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IRENE B. ANTONIO COLLEGE OF MINDANAO (IBACM)
Tin Pepito St. Poblacion Valencia City, Bukidnon

Course : CRIMINOLOGY
Course Title : CDI-4 Traffic Management & Accident Investigation with Driving
Course Credit : 3 Units
Conduct Hours/Week :
Prerequisite : None
Type of Teaching : Face to Face Class
School : Irene B. Antonio College of Mindanao
Instructor : Dr. Nilo Suete Gonzaga

I - Course Description:
The course covers laws and fundamentals of traffic safety education, enforcement,
engineering, techniques in vehicular and pedestrian direction and control, techniques
in the preparation of selective enforcement plans and policies for special and
emergency traffic situations; methods and procedures in the use of hand signals and
electronic signals lights; techniques in accident investigation; determination of
reaction time and break-in-time, and application of scientific aids in hit-and-run cases.
II – Course Learning Outcomes
1: Discuss the historical various ancient modes of transportation
2: Explain the concepts of Human rights and victim welfare in terms of traffic accidents.
3: Demonstrate competence and broad understanding in terms of traffic management
accidents concerning law enforcement administration, public safety, and criminal justice.
4: Utilize Criminalistics or Forensic Science in the investigation and detection of crime
concerning traffic rules and regulations.
5: Apply the Principles of and Jurisprudence of Criminal Law, evidence, and criminal
procedure concerning traffic rules and regulation.
6: Collaborate effectively and independently in multi-disciplinary and multi-cultural
teams concerning traffic rules and management.
7: Engage in lifelong learning and understanding of the need to keep abreast of the
developments in the field of Criminology and Criminal Justice related to traffic rules and
management.
8: Apply professional, social, and ethical standards in the practice of profession relating
to traffic management and accident.

III – Course Outline:

PROGRAMS PERFORMANCE COURSE OUTCOMES COURSE TOPIC TEACHING ASSESSMENT
OUTCOMES INDICATOR LEARNING METHOD
ACTIVITIES
(TLAS)
1.Knowing 1.Recall the 1.Differentiate 1.1 Various 1.Lecture 1. Written
the beginning before and after the Ancient modes the different 2.Discussion
Historical modes of innovation of of transportation topic 3. Oral
Background transportation transportation
of Traffic
Managemen
t 2. Know the 2. Provide a policy to 2.1 Land
function of mainstream road Transportation 2.Interactive 2.Examinations
2. Apply LTO; assist the safety and address office (LT0) discussion Quizzes
knowledge pedestrian lane; the issue nationwide, 2.2. Vehicular from specific
skill in law action taken in line with the LTO and Pedestrian to general
enforcement during the time mandate. Direction and
of emergency 3.Implement the Control in All
traffic controlled Situation
with vehicular traffic 2. 3 Special
signals Plans And
4.Identify Advance Policies On
Traffic Management Emergency
Planning in Traffic
emergency response Situations With
The Use Of
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3. Apply 3. Demonstrate 3.Define the key 3.1 Defensive 1.Lecture 1. Written

knowledge, the traffic concept in the Driving the different 2.Discussion
skills direction defensive driving topic 3. Oral
essential to control in any safely, responsibly
the practice types of and legally; 2.Interactive 2.Examinations
of accident and 4. Find out the key of 3.2 Basic discussion Quizzes in
enforcement activities etc; driving skills in- Concepts from specific module
and accident knows the rules depth knowledge of to general
investigation of traffic; traffic signs
in the fields established 5. Educate the 3.3 Republic Act
of traffic. information driver's; the road No. 4136
drives users; establish speed
limit sign
4. Apply 4. Assist the 4. Identify the traffic 4.1 Other Traffic 1.Lecture 1. Written
knowledge pedestrian rules and regulations Laws And Rules the different 2.Discussion
in traffic traversing the to protect road users topic 3. Oral
rules and road; educate consistent the speed 4.2 Different
regulation the driver and limit of vehicles. Violations Of 2.Interactive 2.Examinations
and protect give warning 5. Stop at stop signs/ Traffic Order, discussion Quizzes in
the related of red lights and those Laws, And Rules from specific module
pedestrian violations are for the safe avoid to general
users speeding, following
too closely, unsafe
lane changes,
5. Emerging 5. Investigate 5. Defines the type 5.1 Standard 1.Lecture 1. Written
response the the cause of and level of Operating the different 2.Discussion
accident accident; and accidents/incidents to Procedures in topic 3. Oral
victims for identify the be investigated; Traffic Accident
first aid types of Investigations 2.Interactive 2.Examinations
medication; accident 6.Identify the type of discussion Quizzes in
and vehicle plate number 5.2 Concepts and from specific module
established involved in a crash Basic Principles to general
the accident and the serious to Be Considered
prone accident strengthen In Hit and Run
signage the implementation Cases
of Republic Act 4136
6. Actual 6.Traffic Hand 6.Appropriate 6.1 Traffic 6.Drill and 6. Actual
Traffic Signaling stopping of vehicle Direction Practice of performance of
Direction Execution on movement in road Control road safety hand signaling
and Control the road traffic management
measure of
traffic road
Safety

IV - Reference
2014 Darlito Bernard G. Traffic management and accident investigation 2nd ed,
2015 Row, Bertan W. Highway accidents: investigation, reconstruction, and causation
2021 Other resources of the internet
1964 Republic Act 4136

V - Requirements: Comply and pass academic requirements, attendance is must.

VI - Computation of Grades: Computation of Grades:
The component of the student grade for a particular grading period are as follows:
Major Assessment every grading
Quizzes and Assignment, oral recitation
Attendance follow-up online communication
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MODULE 1
Various Ancient Modes of Transportation
PRELIM COVERAGE
=============================================

OVERVIEW
From learning to use animals for transport and the invention of the wheel to the first
roads, trains and aero planes, this Teaching Wiki will cover some of the most significant events
in the history of transportation. Featuring a helpful timeline and fun facts, it should be a great
help when teaching your children about transportation in history and/or geography lessons.

RATIONALE:
Mode of transport is a term used to distinguish between different ways of transportation
or transporting people or goods. The different modes of transport are air, water, and land
transport, which includes rails or railways, road and off-road transport. Other modes of transport
also exist, including pipelines, cable transport, and space transport. Human-powered
transport and animal-powered transport are sometimes regarded as their own mode, but never fall
into the other categories. In general, transportation is used for moving of people, animals, and
other goods from one place to another. Means of transport, on the other hand, refers to the
transport facilities used to carry people or cargo according to the chosen mode (animal, vehicle,
car, airplane, ship, truck, train and so on and so forth). Each mode of transport has a
fundamentally different technological solution, and some require a separate environment. Each
mode has its own infrastructure, vehicles, transport operators and operations.

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson the students are expected to:
To distinguish between different methods of moving people or goods from one place to
another.

VARIOUS ANCIENT MODES OF TRANSPORTATION

1. MANPOWER
a. Carrying Pole- China and Far East; the carrying pole is balanced on one shoulder; the ends
of the pole are supported by two men with goods suspended from pole in between.
b. Back Load and Tumpline- goods are carried on the back
c. Sledge on rollers- heavy burdens are placed on sledge which rested on a series of rollers
d. Sledge on runners- simple sledge man-drawn used at the end of Stone Age in Northern Europe
as evidenced by fragments of wooden runners which survived.
e. Travois- pole arrangement, serves as a platform on which burdens are placed.

2. ANIMAL POWER
a. Ox- first domesticated animal at Mesopotamia and were used as draft animals to draw war
chariots
b. Reindeer-first domesticated in Siberia; ridden with saddles
c. Dog- first animal domesticated is too slight to carry heavy loads
d. Donkey- first domesticated in the Middle East; chief beast of burden among the farmers of the
near East.
e. Llama-only new world animal capable of domestication for use in transport; pack animal in
Incas
f. Elephant- used African Elephant in their war against Rome; n Burma and Thailand, these huge
animals are widely used in the lumber industry.
g. Horse- In Europe, horses were used to draw wheeled vehicles and for riding sometime until
the introduction of mechanized vehicles.
h. Camel
*2 humped Bactrian camel of Central Asia- used to draw carts
*1 humped Dromedary Camel of Arabia- less endurance but fleeter and special fast paced riding
camel.
i. Yak- long haired type of cattle that lives at Tibetan Plateau and used as pack animal at heights
where horses and ordinary animal could not live/survive.
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3. WIND POWER- Man realized the energy from the mass of moving air and learned to utilize
such powers to lift rather than to drag. This paved to invention of air lifted transportation vessels.
a. Ancient Kite- Based on Korean Tradition, kite was first used when a Korean General
employed one in a Bridge Building. By means of a kite, a Cord was conveyed across the river
where heavier ropes were fastened and finally the bridge cable.
b. Da Vinci’s Ornithopter- Leonardo Da Vinci studied the Flight of Birds and sketched a number
of Ornithopter (aka Orthopter) which derives its principal support and propelling from flapping
wings like those of birds.
c. Montgolfier Balloon-France Joseph Michel and Jacques Entiene released several balloons
when they proposed to use two condemned prisoners for the first ascent with passengers
(condemned prisoners).
PILATRE DE ROZIER protested and in 1783, he and Arlanoes became the first men to make a
free balloon ascent.
d. Siemens’ Rocket Plane- Ernst Werner Von Siemens designed a rocket plane which was to be
propelled by gunpowder. Siemens9 rocket was never carried beyond design stage.
e. Lilienthal Glider-Otto Liliental, a German Inventor who also made a study of birds and
experimented with ornithopters. His chief work was with gliders.
f. Santos Dumont’s Airship- Alberto Santos Dumont-a Brazilian who experimented with the
steam-powered balloon in Paris. In 1898 completed the construction of his first airship.
g. Wright Brothers’ Flying Machine- Orville and Wilbur Wright studying the problems of
heavier than air flight. They built biplane kite before they flew successfully their first man-
carrying powered machine.
h. Lindbergh’s Spirit of St. Louis-following the Wright brothers9 airplane, development of
aviation was rapid. The first airmail was delivered in 1911. An achievement which captured
popular imagination was the first solo flight from New York to Paris made by Capt. Charles
Lindbergh in May 1927 in a plane specially built for the flight, the Spirit of St. Louis.

ACTIVITY 1: Modes of transportation from man power to animal

1. Studying the problems of heavier than air Answer:
flight. They built biplane kite before they
flew successfully their first man-carrying
powered machine.
2. goods are carried on the back Answer:
3. Man realized the energy from the mass of Answer:
moving air and learned to utilize such
powers to lift rather than to drag. This paved
to invention of air lifted transportation
vessels.
4. Which derives its principal support and Answer:
propelling from flapping wings like those of
birds.
5. Long haired type of cattle that lives at Answer:
Tibetan Plateau and used as pack animal at
heights where horses and ordinary animal
could not live/survive.
6. first animal domesticated is too slight to Answer:
carry heavy loads
7. Man realized the energy from the mass of Answer:
moving air and learned to utilize such
powers to lift rather than to drag. This paved
to invention of air lifted transportation
vessels.
8. Used African Elephant in their war Answer:
against Rome; n Burma and Thailand, these
huge animals are widely used in the lumber
industry.
9. Simple sledge man-drawn used at the end Answer:
of Stone Age in Northern Europe as
evidenced by fragments of wooden runners
which survived.
10. In Europe, horses were used to draw Answer:
wheeled vehicles and for riding sometime
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until the introduction of mechanized

vehicles

II: ROADS AND VEHICLES HISTORY

WHEEL was invented probably in western Asia. Such invention was a milestone and a great step
forward in Transportation.
o Crude Carts and Wagons began to appear in Tigris-Euphrates Valley about 3500 BC.
o The wheel enables the man to transport burdens beyond his power or animals to carry or drag
The following were some of the earliest types of wheeled carts:
o Solid wheels on fixed axle- this ancient cart represent an early step in the evolution of wheeled
vehicles. Its solid wheels, which were made of a single wood rotate don single axle.
o Sumerian Chariot with flank wheels- 2400 BC., had solid wheels built up of three pieces and
was more durable than the one-piece wheel.
o Greek Quadrica with spoked wheels- drawn by four horses was a light and elegant vehicle for
gentlemen about 50 BC. It had spoked wheels and axles of irons and bronze, handles for aid in
mounting, and seat formed by a board placed across the handles.
o Roman Carpentum- a closed two-wheeled cart was the favored vehicle of Roman women.
o Italian Cocchio, 1288- a travelling wagon in which the passengers were protected by a
covering leather or cloth fixed over a wooden framework.

