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Printed in Great Britain Pergamon Press plc
ABSTRACT
The effect of feed size, closed side setting and rock strength on the power
consumption and product size is examined. Rock strength is characterised via
a series o/tests used in mining and associated areas.
Certain rock strength parameters have been found to correlate closely with
power consumption and product size. These parameters are then combined with
closed side setting to produce predictive equations. These equations are capable
of predicting power consumption and eighty percent passing size of product for
a range o/closed side settings.
Keywords
Comminution, rock characterisation.
INTRODUCTION
Both Kick [1] and Rittinger [2] proposed basic laws of comminution based on simple ideas
of size reduction. Later Bond [3] re-examined their work and proposed his third law of
comminution. Bond proposed that power consumption is a function of feed size, product
size and crushing resistance of rock, i.e:
1243
1244 R . A . BEARMAN et al.
The basic, parameters proposed by Bond have proved reasonably valid, however their
applicability to all forms of crushing must be questioned.
In order to investigate power consumption and product size in cone crushing, a major co-
operative research project was undertaken by Pegson Ltd., in conjunction with the
Camborne School of Mines. The aim of this research project was to identify rock mechanics
test procedures that could be used alongside Bond's parameters to better charaeterise the
performance of the Pegson Autocone crushers. Also, the potential of using geotechnical
evaluation of rock types in the design and selection of crushing circuits was to be brought
to the attention of the quarrying industry.
Twelve rock types were obtained from operating quarries throughout the United Kingdom.
This allowed a good cross-section of rock types to be examined. Table 1 gives a summary
of the rock types obtained, although a detailed lithological description of most of the rock
types is given by Bearman, Pine and Wills [4].
The rock types seen above were crushed down in a laboratory scale jaw crusher and split
into three size ranges to act as feed to the laboratory scale cone crusher. The feed ranges
used were -16 + 5.6mm, -11.2 + 5.6mm and -10 + 5.6mm. The eighty percent passing feed
size was obtained for each rock type and feed range.
A laboratory scale, single phase Massco cone crusher (see Plate 1), was then fed with the
differing size fractions. Enough feed was prepared to allow the cone crusher to reach the
choke fed condition and to then run for approximately 180 seconds.
During this time the power consumption was continually monitored using an EW 604
wattmeter recording via a Racal 14 channel recorder. The data obtained in this manner was
subsequently filtered to remove mains noise and then logged on to a Grant Squirrel data
logger.
The interpretation of the data was then performed by down loading the data into the
Statgraphics computer package, via Lotus 1-2-3. An example output is seen in Figure 1.
The power consumption combined with the throughput allows the kilowatt hour per tonne
consumption to be calculated.
Prediction of cone crusher performance 1245
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The product obtained from each of the crushing tests was then sized to allow the
determination of the eighty percent passing size. From this suite of crushing tests, data
relating to power consumption, feed size and product size was recorded. In addition to these
parameters, the rock strength was then assessed using a wide variety of tests used in mining
and associated industries (see Table 2).
In order to determine which of the tests shown above can be used for predictive purposes
a regression analysis was applied. Table 3 lists the tests which correlate with power
consumption in laboratory scale cone crushing.
Table 4 shows the test parameters which were found to correlate with the eighty percent
passing size of product.
TABLE 4 Test parameters correlating with PeO at the 95% level or higher.
An investigation of the effect of feed size and closed side setting on power consumption and
product size was undertaken. The findings of this study indicate that the feed size does not
have a significant effect on either the power consumption or product size over the normal
operating range of the laboratory scale cone crusher.
It was found that the closed side setting and the rock strength parameters (shown in Tables
3 and 4), are the controlling parameters when considering power draw and product size, i.e
Prediction o f cone crusher p e r f o r m a n c e 1247
the performance characteristics can be expressed as a function o f the closed side setting and
one of the controlling strength parameters:
When power consumption is plotted against fracture toughness for a variety of settings the
graph seen in Figure 2 is produced.
I CSSffi4.34MM ""
• ~ ---- --X
-x- C S S = 2 . IBMM : ./~ // :
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r-
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o 0 - .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . _
I , , , , I , , , , I , ~ , ~ I , , I
0 1 2 3 4
FRACTURE TOUGHNESS (MN/m ^ 1.5)
where: m - slope
c - intercept
Kcb - fracture toughness ( M N / m 1.s)
To obtain an equation applicable to all closed side settings within the normal operating
range the slope and constant need to be expressed as a function of the closed side setting.
This is achieved by plotting the slope/constant for each closed side setting against the
individual closed side settings. This produces an equation of the form:
HE 4 : 1 2 - D
Power Power Powe.r o
="
rl
tr
~• ~ ~-~
o
g ~
Prediction of cone crusher performance 1249
,. b.
