b b o b l
y
knot
B c I I NOT REALLY EXPO ETH

hero
O 0 if x o

o is under if x co
t
e
g o
f to
00 O vs XO AS X O

Ee

1 25 is a Dee For
Any Even Root
eg x Z E I I
2
1 21 Fz

DERI
y b

In y In b b s A constant
I y y 1
In b

In b y
y
ly
 e 3 y In 3 3
g y
x
Y C's
y ing In f LO
B c I c e

It

tod
fo É
fix x e I e't
t
E e e

e l E

IF
2
x 49 a x F t 2
g
h
x 2

axes
 i

In4 x
g x
g

www.s cs.in

DEI arcs in c sin y x

y
e
g arcs in t sin t
t'd
For are sin I I is
THE Oy answer

D woraesin x I I

Ra aeof six Tz Mi
FAILIEEE

n
e
g arisingE
Dy
 periv.of
arcs int
y
s in X Do implicit DIFF
y
cos y y 1

Y Issy III
EI use trig ID Bas's Tria

cos
y sin y I sin x
y
cosy 1 sin y
1 A t t
cosy My F A FI
my
cosy Fx IIÉ

Ecarsin Iii

arico
arc cost
y
cos x
y
sin y 1
y
y Ip

Ee
arctant
arctanx
D C o o
y
tan y x
EEE tony
I Early secy
12 C th th secy y 1

y stay
fay
th
EI
f x arctan x arctan aca Ixia'm

F x
j
3x
tony x

I
Chapter 3

Applications of Differentiation

Contents
Related Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Local Linear Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
L’Hôpital’s Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Analysis of Functions: Part 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Analysis of Functions: Part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Analysis of Functions: Extrema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

67
 aww a É É to geometric form as

TREATING EVERY VARIABLE AS A Function OF Time H

Deficit x t y 4

II
is a
2x 2 y
Function of x
Conan Rae

RED EYE

x2 y y

lzxft z.at
E ampees

A tr II art
A tbh Iz I b
IE I Eth
tano I secco If adf.it
outline
Pick Formula

DIFFERENTIATE W RESPECT to t
Translate PROBLEM into VARIE AND BEATLES
 conical tank Height of 20ft a D Radius of loft at top

H2O is POURED in at loft3min

Q How Fast is Depth changing when Depth is 8ft 12ft

aft
ÉÉÉ
y
Loft wet If wite h s

I
lr.ITV v It th h
SUB into
V Ith
Eth IE
JOVI to IT 8 II
10 4 64 If
It If
If FH
EX a t
a Beacon 4km From
SHORE Revolves ten
times PER minute 4km C
when the Beam Forms
A 450 A ace HOW FAST
is it moving along THE
SHORE
j o Rehman

OIons

Don't CARE OR 1
450
WIT If when 0

ta
tano f
seco EE

NEED It in useful units Mma

If 10
REI REI 20T RAD min

Soiree sec2 450 20 it

I Ey
Z
y F Zo
It
1,7 15
1
 LOCALLINEARAPPROXIMATII

continuous ay smooth if i zoom in enouate it

no corners on cusps Look Like A Line

Approximation WE CAN All proximate fax Near Any Point Of

Tangency Xo using the tangent Line i e

Pena into the tangent Line

EI 5.7
Let f x F

Pick Xo Point of tangency so that

Xo is close to 3.7
we know fixo
FIND AN Equation For The Line target to f x F
At Xo 4
Yo f 14 tin Ex c

