MODULE

#4 Specialization 1: Heritage Resources

Studies

MODULE G ALS FLEX Course Material

At the end of the lesson the
student will be able to:
• Identify the terms used in
conservation
• Correlate heritage
Significance and
resources to Philippine
history and value Value Theory
heritage.
• Discuss the strength and and the
resources of agencies in
heritage conservation. Bodies of Heritage
Resource in the
Philippines
Instruction and Information about different
laws on heritage, their significance, and a
short overview of the history of
architectural conservation.

Ar. Lester Anthony G. Calunsod

Ar. Argel Miryl P. Castaneda
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Ar. Juan Miguel A. Domingo

Ar. Gregoria M. Mercado
 FOCAL POINTS

Conservation
Principles of Conservation
Cultural Significance
Heritage Resource

• Lesson 1 – Conservation
• Lesson 2 - Principles of Conservation

?
• Lesson 3 – Bodies of Heritage Resource in
the Philippines

INSIDE
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 LESSON

#1
LEARNING
OUTC MES
At the end of the lesson,
the student should be
able to:
Recall the meaning of
conservation and its
importance.
Conservation
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 Conservation

“… is the care and

protection of resources so
that they can persist for
future generations...”
www.nationalgeographic.org

Conservation

“All efforts designed to understand cultural heritage, know its history and
meaning, ensure its materials safeguard and, as required, its presentation,
restoration and enhancement.”
Nara Document of Authenticity

“Measures taken to keep the existing state of a heritage resource from

destruction or change. Actions therefore that prevent decay, and prolong
life. This includes maintenance, repair consolidation and reinforcement.”
Rene Luis Mata
Why conserve?
“It embodies or reflects the architectural, artistic, historical, economical,
social, political, and spiritual character of the people who produced it.”
Rene Luis Mata
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 Principles of Conservation
1. The historic environment is a shared source.
2. Participation in sustaining the historic environment
3. The significance of places must be understood
4. Management of significant places is necessary to sustain their values
5. Change decisions should be reasonable, consistent and transparent

Conservation Ethics

• Minimal intervention
• Appropriate materials and methods that aim to be reversible to reduce possible
problems with future treatment, investigation and use
• Full documentation of all work undertaken
• The conservator aims to take into account the views of the stakeholder and to
apply their professional expertise accordingly
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 Prevention
Preservation
Consolidation
Restoration
Rehabilitation
Reproduction
Reconstruction

Architectural Heritage Conservation Approaches

• PREVENTION - Protecting cultural property by controlling its environment thus

preventing agents of decay and damage from becoming active
• PRESERVATION - This deals directly with cultural property. Its objective is to keep
it in existing state. Repairs must be carried out when necessary to prevent further
decay
• CONSOLIDATION - Physical addition or application into actual fabric to ensure
continued durability or structural integrity
• RESTORATION - To revive the original concept or legibility of the object
• REHABILITATION - To keep it in use which involve adaptive alteration and fewer
changes
• REPRODUCTION - Copying an artifact in order to replace some missing or
decayed parts, generally decorative to maintain harmony
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 LESSON

#2
LEARNING
OUTC MES
At the end of the lesson,
the student should be
able to:
Examine heritage
buildings using the proper
description and connect
Principles of
Conservation
them with correct values
of cultural significance.
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 Structure

any building, equipment,

device or other facility
made by people which is
fixed to the land

Built Heritage

- man – made structures of the past that are of value to the community;
- an embodiment of the technical and architectural knowledge of the
place;
- a product of three elements – people, place and time comprising the
context of the place.
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 Contemporary Building

Refers to structures within

the historic site built in the
1950’s but part of the
historic layering of the
evolution of the
site/place.

Historic Building

Are buildings at least fifty years old and are of general interest because of
their aesthetic value, scientific interest or cultural-historical significance
categorized as
1. Shrine
2. Monument
3. Landmark
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 Historic Resources
Include historically
significant buildings,
landscapes and places or
objects that possess
exceptional value or quality
in representing and
reflecting the architecture
and cultural heritage of the
place. This determination
should reflect both public
perception and professional
judgements.