WHEELED VEHICLES could not use the narrow paths and trails used by pack animals, and
early roads were soon built.
THE ROMANS were the major road builders. The road reached a total of about 50 000 miles
(80,000 kms), with feeder roads branching out from the main highways.
JOHN L. MACADAM- did not abandon the theory of feeder road building and perfected the
macadamized road in England about 1815.
AFTER THE FALL OF THE ROMANS 5th century, land haulage generally declined because
highways suffered from inadequate maintenance.
SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT OF ROAD VEHICLE began with the adaptation of Coach
Spring about 1650.
MID 18th CENTURY- English Roads were so bad that the coaches could average only about
4mph (6.4 km/h) and mail was usually carried by boys on horses.
JOHN PALMER- introduced the first fast mail coach
THE INVENTION OF BICYCLE -19th century served as a nursery of automobile builders.
o HOBBY HORSE/DAN HORSE- ancestor of modern bicycle. The wheels were made of wood
with tires of iron and the riders pushed themselves along with their feet on the ground.
o KARL VON DRAIS-introduced steerable wheel creating <draisienne= or <Dandy Horse=.
o KIRK PATRICK MACMILLAN- first machine with pedals which were attached to and drove
the rear wheel by means of cranks.
PNEUMATIC TIRE- (inflated by air)- by SCOT JOHN BOY DUNLOP appeared in late 19th
century (about 1888).
MOTOR VEHICLE- first mode of transportation to challenge the railroads.
o Frenchman Etienne Lenoir introduced the motorized carriages by his invention in the 1860s
and 70s of the Internal Combustion Engine.
o Nicolaus Otto and Gottlieb Daimler pioneered the manufacture of gas engines and later
Daimler became a successful automobile manufacturer.
Rudolf Diesel- developed an internal combustion engine which is similar with the gasoline
engine but requires no electrical ignition system or carburetor and uses other form of liquid fuel,
the diesel fuel.
o AUTOMOBILE found its greatest popularity in the US., where the first horseless carriage
appeared in 1890s.
o HENRY FORD- In 1908, he introduced the MODEL T which was proven so popular that by
1914, Ford had adopted MASS PRODUCTION methods to meet the demand.
o FELIX WANKEL- In 1956, he developed an advanced-type of engine named after him, that
operates very differently from gas and diesel engines. It is started by moving the crankshaft.
From Ford Era, the demand of vehicles became great for the transportation of goods, products,
communications and people. Presently, the introduction of the Light Rail transit (LRT) , Metro
Rail Transit (MRT), flyovers, pedestrian and vehicle culverts contributed to the movement of
traffic users.

ACTIVITY 2: Person who invented roads and vehicle history

1. Did not abandon the theory of feeder road Answer:
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building and perfected the macadamized

road in England about 1815.
2. In 1908, he introduced the MODEL T Answer:
which was proven so popular that by 1914,
Ford had adopted MASS PRODUCTION
methods to meet the demand.
3. PNEUMATIC TIRE- (inflated by air) - Answer:
by appeared in late 19th century (about
1888).
4. Introduced the motorized carriages by his Answer:
invention in the 1860s and 70s of the
Internal Combustion Engine.
5. Introduced steerable wheel creating Answer:
<draisienne= or <Dandy Horse=.
6. First machine with pedals which were Answer:
attached to and drove the rear wheel by
means of cranks.
7. Did not abandon the theory of feeder road Answer:
building and perfected the macadamized
road in England about 1815.
8. pioneered the manufacture of gas engines Answer:
and later Daimler became a successful
automobile manufacturer.
9. Developed an internal combustion engine Answer:
which is similar with the gasoline engine
but requires no electrical ignition system or
carburetor and uses other form of liquid
fuel, the diesel fuel.
10. In 1956, he developed an advanced-type Answer:
of engine named after him, that operates
very differently from gas and diesel engines

UNIT II: TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

I: FUNDAMENTALS OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

MANAGEMENT -It refers to the skillful use of means to accomplish a purpose.

OPERATION- Pertains to a course or series of acts of effect a certain purpose, manner of
action; or a vital or natural process of activity.
ROADWAY- Refers to that part of the traffic way over which motor vehicle pass.
SHOULDER- It refers to either side of the roadway, especially along highways.
TRAFFIC- it refers to the movement of persons, goods, or vehicles, either powered by
combustion system or animal drawn, from one place to another for the purpose of travel. (from
the Italian word <trafficare=-to carry on trade.)
TRAFFIC WAY- refers to the entire width between boundary lines of every way or place of
which any part is open to the use of the public for the purposes of vehicular traffic as a matter of
right or custom.
***WHY TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT IS NECESSARY?
It is designed to make the traffic way safer for travelers, expedite the movement of traffic and
to provide convenience to the traffic facilities users.

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT is an exclusive function such as planning, organizing, and

directing, supervising, coordinating, operating, recording and budgeting traffic affairs.

❖ TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT MEASURES- these measures are aimed at improving Vehicular

flow and increasing the efficiency of existing road space, thereby avoiding the need for major
road expansion.
o Traffic Control Utilizing Signal Coordination, pavement markings, delineators, traffic sig ns
and lighting to promote safe and smooth flow of traffic.
o Flow regulations are used to increase the capacity of roads particularly during the peak periods
without road expansion.
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o Minor improvements of the road system by means of channelization, road widening and
intersection design are carried out whenever traffic management schemes fail to increase the
road efficiency.
o Conduct continuing researches on the improvement of transport and traffic system and
facilitate to achieve the required standards of performance for the entire road network.
o Develop and administer for the entire area of transport operation in an integrated program that
shall cover the operation, design, coordination and administration of all public and private
transport.
o Undertake a continuing information program of transport problem and identification of
transport problem and identification of traffic congestion areas.
o Establish coordinative linkages with other government agencies and private sector groups
relating to transport, mobility and traffic management program.

❖ MAJOR CAUSES OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION

o Physical Inadequacy-characterized by lack of roads, narrow bridges, railroad crossings, lack of
traffic facilities, etc.
o Poor Control Measures- characterized by ineffective mechanical control devices, inefficient
traffic officers and poor implementation of traffic laws, rules and regulations.
Human Errors- Most traffic congestions are caused by slow drivers or poor driving habits,
pedestrian mistakes, officer9s errors, poor planning, poor legislation.
o Poor Maintenance- characterized by unrepaired diggings, cracks on the pavements or
unfinished road pavement concreting. This can be attributed to inappropriate budget for the
maintenance of the traffic facilities.

❖ SCOPES OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

o All public surface facilities traversing and parking and all other types of conveyances for the
movement of persons and things.
o All agencies having responsibilities for ascertaining traffic flow requirements, planning,
approving, funding, construction, and/or maintaining these public facilities for such movements.
o All agencies responsible for licensing, approving, restricting, stopping, prohibiting
or controlling the use of facilities.

ASSESSMENT: Determine the important of traffic.

1. WHY TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT IS
NECESSARY?
2. ENUMERATE THE SCOPES OF
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
3. HOW THEMAJOR CAUSES OF
TRAFFIC CONGESTION MADE.
4. HOW TO MEASURE THE EFFECTIVE
MANAGEMENT?
5. SIGNAGES, SIGNALS MARKING
EXERTED FOR THE PURPOSE OF
RGULATING THE FLOW OF TRAFFIC?
6. WHAT ARE THE PILLARS OF
TRAFFIC?

❖ AGENCIES INVOLVED IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

o Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC)-through Land Transportation
Office is responsible for the implementation of RA 4136 Land Transportation Code of
Philippines and Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB)
o City/Municipal Engineers’ Office –planning, construction and maintenance of traffic facilities
within respective locality
o Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)- main executive department which is
responsible for the planning, construction and maintenance of traffic facilities particularly
categorized as national highways and other major arteries.
o Legislative (Congress/ City or Municipal Boards)- They are not only responsible for the
passing or amendment of laws concerning traffic but also, they involved in the planning and
approval of government projects.
o Philippine National Police –through Traffic Management Group (TMG) is responsible
primarily for the direct enforcement of traffic laws, rules and regulations.
o Academic Institutions
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o Courts
o Public Information Offices
o Citizen Support Groups
o Media
o Other Agencies
❖ TRAFFIC RESTRAINTS measures and limits vehicular traffic by imposing some charges for
the use of the transportation system. The charges could take the form of payment for the use of
the transportation system and also charges in the form of penalty. Specific measures include:
o Traffic sell solution involves the division of the central area into cells or zones with one way
street system and turn regulations to prohibit inter-zonal or through traffic.
o Road pricing aims to reduce the overall cost of travel by reducing congestion and favoring the
more efficient public transport modes.
o Pricing charges discourage long-term parking and provide venues for the construction of
additional parking facilities.

HOW DO WE SOLVE OUR TRAFFIC PROBLEMS?

❖ TRAFFIC ENGINEERS- help to improve our street and highway system through:
▪ Use of signs, traffic signals, and control devises
▪ Design and construction of more roads, bridges, flyovers, tunnels, and update infrastructures to
lessen congestion.
▪ Focus on the comprehensive objectives of mobility, safety, energy, efficiency, and the
environment through application of scientific methods based on the principles of system
engineering and planning.
❖ EDUCATORS- schools in many cities and towns are teaching young new drivers –sometimes
older ones too- to know how to handle a car and to behave on streets and highways.
❖ LAWMAKERS make the basic rules for using roads
❖ POLICEMEN are the front liners and implementers of traffic rules and regulation.

II. THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC

1. TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
❖ It is the science of measuring traffic and travel the study of basic laws relative to the traffic
law and generation
❖ Deals with the planning and geometrical designs of streets, highways, and abutting lands and
with operation thereon.
❖ It is basically concerned with the efficiency of road design.
FUNCTIONS OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING:
❖ Fact-finding, surveys and recommendations of traffic rules and regulations;
❖ Supervisions and maintenance to the application of traffic control devices
❖ planning of traffic regulations

TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES

o Any signs, signal marking placed exerted for the purpose of regulating, warning or guiding
traffic.
▪ TRAFFIC SIGN- This is the oldest traffic control device used to guide the safe and orderly
movement of traffic
• This contains instructions, information about routes, directions designations and point of
interest must be recognizable as such the means to convey the intended message consists of
either a legend or symbol or a combination of both.
o Traffic Control Device are installed to control traffic and contribute indirectly to assurance
of traffic safety. They are means by which the road user is advised as to detailed requirements or
conditions affecting road use.
o Traffic Signs should be installed only with the approval of a public authority. Authorized
Construction Contractors and Public Utility Companies may install temporary warning signs at
work sites to protect workmen, equipment, and the public provided that such conform to the
standard.

TYPES OF TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES

o TRAFFIC SIGNALS
▪ Signal Operated manually, electrically, or mechanically by which traffic is
alternately commanded to stop and permitted to proceed.
 9

RED-stop-no entry into intersection

Yellow/Amber- permit the driver to proceed but requires intersection to be cleared
Green- Go-Proceed; Green and arrow –directs movement
o TRAFFIC SIGNS- A device mounted on affixed or portable support whereby official notice is
given in the form of symbol for purpose of regulating traffic, warning and guiding.

o SYMBOL SIGNS-Upon which words are completely omitted, they have marked ability to
compel attention and to rapidly communicate the planned message.

o There are few signs which do not conform to this rule. It is important to note that contrast in
color is necessary in order to achieve these two (2) basic requirements:
• The sign stands out from its background
• The legend stands out form the sign board
TRAFFIC SIGNS MAY BE CLASSIFIED IN THE FOLLOWING GROUPS
ACCORDING TO THEIR USE.
o NUMBERING SYSTEM
• The numbering system for signs is as follows: A letter prefix, as shown below, denoting class
of sign;
▪ R - Regulatory signs
▪ G - Guide signs
▪ W - Warning signs
▪ GE - Freeway and Expressway signs
▪ S - Special Traffic Instruction Signs
▪ HM - Hazard Markers
• REGULATORY SIGNS (TYPE R)-regulate the movement of traffic and traffic to comply with
their directions constitute and offense.

A. PRIORITY SIGNS-these are signs intended to regulate priority over a particular road section
or roadway.

. PROHIBITORY SIGNS OR RESTRICTIVE SIGNS- shall be used in specified section of the

road which will be easily seen by motorist to indicate regulation which is prohibitive or
restrictive and nature.

C. MANDATORY SIGNS- These shall be used to notify the road users of special rules in which
they must comply for the safety, convenience and smooth flow of traffic.

SPECIAL MANDATORY SIGNS (TYPE S) -instruct users to meet certain traffic rule
requirements or road conditions that ordinary guide or regulatory signs do not achieved the
desired result.
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MODULE 2
Land Transportation Office (LTO)

INTRODUCTION:
The LTO hereby resolves to create a road safety-inclusive and responsive environment by
mainstreaming and integrating safety in all its plans, programs, activities, and projects for all its
Offices through the agency-identified Road Safety. Traffic Management is often used to describe
the adjustment process of the usage of road systems and transportation, to fulfill the specific
objectives without any road construction needed. Traffic management includes the technique that
is used to move goods and the human becomes easier by using the existing road and direct road
users towards a safer and more efficient use of its existing infrastructure and also improve
environments.

RATIONALE:
With the staggering number of deaths and injuries due to road crashes, effort must be
made to put the road safety issue on the national agenda to reduce, if not eradicate, its negative
impact on the people and the economy. The human element is of major importance in any traffic
accident investigation. The major contributing factor in automobile crashes is human error.
Accident investigation must realize the importance of collecting all the information about the
accident from those involved. This is no small task and quite often it is as difficult as collecting
other information about the accident

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson the students are expected to:
 Provide a policy to mainstream road safety and address the issue nationwide, in line
with the LTO mandate;

The Land Transportation Office (Filipino: Tanggapan ng Transportasyong-Lupa or LTO)

is an agency of the Philippine government under the Department of Transportation and is
responsible for all land transportation in the Philippines. Functions of the Land Transportation
Office include the inspection and registration of motor vehicles, issuance of licenses and permits,
enforcement of land transportation rules and regulations, adjudication of traffic cases, and the
collection of revenues for the government of the Philippines.
Its primary mission is to rationalize the land transportation services and facilities and to
effectively implement the various transportation laws, rules, and regulations. It believes that it is
the responsibility of those involved in the public service to be more vigilant in their part in the
overall development scheme of national leadership. Hence, the promotion of safety and comfort
in land travel is one of LTO's continuing commitments. It aims to be a frontline government
agency that showcases fast and efficient public service for a progressive land transport sector

LTO’s 3 BASIC FUNCTIONS:

1. Registration - All motor vehicles operated on or upon any highway of the Philippines
must be registered with the LTO for the current year under the provisions of the Land
Transportation and Traffic Code, RA 4136.
2. Licensing - Sec.5, R.A.4136 – refer to all motor vehicles:
 Private
 for hire
 Government Owned
 Diplomatic
3. Enforcement – initial violation of implementation of RA 4136
a. Plate Numbers
b. Side Mirror
c. Helmet
d. Accessories
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For vehicles
a. Seatbelt
b. Plate Numbers
c. Wiper
d. Accessories
3 types of LTO Licenses
1. Professional Driver’s License
2. Non- Professional Driver’s License
3. Conductor License
Student Permit
A student permit or SP is not a driver’s license. It is a requirement for acquiring a Valid
Driver’s License.
Requirements for Student permit
a. Theoretical Driving Course
b. PSA Xerox and original
c. Medical Exam Clearance or Certificate from LTO Accredited Clinic
d. TIN Number from BIR
Requirements Non Prof Driver License
a. Completely filled out Driver’s License Application Form. Also known as the
Application for Driver’s License (ADL) form.
b. Valid Student Permit issued at least thirty (30) days before the date of
application
c. Medical examination certificate (online only/electronically transmitted by the
clinic). You can use the one you’ve got from applying for student permit
provided that it is before the 2 months expiration date.
d. Practical Driving Course (PDC) certificates (electronically transmitted) to
prove that you have completed the required practical instruction given by LTO or
any LTO-accredited driving schools.

