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Islamabad Campus
Synopsis For the degree of M.S/M.Phil. Ph.D.
PART-1
Smart grid (SG) is referred to as next generation power grid which is envisaged to be at a large
scale: distributed systems composed of renewable energy resources (RESs), storage units, elec-
tric vehicles and bidirectional communication infrastructure [1]. SG becomes more consumer-
oriented by considering demand response (DR) mechanisms [2]. Some examples of DR pro-
grams are described: firstly, it considers consumers’ behaviors when they sign up for some
demand side management (DSM) pricing schemes, which permit the utility company to manage
the electricity use in order to reduce peak hour (PH) grid load. Whereas, second example con-
siders the energy trading with the utility by using electric vehicles or battery storage devices.
Here, energy market enable consumers to sell electricity which they own in storage units and it
helps in economic and technical aspects of utility company. A power grid can be generally cate-
gorized into two major components: electric power transmission and electric power distribution
[3]. Electric power transmission component supplies the amount of generated power at power
plants through transmission lines to other stations while electric power distribution component
is used for delivering energy to the consumers’ premises. Storage units can be battery banks,
electric vehicles or other storage devices for energy trading among grid stations. Centralized ob-
jective function is used to solve the system level optimization problem in classical power grid.
Whereas, in SG, each device can be tackled with separate objective function.
According to the natural resources and Canada’s office of energy efficiency, Canadians have
spent $152 billion for energy in 2012 [4]. They have used this amount for different divisions,
such as heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system for residential, industrial and
institutional buildings along with the common operating appliances and other industrial pur-
poses. Figure 1 presents the distribution of power usage by five sectors of economy: residential,
commercial (institutional), industrial, transportation and agriculture. The focus of this research
is on the residential sector. Here, residential sector is the third sector which consumes most of
the energy to the total energy used in Canada. It is also worth mentioned that 21% of the total
energy consumption is utilized in residential buildings in US. In addition, the amount of energy
used in homes is dependent on various aspects which can be inhabitants’ habits, needs and pref-
erences. They can be also varied over different areas of a city, for instance, climate differences
and sizes of houses effect the aggregated energy required for heating and cooling in residential
area. Figure 2 shows the distribution of power used by end-users’ devices in 2012 and it depicts
that 64% of the residential energy is consumed in HVAC system.
In order to make a robust and more reliable power grid, peak demand is taken into account
rather than the average demand. As a consequence, natural resources are wasted, and the gen-
eration and distribution systems are under-utilized. Fast responding generators (e.g., coal and
gas units) are used to meet the peak demand, however, they are expensive and also have a high
carbon emission rate. As a solution, different programs have been presented to shape the energy
consumption profiles of users. Such programs aim to efficiently utilize the available generation
so that new transmission and new generation infrastructures are minimally installed. These pro-
grams are known as DSM programs which aim either at scheduling consumption or reducing
consumption [5].
A DSM program provides support towards power grid functionalities in various areas, such
as electricity market control and management of decentralized energy resources [6]. In elec-
tricity markets, it informs the load controller about the latest load schedule and possible load
reduction capabilities for each time interval of the next day. Using this procedure, it schedules
the load according to the objectives of interest associated with the power distribution systems
[7] and [8]. The load shapes indicate the daily or seasonal electricity demands of industrial or
residential consumers between PHs and off-peak hours (OPHs). These shapes can be modified
by six techniques [9] and [10]: peak clipping, valley filling, load shifting, strategic conservation,
strategic load growth and flexible load shape.
Peak clipping and valley filling are direct load control techniques. Peak clipping deals with
the reduction of the peak loads, whereas, valley filling considers the construction of loads for
the off peak demands. Load shifting is the most effective and widely-used technique for load
management in current power supply networks. It is concerned with shifting of the load from
PHs to OPHs. Strategic conservation [9] applies demand reduction methods at the customer side
for achieving optimized load shapes. If there is a larger load demand, then the daily responses
are optimized by load growth techniques (distributed energy resources) [9]-[11].
The working of a generic DSM controller is shown in Figure 3. This figure shows that DSM
controller aims for: (i) electricity cost minimization, (ii) energy consumption minimization, (iii)
peak to average ratio (PAR) minimization and (iv) user comfort (UC) maximization. In the liter-
ature, many DSM techniques are proposed [12]-[14] to achieve the aforementioned objectives.
However, UC is not considered in most of these techniques, like [13], [15]-[20]. Authors aim to
reduce the electricity cost in [14], [21], [22], whereas, some techniques focus on minimizing the
aggregated power consumption using integer linear programming and mixed integer linear pro-
gramming in [23] and [24]. Similarly, electricity bills and aggregated power consumption are
reduced in [25] using mixed integer non-linear programming. However, these techniques do not
take into account the large number of different household appliances. Moreover, randomness in
users’ load profiles makes the scheduling task more challenging.