Monuments

Are buildings, structures, sculptures, or historic sites of national

historical significance placed under the protection and designation of
appropriate authorities for which there is in force a preservation order
under national or local legislation.
Architectural works, works of monumental sculpture and painting,
elements or structures of an archeological nature, inscriptions, cave
dwellings and combination of these features. (Hoi An Protocol...)
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 Place
Site, area, land, landscape,
building or other work,
group of buildings or other
works, and may include
components, contents,
spaces and views

Landmarks

A property or structure designated as such by national legislation

pursuant to procedures prescribed by the designated authority that is
worthy of rehabilitation, restoration and preservation because of its
historic and or architectural significance to Philippine culture.
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 Spaces

Types of Spaces

Open Spaces - Refers to open spaces within the site of historic

significance
Gardens and Parks - Refers to parks and landscapes within the site of
cultural significance

Trastevere, Roma, Italia Viale Aurea, Roma, Italia

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 Fabric
Means all the physical
materials of the place
including component,
fixtures, contents, and
objects.

Intrusive Elements

A disruptive element of slight significance, which tends to devaluate the

significance of the other components.
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 Layering
Refers to components of a
historic site or monument
or building that pertains to
its historical evolution
expressed either in layout,
style, or materials.

Period Style

An architectural characteristic, either interior or exterior style, represents

a given era of cultural significance
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 Related Place
A place that contributes to
the cultural significance of
another place

Site Concerns

Setting -the area around a place which may include visual catchments.

Vista – panorama that includes the foreground and background elements

either man made or natural, which are relevant to the overall context of
the view of a historic site/structure.

Visual Catchments – the visual inertia that refers to the orientation,

position and location of the structure/s natural or manmade that makes
the entourage unique in terms of aesthetic significance
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 Principles
Moral and Ethical
Standards

Principles of Heritage Conservation

Authenticity
• Refers to the extent to which the fabric is in its original state and
subsequently the characteristics of the cultural heritage and their
meaning – refer to cultural diversity (Nara Charter)
• Concept of truth, that which is authentic, certain and presents no
grounds for doubt. Its goal is to preserve memory and its cultural
manifestations to enrich culture and it is beyond commerce of man. It
is the affirmation of the socio-cultural evolution of a nation or a place
(Charter of Brasilia)
Identity
It is a way to belong and to participate. It is how we are capable of
finding a place, a name, an image, not by contrast but by discovering links
that tie us to others with whom we share one and the same culture
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 Principles
Moral and Ethical
Standards

Principles of Heritage Conservation

Integrity
• Measure of wholeness and intactness of the natural and/or cultural
heritage and its attributes.
• Measure of the likely long-term viability or sustainability of the values
identified, or the ability of the place to restore itself or be restored, and
the time frame for any restorative process.
• Structural and technological integrity must be respected and will
require attention to performance as well as appearance (Appleton
Charter)
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 Cultural Significance
Refers to the qualities that
make a place important;
Means aesthetic, historic,
scientific, social, or
spiritual value for past,
present, or future
generations.

Cultural Significance

Concept which helps in estimating the value of places, objects, etc. The
places that are likely to be of significance are those which help in the
understanding of the past or enrich the present and which we believe
will be of value to future generations;
Refers not just to the physical fabric or appearance of an object
It incorporates all the elements that contribute to an object’s meaning,
including its context, history, uses and its social and spiritual value.
Significance is not fixed, it may increase or diminish over time
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 Degree of Significance

Rarity – it demonstrates
rare, uncommon or
endangered aspects of the
cultural heritage
Representativeness –
it is significant in
demonstrating the
characteristics of a class of
cultural places of
environments

Cultural Significance

Associations
- The special connections that exist between the people and a place
Aesthetic Value
- Significant in exhibiting particular aesthetic characteristics
- Encompasses works representing rare and outstanding contributions in
national architecture that are reflected in its design, style, construction,
and age. Other criteria may include consideration of architectural
design, form, scale, color, texture, material used, and the aesthetic value
of a building or groups of buildings that relates both to location and
context
Educational Value
- Embraces the qualities of the place as a venue for educational
development and innovation
Historical Value
- A place that has influenced, or has been influenced by a historic figure,
event, phase or activity.
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 Analysis
Interpretation – All ways of
presenting the cultural
significance of a place.
An educational activity
which aims to reveal
meaning and relationships
through the use of original
objects, by first hand
experience and by
illustrative media, rather
than simply to communicate
actual information
Meanings - Denote what a
place signifies, indicates,
evokes or expresses.