ACTIVITY 1: Expected for analysis and research.

Learning Outcomes Function Legal Basis

LTO for the current year under the provisions of the 1.
Land Transportation and Traffic Code 2. Ans.
3.
refer to all motor vehicles 1. Ans.
1.
2.
Types of License 3.
initial violation of implementation Enforcement Traffic laws
For Motorcycle
1.
2.
3. Ans.
4.
initial violation to flag down the Vehicles For Motor Vehicles
1.
2.
3.
4.
Requirement for acquiring a Valid Driver’s 1. Ans.
License.
Requirements of Non-Prof. driver’s license is: 1. Ans.
2
3.
4.

DISCUSSION:
 12

The LTO reaches that there are four (4) stages m the process of resolving the road safety
concern. Awareness- Acceptance, Alterative Action, or the actual execution of the Action plan.
Qualified Drivers Individuals with sufficient driving skills, and knowledge on road safety and
proper road courtesy, whose eligibility is determined by passing the LTO-conducted theoretical
and practical examinations.
Developing qualified drivers is an important pillar in the LTO road safety advocacy since
the human factor is the major cause of road crashes;
A. Roadworthy Vehicles - Motor vehicles and their relevant parts are compliant with
national standards and international vehicle safety conventions.
B. Traffic Discipline - Traffic discipline paves the way for order, organization, and the
unhampered traffic flow;
C. Community Relations - Mutually beneficial relationship with communities in which
an organization operates.
D. Legislative Initiative - While there are many land transport and traffic laws, rules,
and regulations, much is yet to be desired on specific enabling laws that directly address road
safety. Further, with the changing times, obsolete or laws that are no longer responsive and
relevant must either be amended or completely repealed.

ACTIVITY II: Exercises; explain the important responsibility of the four (4) stages on the
process of resolving the road safety.

Awareness- Acceptance Alterative Action or the actual

Ans. Ans. Ans. execution
Ans.
Roadworthy Vehicles Traffic Discipline Community Relations Legislative Initiative
Ans. Ans. Ans. Ans.

ASSESSMENT:
Functions of the Land Transportation Office include the inspection and registration
of motor vehicles, issuance of licenses and permits, enforcement of land transportation rules and
regulations, adjudication of traffic cases, and the collection of revenues for the government of the
Philippines. The LTO is responsible for the registration of motor vehicles and renewals. It can
register brand new vehicles, including locally manufactured vehicles, imported vehicles, light
electric vehicles, low-speed vehicles, three-wheeled vehicles, and tax-exempt vehicles. Each
category has an obligatory set of requirements and procedures to follow to be fully registered.
Renewals are also obligated to submit the requirements and to follow procedures to be fully
renewed.
The LTO also oversees miscellaneous transactions, specifically transactions requiring a
change of certificate of registration, and transactions that do not require the change of certificate
of registration. First, the applicant will need to fill up an application form for a driver's
license (ADL). These are given out at the LTO renewal site itself and can be done on-site.
Second, the applicant will need to surrender their old driver's license card either professional or
no professional.

REFLECTION:
Many Filipino drivers have established a negative reputation on the road, oftentimes
being hot-tempered, undisciplined, and aggressive. It‘s more than a little disappointing that a
significant number of Pinoys are prone to breaking the traffic rules.

1. Why do people disobey traffic rules?

There are many traffic rules that Filipino drivers tend to be blissfully unaware of at best,
or blatantly ignore at worst. Is it because of pure ignorance or they are just being hard-headed?
Driving laws are intended to ensure everyone’s safety by regulating the flow of
traffic, with agencies such as the LTO and MMDA seeing to it that these laws are strictly
implemented on the road. Yet why are these rules being ignored? Why do most drivers not take
them seriously? Here is a list of traffic rules that are often disregarded by many motorists.
 13

2. Driving while using a mobile phone

Distracted driving is hazardous on the road as it increases your likelihood of getting into
accidents. Driving while using your smartphone is a recipe for disaster, with your attention
unnecessarily divided between that small touchscreen display and the road ahead. Driving while
using your smartphone is a recipe for disaster , we do have the Anti-Distracted Driving Act which
penalizes drivers for using mobile devices while driving, but still, many motorists seem to just
take the law in stride.
3. Lingering inside the yellow lane
The two rightmost lanes on EDSA are separated from the rest by a continuous yellow
stripe, indicating that they are for city buses; private motorists are to keep clear as much as
possible. However, many private vehicles still choose to stay inside the yellow lane for longer
than necessary, especially if there are no enforcers on the road; luckily the MMDA already has a
non-contact apprehension policy in effect.
4. Passengers not wearing their seatbelts
Don’t depend solely on your car’s airbags to cushion the impact of an accident. If you
find seatbelts uncomfortable, you can always buy a seat belt extender in-car accessory shops.
Always wearing a seatbelt because it is for your safety
5. Running a red light
Beating the red light, especially when there are no enforcers present, is very common in
Metro Manila particularly at night. Drivers are tempted to beat the red light when they become
impatient in waiting for their turn to cross the intersection; they can quickly get away from this
offense, aside from the penalties not being too steep. But doing so is dangerous, setting the stage
for a serious accident resulting in property damage, injuries, and even death. Red light means
stop

>>> Worth to note: A drivers' guide to the traffic signal lights in the Philippines
6. PUVs not following designated loading and unloading areas
This violation is quite common during rush hour when public utility drivers often take
advantage of the situation by picking up passengers beyond their designated pickup and drop-off
points; one reason is that drivers along a particular route tend to compete with each other in
getting passengers. PUVs drivers tend to compete with each other in getting passengers
7. Driving under the influence
One of the riskier things that a driver can do is to operate a vehicle under the influence of
alcohol or an illegal substance. Alcohol and narcotics can impair the driver’s reflexes and sound
judgment, leading them to take unnecessary risks. It is now unlawful to drive a vehicle under the
influence of alcohol, dangerous drugs, and similar substances. There are services available
where you can contact a third-party driver who can drive you home safely.
8. Driving without a license
Driving a vehicle without a valid license is a serious but frequent offense among Filipino
drivers. Some drivers probably don’t want to spend money renewing their license, or if their
license has expired, paying for additional penalties that the LTO is about to charge them.

Assessment understanding the implementation of traffic rules/ discuss the ff.

 What causes the Driver can disobey the traffic rules?
Ans. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Various national and international researchers have found these as the most common behavior
of Road drivers, which leads to accidents.

a. What traffic laws did drivers violate? State the legal basis.
Ans.
b. Driving while using a mobile phone
Ans.
 14

c. Driving without a license

Ans.
d. Driving under the influence of liquor/prohibited drugs
Ans.

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES:
https://www.lto.gov.ph/images/Advisory/LTO-
https://www.google.com/search?
sxsrf=ALeKk02ZH6YkFNuqrfNGpi9L5kwAc1DWcA:1599310724768&q=lto+renewal
&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiCl4rdiNLrAhW3yIsBHbydAmkQ1QIoBHoECAsQBQ&biw
The MMDA is making sure that traffic laws are implemented
>>> For further reference: 7 Most Expensive Fines for Traffic Violations in the Philippines
(MMDA)
http://jhtransport.gov.in/causes-of-road-accidents.html

SUPPLEMENTED RESOURCES:
Internet resources / LTO Manual
RA 4136
 15

MODULE 3
Vehicular and Pedestrian Direction and Control in All Situation

INTRODUCTION:
There may be special signals for pedestrians. You should only start to cross the road
when the green figure shows. If you have started to cross the road and the green figure goes out,
you should still have time to reach the other side, but do not delay. If no pedestrian signals have
been provided, watch carefully and do not cross until the traffic lights are red and the traffic has
stopped.
Keep looking and check for traffic that may be turning the corner. Remember that traffic
lights may let traffic move in some lanes while traffic in other lanes has stopped. If there is no
footway or footpath, walk on the right-hand side of the road so you can see oncoming traffic.
You should take extra care and: be prepared to walk in single file, especially on narrow roads or
in poor light. Keep close to the side of the road. It may be safer to cross the road well before a
sharp right-hand bend so that oncoming traffic has a better chance of seeing you. Cross back
after the bend.

RATIONALE:
The objective of this study was to explore the compliance behavior of the pedestrians at
vehicular traffic signals and traffic-police-controlled intersections. Two types of compliance
behavior were examined: compliance with vehicular traffic signals and traffic police direction,
and compliance with crosswalks. First, factors influencing each compliance behavior of
pedestrians were identified from the existing literature and correlation test results. With those
identified factors, two discrete choice models were developed: a multinomial logistic (MNL)
model for explaining the compliance behavior with vehicular traffic signals and traffic police
direction, and a binary (BLR) model for exploring the compliance behavior with crosswalks. The
results of the MNL model showed that compliance behavior was significantly associated with
intersection control type, gender, crossing group, baggage handling by a pedestrian, and vehicle
flow. Whereas, the BLR model showed that compliance with crosswalks was significantly
influenced by age of the pedestrians, compliance with intersection control direction by
pedestrians, and vehicle flow. These findings would help the policy-makers to take
countermeasures to alleviate traffic safety-related problems.
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson the students are expected to:
 Implement the traffic controlled intersections with vehicular traffic signals to the
compliance behavior with crosswalk

A pedestrian crossing is a place designated for pedestrians to cross a road, street, or avenue. The
wording pedestrian crossing is used in some international treaties on road traffic and road signs,
such as the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic and the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and
Signals.
Marked pedestrian crossings are often found at intersections, but may also be at other
points on busy roads that would otherwise be too unsafe to cross without assistance due to
vehicle numbers, speed, or road widths. They are also commonly installed where large numbers
of pedestrians are attempting to cross (such as in shopping areas) or where vulnerable road users
(such as school children) regularly cross. Rules govern the usage of pedestrian crossings to
ensure safety; for example, in some areas, the pedestrian must be more than halfway across the
crosswalk before the driver proceeds.
In general, there are two types of intersections including signalized and signalized
intersections Signalized pedestrian crossings separate when each type of traffic (pedestrians or
road vehicles) can use the crossing. Signalized crossings generally assist pedestrians, and usually
prioritize pedestrians, depending on the locality. What appears to be just pedestrian crossings
can also be created largely as a traffic calming technique, especially when combined with other
features like a pedestrian priority, refuge islands, or raised surfaces? Crossing the street is a
complex task. It involves the use of several techniques specific to crossing streets such as
 16

locating the proper position on the corner from which to cross and negotiating around vehicles
that have pulled into the crosswalk. In addition, it involves the integrated use of numerous
mobility techniques from several of the other Step-By-Step modules.
This TOPIC focuses primarily on the mobility techniques that are involved in street
crossings. Many of these techniques are used in conjunction with one another; for the sake of
simplicity, they are grouped into the following categories.

ACTIVITY I: Expected for analysis and research discus each the outcomes.
Approach 1.
Alignment 2.
Timing 3.
Executing 4.
Signaling Drivers .5.

DISCUSSION:
Traffic evolves because of a need to move people and goods from one location to
another. As such, the movement is initiated because of decisions made by people to transport
themselves or others from one location to another to participate in activities at that second
location or to move goods to a location where they have a higher value. The management of
traffic to reduce or eliminate accidents is the other critical reason for traffic control.
In road traffic, intersections with traffic lights (i.e., green, amber, and red indications)
will often add a separate lane with a lighted green arrow to allow left turns with no opposing
traffic. This frequently results in longer non-green periods at the intersection, causing an
increased delay and a reduction in efficiency and mobility. Safety is not the exclusive concern of
the traffic control community. Nearly every transportation mode has organizations
that regulate operators through a series of licensing procedures, sanctions for inappropriate
operating practices, and requirements for continuing training to retain certification to operate.
Transportation safety management is thus accomplished through a complex set of interactions
between different agencies at different levels (e.g., national, regional, or state and local) using
both formal legal requirements and administrative actions.
The following discussion will necessarily focus on safety concerns that evolve from and
are a component of the traffic control function. Traffic control is a critical element in the safe and
efficient operation of any transportation system. Elaborate operational procedures, rules and
laws, and physical devices (e.g., signs, markings, and lights) are but a few of the components of
any traffic control system. At the center of any system is the operator: a driver or pedestrian in a
roadway system, a pilot in aviation or maritime systems, and a locomotive engineer in railway
systems. While traffic control can be considered initially as a need to control or influence large
numbers of vehicles, it is important to realize that traffic is made up of a large number of
individual operators who collectively must make consistent decisions for the systems to work
safely and efficiently.
The operator is the principal decision-making unit in any traffic control system. As such,
the entire system is organized to assure the safe and efficient movement of vehicles along with a
guideway or separation infrastructure by providing adequate, accurate, timely information to the
operator. The operator accepts inputs from a variety of sources, enters into a decision-making
process, and determines the appropriate control actions to maintain vehicle operation.
The operator receives the most immediate and direct information from the vehicle. In
addition to visual inputs regarding vehicle status that are provided by instrumentation
(e.g., speed, direction), the operator receives information through the physical sensation of
movement (i.e., through forces acting on the muscles and sensory organs). The slowing and
turning of a vehicle, for example, are sensed not only visually but also physically by the
operator’s body as the vehicle decelerates and changes course.