My m fie
IF
2 x y
y
ly Iy
5.7 f 3.7 I 3 7 I PLUG INTO TANGENT
LINE
3 t I

L
I 1.925 calculator says
a 53.7 1.923538

iii
OUTLINE TO Approximate f x

choose Xo Pt Of tangency
x is close to x

WE can Evaluate f xo Ann fix

FIND AN EQUATION Fon THE Line TANGENT to f at xo

y yo m x xd
x Xo
y m t
yo

lÉ I I
i
EI sin 60
Let
f x sinx

m
f o
Yo fro
lm HI
 x 1 x o to

Katy
sin 60 a L 64
a 60 DEGREES USELESS

60 E
HEI
EI In 1 2

Let
f x In x
c Exo Xo 1

fix I m f'd
yo f i Int o
n
x I x 1 t o

4
F

In 1 2 I 2

1.2 I

of calculator says 0.18232

Recap THE tantent Line to f at Xo is a good approximation

of f Near Xo

ftp

IF fix Lex

outline Approximating fix I

Choose Xo Pt Of tangency
CLOSE to x xox x

WE
f Xo
FIND AN EQuation For The Live tangent to
f
AT Xo

t
i Yo
me
ADDED to
other SIDE

fax Lex

Ex tan 400 e

f x tan x xo 450

score fix see x

yo f 450 ID
m f 450
y
sect 45
VE
 D
x 2 x 450 I
tan Yoo 2 400 450 I

26 su I 100 I FIX
100 t t
t 10 Fo t I

I II
Ex V8.2

f x Vx x 3 xo 8

f x Ii's x
B
BE
or
3g E
A

x t
m f s
Yo 718
If
I 58
My
LA Flx 8 Lax Ex E tr

I x I
L 8 2 I 8.2 8 2

I o 2 2

Fo 2
 fo t

EI In 3 e

ex 2.7 x e
HI
LEAVE e in your answer

fix tnx i xo e

fix I m
file te
yo fie he 1

Lex x e 1
In 3 I LL

et 3 e t t

t I I I

E
 Littopitais
MANIDEAWE

1
can

Determinate
use Differentiation

Forms
to Deal

o o
with
10 o o

Pi
Dervanofong
Ex fica la ttatyf yg.fi I
sup x ath or h x a

suppose f and
g
ARE DIFFERENTIABLE At x a AND

f a o

g la
o o

g a to

FIFE A n
g14
Extx flat fix
0

g glal glx

ÉI m
 Jim I In L'top time

THIS WORKS FOR too

Ima fix linage o

an
I
I PRISTFF

sting
EI 13 tiny

ing É II nomorettop

D
As long as we're getting or I we can

KEEP REPEATING L'HOP's Rule

 1m
e it 11 I 08
xx ex

I
I

limpet tan E
e o o Rewrite as on
Ex
US a
REGIS
t flea we
I tan n'see

Isotype As x oo 0 0

secret
1st bing.si o

see 0 D
D

x'cos Ctx I
II
L'H3P
Iizf
EI fins I E i of lit
consider Inc of this Limit

L
I i Ej
In L
II In l E

zoos In
l E tod
Y IFfimn

I l

In L 6
2 In A D e A
 ANALySisoFFunctio_
RECAP

f o f is increase b

f c o f is Decreasint

4 p f
yay
f co f is Decreasing f's Dow

DEF

ÉI I Rent

Relative max Point WHERE

to
f GOES from increasing
Decreasing
Relative min Pt Where f goes Dec to i c

the
inflection points PT WHERE concavity changes

fix x 3x
2
Get f f 1 1 3 6 x

cripoints two types

F x o fix UNDEFINED

3 2 Gx O No
3 x x 2 a
1 7
 GEtf f x1 6 6

f
É o o f ane

6 6 0

Is

FiÉI É f'in
F'c il
se
31 3 9
f s 9 i a

f ios o o

p f I2 6.2 6 6

incizeasingif o.su z o use For ALL these

not J
Decreasing o z

4
co cave

y
up i

y
s

p ALW

x oiy f
yc.max

pyX
SKETCH

i
4
Ingle 3 to
f a

tf

f
II

Rec.mu
 43
EI fix 2x 6

f x 2 4 f x 5

2
of 3
y
XY 20

a f n ret f n Dee

z TT O F
113
2 4
x 2

x
D
fifty g perf cubes

Et

Remind
 EXTREMAI
Two TYPES of EXTREMA
111 RELATIVE EXTREMA PEAKS VALLEYS IN GRAPH

2 ABSOLUTE EXTREMA LEAST VALUES

I UE GREATEST AND

FINDING RELATIVE EXTREMA

MELODI FIRST Derivative test

FIND critical Points

MAKE f SIGN CHART

conclusions
t to 1 t REL MAX
I to 1 1 Ren Min

e
g f x
É
4
fix lf
tyh.IS
f hi
fees
set o o

Life 1 x2
III
o

f n F

IÉÉ L
Kart f
ÉÉ IÉ ÉÉ
t
ÉI
MEHDI SECOND Derivative test

FIND crit Dts f oi ee

PLUG EACH crit Pt into

ftp
conclusions

1f s o Ree
i
Min I

f x 3 cos 3 x

3 cos 3 x O

so o

3x E E E 75 co o o t O

x I I I I
fix 9 sin 3 x
d
II f o aside d o

f th 9 sin E so

f I a sin
II co
 I
i
sin ta sinks
I I

totesI sin
I

i
DOES I TRANSLATE
I
is
worry

ELISE

ABITEEXTEMA

IEMevcterEm surpose f is continuous on a b

f must Have Both A maximum and a minimum

VALUE on a b

THE ABSOLUTE EXTREMA Must Occur At EITHER

critical Points or end points

 Hittite
IF
WHAT I Go wrong if what if it's a b
NOT so Timmons

te
my my

if

nIIE.v.tt Given court f on a b

FIND An cent Pts

Ntsb
PLUG ALL THOSE CRIT PTS ANI THE Two END points into f
Compare

3
e
g fix x 3 x i o z

4
f x1 3 3

Éi
3 x2 1 o

msn.sn
 fin o o o

crit Pt f i 1 3 2 me
E D Pt f a 8 6 2 my

i.ie

tmygg
MAX
ytg

my

EX fax x x2 o z

FIND ABS EXTREMA

f lx x 2x

x x 2 0

EEE
IMPALE SINCE END Pts Aren't included we'll use

ITS
x2 B
I x

fora i r
D
light x x of
 t
x
x 2x e t x e
g
x e z x o

crit its x
1

It x e
II É II off time D

g
o
D
go es
te
If I
Imax e
od Waxman

IABS.mn x
Ex Fi D THE ABSOLUTE EXTREMA For fax on f o o

fix 1 2 5
fix Tfg f'txt x2 it 2x

CIT It Fj
II Ft
o

f lo 1
Is it o

wey.nJ
x
JABS.mx

APPucAt
cone

Lion
I

10 h fr
h 10 Er
 Part II

Integral Calculus

93
Chapter 4

Integration

Contents
Area as a Limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
The Definite Integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
The Indefinite Integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