Cultural Significance

Social Value
- It is significant through association with a community or cultural group
in for social, cultural, educational or spiritual reasons
- Embraces the qualities of which, as a site has become a focus for a
spiritual, political or national cultural sentiment.

Religious Value / Sacred Value / Symbolic Value

- Embraces the qualities of which, as a site has become a focus for a
spiritual and religious practice.

Scientific / Technological Value

- It has demonstrable potential to yield information that will contribute to
an understanding of the natural or cultural history. It is significant in
demonstrating a high degree of technical innovation or achievement.
Recognizing the rarity and quality of technology available at the tie of
construction and to the degree which a building, structure or monument
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reflects a certain period.

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 LESSON #

#3

At the end of the

lesson, the student
will be able to
differentiate the
different
government
agencies
concerned with
heritage Bodies of
Heritage
conservation in
the Philippines.

Resource in
the
Philippines
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 RA 10066: NATIONAL
CULTURAL HERITAGE
ACT OF 2009
An act providing for the
protection and conservation
of the national cultural
heritage, strengthening the
NATIONAL COMMISSION
FOR CULTURE AND THE
ARTS (NCCA) and its
affiliated cultural agencies
and for other purposes
known as the "National
Cultural Heritage Act of
2009"

Objectives of the Act

• Protect, preserve, conserve and promote

the nation's cultural heritage, its property
and histories, and the ethnicity of local
communities;
• Establish and strengthen cultural
Keynote
institutions; and
Culture plays an important role in
• Protect cultural workers and ensure their
one's life. Not just by the fact that it
professional development and well-being. drives and lead the people to their
way of life but it is also the key to
one's identity.
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 Categories
National cultural treasures;
Important cultural property;
Heritage sites;
National historical shrine;
National historical
monument; and
National historical landmark

Cultural Properties

The following shall be declared as Grade I level:

World Heritage Sites;
National Cultural Treasures;
National Historical Landmarks;
National Historical Shrines; and,
National Historical Monuments.

The following shall be declared as Grade II level:

Important Cultural Properties

Grade III cultural property – All other cultural property in the Registry of
Cultural Property not declared as Grades I or II shall be Grade III cultural
property deemed – Important Cultural Property
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 Important Cultural
Property

For purposes of protecting

a cultural property against
exportation, modification
or demolition, the
following works shall be
considered Important
Cultural Property

Important Cultural Property

The following works shall be considered important cultural property,

unless declared otherwise by the pertinent cultural agency;
Unless declared by the Commission,
Works by a Manlilikha ng Bayan;
Works by a National Artist;
Unless declared by the National Museum,
Archaeological and traditional ethnographic materials
Unless declared by the National Historical Institute,
Works of national heroes;
Marked structure;
Structures dating at least fifty (50) years old
Unless declared by the National Archives,
Archival material/document dating at least fifty (50) years old
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 Important Cultural
Property
Archival material/document dating
at least fifty (50) years old
Archival materials or documents.-
Unless declared or its presumption
removed by the National Archives,
archival materials or documents at
least fifty (50) years old shall be
considered Important Cultural
Property.
Rarebooks and Incunabula.-Unless
declared or its presumption
removed by the National Library of
the Philippines, rarebooks, special
collections, and incunabula shall be
considered Important Cultural
Property.

Privileges of Cultural Property

All cultural properties declared as National Cultural Treasures and

National Historical Landmarks shall be entitled to the following privileges:
• Priority government funding for protection, conservation and
restoration;
• Incentives for private support of conservation and restoration through
the Commission's Conservation Incentive Program for National Cultural
treasures;
• An official Heritage Marker placed by the cultural agency concerned
indicating that the immovable cultural property has been identified as
national cultural treasures; and/or national historical landmarks, sites
or monuments; and,
• In times of armed conflict, natural disasters, and other exceptional
events that endanger the cultural heritage of the country, all World
Heritage Sites, National Cultural Treasures or National Historical
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Landmarks, sites or monuments shall be given utmost priority

protection by the Government

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 The National Historical Commission of the Philippines, the National Museum, in
consultation with the Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board or other concerned
agencies shall designate heritage zones to protect the historical and cultural integrity of a
geographical area.
Declared Heritage Zones.-shall be subject to the environmental impact assessment laws,
rules and regulations of the DENR and shall henceforth be considered a culturally
sensitive area for purposes of complying with the requisites of the said laws, rules and
regulations.
Petition for declaration of Heritage Zones.-Local government units may apply with the
NHCP or National Museum for the designation of a heritage zone in its jurisdiction.