1.1 Objectives
In order to overcome the aforementioned challenges, there are following objectives of this re-
search work for home energy management (HEM) and building energy management (BEM) in
residential sector:
• HEM controller is required to effectively manage the electricity schedules during peak
demand hours in order to optimize the electricity bills, energy consumption and PAR
along with the UC.
• Similarly, a BEM controller is also required for scheduling loads in residential buildings
for achieving all the aforementioned challenges.
• Appliances are operated in efficient fashion regarding energy consumption (i.e., HVAC
systems) using DSM techniques (i.e., load shifting and load curtailment).
Estimation
Common I/F
(Supply side)
Equipment EV integrated
management system mangement
Equipment configuration Event/State management
information
Information/ Control Shared foundation part
2 Related work
In this section, we describe the relevant literature of the SG’s demand side management (DSM)
strategies for effective load management based on the load shifting and curtailment strategies.
Nomenclature
t Time interval T Total time (24 hours)
ECi,t Units of energy consumed by hrs hours
an appliance
PRi,t Electricity price at time t Ai Set of appliances
P Population N Total number of appliances
Sch_Cost Cost obtaining after scheduling Xi,t Appliance ON and OFF Status
Max_Gen Maximum generation mt_rate Mutation rate (0.1)
p_size Population size cr_rate Crossover rate (0.9)
Initial_Sol Initial best solution w Weight of particles
EcostSavings Electricity cost savings α Cost function variable
β Delay variable delay Delay specified for appliances
EappUtil Appliance utility RT RT coefficient
g Gravitational constant c Coriolis force constant
Max_Vel Maximum velocity H Total homes
h Home counter Ned Number of elimination-dispersal opera-
tions
Max_Cost Maximum cost Nre Number of reproduction operations
Nsb Number of chemotactic opera- new_Pop New population
tions
best_Sol Final best solution rand_Pos Random position of particles
rand_vel Random velocity of particles App_PB Appliances’ priority bits
Press_par Pressure of particles θp Position of bacterias
pos_par Global best position of particles pos_vel Global best velocities of particles
cr_op Crossover operation mt_op Mutation operation
s Seconds
List of abbreviations
ANOVA Analysis of variation AC Air conditioner
ACO Ant colony optimization ADA Activity-dependent appliances
AMI Advanced metering infrastruc- ANN Artificial neural network
ture
BPSO Binary PSO BFOA Bacterial foraging optimization
algorithm
CAC Central AC CPP Critical peak pricing
CN Control node CW Clothes washer
DSM Demand side management DR Demand response
DW Dish washer EMC Energy management controller
HVAC Heating, ventilation and air- F Fan
conditioning
FCFS First come first serve FF Furnace fan
GA Genetic algorithm HG Home gateway
HP Heat pump IHD In-home display
IBR Inclined block rate LOT Length of operation time
MC Master controller ODA Occupancy-dependent appli-
ances
OIA Occupancy independent appli- OPH Off peak hour
ances
PSO Particle swarm optimization PAR Peak to average ratio
PH Peak hour PB Priority bit
RAC Room AC RF Refrigerator
RTP Real-time pricing RES Renewable energy resources
SG Smart grid SM Smart meter
SH Space heater TOU Time of use
UC User comfort WDO Wind-driven optimization
WH Water heater WSN Wireless sensor network
HEM Home energy management
Load shifting strategies are “those which involve shifting loads to off peak periods using energy
storage or smart controls”, whereas, load curtailment strategies are “those which reduce service
demands without affecting the economic benefit derived from the energy use.”
their platforms and fuzzy logic for saving energy and cost upto 40%. However, this approach
has several limitations: first is that they have used the fuzzy logic configuration based on their
experience, second is that they do not use the indoor historical temperatures which can help
in improving energy savings, etc.. Furthermore, authors in [50] describe that power systems’
resilience can be improved during critical situations using micro-grids and the critical state of
the system is predicted by the fuzzy logic battery storage controller using its subservient and re-
silient operation modes. This scheme reduces the load curtailment upto 92%, however, it suffers
from the higher operational cost.
In short, the existing optimization techniques in [13], [15]-[17] are not sufficient to han-
dle the complexity of cost minimization and UC maximization problems. Therefore, we use
meta-heuristic algorithms (GA, BPSO, WDO and BFOA) to solve these two problems. These
algorithms support the multi-objective optimization problems and have flexible constraints and
parameters, which are easy to handle. These algorithms are similar to population-based search
methods [51], which move from one population to another population in a number of iterations
with improvement using a combination of probabilistic rules. The comparison of some afore-
mentioned techniques along with their achievements and drawbacks is listed in detail in Table
1.