94
 TANGENT LINE TO f At x a

to

E j
iii

Ig ii Dx

Turns seat TANGENT

AND GIVE US EAT ANSWERS

2 Given f x AND a b CAN WE Find THE Aff

Bon DED Between f A D x Axis over a b

It
Start w Approximation us h Recta sees

more
Art
Rectangles Better Approximation

GoalilEEIEM
EI fax x2 oh
I
FIBER OF RECTANGLES n 4
MAKE WIDTHS All same

Ax BE
2

ISIL
USE to compute Heights
REI IIs

h wah h
At w t t n t
why
I felt I felt I find fly III
I fay t far flat fry fix x2

et in 12 312 22

at I I
f x

ts
a
S
Summatonotaton USED to work w Big sums

fck firstiii fast felt f n

VAR ABE ONLY ALLOWED

e
g If 2k 1 2111

I
i

3
24

5
1

7
263 17

9
214 B z 5 if

1253

k
1 1 k I 4 9 16 II

2 Put this sum into E notation

3 8 15 24 i t 80 OPEN Form

Ie k i
K I
k t 2k c closed form

SEE Properties

If Bk
I n i n

II.is
 Ék n5
Ifi n 5

s
I
i

e
g Ifk off 12103

I t K
E
EEK
EEE

4
Eek
5 6 20
I II
stet
T's
zo ti z 31
nC

E Etc Idk
K
 210 6

IZOD
option SHIFT THE index sub K 3 Fon k
B c we SHIFTED
ow Bss
4 3

k t 3

7
3 17

17 9 51

153 51

12042
s Kt For K
EI

Ikk i
Egg
If k 12kt l l

Idk 2k

k t 2 k

12
818 112183 2
8 1
48
 8.9

204 72

2762

Properties

tÉ fact gin
Ig fan
Elgin
felt g D t a
g z t t tf t
gli gift gin
fastgen

É fin offer
of
fsytffffint.fm
t 2
Ax

t.fi
RIGHT End pts

mn n

f E I

c't't
É
 SEEK
4.14 1112.4
2
I
I FEI
I
L

I.IT j E
E RiGHTEDDt z

c
f x
that
x In x 1 A ta x 21 2

xy EVALUATE f At Xk

IEE.EE
Ijf
 III k

nooo
in f hayley
things É caetano

8 I
EXACTAREA

Summa i

GIVEN A CONTINUOUS FUNCTION F AND A CLOSED

INTERVAL a b THE NET SIGNED AREA
ENCLOSED BETWEEN A AND X AXIS IS GIVEN BY

A 1 FIE
D Xia atk 1 Ax Left

i at nsx
EI f x 4 x2 o I LEFT

pit

i n'E t III Eek I Et

Ein h raft É he n
Imo
 2
57
n

L 4 1
k

4 I t o o

III
 ITHEDEFINIINTEGRAIC

If x dx NET SIGNED AREA For f over a b

EI
Jax dx 4 I IT
n
o

I
i
54
y A t 1 2
 If
Ex

y y

y
2
9
At
x2
Gorny

a
x2 t y
2
9
CIRCLE OF Radius 3
At 0,0
I tri It
hey
n i

tf fix fade
god gixidx
FOR SAME REASON AS If y If g

I mg
NO IDEA WHAT
2x
WE

2x At dx a dx
fix dx

HI 1a
I 3 6 It 32
19972
 DIPERIES

I feel guide find glad x

fax dx fix dx fat dx

i it
fix dx 0

If a dx fix dx

Ex ukEww

fix dx 5
I fax 8
gladx 3
Ig x 2

a
taxi guide fade gadx
5 3

D
 If tax dx
Ig
b dx
ex
go dx x

8 gtx dx fgix dx
8 3 2

If
6

fix 3gal d x 2 fade 3

gu dx

2 fade fad 3 a

2 8 5 6

6 6

HI
EI
x'd x w
RIGHT EIPts

a Sx
II
Ét tt Ed xn
X a Sx 12
92
 x atx Ax at 2d x z t

Its
x a a BA
HII
c x a a t k Sx

612
12

t.no
e f xx A x 4 1I II
2

1
1
4 241 1

f E 1472 2141

E I ME Ek If I k

i
g Imo 24 72 if so 43ft
24 72 36 Y
 24 72 36 2

168J

wwi

fax 3,7 i n 8 Left Riant

Sx I
LEFT xx 3 k 1 I f x E E
3 E E E E
St I E

I.EC Et

t.EE EE É
8 17
t E E E 8

OR By Brute Force

I I fifer feast ft s
 aft y
n
i
n
go
i
g
q x x x xy xs s t s

riant X x x xy xs x
xp xg

E
5

lx s dx 3 3 1 2 z E 2 133

r f
7

i 20 x 3.1 23
4x
I
1 1
x co
x 3 XC
r n
s

y x y x
 II
11NDEFINITENTEGRA

find FG

WHERE F x
fix

F x X2 on
É 2 1 x2 5
2
1000 it

DowERRa

n x
Derivative x

MULTIPLY BY OLD EXPONENT

THEN SUBTRACT 1 FROM EXPO E T

Artie x'dx x c on II to

ADD 1 TO EXPONENT
THEN DIVIDE BY NEW Exponent

Mt M lwores.ae
 TRI

f si x dx cosxt C fro xd x sin x t c

Blc cosy sin x

sexta dx see c

dx cot fascxcotidx C
f x C csc x
csc x

ExPA q

Je'd x e t c
f dx In x c

ex
EE NHI

I txt It t I dx Int it int al

O In 2
F or
lay
i VERSE TR.iq
I Don't Like tail x

ft
dx arctanx B
I
s tht
C
EASY TO MISTAKE FOR

I edx arcsin xtc

RECIPROCALS
Properties

fkfixldx
kffcxld e.gr
4x dx 4fx'dx
4 Ix c

ted
fax dx fix dx
fgeldx
ga
e
J f e secxtaxdx e'dx fseextaxdx

f se

initialvaune RBES GIVEN MORE Info ABOUT F x

OR Y WE CAN SOLVE For C

e
g I x sin x
y o 5

y 5
o
Of cos o t c 5

y.gg Igay.y
o t t t c 5
C
fx s.nxd
cos x C y
I
Etcosx
 THEFUNDAMENTALTHEOREX
OF CALCULUS

PARTI
Fix fade

1,7
Define

WHAtisF

ff
F x
Im FAthl

Ifadt Ifad
L I

L I cadt
if
EXTREME VALUE THEOREM SAYS f must Have a wk