Heritage Zones

Heritage zones are designated to protect the historical and cultural integrity of a
geographical area.
A heritage zone shall be maintained by the local government unit concerned, in
accordance with the following guidelines:
• Implementation of adaptive reuse of cultural property
• Appearance of streets, parks, monuments, buildings, and natural bodies of
water, canals, paths and barangays within a locality shall be maintained as
close to their appearance at the time the area was of most importance to
Philippine history as determined by the National Historical Institute
• Local government units shall document and sustain all sociocultural practices
such as, but not limited to, traditional celebrations, historical battles,
recreation of customs, and the reenactment of battles and other local customs
that are unique to a locality
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 Heritage Agreements
The Commission, upon advice of the concerned cultural agency, may enter into
agreements with private owners of cultural properties with regard to the preservation of
said properties.
• Public access to the property;
• Value of the encumbrance;
• Duration of the servitude of the property;
• Restriction of the right of the owner or occupant to perform acts on or near the place;
• Maintenance and management of the property;
• Provision of financial assistance for the conservation of the property;
• Provision of financial assistance for the conservation of the property; and,
• Procedure for the resolution of any dispute arising out of the agreement . .

National Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage

The appropriate cultural agency shall closely collaborate with the UNESCO National
Commission of the Philippines in the implementation of the provisions of the
UNESCO conventions to which the Philippines is a signatory.
The Philippine Intangible Cultural Heritage Committee established by the UNESCO
National Commission of the Philippines shall continue to take the lead role in
implementing the provisions of the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the
Intangible Cultural heritage with particular attention to Article 11 to 15 of the said
Convention. This inventory shall be included in the registry.
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 Immovable National Cultural Treasures
Immovable National Cultural Treasures and
important cultural properties or declared
structures shall not be relocated, rebuilt,
defaced or otherwise changed in a manner,
which would destroy the property's dignity
and authenticity, except to save such property
from destruction due to natural causes.
The site referred to in this provision may only
be moved after securing a permit from the
Commission.

Indigenous properties

The appropriate cultural agency in consultation with the National Commission on

Indigenous Peoples shall establish a program and promulgate regulations to assist
indigenous people in preserving their particular cultural and historical properties.

Cultural Agencies

The cultural agencies, in conformity with their respective charters and mandates,
shall define and delineate their respective areas of responsibility with respect to
cultural properly and assessment of national cultural treasures and national
historical landmarks, sites or monuments. These areas shall be subject to periodic
re-assessment whenever necessary
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 National Commission
for Culture and the Arts
(NCCA)
The National Commission
for Culture and the Arts
(NCCA), Philippines is
the overall policy making
body, coordinating, and
grants giving agency for the
preservation, development
and promotion of Philippine
arts and culture;

NCCA

It is an executing agency for the policies it formulates; and tasked to

administering the National Endowment Fund for Culture and the Arts
(NEFCA) — a fund exclusively for the implementation of culture and arts
programs and projects.
The coordination among the cultural agencies was strengthened by the
virtue of Executive Order No. 80, which placed the Cultural Center of
the Philippines, the National Historical Institute (now, the National
Historical Commission of the Philippines), the National Museum, The
National Library (now, The National Library of the Philippines), and the
Records, Management, and Archives Office (now, the National Archives
of the Philippines) under the NCCA umbrella.
Further, through Republic Act No. 9155, administratively attached the
earlier aforementioned five cultural agencies to the NCCA, including now
the Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino / Commission on the Filipino Language.
Thus, the NCCA is responsible for culture and the arts in the
Philippines — and, if not in the name, the de facto Ministry of Culture.
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 The Cultural Center
of the Philippines

The Cultural Center of

the Philippines shall be
responsible for
significant cultural
property pertaining to
the performing arts;

The Cultural Center of the Philippines

It is mandated to promote excellence in the arts through the initiation

and implementation of activities that aim to improve and elevate
standards among cultural workers, artists, and audiences and to
recognize the multiplicity and differences of aesthetic experiences and
standards encompassing the arts from grassroots to those formulated by
academy-trained artists.