-- ~.~g .-.~7
CSS O2S
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CSS CSS
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AiV F
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---- AIV
CSS
. b.
~tS - SFS
CSS CSS
O.
SFS
CSS
Fig.9 Power vs. CSS vs. Spall Fracture strength
The same procedure can be applied to the prediction of the eighty percent passing product
size. Figures 10-12 (a)-(c) show the three dimensional response surface plots representing
the equations produced using the differing strength parameters.
;~L. b.
PS0 PS0
I~60 ~ ~50
CSS CSS
PS0'I
i=50
CSS
Fig.10 P80 vs. CSS vs. point load index
1252 R . A . BEARMAN et al.
. h.
Kcb
CSS CSS
O,
P80
Kcb
CSS
Fig.l I P8o vs. CSS vs. fracture toughness
. b.
PsoI
n ~ v r
I
CSS CSS
O ,
PsoI
CSS
From the examination of these figures, the effect of feed size is seen to be negligible.
The prediction of the eighty percent passing size of product is of great use in the design and
selection of crushing circuits. Knowledge of the entire product grading curve is also
important.
Existing methods of estimating product grading include the Gaudin-Schuhmann (GS), [5],
and Rosin-Rammler-Bennett (RRB), [6]. Both these methods rely on certain descriptors
within the equation being known. The GS equation is seen below:
F(x) = (x/x') n
This equation tends to expand the data below 50% and contract the data above 50%, this
effect is more pronounced at the extremes of the distribution.
The alternative is the RRB method which expands the range below 25% and above 75%,
whilst contracting the range 30-60%. The RRB equation is seen below:
In In ( I / ( I - Y ) ) = n In X - n In Xo
In terms of crushing the RRB method is the most applicable as the range over which it is
most accurate is that which applies to crushing.
To apply the RRB equation the descriptors Xo and n must be predicted. It has been shown
during this project that these descriptors can be predicted using fracture toughness and
closed side setting. The mathematical procedure for obtaining these predictive equations is
similar to that used earlier in the text to produce equations for power consumption and
eighty percent passing size of product.
Figures 13 (a) and (b) show the response surface plots representing the predictive equations
for estimating the descriptors applying to full scale crushing using the Pegson 900 Autocone.
The study undertaken has shown that the geotechnical assessment of a deposit prior to plant
installation is essential. A study of the rock strength using a variety of rock mechanics tests
gives a good indication of the power requirements, eighty percent passing size of product
and the product grading.
1254 R. A. BEARMAN et al.
!
0
X
I . . . . . w I ~ ~ ~ iI ~
Kcb (MN/m"1.5)
b.
PREDICTION OF RRB SLOPE 'n'
.o • • . .. . . . . . . . .
• , • .
KcD (MN/m'I.5)
Pegson Ltd. realise the potential of the geotechnics approach and have integrated this
approach into their plant design and selection procedure.
Pegson Ltd. now provide a full geological and geotechnical assessment of the rock type to
be crushed. The data obtained for this purpose includes fracture toughness, compressive
strength, point load strength index, ACV, AIV and 10% fines.
After experimental work covering jaw crushing and scale up factors, equations applicable
to all models of Pegson jaw and cone crushers is now available.
The knowledge of these strength parameters combined with the proposed operating
conditions and machinery allow a detailed picture of crusher performance to be obtained.
A picture which is further enhanced by the use of expert systems shells developed by
Pegson Ltd., which aid the engineer in the selection of crushers and screens, [7]. Expert
system applications of this type are being expanded to include circuit simulation and fault
finding.
CONCLUSIONS
The co-operative research project between Pegson Ltd. and the Camborne School of Mines
has revealed the following:
. Power consumption and eighty percent passing size of product can be predicted for
laboratory scale cone crushers based on rock mechanics tests and closed side settings.
. In laboratory scale cone crushing the feed size does not affect the power consumption
or product size over the normal operating range.
. Power consumption and product size equations produced using a laboratory scale
cone crusher can be scaled up to predict the performance of Pegson 900 and 1200
Autocone crushers.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank the Camborne School of Mines for the use of their
laboratory and computing facilities. In addition the assitance of the experimental officers
Mr A. Clark and Mr M. Wyglendacz is gratefully acknowledged.
REFERENCES
. Kick F., Das gesetz der proportiolalen winderstande und seine anwendugen, Leipzig
(1885).
. Bearman R.A., Pine R.J. and Wills B.A., Use of fracture toughness testing in
characterising the commminution potential of rock. IMM/MMIJ Sym. Today's
Technology for the Mining and Metallurgical Industries. Kyoto, Japan, 161-180
(October 1989).
. Bearman R.A., Barley R.W. & Hitchcock A., The development of a comminution
index for rock and the use of an expert system to assist the engineer in predicting
crushing requirements. Minerals Eng., 3, No 1/2, 117-127, (1990).