AND A N x th ble it's continuous
Mj
Mn Mn ARE const

m s feel Mh
x th xx
M
I mndte fade a Made
I 1
txt
x th

f fit dt
E Mah
Mah s
 Divinest

Mn E It de e Mn NY
guying
j
Mn fix and Mn fix
so

I I adt fit

i
Fi il

PART
e It where F f
go
L
PART 1 7 G x F x

AN ARBITRARY
constant
50 G x F x

INTEGRAL PROPERTIES TELL us G a

IF CH de

so G Ca F a C
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Finally

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Chapter 5

Applications of Integration

Contents
Area Between Two Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Volumes by Slicing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Arc Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

119
 a.gl I e g
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b THEN
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NOT
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gt

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ii

teased 2x
II
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4 E o o
4
3
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4
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313 8

WE CAN ALSO INTEGRATE W RESPECT to Y

Lives As Functions of Y

Y ZE I F

g syzygy Htt
y x
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f f y dy
y on THIS interval Y

y Ii
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y x
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to x Axis ARE Disks

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Chapter 6

Integration Techniques

Contents
Integration by Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Partial Fraction Decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Improper Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Integrating Trig Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Trig Substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

136
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f sin x cos x dx f sin x cos'x sin x dx

i cos x cos x sin x dx

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Chapter 7

Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates

Contents
Parametric Equations and Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Polar Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

164
 IPARAMETRICCURVETI

MEDA Define x and y separately in terms of A Parameter t

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e consider three versions of x

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 Part III

Multivariable Calculus

183
Chapter 8

Working in 3-Space

Contents
Rectangular Coordinates in 3-Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
The Dot Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
The Cross Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Parametric Equations of Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Vector-Valued Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Quadric Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Functions of Several Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

184
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to af.IT
signor bott o

theT

II
T I so O is Acute
sign of T is the

T T O 900,2700

Efface
sis
T AND I ARE PERPENDICULAR
C t it
or on off

can i Do I I I no

I I is saran

Can't Do pot prob w scalar and vector

Protections
projet

ft I
Spirojpt Protection onto 5
10 OF T

Ins
I 1
 poise ÉÉ ÉIÉÉ
Tg strojge
I
swcei.be 1T1l11511co

10
ns.t.tn
WE want
projst which is
Party to 5 A D has

A length of Ys

projst Fit if
TEIFI
Ex compute the Distance From All o I to the line through
P 4,1 o and Pz16 o o

I
ÉÉ l 4 o i i o C 3 i i

I G Y o 1 o o 2 1,0

T 5 6 1 to 5

1 5112 22 1 172 02 5
 projet 2 i o
aIy
I projgt 3 1,17 L 2,1 o

C 1 2,1

d 112 1 2,1711
AT
 BE XT

Txt is T And I RIGHT HAND Rune

orthogonal to
Boy
T countenance se Txt comes
Fypton g III
Hi xell Hell hell sin recall I I 11511 hell cos o