ACTIVITY II: Discuss the appropriate traffic control system.

Learning outcome Discussion
What does traffic management eliminate accident 1.
What caused an increased delay and a reduction in efficiency and mobility? 2.
What are the components of any traffic control system 3.

ASSESSMENT:
Know the Basics—Pedestrian Safety
 17

1. Be predictable. Follow the rules of the road and obey signs and signals.
2. Walk on sidewalks whenever they are available.
3. If there is no sidewalk, walk facing traffic and as far from traffic as possible.
4. Keep alert at all times; don’t be distracted by electronic devices that take your eyes (and
ears) off the road.
5. Whenever possible, cross streets at crosswalks or intersections, where drivers expect
pedestrians. Look for cars in all directions, including those turning left or right.
6. If a crosswalk or intersection is not available, locate a well-lit area where you have the
best view of traffic. Wait for a gap in traffic that allows enough time to cross safely;
continue watching for traffic as you cross.
7. Never assume a driver sees you. Make eye contact with drivers as they approach to make
sure you are seen.
8. Be visible at all times. Wear bright clothing during the day, and wear reflective materials
or use a flashlight at night.
9. Watch for cars entering or exiting driveways, or backing up in parking lots.
10. Avoid alcohol and drugs when walking; they impair your abilities and your judgment.
Driving Safety Tips
1. Look out for pedestrians everywhere, at all times. Safety is a shared responsibility.
2. Use extra caution when driving in hard-to-see conditions, such as nighttime or bad
weather.
3. Slow down and be prepared to stop when turning or otherwise entering a crosswalk.
4. Yield to pedestrians in crosswalks and stop well back from the cross-walk to allow other
vehicles to see the crossing pedestrians so they can stop too.
5. Never pass vehicles stopped at a crosswalk. There may be people crossing you can’t see.
6. Never drive under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs.
7. Follow the speed limit, especially around people on the street.
8. Follow slower speed limits in school zones and neighborhoods children are present.
9. Be extra cautious when backing up—pedestrians can move into your path.
Assessment this will be a guide to make your idea? (30pts)

Learning Outcomes
Be predictable 1.
Walk on sidewalks 2.
If there is no sidewalk 3.
Keep alert at all times 4.
Whenever possible 5.
If a crosswalk or intersection is not available 6.
Never assume a driver sees you 7.
Be visible at all times 8.
Watch for cars entering or exiting driveways 9
Avoid alcohol and drugs 10.
BEST DRIVING TIPS, SELECT ONE AND EXPLAIN WHY?
Ans.

REFLECTION:
Standardized methods of traffic control are more effective and result in improved public
relations. a) For safety and the ability to best observe traffic flow, the center of an intersection is
often the best position. b) When regulating foot traffic, working a complex intersection, or when
full manual control is not necessary, the employee should be in the best position to observe the
traffic approaching. The employee should consider a motorist may fail to obey hand signals if
unable to see the officer. Be predictable. Follow the rules of the road and obey signs and
signals. ... Keep alert at all times; don't be distracted by electronic devices that take your eyes
(and ears) off the road. Whenever possible, cross streets at crosswalks or intersections, where
drivers expect pedestrians. Unfortunately, not only negligent drivers cause pedestrian crashes.
Intoxicated pedestrians can cause or contribute to their injuries. In addition, pedestrians causing
accidents by being engaged in distracted walking, such as talking on their cell phones and
texting, are becoming more prevalent. The presence of a crosswalk does not in and of itself
render a street safe. Based on their surrounding context, speed, and overall roadway
width, crosswalks often require additional safety measures such as safety islands, signals, or
traffic calming.
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES:
 18

https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/articles/rules-pedestrians-1-35
https://tech.aph.org/sbs/06_sbs_sc_study.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedestrian_crossing
file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/9789241505352_eng%20(1).pdf
https://www.britannica.com/technology/traffic-control
https://www.google.com/search?
rlz=1C1CHZO_enPH900PH900&sxsrf=ALeKk03KJU2NZZzvXrP5a97G_6divAXRTg
%3A1599351770830&ei=2itUX4qZMrOTr7wPza-
HmAw&q=components+of+any+traffic+control+system&oq
https://www.nhtsa.gov/road-safety/pedestrian-safety
http://www.sasnagarpolice.in/pdf/Traffic%20Direction%20and%20Control.pdf

SUPPLEMENTED RESOURCES:
Internet/ Books
 19

MODULE 4
Special Plans and Policies on Emergency Traffic Situations with the Use Of

INTRODUCTION:
Traffic management requirements for an emergency can vary dramatically from event to
event, ranging from the use of standard traffic control procedures and devices during a relatively
localized emergency to the implementation of highly innovative and controversial practices that
may be necessary for a particularly devastating or widespread emergency. It is hoped that the
examples and points made in the synthesis will stimulate discussion and evaluation within an
agency as to how it may utilize these or other techniques should the need arise. An emergency
plan specifies procedures for handling sudden or unexpected situations. The objective is to be
prepared to: Prevent fatalities and injuries. Reduce damage to buildings, stock, and equipment.

RATIONALE:
An emergency plan specifies procedures for handling sudden or unexpected situations.
The objective is to be prepared to: Prevent fatalities and injuries. Reduce damage to buildings,
stock, and equipment. Governments can discharge their emergency management responsibilities
by taking four interrelated actions: mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. A
systematic approach is to treat each action as one phase of a comprehensive process, with each
phase building on the accomplishments of the preceding one. This summary is based on
information collected through an extensive literature review, a written survey of selected state
and local officials charged with traffic management responsibilities during major emergencies,
and direct communications with these· and other traffic management and emergency
management officials within Texas and across the nation.
Documented traffic management experiences from several past major natural and man-
made emergencies provide an excellent barometer of the benefits of specific courses of actions
taken, as well as illustrate some of the consequences of improper actions or inaction. These
experiences are integrated throughout the chapter to provide a point of reference for the various
traffic management components that have been identified as important in planning for and
successfully enduring major emergencies.

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:
 Identify Advance Traffic Management Planning and Preparation for emergency
response

To date, planning and preparation efforts have fallen into the following categories:
o Coordination Agreements Between and Within Agencies
o Personnel and Equipment Resource Assessment
o Transportation Network and Traffic Control Evaluation
o Communication Systems Development of Training.
It has been shown that the highway agency can indeed take actions to be prepared for
major emergencies, even those that are unpredictable and for which specific plans cannot be
developed. Again, experiences at past emergencies nationwide point to the importance of Past
traffic management issues during emergency recovery can be grouped into the following general
categories: Traffic control and management actions. Right-of-way clean-up concerns.

ACTIVITY I: Explain the advanced Traffic Management during emergencies.

Learning Outcome
 20

1. Incident. ... 1.
2. Mitigation. ... 2.
3. Preparedness. ... 3.
4. Response. ... 4.
5. Recovery. 5.
6. Traffic Management Activities for Emergency Recovery. 6.
7. Coordination Agreements Between and Within Agencies 7.
8. Personnel and Equipment Resource Assessment 8.
9. Transportation Network and Traffic Control Evaluation 9.
10. Communication Systems Development of Training. 10.
DISCUSSION
Have appropriate management systems in place for each phase of the event to make sure
health and safety risks are controlled. While the numbers onsite during the public period will be
significantly greater, the need for safety management during the build-up, load-in, breakdown,
and load-out is just as important. There may be fewer people, but this is likely to be when the
highest-risk work activities are carried out. Ensure co-operation and proper coordination of all
work activities on the site. This does not mean you become responsible for all the individual
technical work carried out by third parties. Rather you should make sure you develop a safe
overall phased program of work by taking into account contractor risk assessments and
communicating this to all relevant parties.

ACTIVITY II: Discuss the planning for incidents during emergencies (15 pts)
Agencies of government Answer the ff.
Sharing your plans in case of 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
emergencies

Develop an emergency plan Answer the ff.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Emergency procedures Answer the ff.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

ASSESSMENT:
Consider the key risks
Using the resources available to you onsite, develop emergency procedures to be
followed by staff and volunteers in a significant incident/emergency, sudden bad weather, fire, or
structural failure. Include contingencies to deal with incidents and situations as varied as an
entertainment act canceling at short notice, severe weather, or the unavailability of key staff in
your team. You will also need to consider your response to more serious emergencies, including
major incidents that will require help from the emergency services and implementation of their
regional emergency plans (which may not be specific to the event).

Assessment explains the base actual situation (20pts)

How are the traffic situation activities during emergency response, what action is needed?
Ans.
What steps on traffic management activities during emergencies
Ans.

REFLECTION:
It is extremely difficult to establish a clearly defined traffic control zone under
emergency conditions, especially upon arrival. Securing the scene takes time, and setup should
be a progressive activity defined by the Incident Command (Officer-in-Charge) and is based on
personnel, equipment, and the critical needs of the incident
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES:

https://www.google.com/search?
rlz=1C1CHZO_enPH900PH900&biw=1366&bih=608&sxsrf=ALeKk03UQVdHPHoe4nAPXB
83Mxzfx4qWw%3A1599354333574&ei=3TVUX8jUIuaGr7wP5OGswA8&q
https://www.fema.gov/pdf/plan/slg101.pdf
 21

https://uknowledge.uky.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1133&context=ktc_researchreport
https://www.who.int/watersanitation_health/hygiene/emergencies/em2002chap4.pdf
https://static.tti.tamu.edu/tti.tamu.edu/documents/1231-1.pdf
https://www.hse.gov.uk/event-safety/managing-an-event.htm

SUPPLEMENTED RESOURCES:
Internet / Book

======end of the prelim coverage=====

MODULE 5
Defensive Driving
===========================================

INTRODUCTION:
The course is designed to teach you everything you need to know to become a safer
driver and reduce the chance that you'll have to take this class again. If you've recently received a
traffic citation, attending a defensive driving school will result in the dismissal of your ticket.
You can keep your driving record clean and save money by doing so. If this is your first time
attending a defensive driving program you might be a little unsure as to how it works. Below you
will find everything you need to know about to course. It is a set of driving skills that allows you
to defend yourself against possible collisions caused by bad drivers, drunk drivers, and poor
weather. If you look ahead and keep your eyes moving, you will spot potential hazards more
easily. Once you have identified a potential hazard and decided what to do, act immediately.
Defensive Driving is a key concept in the Driving Improvement program. It represents
an approach to the driving task that, when applied, can lessen the chances of being involved in a
motor vehicle accident.

RATIONALE:
Defensive driving describes the practice of drivers who consciously reduce the dangers
associated with driving. Defensive driving techniques reduce the likelihood of a collision or
incident and can even save costs related to vehicle maintenance and fuel consumption,
by driving smoothly and steadily.

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson the students are expected to:
 Define the key concept in the defensive driving technique to reduce the collision
incident are expected to drive safely, responsibly, and legally

ACTIVTY1: Research the following question.

HABITS AND TECHNIQUES OF A GOOD DRIVER 1)

2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
THE SAFETY SPACE INFRONT IS THE EASIEST 7)
ONE FOR YOU TO CONTROL 8)
9)
10)

DISCUSSION:
Defensive drivers can avoid dangers on the road by using their safe driving practices.
Tips for defensive driving: Don't make assumptions about another driver's intentions. If you
expect drivers in parked vehicles to remain parked at all times, always yield at intersections, or
remain in one lane at all times, etc., you risk being caught off guard when drivers do not do
what's expected. Expect other drivers to make mistakes and be prepared to react. If a mistake is
made, you will be ready to defend yourself.
 22

EXERCISE:
The practice of using driving strategies that minimize risk and help avoid accidents, as by
predicting hazards on the road (often used attributively): Get an insurance discount by taking
a defensive driving course. Defensive Driving is essentially driving in a manner that utilizes
safe driving strategies to enables motorists to address identified hazards predictably. These
strategies go well beyond instruction on basic traffic laws and procedures. The most important
element of concentration is 'Seeing'. As with any ball game, you must keep your eye on the ball,
you must constantly search the traffic scene around you, and most importantly, what is
happening as far ahead of your vehicle as you can see.

DEFENSIVE DRIVING TIPS

Defensive driving is often defined as preventing crashes before they occur…
It is the demonstration of an attitude, awareness, and driving skills such as:
 Staying alert and keeping your eyes moving so that you can keep track of what is
happening at all times.
 Looking for trouble spots developing around you.
 Having a plan of action if the other driver does the wrong thing.
 Knowing that the law requires drivers to protect each other from their own mistakes.

