Module 5

MS-Excel:

Cell Referencing:

• Relative Referencing: This is the default reference type in Excel. When a formula is
copied or moved, the cell references within the formula are automatically adjusted. For
example, if the formula =A1 + B1 is copied to cell C2, it will become =A2 + B2. This
is because the relative references A1 and B1 are adjusted by one column each to
become A2 and B2.

• Absolute Referencing: This allows you to fix a cell reference in a formula so that it
remains constant regardless of where the formula is copied or moved. To make a
reference absolute, you add a dollar sign ($) before the row number or column
letter. For example, if the formula =A1 + $B$1 is copied to cell C2, it will become =A2
+ $B$1. The reference to cell B1 remains constant, while the reference to cell A1 is
adjusted to become cell A2.

• Mixed Referencing: This is a combination of relative and absolute referencing. You

can use a dollar sign to fix either the row or column reference while leaving the other
reference relative. For example, the formula =A$1 + B1 will always reference cell
A1, regardless of where it is copied, but the reference to cell B1 will be adjusted to the
corresponding row.

Nested IF() Function:

The IF() function is a powerful tool that allows you to make decisions based on specific
conditions. You can nest IF() functions within each other to create complex decision-making
logic. For example, the formula =IF(A1>10,IF(B1>5,"High", "Medium"),"Low") checks the
values in cells A1 and B1 and returns "High", "Medium", or "Low" based on the following
conditions:

• If the value in cell A1 is greater than 10, then the formula checks the value in cell B1.

• If the value in cell B1 is greater than 5, then the formula returns "High".
 • If the value in cell B1 is not greater than 5, then the formula returns "Medium".

• If the value in cell A1 is not greater than 10, then the formula returns "Low".

Conditional Formatting:

Conditional formatting is a great way to visually highlight important data in your spreadsheet.
You can use conditional formatting to:

• Highlight cells that meet specific criteria, such as values above or below a certain
threshold.

• Apply different formatting styles based on text or formulas.

• Create data bars, color scales, and icon sets to visualize data trends.

Advanced Excel Functions:

• LOOKUP(): This function allows you to find a specific value in a table or array and
return its corresponding value. There are several different types of LOOKUP()
functions, including VLOOKUP(), HLOOKUP(), and MATCH().

• Goal Seek: This tool allows you to find the input value that will produce a desired
output value. This is useful for "what-if" analysis and reverse calculations.

• Scenario Manager: This tool allows you to save and manage different sets of input
values for a spreadsheet. You can then switch between scenarios to see how changes in
the input values affect the outcome.

• Data Tables: This tool allows you to create a table that shows how changing one or
two input values affects the output of a formula. This is useful for sensitivity analysis
and understanding the relationship between variables.

SPSS:

SPSS is a powerful statistical software program that is widely used in research and analysis. It
offers a wide range of tools and features for:

• Data Management: Importing, cleaning, and organizing data from various sources.
• Descriptive Statistics: Calculating measures of central tendency
(mean, median, mode) and variability (standard deviation, variance).

• Statistical Tests: Performing tests of hypotheses, such as t-tests, ANOVA, and

regressions.

• Data Visualization: Creating charts and graphs to visualize data trends and
relationships.

• Advanced Analysis: Conducting factor analysis, structural equation modeling, and

other complex statistical techniques.