I h llwtls.no
5011
10
5 mg

I PARAILELoaRA so Matrix stuff

EARAgeBRA

SQUARE MATRICES HAVE A VANE CALLED THE Determinate

21
I ad be
J t
I
e
113
g
I C 1 13
2 s to 3
 a b c

f at fl
b
d e

h
f
i
g a
g
g
one
at 4 4
CRIED
I T I

f
Txt H v v v

w w w

Yi L iii II iii I
e I 2 1 1 I 3 1 5
g
T T T
T I i
2
3 i s

1 11 it it
I
f i s i d J 215 1 n I 2 i C NG

GT 75 5 I
6 7 5
 CHEI G T
XI O Txt I O
ALI
c e 7,5 2 i i 12 7 5 0

6 7,5 3,1 s 18 7 25 0

Ex I 4 2 1 I i 1 3

I j t t j K
T T
y z 44 2 I

I I I t t

21 3 i i 4 i 4 3 19 i 2 i

7 13 2

4,2 1 2 7 13,2 28 26 2 01
L it 3 2 7 13,27 7 13 G o

a ow area of Tria ace grew 3 Points

All 2 1 B Y 3,5 2,7 6

AREA HAT AT A End

start
AT 3,1 s at
 ILINEl
TWO PONTS UNIQUELY DETERMINE A Line
n s

P x2 Y 122

Ca xz x b y y
a
PT Lx N Zi
Lx zpIÉ albie t scalar
too
bt.zatt
aaue

IIIft
YER.n t
T ab'd fat L
y y bt P x x z a point on L

FIND Line containing P 3,1 2 and P 14 2,5

point

Direction vector

I PP Con Pat or any mu tie E

4 3.2 1 5 C 2

I l 7
 i

The

i
yfaff 2 t
Eq tt
t 3,114
E 5 o 7
Two Lines can BE

Partner PARALLEL Direction vectors

Intersecting Share an x y Z
THEY Don't Have to Be at x y z At the

SAME Time t value

SEW Neither I nor

a
I É
2 Zt G t

T L i 2 D E Li 1,27

7 2

Not scalar must

 set x's y't A D z i Eam Ust t
c
Differ
a Zt varia t
b

2 29 G b
3 a 2b

sowe
PYI.LI
team an

zt 3IIg
192 l i 2 tb

16 2

intersect

a
I I t t
laity
Do.to tsEti
 PLANET
THREE Kear Points Determine a unione pane
A FB
Egg c

É be PCx.y.z

ItsBOB

T CALLED the an vector to Pave

perpendicular

a T is
EIA to AT Fon any Phx y.tl on punt

can A x Y 2 and I a b c

THEN

I AT 0

a b c X X y y Z Z o

laix I n.FI E l

I La b c to
ueIE.EE Ej
x y z is any point on the pane
Ex Find an equation for the pure containing
All i 7 B 3,4 5 2,3 2

AT 2 5 37
AT i T o

I J t
a at at it it
I El
L 12 3 37

All i 7 B 3,4 5 2,3 2

or

MY
12 x 2 7 3 z 2 0
y

t
e
g 12 x 17 3 y 1 3 7 2 0

Y x 1
y 1 E 2 o

Y x t t t
y t t t z z o
 is good For
4 x 2 3 Z 2 0
y
4 8 y 3 2 2 0

1 1 C

47
14 37
7

standard form makes it easier to find points on the part

Any Pt on 4x y Z 3 must satisfy the EQ's
e 0 3 o
g
o o 3

I I o

I o 1

Bly o o

Ex FIND AN EQUATION FOR THE PLANE CONTAINING A I 2,3

W

LIFE
i

II
coefficients or t

to
 I AT 3 2 1

T j I
T T T L T 2
I 3 1

3 z 1

or use 5 2,11 Ble it's also

normal

wnÉÉ
Two panes can BE
2 2y 42 17
Partner part i in 12 7,2 4

Find the intersection

P x
y 22 5 Pz x 3
y
I i 1,27 I Li i o

www ano.a
Point A

Direction vector T

I is orthoco a to Both hi T
t J
I Text I
2,2 0
I 2

l l o
 i

III p x
y 3
set one variable Equal to a constant nice o

we have 3 van ace But two constraints

SEtY
22 5

X D 03 27
22
5
7
17 1

113,0112

ÉÉ
I
L Dir
Kazim

Distance From A Point To A PLANE

A 3,4 5 P x Z 3
y P
I It
ix z

III y i

DA 0,4 57
A i i t

BA T o t t s D
115112 12 12 12 3

proj BI I i i i

ist
Aerojet
Seen T.EEIFTTnyIi l
II e

ELE
HI I
 y y IA

71
F sit 27 1147
get
e
g

My Miz Fh 2

F t Sint cost o

EVALUATE F AND F at t D
Fgm 12,512,27 at t t we're at
Pt Yz Fla
t
ÉÉ
IEEE thro an 12 Fiz 2 in bin oh 2 o