A Defensive Driver Must:

 Be able to keep a safe driving record.
 Have a positive attitude on road safety.
 Be physically and mentally fit to drive.
 Have received proper training before driving

Never assume that other drivers are sober, alert, and follow the rules of the road at all times.
Plan ahead for the unexpected.
 Be able to control speed
 Be Prepared to react to other drivers
 Do not expect the other driver to do what you think he or she should do
 Respect other users of the roadway.
 Be aware of driving in special road and weather conditions
 Be alert and avoid distractions, e.g., cell phone use, eating.

Almost all road crashes are caused by, or involve, driving inaccuracy. The most frequently
recorded causes of road crashes involving drivers are:
 careless, thoughtless, reckless driving
 inappropriate speed
 failure to look properly
 loss of control of the vehicle
 lack of judgment of own path
 failure to give way
 poor turn or maneuver
 inattention or distraction

ACTIVITY II: Explain the basic concept of defensive driving.

.Learning .Outcomes
1. Stop signs, and follow proper 1.
merging procedure.
2. Accident by preventing 2.
distractions.
3.Yield to aggressive drivers 3.
4.acquiring more information on 4.
efficient,

How defensive driver is must often be defined as preventing crashes before they occur.
 23

1.
2.
3.
4.

ASSESSMENT:
Driving is the most dangerous work activity that most people do, and it contributes to far
more work-related accidental deaths and serious injuries than all other work activities. Make
driver assessment and training part of the organization’s overall policy and procedures. Good
driver assessment and training does not just focus on driving skills, but also on driver’s attitudes,
knowledge, and understanding of how they can manage driving risks. It also aims to ensure that
drivers are aware of vulnerable road users, especially pedestrians, pedal cyclists, and
motorcyclists.
Make sure that all your staff, including directors, senior managers, and line managers,
understand that they are expected to drive safely, responsibly, and legally. If they have concerns
about the organization’s driving policy or procedures, they should raise them with their line
manager or staff representative.

Assessment Identify the road crushes involved in driving inaccuracy,

briefly explain what you mean in your answer.

We have 9 mistakenness of the Drivers

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Things you need to check before going on travel (50pts)

B-
L-
O-
W-
B-
A-
G-
E-
T-
S-

REFLECTION:
One of the best-known signs on roads around the world is the stop sign. When we reach
one of these signs we must stop our vehicle immediately for a short time. Not just slow down,
but completely come to a standstill. We then have time to look around and ensure that it is safe to
proceed. Another commonly seen sign tells us to give way or yield. When we follow the sign’s
instructions, we avoid the risk of serious accidents. Additionally, when we are on the road, there
are other times when we can pick and choose when and where we will give way or yield to other
drivers who are indicating their desire to change lanes. Recognizing the clinical importance and
safety and well-being implications for the population, a multidisciplinary team has been
researching older drivers and driving cessation issues for more than 15 years. Using empirical
approaches, the team has explored the quality of life and participation outcomes related to
driving and non-driving for older people and has developed interventions to improve outcomes
after driving cessation.

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES:

https://www.arizonadriver.com/introduction-to-arizona-defensive-driving/
https://www.motorist.sg/article/349/3-reasons-why-defensive-driving-is-important
https://driving-tests.org/beginner-drivers/what-is-defensive-driving/)
https://driving-tests.org/beginner-drivers/what-is-defensive-driving/
 24

https://www.rospa.com/rospaweb/docs/advice-services/road-safety/employers/work-
drivertraining.pdf
https://www.tomorrowsworld.org/commentary/a-reflection-on-driving
https://academic.oup.com/gerontologist/article/57/1/82/2632127

SUPPLEMENTED RESOURCES:
INTERNET / BOOKS

MODULE 6
Basic Concepts

INTRODUCTION:
Defensive driving describes the practice of drivers who consciously reduce the dangers
associated with driving. Defensive driving techniques reduce the likelihood of a collision or
incident and can even save costs related to vehicle maintenance and fuel consumption, by driving
smoothly and steadily. Awareness is key to defensive driving, ensuring you are aware of
potential hazards and other road users’ actions around you, and enabling you to take proactive
action to avoid an incident. To enable you to anticipate hazards, look 15 seconds ahead, giving
yourself time to react. Aim to always scan your mirrors and look beyond the vehicle in front as
this will help you to be aware of possible hazards before it is too late. Don’t trust those around
you to make good decisions. Give yourself and drivers around you plenty of time and space. This
means keeping a three-second gap when following another vehicle. Don’t tailgate other vehicles,
as this will remove the opportunity for ample time and space to react to any sudden changes,
making it more likely to endanger yourself and those around you.
RATIONALE:
Defensive driving is a set of road skills, techniques, and strategies that assist you in
defending yourself against possible collisions. Sharing the road with other drivers can be
difficult. And besides the normal people on the roadways, you also must be aware and prepared
to safely handle bad drivers, drunk drivers, and poor weather conditions. A good driving school
will make sure that the participants are equipped to handle emergencies, use first aid, react
correctly to situations emerging on roads like road rage incidents, be aware of the symbols
lighting up on the car’s instrument cluster, and honoring the rights of others on the road.
Collating all mistakes and reading them, again and again, will give you a clear direction. Taking
our driving license for granted is among the biggest mistakes that we tend to make. It is
imperative to upgrade our driving skills, have in-depth knowledge of traffic signs, and know
more about how our automobiles work – these are important steps to take towards becoming a
better driver.

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson the students are expected to:

 Find out the key concept of driving tends to make driving skills in-depth knowledge of
traffic signs

Safe driving tips

 Keep up-to-date with the law and rules of the road;
 Do not drive if you are feeling tired or emotional, whether angry or upset;
 Maintain a three-second gap when following other vehicles;
 Ensure other road users are aware of your intentions – signal early and clearly;
 Eliminate distractions such as mobile phones, food, and drink;
 Minimize unnecessary lane changes;
 Ensure you have plenty of time to make your journey; and
 25

 Adapt you’re driving to road and weather conditions.

ACTIVITY I: Discuss the mistakes that most people make while driving.
Learning Outcomes
Lane Cutting 1.
Missing the blind spot 2.
Not using the seatbelt 3.
Ineffective usage of turn signals 4.
Neglecting servicing and maintenance due dates 5.
Neglecting servicing and maintenance due dates 6.
Inability to understand traffic signs 7.
Drinking while on Driving 8.
Usage of phones 9
Not being sensitive enough towards pedestrians and emergency vehicles 10.

It is a known fact that the more predictable a drivers’ behavior, the fewer the number of
accidents. In a scenario where you need to genuinely change lanes, wait patiently for an opening,
give the correct signal, and then proceed. Many expert drivers miss using this out of laziness.
Looking over your shoulders is essential to avoid blind spots before you change your lane. You
need to follow caution and check it manually. A sensible way of reducing the risk due to blind
spots is to adjust the car’s side-view mirrors for the most expansive rear view of the road behind.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, seat belts reduce the risk of death.
It is against traffic laws to not wear seat belts in many countries, and with good reason. Drivers
themselves should develop the responsible habit of wearing seatbelts and urging other passengers
to wear them too.
In general, the usage of turn signals is very less. Using them too late or too early is as
catastrophic as not using them at all, as they confuse the drivers behind you. Using turn signals at
the appropriate moment is an important practice in safe driving. You may procrastinate when it
comes to getting a car serviced by assuming that the vehicle is in perfect condition and nothing
could go wrong. It is critical to adhere to the servicing schedules recommended in your owner’s
manual and get your vehicle serviced by an authorized dealership or service center. Not checking
tire pressure from time to time can not only increase the risk of tire punctures but also tire bursts.
Drivers also forget that not checking tire pressure leads to high fuel consumption. Most of the
time, we take theory lessons at driving schools for granted and assume that certain things are not
worth our time. At times, drivers are even unaware of stop signs or school or hospital signs. Due
to that, they choose to be oblivious to them. Responsible drivers should be well aware of these
signs to follow them and respect others who share the road with them
‘ Drinking and driving’ is one of the most common causes of accidents and fatalities on the
road. Drunk drivers not only put themselves in jeopardy but also put countless lives in danger.
One of the most irresponsible mistakes to make while driving is the usage of phones. Texting on
the phone can prove to be as fatal as driving under the influence of alcohol. Moreover, the usage
of phones while driving is regulated in many countries. So, give priority to yourself and your
fellow drivers on the road, and avoid using a phone when you are behind a steering wheel. Most
drivers are in a hurry to reach their destinations, and in doing so affect pedestrians and
emergency vehicles. The truth is that it is only one’s attitude that makes one belief so. We
undermine the difference one driver can make to help the situation. One should be more
respectful and considerate towards pedestrians and similarly towards emergency vehicles.

ACTIVITY II: Research the Mistakes that most people make while driving. Find the
appropriate solution.
Learning Outcomes
1. Explain network segmentation and basic traffic management concepts 2.
2. Describe routing concepts at a theoretical level. 3.
3. Compare and contrast methods of routing and routing protocols. 4.
4. Describe basic routing concepts (including packet forwarding and 5.
 26

router lookup process)

6. Recommend a routing protocol and justify your recommendation. 6.

DISCUSSION:
Fun and challenging times have finally come! You are behind the wheel and about to hit
the road. But wait for a second, there are a couple of more moments to consider before turning
the engine on. Adjust the driver’s seat, all the mirrors, seat belt, and ventilation controls for a
comfortable and safe driving position and a good view. Before getting into a car, look behind and
in front of it. There are blind spots once you are behind the wheel. Be aware of them and always
check your blind spots before moving. When the car is fully ready and adjusted to you and you're
ready to get on the road, be extra careful with your position in the lane. You can also use
reference points to understand how your car is located when you approach the stop line or start to
park.
Some techniques will help you recognize, which lane is appropriate for your car and your
type of driving. Always maintain a safe speed and beware of blind spots and restricted areas.
Following the speed limits is an important part of driving. The right speed can prevent numerous
mistakes. Be courteous on the road, and if you're going slower than the flow, let other drivers
pass. Move into a far-right lane or use the turn out to let the car behind you move onward.

Basic Driving Concepts

Fun and challenging times have finally come! You are behind the wheel and about to hit
the road. But wait for a second, there are a couple of more moments to consider before turning
the engine on. Adjust the driver’s seat, all the mirrors, seat belt, and ventilation controls for a
comfortable and safe driving position and a good view.

The Driving Privilege

When you are issued a driver’s license, you are also issued a great deal of responsibility. You
have to drive safely, obey traffic laws, and respect the rights of other drivers, pedestrians, and
cyclists. Your responsibilities as a driver also include properly parking your vehicle and its
regular maintenance. Driving requires a good attitude: stress, fatigue, or distractions may engage
you in unsafe driving and cause mistakes to be made. A good attitude and behavior will always
make your journey much safer and more pleasant!
Signs, Signals, and Markings
Traffic signals, signs, and pavement markings are used for traffic control to provide a
smooth, orderly flow of traffic. Traffic signals apply to drivers, motorcycle riders, bicyclists,
moped riders, and pedestrians. They convey important information about the road conditions,
potential hazards, and other obstacles. Road markings guide and warn drivers as well as regulate
traffic. Markings may be red, blue, yellow, or white. They may be used alone or in combinations.
Each has a different meaning. Read the Signs, Signals, and Markings section to learn about
traffic control devices, road signs, signals at the intersections, road markings, and right-of-way
laws. This basic information will be the first step on the way to excellent driving.
Speed Limits
Maximum speed limits are posted on most of the roadways. These speed limits are not
just recommended, but enforced by the highway patrol. These are set for the type of roads and
traffic in each area. All speed limits are based on ideal driving conditions. Remember, breaking
the posted speed limit and driving faster than is safe for current conditions is dangerous and
illegal.
Demands for Proper Passing
Impatience, timing errors, and poor judgment of space when passing often result in
disastrous head-on collisions. The major responsibility for passing safely belongs to the passing
driver. The driver needs to make the correct decision quickly. So, before you pass a vehicle, ask
yourself:
 Is it legal?
 Is it safe?
 Is it worth it?
 27

Avoid passing other vehicles, including motorcycles and bicycles, on two-lane roads; it is
dangerous. Every time you pass, you increase your chances of having a collision. This is because
whenever you pass another vehicle on a two-lane road, you must enter a lane that belongs to
oncoming cars. A safe passing maneuver also depends on your vehicle's condition, e.g., its
acceleration, braking, steering, and other performance capabilities.

Assessment discusses the Basic Driving Concepts.

Learning Outcomes
The Driving Privilege 1.
Signs, Signals, and Markings 2.
Speed Limits 3.
Demands for Proper Passing 4.
ASSESSMENT:
Evidence was found that the participants feel comfortable with delegating driving tasks to
the automation. Not only the relief from steering activities but even the reassignment of the
decision to perform a maneuver gains high acceptance rates. The entity of these tasks complies
with the definition of the “dynamics driving task. When reviewing the results, specific
drawbacks and limitations should be taken into account: The prototype status of the vehicle in
interplay with legal requirements and safety considerations forced the experiment to be
conducted on a test track as described in 2.4.
This setting is rather artificial and safe, compared to the reality on German highways. As
mentioned in 2.1., the recruiting of participants is limited by these restrictions as well, resulting
in a sample of professional drivers with test driving licenses. A bias, compared to ‘normal’
drivers in a ‘normal’ setting could be expected. Furthermore, the technical realization of concept
A required the participants to end the manual lane change within certain boundaries close to the
center of the target lane. If these were dismissed, the system was not able to seamlessly resume
lateral control, causing automation failures. Several drivers received takeover requests due to this
circumstance. The – in many cases – significantly lower ratings for concept A could be
explained by this limitation, whereas the rather complicated handling is not reflected in the
controllability rating by any significance.

