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Multiple Choice
1. Given that most violence is perpetrated by males, some have suggested that male aggression is linked
with levels of ______.
a. testosterone
b. estrogen
c. steroids
d. progesterone
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: knowledge
Difficulty Level: easy
2. ______ seek to understand violent behavior in terms of personality, character, and mental disorder.
a. sociological perspectives
b. psychological perspectives
c. physical perspecitve
d. brain dysfunction perspectives
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: knowledge
Difficulty Level: easy
3. Those who have ______ are often characterized as being very narcissistic, reckless, and emotionally
shallow.
a. PTSD
b. antisocial personality disorder
c. eating disorders
d. none of the above
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: knowledge
Difficulty Level: easy
6. An argument made by a number of criminologists but popularized by John DiIulio suggests that our
society was home to a new breed of violent offender known as ______?
a. pathological lier
b. sadism
c. violent offenders
d. superpredators
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: knowledge
Difficulty Level: easy
7. As the name implies, the ______ hypothesis contends that violence is one possible response for
individuals who feel frustrated and thwarted in achieving something.
a. stress
b. economic deprivation
c. social deprivation
d. frustration-aggression
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: medium
Difficulty Level: knowledge
8. According to the frustration-aggression hypothesis, which of the following factors increases the
likelihood of a violent reaction?
a. the frustration was unintentionally caused
b. the hindrance was perceived as being fair
c. the presence of aggressive stimuli such as aggressive music
d. the presence of an audience
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: knowledge
Difficulty Level: easy
9. It is not absolute poverty that is associated with criminality and violence, but rather inequality. This is
sometimes referred to as ______?
a. shame
b. strain theory
c. anomie
d. economic deprivation
Ans: d
Cognitive Domain: knowledge
Difficulty Level: medium
10. Steven Messner and Richard Rosenfeld developed what they call an _____ of crime that links crime
to the existing social structure. Specifically, they suggest that the high rates of crime and violence found
in U.S. society can, in part, be explained with reference to the notion of the “American Dream,” which
suggests that economic success can be achieved by anyone who works hard, plays by the rules, and is
willing to engage in
competition with others for jobs, income, and status.
a. code of the streets
b. general strain theory
c. strain theory
d. institutional-anomie theory
e. none of the above
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: application
Difficulty Level: medium
Instructor Resource
Alvarez & Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition
SAGE Publishing, 2017
11. Lombroso was arguing that violent criminals were evolutionary throwbacks or ______, and the
problem of crime rested upon the shoulders of individuals who were born to be violent and criminal.
a. serotonin
b. offenders
c. atavisms
d. eugenics
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: knowledge
Difficulty Level: medium
14. Merton believed that a state of ______ would result when individuals lived under conditions where
legitimate means were not available to achieve societal goals.
a. anomie
b. balance
c. social control
d. self control
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: knowledge
Difficulty Level: medium
15. Steven Messner and Richard Rosenfeld developed what they call the ______ theory of crime that
links crime to the existing social structure.
a. frustration was unintentionally caused
b. hindrance was perceived as being fair
c. institutional-anomie
d. presence of an audience
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: knowledge
Difficulty Level: medium
16. Who suggested some poor young African American men develop what he labels a “code of the
street,”which involves a strong sense of personal honor combined with a corresponding emphasis on
guarding against personal affronts and insults?
a. Elijah Anderson
b. Robert Agnew
c. Edwin Sutherland
d. Messner and Rosenfeld
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BILIBID.
As we are going to press, there comes to hand a little pamphlet
describing the industries and production of Bilibid.
Why not send our wardens who desire to do things to Bilibid?
Perhaps, it would be better to send our legislators, who after
observing the practical achievements of Bilibid may be induced to
authorize our wardens to inaugurate a sound industrial policy.
Where is Bilibid? Take the train for San Francisco, engage passage
on some leviathan of the deep and get off probably at the second
station which is Manila. Thence it is a short excursion to Bilibid, a trip
taken by twenty thousand visitors in a single year, not to mention
those who take involuntary trips thither.
Forty buildings, seventeen acres of ground, plan of main building like
Eastern Penitentiary, one of the best ever constructed if we consider
continual inspection as an essential factor. 2800 prisoners there; as
many others in prisons elsewhere in the islands but all co-ordinated
under a central administration.
The great aim is to prepare the inmates for “honorable position in the
community upon their release.”
The men work and play. We enumerate some of the industries.
PENNSYLVANIA.
William E. Mikell, Member of State Commission to Revise
the Criminal Code.
The work of the commissioners who framed the Code of 1860 shows
an utter lack of any consistent theory not only of grading the crimes
as felonies and misdemeanors, but also in grading the punishment
fixed for the various crimes. It may not be easy to do this in all cases.
Persons may intelligently differ as to whether perjury should be more
seriously punished than assault and battery, and whether larceny or
bigamy be deserving of the greater penalty. But it is difficult to see
why embezzlement by a consignee or factor should be punished with
five years’ imprisonment and embezzlement by a person
transporting the goods to the factor should be punished by one
year’s imprisonment. * * *
Under the Act of 1860, having in possession tools for the
counterfeiting of copper coin is punished by six years’ imprisonment,
while by the next section the punishment for actually making
counterfeit copper coin is only three years, though it cannot be made
without the tools to make it. * * *
The distinction just mentioned is, however, no stranger than that
made by the code between a councilman on the one hand and a
judge on the other, in the provisions against bribery. Section 48 of
the Act of 1860 provides that if any judge * * * shall accept a bribe,
he shall be fined not more than $1000 and be imprisoned for not
more than five years. But by Section 8 of the Act of 1874, a
councilman who accepts a bribe may be fined $10,000, ten times as
much as a judge, and be imprisoned the same number of years—
five years. The statute also provides that the councilman shall be
incapable of holding any place of profit or trust in this
Commonwealth thereafter. But the convicted judge is placed under
no such disability.
In the case of almost every crime denounced by the code fine and
imprisonment are associated. In most cases the penalty provided is
fine and imprisonment, in some it is fine or imprisonment. In a few
cases imprisonment alone without a fine is prescribed, and in a few
others it is a fine alone without imprisonment. We seek in vain for
any principle on which the fine is omitted, where it is omitted; or for a
principle on which it is inflicted in addition to imprisonment in some
cases, and as an alternative to imprisonment in others. Thus the
penalty for exhibiting indecent pictures on a wall in a public place is a
fine of $300, but no imprisonment, while by the same act the drawing
of such pictures on the same wall carries a fine of $500 and one
year’s imprisonment. Manslaughter carries a fine of $1000 as well as
imprisonment for twelve years, but train robbery and murder in the
second degree involve no fine, but fifteen and twenty years in prison
respectively. It cannot be the length of the imprisonment that does
away with the fine in this latter case, for the crime of aiding in
kidnapping may be punished with twenty-five years in prison, but
also has a fine of $5000.
More striking still, perhaps, is the lack of any relation between the
amount of the fine and the length of the imprisonment provided in the
code. In the case of some crimes the fine is small and the
imprisonment short, as in blasphemy, which is punished by a fine of
$100 and three months in prison, extortion and embracery punished
with $500 and one year. In a few the fine is large and the
imprisonment long, as in accepting bribes by councilmen, $10,000
and five years, and malicious injury to railroads, $10,000 and ten
years. But in others the fine is small while the imprisonment is long
and in others the fine large and the imprisonment short.
Incomplete Crimes.
CLINICAL WORK.