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SOLUTIONS MANUAL
Engineering Materials I
An Introduction to Properties, Applications and Design, Fourth Edition
Solutions to Examples
rA
2. 1. (a) For commodity A P (t ) = CA exp t,
100
rB
and for commodity B Q(t ) = CB exp t,
100
where CA and CB are the current rates of consumption (t = t0) and P(t) and Q(t) are the
values at t = t. Equating and solving for t gives
100 C
t= ln A .
rB − rA CB
(b) The doubling time, tD, is calculated by setting C(t = t) = 2C0, giving
100 70
tD = ln 2 ≈ .
r r
Substitution of the values given for r in the table into this equation gives the doubling
times as 35, 23 and 18 years respectively.
(c) Using the equation of Answer (a) we find that aluminium overtakes steel in 201
years; polymers overtake steel in 55 years.
Substitution
Examples: aluminium for copper as a conductor; reinforced concrete for wood, stone
or cast-iron in construction; plastics for glass or metals as containers. For many
applications, substitutes are easily found at small penalty of cost. But in certain
specific uses, most elements are not easily replaced. Examples: tungsten in cutting
tools and lighting (a fluorescent tube contains more tungsten, as a starter filament,
than an incandescent bulb!); lead in lead-acid batteries; platinum as a catalyst in
chemical processing; etc. A long development time (up to 25 years) may be needed to
find a replacement.
Recycling
Copyright ©2012, Michael F. Ashby and David R.H. Jones. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
2.3. (a) If the current rate of consumption in tonnes per year is C then exponential
growth means that
dC r
= C,
dt 100
r (t − t0 )
C = C0 exp ,
100
2 0
where
rt
C = C0 exp .
100
Then
t1/2
Q 100 rt
= C0 exp ,
2 r 100 0
3.1. Refer to the results at the end of Chapter 3 for the elastic buckling of struts (pp 52 and
53), and second moments of area (pp 49 and 50). Appropriate situation is probably
Case 2 (left hand side drawing).
EI πr 4
Fcr = 9.87 2 , I = ,
l 4
9.87πE r 2 9.87π × 2 × 10 4 N mm–2 8.5 mm
2 2
3.2. Refer to the results at the end of Chapter 3 for the mode 1 natural vibration
frequencies of beams (pp 50 and 51), and second moments of area (pp 49 and 50).
Copyright ©2012, Michael F. Ashby and David R.H. Jones. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
The appropriate situation is Case 2.
EI bd 3
f = 0.560 ,I= , M = ρlbd .
Ml 3 12
Ed 2 1/ 2 d E 1/ 2
f = 0.560 4 = 0.1617 2 ,
12 ρl l ρ
f 2 l 2
2
E = ρ.
0.1617 d
Because the frequency of natural vibration involves a force acting on a mass to give it
an acceleration, it is crucial when real numbers are put into the governing equation
that the basic SI units are used as follows
440 2 0.085 2
2
3.4. Principal planes have no components of shear stress acting on them. Principal
directions are normal to principal planes. Principal stresses are normal stresses acting
on principal planes. The shear stress components all vanish.
σ 1 0 0 σ1 0 0 –p 0 0 σ1 0 0
3.5. (a) 0 0 0 , (b) 0 σ 0 , (c) 0 –p 0 , (d) 0 σ 0.
2
2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 – p 0 0 σ3
0 τ 0
3.6. τ 0 0 . No.
0 0 0
σ1 0 0
3.7. 0 0.5σ 0 . There are no shear stress components normal to these axes.
1
0 0 0
3.8. Because the two shear strain terms on any given axis plane are defined so there is no
rotation.
3.9. Principal strains are axial strains. The shear strain components all vanish.
ε1 0 0 ε 0 0
3.10. (a) 0 –υε1 0 . (b) 0 ε 0 .
0 0 –υε1 0 0 ε
Copyright ©2012, Michael F. Ashby and David R.H. Jones. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
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