REFLECTION:
The findings can be interpreted as an indicator of the needs of drivers in a best-case
scenario. While the system does no longer requires the user to intervene and the user’s trust in
the capabilities of the machine is high, the perceived benefits of the automation dominate the
rating. This complies with the findings in reporting that perceived comfort and trust are strong
predictors for the acceptance of Driver Assistance Systems.
Although the loss of control was perceived by the participants, it does not outweigh the
benefits like the increased comfort or the possibility to pursue non-driving tasks, even in a real
car that is moving in the real world. If for any reason, involvement of the driver remains
necessary or the driver should be kept in control, cooperation on a maneuver-based level
provides a promising alternative with only slightly reduced acceptance ratings. For further
evaluation, experiments on the interaction with highly or conditionally automated vehicles in real
driving scenarios are highly recommended. The inclusion of possible non-driving tasks and an
increased realism of the scenario seem to be promising scopes

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES:

https://www.shell.com/business-customers/shell-fleet-solutions/health-security-safety-
and-the-environment/the-importance-of-defensive-driving.html
https://toocooltrafficschool.com/what-is-defensive-driving-course/
https://www.marutisuzukidrivingschool.com/blog/road-safety-signage/road-safety-
signage
https://driversed.com/driving-information/driving-techniques/basic-driving-concepts.aspx
https://driversed.com/driving-information/driving-techniques/basic-driving-concepts.aspx
https://driversed.com/driving-information/the-driving-privilege/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351978915007684

SUPPLEMENTED RESOURCES:
Internet / Book
 28

MODULE 7
Republic Act No. 4136

INTRODUCTION:
Republic Act No. 4136 - AN ACT TO COMPILE THE LAWS RELATIVE TO LAND
TRANSPORTATION AND TRAFFIC RULES TO CREATE A LAND TRANSPORTATION
COMMISSION AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES. This Act shall be known as the “Land
Transportation and Traffic Code.” SECTION 2. Scope of Act. – The provisions of this Act shall
control, as far as they apply, the registration and operation of motor vehicles and the licensing of
owners, dealers, conductors, drivers, and similar matters. Your failure to obtain a
driver's license does not make you automatically negligent or at fault for a car accident. ... An
unlicensed driver still can recover for damages and injuries from the driver at fault or his
insurance company. In other words, your rights are not lost for driving without a license.

RATIONALE:
The Land Transportation Office (LTO), a sectoral agency of the Department of
Transportation (DOTr) under Executive Order (E.O) No. 125 and 125A dated 13 April 1987 and
E.O No. 226 dated 25 July 1987, is tasked to register motor vehicles, issue driver's/conductor's
licenses and permits, enforce transportation laws, rules, and regulations and adjudicate
apprehension cases. Republic Act 4136, also known as the Land Transportation and Traffic
Code, sets the legal speed limits and penalties for traffic violations such as reckless driving,
among other provisions. The law is archaic, to say the least, having been enacted in 1964 .
Driving Penalties. ... If you are caught driving without a valid driver's license, you will be fined
and disqualified from being granted a driver's license or from driving a motor vehicle for one
year from the payment of the fine. This includes driving with a suspended, revoked, improper, or
fake license.

Objectives:
At the end of the topic, the students are expected to:
 Educate the driver's behavior with other roadway users; establish vehicle speed,
synthesize information from the driving environment

Traffic parks are frequently created as an attraction within a larger park. In other cases,
they are single-use parks and often small in scale. They can be found in urban as well as rural
areas. Children are allowed to use bicycles or pedal-powered cars to navigate the streets and
operate according to traffic laws. Sometimes they share a buggy with their parent, who can guide
them as they circle the park. Typically, traffic parks are scaled-down versions of real street
networks, with the lane and street width proportional to the smaller vehicles. Often they include
operating traffic signals and during busy times are even staffed with traffic police.
One of the intentions of the traffic park is to improve awareness of traffic safety among
school-aged children. Many traffic parks enable children to gain hands-on experience crossing
 29

streets and with bicycle or other pedestrian safety challenges in a highly controlled environment
devoid of actual motor vehicles.
Rules Concerning Basic Right and Left Turn Maneuvers
Given the opportunity for discussion, the student will list the various situations which call
for positive social interactions related to right and left turns at intersections. Positive social
interaction relates to the ability to move through an intersection and not disrupt the legal speed
and position of other vehicles using the intersection.
Performances for Turning
• Right turns—the steps for executing a right turn are the same whether turning on to way
• Approach rules and performances—prepare the turn 200 to 300 feet in advance. Check for
pavement markings or signs at the intersection and move into the travel lane
• Communication rules and performances—signal and tap brakes.
• Targeting area—look through the turn along your path of travel as far as you can see in the
receiving right lane.
• Speed change rules and performances—reduce speed (release accelerator, brake);
• Lane position rules and procedures
• Visual reference turn points—align the right side corner post with the end of the curb.
• Steering techniques—use hand to hand.
• Line of Sight performances—use searching techniques.
• Path of travel—follow the curvature of the curb, staying in the right lane of the cross-traffic
roadway.
Students should strive for positive driver interaction
when executing a lane change by not disrupting the legal
speed and position of other vehicles using the roadway.
• Check traffic flow to the rear and sides for an appropriate gap.
• Make a reduced risk decision about the entry.
• Give effective communication.
• Make a gradual move into lane position.
• Recheck traffic flow to rear and sides.
• Performances in Lane Change
• Gain space around the vehicle again.

• Once you have determined that the next lane is clear using the vision checks noted above,
you are ready for the next seven steps to complete the lane change:
• Use proper signal. It is more efficient to use a lane changer device that is halfway up/down
on the turn signal.
• Check area 4 or 5 again with a quick check in the mirror blind space area.
• Move efficiently and smoothly into the appropriate lane.
• Maintain speed or accelerate slightly before and during the lane change.
• Be careful not to slow down and bring the cars to the rear closer to you (unless you have a
closed or changing space area that requires a change in speed).
• Cancel the signal (or let go of the lane changer) and move to a new lane position.
Adjust your speed to the traffic conditions in the lane you have entered.

ACTIVITY I: Analyze the following figure by letter knowledge and skills. Follow the
Instruction (20pts)

When preparing to change lanes, the first step should be to ask. Do I need to change
lanes? Or is there a reason for this lane change? The following illustrations offer some good
reasons for changing lanes (you are always in the red vehicle)
 30

A. Slow-moving vehicle blocking your path. B. Your lane ends

Ans. Ans.

C. Your destination ahead requires a turn from a lane D. Pedestrian, animal, or bicycle
in a lane other than the one you are in. Ans.
Ans.

E. Risk reduction from approaching hazards

Ans.

DISCUSSION:
The driver and vehicle occupy the central space area, which is NOT visible to the driver.
The central space area is the only true blind spot. This area is just an area not visible while
looking in the side and rear mirrors, but is no different than the space areas 1, 2, and 3. Space
areas 1, 2, 3, front of 4, and front of 5 are also not visible in the side and rear mirrors. It may be
called a mirror blind space, but this includes a very large area since the mirror area is limited by
adjustment to the rear, and the size and shape of the mirror.
Habits are sometimes hard to break, so keep in mind that vehicles appearing in the side
mirrors will be alongside your vehicle. Side mirrors are used in conjunction with the inside
primary mirror to view the area to the side and rear. If in doubt, leaning your head towards the
left window or center of the vehicle will give the traditional view as well as the contemporary
mirror views. Traditional settings should be used if the rear window view is blocked.
ACTIVITY II: Analyze the figure and explain briefly.
 31

Conditions Adjustments

A, A vehicle in the next lane may pass and then Ans. be

approaching at a speed greater

B.You may not be able to complete your Ans.

C. There may not be a big enough gap to change Ans.

Between vehicles.

ASSESSMENT:
Road safety is a great subject in which to engage children and young people – and Road
Safety Week is the perfect time to do it! If approached in the right way, students often enjoy and
get a lot from studying and campaigning for road safety because it is an issue they can
understand and that affects them. It’s vitally important to help shape children and young people’s
understanding of and attitudes towards road safety, to help give them the best chance of keeping
safe while they’re young and as they get older. Road crashes are the biggest killer of young
people worldwide.

Assessment Teaching Ideas to be used in conjunction with practical pedestrian training

and activities.
Learning Outcome
What happens to children on foot and bicycles who are hit by a car or a 1.
bigger vehicle, such as a truck?
Does everyone do this? Has anyone run across a road, crossed somewhere 2.
dangerous, or been pushed into the road by someone? Let’s share our stories.
Why did you do it?
How do drivers sometimes break the rules and put people in danger 3.
If you are trying to cross the road, and you see a car far away, can you tell 4.
how quickly it will get to where you are standing?
Has anyone got ideas about how we can encourage drivers to drive more 5.
safely in the area? What about persuading parents to drive more safely
Are there any signs or road markings that remind drivers the school is here 6.

REFLECTION:
To successfully deliver on these different components, especially practical training, you
may need or benefit from the help of local agencies. For example, in some places, local
authorities can visit schools to run practical pedestrian and cycling training for children.
You might also be able to get help from a local company who could provide funding to
aid your road safety work, or volunteers to help supervise, or help you promote a campaign led
by the children (for example by providing space to display banners and posters).
A is for awareness (traffic is dangerous and can hurt people)
B is for behavior (things you should do to stay safer)
 32

C is for choice and campaigning (how to make safer choices and to help others make these
choices too)

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES:

https://www.lto.gov.ph/issuances/republic-act/file/27-republic-act-no-4136-an-act-to-
compile-the-laws-relative-to-land-transportation-and-traffic-rules-to-create-a-land-
transportation-commission-and-for-other-purposes.html
https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ALeKk03Bv6rADCwGPkZwYJ1t3iKaMvbnjA
%3A1599560305188&source=hp&ei=cVpXX8C6CcHLmAXn573wBw&q=republic+act
+no.+4136+summary&oq=
https://www.google.com/search?
biw=1366&bih=657&sxsrf=ALeKk00CHzn_hx79YRBZZ4WUyP2zGbS0SA
%3A1599561536682&ei=QF9XX_uQKYOsoATvrI6gCg&
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_park
http://roadsafetyweek.org/schools-colleges/2-uncategorised/69-road-safety-lesson-plans

SUPPLEMENTED RESOURCES:
Internet / Books

====end of midterm coverage====

MODULE 8
Other Traffic Laws and Rules
================================================

INTRODUCTION:
Traffic on roads consists of road users including pedestrians, ridden or herded animals,
vehicles, streetcars, buses, and other conveyances, either singly or together, while using the
public way for purposes of travel. Traffic laws are the laws which govern traffic and regulate
vehicles, while rules of the road are both the laws and the ... As a general rule, drivers are
expected... The term “rules of the road” covers every traffic law, regulation, and recommended
driving practice established by a state government or federal transportation authority, intending
to keep road users safe and the Highway Transportation System run in an orderly manner.

RATIONALE:
The evolution of the automobile has led to the rapid development of traffic laws and road
rules over the past century, many of which are continually being adapted and fine-tuned to suit
our nation’s ever-growing transportation system. Private vehicles like cars, light trucks, vans,
and motorcycles are now of all personal travel. Without rules of the road, the entire country
would descend into chaos in a matter of hours.
Rules to coordinate traffic flow

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to;

 Identify the traffic rules and regulations to protect road users consistent the speed limit
of vehicles.
 33

Understanding “traffic flow” is an important piece of the puzzle when learning about
road rules, how they work, and why they have been established. All rules of the road are put in
place to protect road users or keep traffic flowing smoothly. Most traffic laws and road rules
check both these boxes, as what maximizes traffic flow usually minimizes the risk involved with
driving on a stretch of roadway – and vice versa. When all traffic occupying a roadway is evenly
spaced and traveling at a similar, consistent speed, there is less opportunity for conflict between
vehicles, or between vehicles and pedestrians. Plus, smooth-flowing traffic allows everybody to
reach their destinations in a timely, stress-free manner.

Right-of-way rules
“Right-of-way” informs practically every interaction between road users you will
experience or witness when driving on public roadways. Whenever more than one vehicle or
pedestrian wishes to pass over the same area of pavement at roughly the same time, right-of-way
laws come into play and determine who gets to go first and who must “yield” the right-of-way.
Rules for passing and being passed
The practice of passing other vehicles is risky at the best of times and can be incredibly
dangerous if executed incorrectly. Vital passing rules and associated traffic laws are covered in
this section. Before passing any vehicle, drivers must:
 Check road signs, pavement markings and call upon their road-rule knowledge to
make sure passing is allowed
 Make sure they have enough space to execute the pass
 Communicate their intention to pass using indicator lights or hand signals
Stopping and parking rules
Some parking rules are applicable everywhere, while others vary based on individual
state and city laws. To practice safe and lawful parking, new drivers must first learn the legal
distinction between “stopping”, “standing” and “parking”, as they are three different actions. In
some places, one or more of these actions are prohibited while others are allowed.
Speed laws and regulations
Speed laws and regulations affect drivers on every journey, usually on multiple
occasions. The speed at which we drive has an enormous influence on traffic flow and public
safety. Choosing a safe and appropriate speed at which to drive is not simply a matter of sticking
within the legal speed limit.
“Driving at reduced speeds” covers everything you must know about this issue to stay
safe and operate your vehicle within the boundaries of the law.
Wearing your seat belt is not optional – it is required by law. Adults will be fined if
caught not wearing a seat belt, while drivers will be held responsible for any underage passenger
in their vehicle who is caught not wearing a seat belt or an age-appropriate restraint. This is true
in every state, though seat belt law details and punishments for violating the law differ across the
country.
Dealing with traffic law enforcement
Most new drivers do not put much thought into how they should behave if a law enforcement
officer pulls them over, despite it being such an important issue.
 Signal your intention to comply with the officer by activating your turn indicator
or using the appropriate hand signal.
 Roll your window down, place your hands on the steering wheel (without holding
anything else in your hands) and wait for the officer to approach.
 Do not reach or search for your license, registration, or insurance documents
without first telling the officer where they are.
 If you are given a citation for a traffic violation, sign for it and do not argue. You
will have the opportunity to dispute the citation later if you feel it was unjustly
issued.