It houses several venues for the performing arts as well as areas for both
permanent and changing exhibits. It serves as home for the country’s
premier performing arts groups such as the Ballet Philippines,
the Philippine Philharmonic Orchestra, Tanghalang Pilipino and others.
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 The National Archives
of the Philippines

The National Archives of

the Philippines shall be
responsible for significant
archival materials.

The National Archives of the Philippines

The National Archives of the Philippines (Pambansang Sinupan ng

Pilipinas) is the official repository of the nation’s permanent records and
records of archival and historical value. It is mandated to plan, develop
and coordinate government-wide programs, policies, rules, and
regulations governing the use, storage and disposition of current and
non-current records as well as to render assistance to government
agencies for the retrieval of vital documents.
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 The National Library

The National Library shall be

responsible for rare and
significant contemporary
Philippine books,
manuscripts such as, but not
limited to, presidential
papers, periodicals,
newspapers, singly or in
collection, and libraries and
electronic records;

The National Library

The National Library of the Philippines (NLP) serves as the country’s

premier repository of printed and recorded materials which reflect the
intellectual, literary and cultural heritage of the Philippines as well as the
knowledge and wisdom of peoples elsewhere in the world.

While acquiring and maintaining a comprehensive national collection of

library resources, the NLP promotes access to these research and
information materials and makes them available for the use of the present
and future generations of Filipinos.

The NLP aims to acquire and preserve all Filipiniana materials; provide
national and international bibliographic services; organize, supervise and
develop the public libraries and information centers throughout the
country; and provide information, reference, and research resources to
the public
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 The National Historical
Institute/ The National
Historical Commission
of the Philippines
The National Historical
Institute shall be
responsible for significant
movable and immovable
cultural property that
pertains to Philippine
history, heroes and the
conservation of historical
artifacts

The National Historical Institute/

The National Historical Commission of the Philippines

The National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) was

created in 1972 initially as the National Historical Institute to integrate
the diverse functions of various historical agencies. NHCP now, by virtue
of R.A.10086, is responsible for the conservation and preservation of the
country’s historical legacies. Its major thrusts encompass an ambitious
cultural program on historical studies, curatorial works, architectural
conservation, Philippine heraldry, historical information dissemination
activities, restoration and preservation of relics and memorabilia of
heroes and other renowned Filipinos.

The NHCP continues to undertake the commemoration of significant

events and personages in Philippine history and safeguard the blazoning
of the national government and its political divisions and
instrumentalities.
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 The National
Museum
The National Museum shall
be responsible for
significant movable and
immovable cultural and
natural property pertaining
to collections of fine arts,
archaeology, anthropology,
botany, geology, zoology and
astronomy, including its
conservation aspect.

The National Museum

The National Museum (NM) is tasked with the preservation, conservation

and protection of movable and immovable cultural properties and for the
enjoyment of present and future generations. To accomplish this, the
National Museum offers publications, exhibitions, library services,
seminar workshops, and others. The National Museum has three major
goals. As an educational institution, the National Museum disseminates
scientific and technical knowledge in more understandable and practical
forms through lectures, exhibitions, interviews, and publications for
students and the general public.
As a scientific organization, it conducts basic research programs
combining integrated laboratory and fieldwork in anthropology,
archaeology, botany, and zoology. It maintains reference collections on
these disciplines to promote scientific studies in the Philippines. As a
cultural center, the National Museum has taken the lead in the study and
preservation of the nation’s rich artistic, historic, and cultural heritage.
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 Komisyon sa
Wikang Filipino
The Komisyon sa Wikang
Filipino shall be
responsible for the
dissemination
development, and the
promotion of the Filipino
national language and the
conservation of ethnic
languages

Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino

Established by virtue of Republic Act. 7104 (August 14, 1991) as
mandated in the Constitution of the Philippines, the Komisyon sa Wikang
Filipino (KWF) is tasked to undertake, coordinate and promote researches
for the development, propagation, and preservation of Filipino and other
Philippine languages.

