FAKULTAS TEKNIK SIPIL

DAN LINGKUNGAN

SI-5101
Engineering Analysis
Introduction to Quantitative
Analysis

BIEMO W. SOEMARDI
b.soemardi@itb.ac.id

23/08/2021 SI-5101 ANALISIS REKAYASA – Ir. Biemo W. Soemardi Ph.D 1

 Situation
• Go
DECISION • No Go
• Go, but …
(selection) (alternative solution)

• As a project engineer, responsible for installation a set of pedestals for

machinery, you are about to give order to your field supervisor to start erecting
precast beam as part of the pedestal. At 8AM, the wind is blowing at about 2
knots from the west, into the direction of the newly installed 10 m high piers.
The beam erection will utilize a 30 ton 20-m boom crane. Shall you proceed
with the instruction?

23/08/2021 SI-5101 ANALISIS REKAYASA – Ir. Biemo W. Soemardi Ph.D 2

 Situation
• Go
DECISION • No Go
• Go, but …
(selection) (alternative solution)

• Is it OK, accountable action?

• How’d you come up with the decision? What is the rationale?

23/08/2021 SI-5101 ANALISIS REKAYASA – Ir. Biemo W. Soemardi Ph.D 3

 Solution to the
Situation
• Go
DECISION • No Go
• Go, but …
(selection) (alternative solution)

• What would the first thing you do?

• What is your problem….?
• What is your objective…? (find solution)
• How can you be sure of reaching objective ..
Is it the best solution ..? Are there any limit or terms/conditions
23/08/2021 SI-5101 ANALISIS REKAYASA – Ir. Biemo W. Soemardi Ph.D 4
 Goals and Objectives
Definitions
Both terms imply the target that one's efforts is desired to accomplish. Goals are generically
for an achievement or accomplishment for which certain efforts are put. Objectives are
specific targets within the general goal. Objectives are time-related to achieve a certain task.

A goal is defined as
• The purpose toward which an endeavor is directed.
• The result or achievement toward which effort is directed or aimed.
An objective has a similar definition but is supposed to be a clear and measurable target.

Examples
GOAL: "I want to be successful in project management career”
OBJECTIVE: "I want to pass PE exam in 3 years”

23/08/2021 SI-5101 ANALISIS REKAYASA – Ir. Biemo W. Soemardi Ph.D 5

 Goals and Objectives
GOAL OBJECTIVES
Something that one's efforts or actions
The purpose toward which an
Meaning: are intended to attain or
endeavor is directed.
accomplish; purpose; target.
I want to achieve success in the I want to complete this thesis on
Example: field of genetic research and do genetic research by the end of this
what no one has ever done. month.
Generic action, or better still,
Specific action - the objective supports
Action: anoutcome towards which we
attainment of the associated goal.
strive.
Goals may not be strictly
Measure: Must be measurable and tangible.
measurable or tangible.
Time frame: Longer term Mid to short term

23/08/2021 SI-5101 ANALISIS REKAYASA – Ir. Biemo W. Soemardi Ph.D 6

 Attributes Goals and Objectives
Scope
Goals are broader than objectives in the sense that goals are general intentions
and are not specific enough to be measured. Objectives are narrow and are set
for certain tasks in particular.
Specificity
Goals are general while objectives are specific. Goals are just general intentions
towards the attainment of something while objectives are precise actions
for accomplishment of a specific task.
Tangibility
Goals may be intangible while objectives ought to be tangible. Goals may be
directed at achieving non-measurable things while objectives may be targeted at
getting measurable things or tasks.

23/08/2021 SI-5101 ANALISIS REKAYASA – Ir. Biemo W. Soemardi Ph.D 7

 Attributes Goals and Objectives
Differences in time frame
Both have a certain time frame. Goals usually have a longer time-frame than
objectives. Objectives are usually precise targets set for a short term.
Goals may be set for a longer term, but many objectives may be set within that
goal.
Measuring goals and objectives
Goals may or may not be measured but in most cases objectives are measurable.

23/08/2021 SI-5101 ANALISIS REKAYASA – Ir. Biemo W. Soemardi Ph.D 8

 Attribute – Criterion

Attribute 1. A quality or characteristic inherent in or ascribed to someone or

something.
2. An object associated with and serving to identify a character,
personage, or office: Lightning bolts are an attribute of Zeus.
3. Grammar A word or phrase syntactically subordinate to another
word or phrase that it modifies; for example, my sister's and brown
in my sister's brown dog.