Ict E Ft E It i
I
i on
I It

in General The Line target to the at to is

ftct rltoi.tn
Ex F t cost Sint t Find tangent Line at t Dz

f t
G Sint cost 1

or I t t I Dz t

ex F t In t t 2 t ZF FIND TANGENT LINE AT

the Point
output of F not t vanes

Ii D the t wa ne for which I t 22 i a

Int 2 t ZF 7 2 1,2
int 2 2
3 I ltd
I 2

F t It 3 2 E
F i I 3 I

11
 Into
felt dt Sx Hdt y't dt fact dt
Let I t t t t re the velocity of a

Particle at time t If at IT it's at 111,2237

Fi D its position at t l
LET T It E

I t ST CHIE
tdt St'dt Edt
t C It t
Cz It te
ASSUME DIFFER IT co stats

if.es.am s 1 Cz 2 Cz 3

F t It t I It't 2 It 3

Iaf i4

É T t et 2 Sint t F 3
o 4,2

p t F'CEI de Lett Ci 2 cost Cz k tht y

Flo I t c 2 t Cz C 3,4 2

a a

2
I 2 4
I E
 IFCH fettzi zcosttf.tt

Ex Positions of two Bugs at time t

F It t Zt 3 t
St t
rt t 6 a

where when Do they collide

t s t 6 t St 6 0 t 3 t 23 0
2
2 3 t2 Zt 3 0 t 3 t ti o
a 2
g g o t 3 tt O

one
coff solution t7
I 13 9 9 9 I 3

a a ace

ÉMr
at 2 et
I it
F 3 2 6 2 o T

Tz t 5 2 t O
2
Tz't 3 5,6 o I

soso.EE EEIEa
cos 0

o
arcosf
 i

start by Dax

Trace intersection of a surface I a PLANE

x o_Z y 2 O x2 yr
it

4 ng I

Z l x2 y 2 2 x2 y
r

n Z
y
Pattison

x
 2
x 22 y n
z IF n
tod
xp
Z I x yr

Traces of A
Cone are CALLED

Revien'ortyperbon i

tam tam Y t

t y s i on x2 21 x 1 on x2
 X

y can't be zero so
it or e s in y pin

t i

Any co St Z
g van

at

tf
 Ee i I I ya
POi o o

ft
Z Y x2 y t l

x2 y 3

F
z x2 J SAME

x 2 42 o ya

q
ZI I y x2 i i ya
x2 2
I y x2 y 1

HE
i
 B

g É
fix y went is lx.tl i outfit
F x y z went is x y z

no Green i AT A
tug IEPIETRE
set of avo ale i puts for a Function
port

e
g fix y In 1 x2 y

A E TIA D
1 x2 42 O ed A
Get into a arapuable Form E SO
I x y

tea
 glx y Ex ty
D 2x 4720
2x 244 I
MI

E F lx y z XIE
4 x2 y z z o

x2 y't Z E 4 y2 22 4
radio 2
I

ey

ÉII meco finna

connect coutation of Lente curves
Like a topographies map

EI fix y x2 y 2
Leeches set f on z Equal to some co st values

f o titty t
f i
txt to
 f r
Fyi I
rains F
n

i s

0
1 I 7

EI x2 sarnie
gf y
x y

j
Hyptizts
an x

D
E F x y t x2 y
2 22

i
Hyperto nib z sheets
Chapter 9

Multivariable Calculus: Differentiation

Contents
Partial Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Multivariable Chain Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Directional Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Tangent Planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Extrema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246

225
 of f on z w respect to
Either
x or y

2 partial symbol

L there's no more Prime notation

instead of f we have Ix on f

or f xo yo suit of tangent une to curve of

intersection of f and Pune if

Rate of chance on f in

positive x Dir

I1

x2
 f f
If x y stone of target are to interstate or

A is PA e x xo at lx y

EIF

XL
2 Rey
EI fix 6 x y
Z x
y

z x2 y

to commit A conf a
treaty
Like a constant

f xx 2x

to compute f we treat x as constant

f x y Zy

Let's evacuate fx a is f at 1,2

f i 1 2
fylin 4
 t

n on
y
Pt lie i

Z f si 2 s 12 22 Eli t
T c

Hiiiii
Z_
f
we Just NEED in

our vector an y o

I 7 O 27

1ÉI
Lex X x2siFy
2
f ix y 3 to Y
I
3 is co st
2 y
3 2x sins y

f x y 342 5 cos Sy
7 sins
f x sco Tx
 É x2 et by
gl x y

teh A
A x

2x
ts

By
eat
2 eat y

3x2ezx
gylxiy

EI f xy Fx y t sin x
y Find f and
fy
f xy 2
t y ios xy

fy x y IF y x cos xy

g
on
y't g dy lax

I
E HY
gyx.tt tyln
go g gyy

II

Iiit
nufne
it's not

itywx.es
gxxignesconia we'll use this for e using
Givesconsautyny max's min's
gyy if Sabi if Pts
EI fix y 2x
y Exert come te f xx fxy fyx fyy

f 8 3y 5 e
f 6 4y loxe't

f xx 24 24 fyy 12 94 20 e4

fx 24 y toe I fy 24 x y't to e't

inefferentiation

III I EEE
EÉEI
e
g
X z t 2yZ x'y O
Z terms een a

É treat z as e nation of x y i treat x as

varianITreatyasionstant
o

É3zzÉ zy If 2x y o

2 3z 2 2 43 3 222

IE.EEtI
Find x is a tune
y is a variable t is roust

322 2yZ x2 y 0
Inst Inst That
3 22422 22 2x Ey y x2 342 O

3 222 2 43 22 3 242

Refers to Z value
y or f ra ne

fy p o

f R co
 MLTIVARIABLECHAINRUITI
CALI
g f fig in

Yt
HIIIII

It

s t

T.FI EI am
f Etf.II
e
g fix y 3
x'y x Is t st y s 2s t

Etf If If Is
G xx E 3 2 z

6 St 2s t It 31st T2
6st 12s t 6 St
12524 6 s 6 It
 i8s t

Better way to Do it if we have f x y Defined

fix y 3 2
y i xfs.tl st y sat 2s t

f x is.tl y s H 3 SE 2s t
3 s't zs t

T.is j
Ex it f is not Define w Formula wt need
chain rule Heyy y
Ed Z f xx H
Is H s t
y sat 2st2