It is the mission of the KWF to formulate, coordinate and implement

research programs/projects to enhance the further development and
enrichment of Filipino as a medium of general communication as well as
for intellectual pursuits.
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 Institutional Linkages of the National Cultural Agencies

The cultural agencies and other national government agencies, as listed below, shall
consult, coordinate and work closely with the Commission in the implementation of
their respective programs/projects in the context of this Act. Furthermore, the
Commission may link up with other agencies and institutions, as it may deem
appropriate, as a way of dealing with conservation on a holistic manner. .

Institutional Linkages
• The Department of Tourism, and its attached agencies, which shall be responsible
for cultural education among tourism services, and protection of cultural
property supplemental to the jurisdiction of the cultural agencies as defined in
this Act. The implementation and creation of a tourism master plan shall be
consistent with this Act;
• The Intramuros Administration which shall be responsible for the restoration and
administration of the development in Intramuros;
• The National Parks Development Committee as an attached agency of the
Department of Tourism, which shall be responsible in superv1srng the
development (beautification, preservation and maintenance) of Quezon
Memorial, Fort Santiago, Luneta, Paco Park, Pook ni Maria Makiling and other
national parks and satellite projects;
• The Department of Education which shall be responsible in instituting the
governance of basic education act, and the conservation and restoration of its
built heritage such as the significant Gabaldon School buildings as determined by
the National Historical Commission of the Philippines;
• The Department of Public Works and Highways which shall be responsible in
undertaking major infrastructure proj ects specifically in the planning, design,
construction, and maintenance of national roads and bridges as they impact on
heritage structures or aspects of heritage conservation;
• The National Commission on Indigenous Peoples in behalf of the country's
indigenous cultural communities, which shall coordinate with the national
agencies on matters pertaining to Cultural Property under its jurisdiction;
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 Institutional Linkages of the National Cultural Agencies

The cultural agencies and other national government agencies, as listed below, shall
consult, coordinate and work closely with the Commission in the implementation of
their respective programs/projects in the context of this Act. Furthermore, the
Commission may link up with other agencies and institutions, as it may deem
appropriate, as a way of dealing with conservation on a holistic manner. .

Institutional Linkages
• The Department of Environment and Natural Resources which shall be
responsible for the establishment and management of the National Integrated
Protected Areas System and the conservation of wildlife resources, including cave
and cave resources and which shall coordinate with the National Commission on
Indigenous peoples, the conservation of natural resources that are cultural
sanctuaries of indigenous peoples;
• The Department of the Interior and Local Government which shall coordinate
with the national cultural agencies on matters pertaining to Cultural Properties
under its jurisdiction, and ensure that the provisions of this Act is properly
executed by the local government unit;
• The Office of the Muslim Affairs which shall coordinate with the national cultural
agencies on matters pertaining to Cultural Property under its jurisdiction;
• The UNESCO National Commission of the Philippines which shall be responsible
for providing the liaison between the cultural agencies of the Philippines and
UNESCO as well as assist the national cultural agencies in implementing the
agreements and conventions adopted by the UNESCO of which the Philippines has
ratified or is in the process of ratification;
• The Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board which shall coordinate with the local
government units and the Commission on matters pertaining to the establishment
and maintenance of Heritage Zones;
• The Autonomous Regional Government in Muslim Mindanao and the Cordillera
Administrative Region which shall coordinate with the national cultural Agencies
on matters pertaining to Cultural Property under their respective jurisdictions;
and,
• The Office of the Special Envoy on Transnational Crimes, which shall have the
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oversight and operational capacity to go after illicitly trafficked and stolen cultural
treasures. Section 36. Incorporation

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 SUMMARY

• The module starts with a review of the definition

of conservation and the processes of architectural
heritage conservation. Terminologies associated
with conservation are taken up in the next lesson.
The third lesson is actually on the different
national agencies and their functions and
relationships with other government agencies
with heritage conservation as the primary
objective.

KEY TERMS

• Conservation
• Principles
• Agencies
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 ASSESSMENT TASK

Comparative Analysis
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REFERENCES

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APPENDICES
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THANK YOU!

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