ACTIVITY I: Under studying skills; Give the appropriate meaning.
 34

“Right-of-way” Ans.
State the following Illegal 1. 4. 7
parking laws 2. 5. .8
3. 6 9
Speed laws and regulations Ans.
safe and appropriate speed Ans.
Driving at reduced speeds Ans.
seat belt law Ans.
DISCUSSION:
Traffic on roads consists of road users including pedestrians, ridden or herded
animals, vehicles, streetcars, buses, and other conveyances, either singly or together, while using
the public way for purposes of travel. Traffic laws are the laws that govern traffic and regulate
vehicles, while rules of the road are both the laws and the informal rules that may have
developed over time to facilitate the orderly and timely flow of traffic. Organized traffic
generally has well-established priorities, lanes, right-of-way, and traffic control at intersections.
Traffic is formally organized in many jurisdictions, with
marked lanes, junctions, intersections, interchanges, traffic signals, or signs. Traffic is often
classified by type: heavy motor vehicle (e.g., car, truck), other vehicles (e.g., moped, bicycle),
and pedestrian. Different classes may share speed limits and easement or may be segregated.
Some jurisdictions may have very detailed and complex rules of the road while others rely more
on drivers' common sense and willingness to cooperate.
Organization typically produces a better combination of travel safety and efficiency.
Events that disrupt the flow and may cause traffic to degenerate into a disorganized mess
include road construction, collisions, and debris in the roadway. On particularly busy freeways, a
minor disruption may persist in a phenomenon known as traffic waves. A complete breakdown
of the organization may result in traffic congestion and gridlock. Simulations of organized traffic
frequently involve queuing theory, stochastic processes, and equations of mathematical
physics applied to traffic flow.
Designation and overtaking
The usual designation for lanes on divided highways is the fastest lane is the one closest
to the center of the road, and the slowest to the edge of the road. Drivers are usually expected to
keep in the slowest lane unless overtaking, though with more traffic congestion all lanes are
often used.

ACTIVITY II: Clarify the usual designation of a lane from right to left.
When driving on the left: When driving on the right:
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.

ASSESSMENT:
Pedestrians Both drivers and pedestrians are responsible for traffic safety. Drivers should
always be prepared to yield the right of way and should not drive unnecessarily close to
pedestrians. (See page 23 for more information on the pedestrian right of way.) Traffic Signals,
Walk Lights and Crossings Pedestrians must yield the right of way to drivers by obeying traffic
signals, observing walk lights, and using crosswalks. • Walk (walking person) — Pedestrians
facing the signal may cross the roadway in the direction of the signal. • Don’t walk (flashing
orange upraised hand) — Pedestrians may not start entering the roadway. A pedestrian who has
partially completed crossing during the constantly lit walk signal may continue to a sidewalk or
safety island. • Don’t walk (constantly lit orange upraised hand) — Pedestrians may not enter the
roadway. • Yellow Light (constant upraised hand) — Pedestrians may not cross unless directed
by a pedestrian control sign or police officer. Crossing a Road When crossing at any place other
 35

than a marked or unmarked crosswalk, pedestrians must give the right of way to drivers. This
includes between closely spaced intersections where traffic signals are in operation. Tunnel and
Pedestrian Crossings
A pedestrian tunnel or pedestrian crossing bridge should be used when available.
Roadways Pedestrians must not walk on a roadway unless there is no sidewalk or shoulder next
to it. Under these conditions, pedestrians should always walk as far from the outside edge of the
road as possible. In two-way traffic, pedestrians should walk facing 36 37 oncoming traffic. If a
highway does not have a sidewalk but has a shoulder, pedestrians should always walk on the
shoulder as far from the roadway as possible. Pedestrians should not walk on a highway when
under the influence of alcohol or other drugs.
Basic Rules of the Road
1. Keep left and allow the vehicles from the opposite direction to pass.
2. Give way to traffic on your right, especially at junctions and round-about.
3. While turning right, keep vehicles on the right lane.
4. While turning left, keep to the left side of the road.

Assessment answer the following true and false.

1. When a motorist is turning right and a bicyclist is approaching on the right, let the
bicyclist go through the intersection first before making a right turn.
o True o False
2. A driver does not need to allow as much distance when following a motorcycle as when
following a car.
o True o False
3. Motorcyclists are entitled to use the full width of a traffic lane; therefore, a driver should
pass a motorcycle the same way a driver would pass another vehicle.
o True o False
4. When following a truck at night, it is important to dim your headlights.
o True o False
5. When approaching a disabled pedestrian using a guide dog, white cane, or other assistive
devices, a driver should yield the right of way.
o True o False
6. Which traffic laws apply to pedestrians?
Ans.
7. What law governs crosswalks?
Ans.
8. What if there is no crosswalk?
Ans.
9. What about sidewalks?
Ans.
10. What signals must bicyclists use for turns and stops?
Ans.

REFLECTION:

Road traffic safety refers to the methods and measures used to prevent road users from
being killed or seriously injured. Typical road users include pedestrians, cyclists, motorists,
vehicle passengers, horse riders, and passengers of on-road public
transport (mainly buses and trams).
Best practices in modern road safety strategy:
The basic strategy of a Safe System approach is to ensure that in the event of a crash, the
impact energies remain below the threshold likely to produce either death or serious injury. This
threshold will vary from crash scenario to crash scenario, depending upon the level of protection
offered to the road users involved.
As sustainable solutions for all classes of road safety have not been identified,
particularly low-traffic rural and remote roads, a hierarchy of control should be applied, similar
to classifications used to improve occupational safety and health. At the highest level is
 36

sustainable prevention of serious injury and death crashes, with sustainability requiring all key
result areas to be considered? At the second level is real-time risk reduction, which involves
providing users at severe risk with a specific warning to enable them to take mitigating action.
The third level is about reducing the crash risk which involves applying the road design
standards and guidelines
Improving driver behavior and enforcement

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES:

https://www.google.com/search?biw=1366&bih=657&sxsrf=ALeKk02tC_ZsTL-
T1_sN0LUPEnCVv0aWog%3A1599563058190&ei=MmVXX6-
lC5OVr7wPyoqvuAQ&q=introduction+
https://www.epermittest.com/drivers-education/rules-road
https://www.google.com/search?
biw=1366&bih=657&sxsrf=ALeKk00HuW5DdemhlpJSBdLTT622fMjqQ
%3A1599572416390&ei=wIlXX72qF9X7wAOS3qSwDA&q=stopping+and+parking
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic
http://www.iei.illinois.edu/assets/documents/rules-of-road.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_traffic_safety
https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/operating/opdm/local-programs-bureau/repository/
pedestrian/resources/faq.html

SUPPLEMENTED RESOURCES:
Internet / Books

MODULE 9
Different Violations of Traffic Order, Laws, and Rules

INTRODUCTION:
There are good cops and there are bad cops. But whatever the situation, it's always
best if you know the law. Having a little more knowledge of traffic rules and penalties goes a
long way when it comes to driving in the Philippines. For once in your driving life, you're
sure to have been surprised by an apprehending traffic officer or policeman with a violation
you haven't heard of. As they say, ignorance does not excuse you from long arm of the law.
Knowing the violations and penalties just might save you time and money.
There are also some instances of wrong apprehensions, like the very popular 'driving
without license' violation. Do not, by all means, allow the apprehending officer to get away
with this, when you have a license but did not bring it, this would only mean a Failure to carry
a driver's license when operating a motor vehicle, and also keep in mind that the receipt is not
required once you have your license card.

RATIONALE:
Traffic violation law covers any number of unlawful activities involving a motor
vehicle. These laws deal with moving violations like drunk driving and speeding, as well as
violations based on the condition or status of a vehicle, such as expired registration. State and
local governments have enacted comprehensive motor vehicle codes setting forth the traffic laws
in that jurisdiction. In some states, the department of motor vehicles assesses "points" against a
 37

driver based on the number of infractions in a given period. Too many points can increase
insurance premiums, as well as suspension or revocation of driving privileges.
The agency in charge of enforcing a particular traffic rule will depend on the location
of the traffic stop. Each local law enforcement agency has the authority to issue citations in a
certain geographical area, though these areas can overlap. For example, a person driving on a
highway running through a city could be pulled over and issued a citation by an officer from the
city police department, a deputy from the county sheriff's office, or a trooper from the state
highway patrol. Those who receive a traffic citation should inspect it carefully to ascertain the
name and location of the court that will process the case, and whether a personal court
appearance is required.

Common Moving Violations

Exceeding the speed limit is the most commonly issued traffic while many drivers
choose to simply pay the fine associated with the ticket, there are ways to avoid the points and
other consequences. It may be possible to attend traffic school in exchange for having the ticket
dismissed, reduced to fewer mph over the speed limit, or amended to a non-moving violation.
Drivers who have been falsely accused of speeding can also insist on a trial. For
commercial drivers or those who are at risk of losing their license as a consequence of too many
points in a short time, fighting the case at trial may be the best option.
Other common moving violations result from following too close (tailgating), neglecting to yield
to emergency vehicles, driving too fast for road conditions, failing to maintain a single lane of
travel (swerving), not wearing a seat belt, and not securing young passengers in a child safety
seat. Driving with a suspended license is another common offense, as is driving without liability
insurance. Talking on a cell phone is a relatively new, but common, traffic infraction. Similarly,
failing to stop at a red light is cited with much greater frequency in recent years, due to the
development of intersection surveillance cameras that automatically issue tickets to offenders

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to
 Demonstrate to stop at stop signs/ red lights and those are for the safe and orderly
movement of traffic moving violations speeding, following too closely, unsafe lane
changes, and assigning the limited parking space for the most efficient use.

The car park operates as followed: You drive your car onto a platform in the garage.
Then the automated parking system will move your car to the available parking space
somewhere in the tower. The cars can be moved vertically and horizontally with the use
of hydraulic or mechanical lifts. There are several benefits to a multilevel parking facility with an
automated parking system. For example, you can stack more cars in a compact space because the
cars are parked by robots. Also, parking spaces can be smaller because no one needs to get in or
out of the vehicle and people don’t park it themselves; the robotic system doesn’t need as much
space to park a car as a human does. You do need to clean the equipment every once in a while,
plus at least one to four times a year someone needs to check the equipment to see if it all still
works properly. The number of times for a service check depends on the equipment that is used.
A Semi-Automated Parking System uses a mechanical system to move cars to their
parking space, only it needs human action to work, either by the driver or an attendant. This
action can be as simple as pushing a button. Parking facilities can be both indoor and outdoor,
public or private. It can be a parking garage or a parking space that belongs to the property of a
person’s house.

ACTIVITY I: knowledge and skills.

An Automated Parking System 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Advantages for PARKING : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

 38

Advantages for Property PARKING 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

How does it work? Ans.

DISCUSSION:
Road safety is a complex process that not only depends on technical and environmental
improvements but in a major part from human factors. In this sense, recent empirical studies
have remarked the need to study the interaction between subject and laws, at the glance of
several elements preceding road behavior. This is the case of attitudes, opinions, and perceptions
in the field of road safety, factors that influence the interaction with issues such as traffic rules,
police supervision, penalties, and justice in traffic.
Tailgating is generally a traffic infraction with penalties comparable to speeding or stop
sign tickets. In other words, you'll probably be looking at a fine and demerit points on your
driving record for a conviction. But, in certain circumstances, it might be worth fighting
a tailgating ticket in traffic court. Offenses typically determined to be major violations include:
Operating the vehicle under the influence of alcohol or narcotics driving with an invalid,
revoked, or suspended license. Reckless driving or negligent driving.
Traffic Points and Impact on Driving
Following too closely usually results in demerit points being placed on the driving record
of the individual found guilty. When an individual accumulates too many driving points in a
particularly short amount of time, he or she could face having their driver’s license suspended
temporarily. Depending upon the number of times an individual has been found guilty of
following too closely, more points could be placed on the record. This typically means that
individuals will have to pay increased car insurance premiums, as car insurance companies want
to protect themselves when insuring unsafe drivers.
ACTIVITY II: Explain the following.

1. Determine the major offenses include in driving explain this.

Ans.
2. This is the case of attitudes, opinions, and perceptions in the field of road safety,
Ans.

ASSESSMENT
All vehicles must give priority to any traffic approaching from their right, then, if the
vehicle is turning right or continuing on the same road it may proceed. Vehicles turning left must
also give priority to traffic approaching from the opposite direction unless that traffic is also
turning left. What is the purpose of a traffic signal? Traffic signals are designed to ensure an
orderly flow of traffic, provide an opportunity for pedestrians or vehicles to cross an intersection,
and help reduce the number of conflicts between vehicles entering intersections from different
directions. Traffic happens from a roadway having too many cars on it at once. If the road
doesn't have space for all of the vehicles, people have to drive slower and closer together to fit
more cars.

Fundamentals of Transportation/Traffic Signals

Traffic Signals are one of the more familiar types of intersection control. Using either a
fixed or adaptive schedule, traffic signals allow certain parts of the intersection to move while
forcing other parts to wait, delivering instructions to drivers through a set of colorful lights
(generally, of the standard red-yellow (amber)-green format).
Assessment explains the following assessment.
1) Improve overall safety Ans.
2) decrease average travel time through an intersection, Ans.
3) Equalize the quality of services for all or most traffic streams. Ans.
 39

4) What causes the traffic? Ans.