Question what is It is t i i

wth
X
n
Y we know sat
I fi it we e na those

S
11 s
11 In to get x
y
I I x i o l 2
i y i

Ito
compute It E
x Is t s t I 3 2
l 3

y sat 2512 E Ust 2 4

2
2 3 61 4
g
G 24

toy

EI Zhi fix y I a
u 1 4 I

I Ealing
compute

o
xu 8 v2 Ii o

Ya 3 yall 3

E E
C5 o 2 3
MI
x Xo t a t
L

y fix it y cell
III Enos

E E E E
f fy a b
 É
I a b

ÉPÉE Evacuate f over L

z f xlt y't
It
L

Gradientoff
É

F EÉÉIa
therizeationofu
Ex consider fix 4 x y
2 at P I 1

Compute the Dir Deriv or f at P in air or

I Tz Ye

AND then w Din I Riz.FI

Draw I and I at P on contour PAT

GRADIENT Tf A fy

Ff necative means gonna Downham

Daffin 2 2 Eh Fh

I F

1252 positive means going in Him

1
I
 fix D Y x yr
Y x2 y
go
titty
2 4 e y y
2
7
1 42
Y Y x ye
2
1
72

Ex fix x'y t xe P 2,0 T 1

37
I isn't a unit utiton so we have to

normalize it

I
IT 1,3

GRADI Tf 2x y te't x2 2xe

off 2 o o 1 4 y
I 8

Battin Ecstasy
To it 24

Rtt of Cha he or f at P
in THE Direction of F ont
me

TiI no t
sina.ae eo one

Data of a
Hat
left 11511 rose

110ft cos le cos o e i

Max is At
O o means I and
of point
Sant
Ioffe l is the maximum VIE For Def t

Of e points as to the Lf f curve

Turinch P
Ex fix y 2 31 y P 1,1

a Find the rate of crust on f at P in the Direito

or T 2,37

of f Fy
Gx try
Pf i 1 O 2

Def in one 243

f o 6

HD
Ib Find a vector in the Direction in which f increases
The Fastest At P 1,1

Tf points is the biz in which Dat is

maximized

w ttIamaeenntate
IE
Hofer ill Fy D
 TANGENTPLANESTORAL
4 Lines and Local linear

Approximation
KEYID EA TF Yo Y Zo is normal to the levee surface of

2
Ex z 4 x2 y P 1,1 2 want ta Ge Punt at P

Treat the surface Like the LEVEL

surface of a function F x yz

Z 4 x2 y 2
0 4 x2 y Z Z

I
TF 2x 2x 1

TF i i z 2 2 17 Normal to surface
F x a 4 At P
 IEEE 2 x 1 2
y 1 f 2 to

12 27 1
Iffy

ago

EI fix x'y xy i P iz

is
TF 3 x'y t y x3 t 2xy 1
Fx Fy Fa

GETZofo.in Zo f i 2 2 4 2

fifth Pt of tavaency

Norma TF i 2 2 6 4 1 4 1

Ii

1 21 11 31 21 23 1
EI find the a Gt a a E S Z2 3 At

P 1,2 gy
TF 2xy x2 z
y 62

OF I 2,1 4 0 4

tfa 146 1
017 23 41 1
Ex Find Point s where the tangent pave to S is

S x2 2,2 222 5

p 2x t y Z 10

TS t DP

Zx 44 42 t 2,1 1 Zt t t

2x ZE

ft
t looks Like a Line
Yy y
4z t z we want to know where
the
I
1st
 x2 2,2 222 5

t t 2 ta t 2 th 5
2
th ZI 5

t t
E I 5

5 5

2
4

11122

Plug Back into

1 2 I

Functions of x y solve For z

1É
no
 w

ÉÉ z f x y we let F x y t fix t t

a b c
o c

Given P Go Y Zo f x y

a x xo t b ly yo t c Z zo o

fx xox x Xo t fy x Y y y 1 Z f x y o

solvet

R .tt tmm

f Ey i f lil 2

f It f in I

z f lil In 1 o

tape LG y 2 x
t
1 y

APPRAXIMATE f o 9 1.2

f o 9 1 2 L o s 1.2

2 o 9 1 1.2 1

2C o n o z
 t n

second

f citca po.es where f o

of f is under

th v
f c o REL Max

f o Test fans

Not Given f x y A critical point Xe Ya is where

fI onions

AT EACH zit PT WE HAVE 3 POSSIBLE outcomes

Ét
secondpartialstest
FIND ALL cent PTS

PLUG EACH Crit Pt into D f f fy

fxifyx f.to
 Iso WE HAVE A Max or A min not SADDLE

Blc the concavityisuniton

why Ble f fyy Have
and same star AI
overpower fx a is fyx
check sign on fxx on
fy to D ermine
which it is