Criterion 1. A standard by which something can be judged or decided

2. Philosophy a defining characteristic of something

23/08/2021 SI-5101 ANALISIS REKAYASA – Ir. Biemo W. Soemardi Ph.D 9

 What is QA
• A technique that uses mathematical &
statistical modeling, and measurement to
understand behavior of a particular instance.
• Quantitative analysis provides tools to
examine and analyze past, current, and
anticipated future events for making decision.
• QA processes and manipulates raw data into
information that is valuable for the decision
makers.

23/08/2021 SI-5101 ANALISIS REKAYASA – Ir. Biemo W. Soemardi Ph.D 10

 Human Making Decision

Qualitative analysis
Qualitative analysis uses subjective
▪ GENERALIZABLE judgment based on
▪ OBJECTIVE non-quantifiable
information, such as
▪ NUMBER
management
▪ DEDUCTIVE expertise, human
behavior…., through
inductive approach

23/08/2021 SI-5101 ANALISIS REKAYASA – Ir. Biemo W. Soemardi Ph.D 11

 Steps on QA Result Implementation

Result Analysis

Solution Testing

Solution Development

Data Acquisition

Model Development

FACTS - DATA
Problem Development

23/08/2021 SI-5101 ANALISIS REKAYASA – Ir. Biemo W. Soemardi Ph.D 12

 1. Defining the Problem
• The first (key) step toward finding solution(s).
• Should be clear, concise, and meaningful.
• If it is difficult to quantify, it is necessary to develop specific
measurable objectives.
Defining the problem can be difficult due to:
– conflicting viewpoints
– impact of other parties
– tendency to state problem in terms of solutions
– solution is outdated
23/08/2021 SI-5101 ANALISIS REKAYASA – Ir. Biemo W. Soemardi Ph.D 13
 2. Developing Model
• Model is (mathematical) representation of a (real) situation.
• It helps understanding the problem, situation and condition
associated with the problem.
• Mathematical model is a set of mathematical relationship that
represents the situation in terms of variable (measurable quantity
that may vary or is subject to change) and parameters
(measurable -known- quantity)
• Should be of adequate detail to be solvable and realistic, …
can be understood.
• Quantitative model can be deterministic or stochastic
23/08/2021 SI-5101 ANALISIS REKAYASA – Ir. Biemo W. Soemardi Ph.D 14
 3. Acquiring Input Data
• Data should be in adequate amount and appropriate detail as to
provide meaningful process for the model
• Avoid GIGO
• Not all (quantitative, qualitative) data are already fit with the model
• Validity of data is essential

23/08/2021 SI-5101 ANALISIS REKAYASA – Ir. Biemo W. Soemardi Ph.D 15

 4. Developing Solution(s)
• Solution is developed through the manipulation of the model and its associated
variables and parameters.
• To goal is to find the best (optimum) solution.
• The process can be:
– Straight forward (simple equation)
– Trial and error, by trying various approaches and all possible values (variables)
– Repetition of simple steps – algorithm
• Problems with QA solutions:
– Mathematics model is often hard to understand
– Solution of QA is usually single, while decision makers often opt to have range of
solution
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 5. Testing the Solution(s)
• Checking the model through examination of its logic and
representation of (real) situation.
• The “value” of solution depends on the model and input data.
• Checking (accuracy of) input data, by comparing with those from
other sources.
• Yet, this validation process is not as easy as it said.

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 6. Analyzing the Results
• Analyzing the results start with determining the implication of the
solution.
• The consequences (in various aspects) of actions or changes
suggested by the solution should be determined before any
solution is to be implemented.
• Model is only an approximation of (real) situation; thus sensitivity
analysis or post-optimality analysis can be employed. It
determines how much solution will change in response to changes
in model and/or input data.

23/08/2021 SI-5101 ANALISIS REKAYASA – Ir. Biemo W. Soemardi Ph.D 18

 7. Implementing the Results
• Decision to implement the result based on the understanding of
the consequences reflected in the analysis of results (including
sensitivity analysis).
• This is often driven by subjective judgments and risk behavior of
the decision maker.

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 Assignment – 1
• Form a group of 3-4 students.
• Find a decision-making problem of any kind.
• Make narrative of the problem and show how you would reach
the solution to the problem. Steps 1 through 4
• Present your work … (next meeting 26 August 2021)

23/08/2021 SI-5101 ANALISIS REKAYASA – Ir. Biemo W. Soemardi Ph.D 20