5) What is the importance of traffic signals? Ans.
6) What are the measures to maintain traffic sense? Ans.
7) Advantages and disadvantages of traffic control signals on the road Ans.

REFLECTION:
Traffic norms accompany road users along their entire lifecycle and use to modulate their
behavior in most of their interactions with others. In other words, rules and normativity not only
limit the possibilities of action of people but also help to preserve the rights and welfare of the
community, the public health. Road safety regulations allow the correct interaction of all users,
despite their role on the road: pedestrians, drivers, and cyclists. It is, therefore, necessary that all
individuals have enough information and are aware of these regulations, strengthen by agencies
certifying that such legislation is enforced or, in the proper case, applied in a punishing manner
that should be viewed by road users more educationally, instead to be perceived by a significant
proportion of drivers as a mere tax collection mechanism.

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES:
https://www.hg.org/traffic-law.html
https://brainly.in/question/5995274
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23311886.2017.1393855
https://www.parking-net.com/about-parking/parking-facilities
https://www.google.com/search?
rlz=1C1CHZO_enPH900PH900&sxsrf=ALeKk00hEW3osWgHV9oCD1yP6CZpfaV30
Q:1599658723763&q=is+following+too+closely+a+moving+violation
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Transportation/Traffic_Signals

SUPPLEMENTED RESOURCES:
Internet / Books

======End of semi-final coverage=====

MODULE 10
Standard Operating Procedures in Traffic Accident Investigations
========================================

INTRODUCTION:
Workplace safety improves through reporting of workplace incidents. The investigation
further reveals the necessary safety measures to be implemented to prevent similar events from
happening again. All incident reporting and investigation must be documented, filed, and made
available to management and supervisors to re‐conduct risk assessment and training if
necessary. A report should be initiated by any employee of the college who experiences an
accident or near-miss and forwarded to the security office for further action and notifications.

RATIONALE:
This SOP is to ensure that all staff, faculty, and students know the protocol for reporting
workplace incidents (namely: accidents, near misses, occupational diseases, and dangerous
occurrences), and carry out appropriate investigations to reduce any potential workplace risks.
What is a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)?
A standard operating procedure (SOP) is a step-by-step set of instructions that help
employees consistently perform their tasks. To put it simply, an SOP documents how a given
process works. It's particularly important to have a written SOP for a complex task that must
conform to regulatory standards.
 40

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to::
 Defines the type and level of accidents/incidents to be investigated;

Companies develop SOPs for a variety of reasons:

 Ensuring business continuity. SOPs help ensures that crucial tasks will still be completed
even if key members are away on vacation or sick leave.
 Consistent quality and reduction of errors. Mistakes happen because we either don't have
the information to perform a task or, if we do have the information, we fail to apply that
information consistently and correctly. An SOP is there to safeguard against both.
 Faster employee onboarding. SOPs can be a great starting point for new members during
their training.
 Knowledge retention. When experienced members change roles or leave for new
opportunities, their knowledge can be retained within the team if they leave behind
thorough SOPs.
 Legal protection. Ensuring that critical processes are documented and reviewed by
employees can provide a layer of protection for a company.
In short, writing standard operating procedures helps a business run smoothly as employees
come and go. They work best as a step-by-step list of procedures that anyone can follow with a
bit of training.
Tips for writing SOPs
The requirements for standard operating procedures and their format will range from industry to
industry but some steps and best practices apply in most cases.
 Define the goal. When you know what the procedure is meant to accomplish, it’s much
easier to write an outline and define the details of your SOP.
 Involve the stakeholders. Anyone who will be engaging in or impacted by the process
should have some say in the creation of the SOP document.
 Determine the scope and format. Will you be creating a flow chart? Hierarchical checklist?
Both? The best format depends on the complexity of the procedure.
 Outline the SOP. Write down the exact tasks needed to be completed for the process to be
successful.
 Review and test the SOP. Have your teamwork through the new SOP in a simulated
environment and identify what can be improved.
The well-written SOPs are:
 Easy to understand: Use simple, clear instructions and avoid value language.
 Brief: Include only the most relevant details in the SOP and add references to supporting
materials.
 Actionable: Readers should know exactly what actions to take to meet the specific task or
goal.
 Accessible: Stakeholders should be able to easily find the SOP they need when they need
Investigation Process
All facilities shall implement and maintain an accident/incident
investigation process that:
• Defines the type and level of accidents/incidents to be investigated;
• Details the sequence of events leading up to the accident/incident;
• Identifies immediate and basic/root causes of an accident/incident using the
Accident/Incident Causation Model;
• Classifies an accident/incident into its actual and potential loss; and
• Defines preventative and corrective actions to prevent reoccurrence and to
provide linkage to the risk register.

ACTIVITY I: Investigating and reporting an accident.

Scenario What to do Further actions
No injury or minor injury which does not require Ans. Ans.
medical attention
A serious injury that requires medical attention Ans. Ans.
The injured person is unconscious Ans. Ans.

DISCUSSION:
All incident reporting and investigation must be documented, filed, and made available
to management and supervisors to re‐conduct risk assessment and training if necessary. A report
 41

should be initiated by any employee of the college who experiences an accident or near-miss and
forwarded to the security office for further action and notifications. If an event occurs which had
the potential to cause injury, but without doing so, it is equally important to report it so that
preventative measures can be instigated if necessary. The University is required by law to report
to the appropriate authorities certain specified Dangerous Occurrences

ACTIVITY II: Checked and Answer the label of the accident report
Incident Report and investigation form all incidents to be reported should use the
attached form. Find out the 5 W’ and 1 H
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

ASSESSMENT:
An incident (or accident) is an unplanned or undesirable event that interrupts normal
activity. These interruptions may be associated with injuries, illnesses, or deaths as well as
damaged materials and equipment reduced production and lost time. Incidents include near
misses and exposure to hazards over a long time that may result in illnesses. Incidents indicate
defects in the systems of work and therefore must be reported and investigated. Incidents that do
not result in injuries also should be investigated to identify causal factors that may contribute to a
recurrence. Investigations should focus on the systems, design, materials, environmental and
behavioral factors that have contributed to the incident/accident

Assessment Write your accident report using 5W& 1H this is a scenario of your extract
Blotter report.
Instruction: Identify the whereabouts of the extract report using a paragraph ;
Ans.

REFLECTION:
In general, an incident is any event that affects patient or employee safety. In most
healthcare facilities, injuries, patient complaints, medication errors, equipment failure, adverse
reactions to drugs or treatments, or errors in inpatient care must be reported. Data from incident
reports are tracked for quality assurance and to allow the detection of emerging trends or
problems. Incident reports bring problems to light in a no-blaming way and can provide a
catalyst for changing the practice or procedure that contributed to the error.

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES:
https://www.nuclino.com/articles/standard-operating-procedure-template?
utm_source=aw&utm_content=seoa&gclid=Cj0KCQjw-uH6BRDQARIsAI3I-
UeWpnZqb3MeXA1OfDG7r_nSlqPr7HYn8xSqWVrdCuausHK9l6ImZCcaAo67E
ALw_wcB#tips-for-writing-sops
https://gofar.sunyulster.edu/forms_documents/
procedure_for_incident_reporting.pdf
file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/5-Accident_reporting.pdf
https://www.egwater.vic.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/
SOP104OHSIncidentReportingandInvestigation.pdf
https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?
Article_ID=843476&Journal_ID=522928&Issue_ID=843475

SUPPLEMENTED RESOURCES:
Internet / Books
 42

MODULE 11
Concepts and Basic Principles to Be Considered In Hit and Run Cases

INTRODUCTION:
A hit-and-run is typically defined as a car accident in which the driver intentionally
leaves the scene without providing contact information or stopping to help someone who was
injured in the accident. ... It helps to know before an accident what protection your policy offers
against a hit-and-run. If you're hurt or your vehicle is damaged in a hit-and-run, your auto
insurance policy may help cover the cost of car repairs, transportation, medical bills, and other
expenses involved in the incident. After an accident, what's most important is to make sure
everyone is safe and to follow the law. Learn what to do after an accident, including steps on
filing a police report, documenting the damage, and more. Hit and runs include any accident
where a vehicle hits a person, object, or vehicle and the driver knowingly leaves the scene
without providing their information.

RATIONALE:
When you think of hit and run accidents do you imagine a vehicle speeding through a red
light, striking a pedestrian, and zooming off? There are hit and runs where someone is bodily
injured, but many hit and run accidents involve someone hitting a parked car and driving off. No
 43

one enjoys fessing up to a mistake like hitting something with a vehicle. Wanting to flee is a
natural response to conflict, punishment, or negative experiences. But that response is also highly
illegal, even if no one is there to witness it. Every driver needs to understand the seriousness of
hit-and-run accidents. It can do real harm to others and cost you your driver’s license.
The term hit and run refer to an accident in which one driver leaves the scene without
stopping to provide the required contact information, or being cleared to leave by authorities.
Every driver involved in an accident of any type is required to follow certain procedures, which
usually involve stopping to make sure nobody was injured, call for help, and exchange insurance
and contact information with the other driver.

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson the students are expected to:
 Identify the type of vehicle plate number involved in a crash and the serious accident
strengthen the implementation of Republic Act 4136

ACTIVITY I: Know your knowledge and skills.

1. What is a Hit and Run Accident Ans.
2. Being a Victim of a Hit and Run Accident Ans.
3.What to do In a Hit and Run Accident Ans.
5. This includes the physical location at the address. In other words, was someone
making a left-hand turn, Ans.
5. Make, model, and license plate of the other vehicle Ans.
6.Civil Liability for a Hit and Run Accident Ans.
7. RA 4136 Speed Limit and Keeping to the Right Section 35. Restriction as speed. Ans.

DISCUSSION:
It was initially created to strengthen the implementation of Republic Act 4136;
specifically Sections 35 states that motorists driving on a highway shall do so at a “careful
and prudent speed” so as not to “endanger the life, limb, and property of any person.”
Furthermore, it states that no person shall drive at a speed greater than what is allowed,
reasonable, and will permit him to bring the vehicle to a stop within the assured clear distance
ahead.
Apart from officials from DILG and DPWH, Transportation will be joined by
representatives from the World Health Organization (WHO), League of Municipalities of the
Philippines, and the League of Cities of the Philippines during the launch. Road safety and
public policy advocacy groups such as Imagine Law and will also be present.
A WHO study says that speed is the most significant contributor to road crash fatalities.
It was found to increases both the risk of a crash happening and the severity of injuries.
According to the WHO, a 1km/h increase in one’s speed increases the risk of injury by at
least 3% and the risk of a fatality by 4-5%. Furthermore, studies have shown that speed is the
primary cause of 30% of fatal road crashes.

ACTIVITY II: This is a minimum speed limit that requires you to answer the kph./hr.

Figure11
Figure 2 Figure 2

Figure 2 Figure 6

Figure 3 Figure 7

Figure 4 Figure 8
 44

ASSESSMENT:
Punishment is the primary way that society denounces a criminal act as violating the
shared norms on which society depends. The severity of the penalty is meant to be proportionate
to the seriousness of the act committed, thereby rectifying the moral imbalance created by the
offense. Because punishment is concerned with the infliction of pain or the withholding of
certain liberties, which must be carefully and justly applied, criminal justice procedure has a
range of in-built legal safeguards. In recent decades, efforts to strengthen the role of victims in
criminal proceedings have seen the introduction of various mechanisms for victims to "inform
the court about the harm caused by the offense" (Erez, 1994, p. 63), it is largely the case that
conventional criminal justice systems provide limited scope for the relevant parties to engage in
dialogue to restore respect and trust in relationships.
Assessment guiding questions for students.
1. What is your understanding of traffic accidents injustice? Ans.
2. What are your ethical considerations for hit & run accidents? Ans.
3. From your perspective, what is the concept of basic principles hit/run Ans.
accident

REFLECTION:
It’s been a while since I have felt the feeling that our lives hang by a thread. I’m grateful
to be alive, that I did not leave my family without me. I’ve read about high-speed hit-and-run
accidents. Never thought I’d be in one, in particular, in the backseat where a tall pickup with
intimidating metal bumpers came careening into our sedan with enough force to crumple the
entire trunk, shattering the back window into the cabin, pushing the license plate up against our
backs, and lunging our car forward into more cars.

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES:
https://www.allstate.com/tr/car-insurance/hit-and-run.aspx#:~:text=A%20hit-andrun
%20is,was%20injured%20in%20the%20accident.&text=It%20helps%20to%20know
%20before,a%20hit-and-run
https://www.idrivesafely.com/defensive-driving/trending/what-exactly-hit-and-run-
accident
https://legaldictionary.net/hit-and-run/
https://www.flhsmv.gov/safety-center/driving-safety/hitrun/
https://www.autoindustriya.com/auto-industry-news/new-philippine-speed-limits-aim-to-
reduce-road-accidents.html
https://www.tsikot.com/forums/traffic-laws-infrastructure-parking-135/republic-act-
4136-speed-limit-section-80587/
https://www.unodc.org/e4j/en/crime-prevention-criminal-justice/module-8/key-issues/1--
concept--values-and-origin-of-restorative-justice.html
https://www.unodc.org/e4j/en/crime-prevention-criminal-justice/module-8/exercises.html
https://www.eltis.org/sites/default/files/kt3_wm_en_pdf_ext_5.pdf

SUPPLEMENTED RESOURCES:
Internet / Book Manual

======end of final coverage=====