fx so for fy so min

fxx co on
fy c o max

10 SADDLE point

Test
IFI Fai is

EI fax x 3 x
y
2
by
Find crit Pts

f 3 2
3 f 2y 6

2
3 3 0 x It
2y 6 0 y 3

t t.es 1 3 1 3

2ND PART ALS TEST D fxxfyy fx

fx Gx fyy 2
fy o
Efx o

D 1,3 611 z 02 12 70 max or min

f o so its a me

DC 1 6C i z 02 12 O SADDLE
 isarennin
flip3
1,3 is A SADDLE

whestestth
f x x Y
Fx 4 3 f 4y
Fxx 12 2 fy nay f y

Dco o 0

f to o o Aub fax y o f x to or y to

sfisakec.me

EI f x y x
3xy y

f 3 2 3
y

f 3x
y
2
3 34 0

y 3 0 XI suis into fx
2
3 3 2x o

3 x x 3 0

Me Ing forges way value

x o y 310 o o
crit Pts
x 3 y 313 g
2ND Partials test D FxxAyy fxy

D o o 6 o i 37 9 CO SADI
2
D 3,9 613 i 3 9 0 max on man

fxx
i
3 9 18 so
mi

3,9 is A Ren Min

f 2x y Gx Fy x2 124

2 1
7
zxy go 4 3 0 0

x2 124 0
1 mean
o 3 is a crit e
it means our crit

E IIE
f
s_
laid
y x2 12 3 o x2 36 0 x 16
6,3 a 6,3
 ABSOLFEEXTREMA
ExtremevAL Thorem FOR A Co Function on A
hous

3 enema

THE Absolute extrema must occur at Either

a critical point on an endpoint o Boundary

E CALC I
f x 4 x2 C 1,3
Find pts inside I s
StepI any crit

f ai 2x

crit it x o

Pena ace A D
step in
chefs Eets and

combat

7
fcn 3

f o 4 ABS Max

f 13 5 Abs min
Ex fax x t y i R 4xh_y

is tj
if
Find crit Pts inside R

f
as
e
Ly o

Restrict f to the Boundary of R make a substitution

2
4 4 4
Dominy y

f xx x2 y
i

BC x x2 4 4 2

4 3 2
III
Bex
III 1118 y y
4 Tx 20
B x Gx o x o
Lex El
Bl 1 1 x 1 y o so BA ft i o

on Boundary B o 4 Abs max is 4

B i I

inside 12 f o o
n
o t o o Abs min is o
Pena any
a
to
crit pts to f

µ Z I

2 4
o
EI fix y x2 4 4 542 84 12
0.1131 3.3

É
jpg
ay o x
at

fy 4 toy s o d
Sy toy s o

24 8
y y outsider
3
Beany Pieces

o
y
fix y x2 4xy 542 8

x2 4 10 5 o 8 o

B x x2 o 3 B x
f x o

Bi x 2x o
lay
x 3 i o E y E 3

fix y x2 4xy 542 8

f 3y 32 4 3 y 542 84

i T
y x i 0,3
 fix y x2 4xy 542 8

f xx x2 4 2
5 2
8X
B 2 2
x 8x 0,7
BI x 4 8 1723
crit.pt

fix y x2 4xy 542 8

f 3,2 B z 11 abs.me

f 3,3 B s on Bz13 G

f 2,2 Byz z 8

I
Chapter 10

Multivariable Calculus: Integration

Contents
Double Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Double Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Triple Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Jacobians and Change of Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

254
 i
ÉtI f xy per e a n R

e
g fans x yr r

FEI

to
set
I y dydx on
f x y d x dy

I x y dy dx
y by dx

I f if d
J
Take Anti Deriv w s I 3 x2 i
Respect to Y
treat x as song
 I I dx
3 2 x2
9

2x t E dx

x Ex to
I E o

te
EI
Id x'y dydx
It x y ly dx

It x'd

Ix Ii
f o
ID

ex fix y Tx R y x i y o x 1

ya R atmy x
ya R atmy x

da
s
É
7
IFedydx
o o 0
fjFdxdy
Y
REQUIRES Trig suis

I x I

I
o o
redydx fire dx

ere old x

x dx x2
due 2x dx

I d Edu xdx
x o u I

a a i i o
sin
Elo 31
D
F d dx.su e

f sin x2 d d

t Et
9
IF
o
E y
x Ly
x
 F Ex F

dydx ysink'll i dx
Ex
II
TREAT AS
A Constant sink o dx

let u x

JI x sink d du
Edu
2xdx
xd x
02 0
It
x o u
I sink'd
x f u E H

I cosu lot
i il

I'D
EI Evaluate
fRf x y da over R ENCLOSED DYFI DIX MI
n it n M
I
I zig E
x
y
i yet I 74 1

p i s o item s

dydxsent
É gy
Ik d
11in
I xy dxdy
I y'ttx dy

It ay y I 3 y dy

I
z
y t y dy

I Egy dy
I ys 1
HI

2 A D Heiant 1
g Cyc
e w raisins

min
 II fewc osebDY
set up a

bong.fm
it T
Ii ster

1 ad dy
Il dy

y it
E hlylli
12 in 2 Iz o

1312
11
 IDOUBLENTEGRALSWIPOLARI

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