2.3 Analysis
In smart grid, effective management of the power during both the PHs and OPHs is very complex
and challenging issue. Major challenges of the energy management are: 1) cost minimization, 2)
energy consumption maximization, 3) PAR minimization and 4) UC maximization. For effec-
tively tackling with these challenges; a DSM controller is required to be designed. Load shapes
can be modified by six DSM strategies: peak clipping, valley filling, load shifting, strategic
conservation, strategic load growth and flexible load shape.
Many DSM techniques are proposed in the literature as [14] to tackle the aforestated chal-
lenges which occurred due to improper energy management. However,
• Many DSM techniques are proposed in the literature as [14] to tackle the existing chal-
lenges which occurred due to improper energy management. However, UC (in terms of
appliance delay) is not considered in most of these techniques, like [13], [14] and [15].
• The studies in [14], [15], [24] aim to reduce the electricity cost by minimizing the ag-
gregated power consumption using integer linear and mixed integer linear programming,
however, they did not consider the PAR minimization and carbon emission reduction ra-
tio.
• Moreover, increase in energy prices and transition from flat-rate to dynamic pricing such
as TOU rates will impact the households’ energy bills, which are significantly relevant
to HVAC system [47] and [48]. The energy consumed by the HVAC system increase the
electricity bill if it is not properly controlled during the PHs.
• Techniques considered in [47] and [48], are used for load curtailment, however, UC is
compromised in them during the PHs. These techniques do not take into account the
large number of multiple households’ appliances or buildings’ load along with the users’
thermal and visual comfort. These techniques are also not sufficient to address the chal-
lenges of making the appliances smart in both the homes and buildings. There is a need to
integrate RES with these techniques in order to make the electric appliances more smarter
than earlier.
• Furthermore, randomness in users’ load profiles makes the scheduling task more chal-
lenging. Meta-heuristic algorithms are used for tackling the issues like, randomness in
user’s load profile and different users’ preferences level. Following algorithms are used
for this purpose: GA, BPSO, BFAO and WDO, which provide the optimal solution be-
cause these are designed to handle stochastic nature of problems. They efficiently guide
the search space and find the optimal solution (efficiently find the optimal slot for the
appliance scheduling). In addition, all of these algorithms use suitable exploration rates
to find the effective scheduling patterns. Furthermore, they are also used to solve the
multi-objective optimization problem with the conflicting objectives.
3 Problem statement
In literature [13]-[15], [24], [47], [48], author have discussed load shifting [13]-[15], [24], and
load curtailment [47], [48], strategies. Now we have presented the problem statement in detailed
form by giving the alternative solutions for overcoming these problems.
“In order to make DSM controllers intelligent in residential sector (i.e., scheduling appli-
ances in homes and buildings), the prioritized load shifting and load curtailment need to be
handled efficiently. In the existing literature [13]-[15], [24], [47], [48], to shift appliances at an
optimal operational time slot, static priorities are assigned because of which the dynamic adjust-
ment of appliances with respect to change in electricity prices from the utility and increase load
is difficult. Moreover, the load varies from situation to situation and consumer to consumer,
thus, when fixed parameters are used for load curtailment then it is very hard to cope with sud-
den changes in the load resulting in high user discomfort and more electricity bills. Thus, more
load creates peaks because of which consumer is unable to operate appliances at desired time
slot leading to high user discomfort [13]-[15], [24].
Similarly, load curtailment [47] and [48] is not handled efficiently due to which it disturbs
the user thermal comfort. Further, during peak hours, the setpoints of the heating, ventilation
and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems consume high power and utility becomes over-burdened
without load curtailment. Thus, utility suffers from the energy scarcity problem and consumers
have to pay high electricity bills during the peak demand period of the HVAC systems. For
instance, HVAC systems consume 64% of the total electricity in Canada [4] as shown in Figure
2. So, it needs efficient mechanisms to operate these devices.
The intelligent energy management controllers for the residential (homes and buildings)
consumers are required to be designed so that appliances can work efficiently. RESs are required
to be integrated for the consumers in order to define prioritized schedules of the appliances along
with the prevention of the load curtailment which minimize the energy scarcity problem, reduce
electricity bills, and enhance UC.”
4 Problem formulation
In this research, the major objectives are: (i) to reduce consumers’ electricity cost by optimizing
the energy consumption of end users, (ii) to maximize the UC of consumers. Here, the problem
is formulated as an optimization problem in consideration of fixed, shiftable and elastic loads.
N T
Minimize ∑ ∑ (Xi,t × PRi,t × ECi,t ) (1)
i=1 t=1
such that:
0, i f t ∈ H1
Xi,t = (1a)
1, i f t ∈ H2
1≤t ≤T (1b)
1≤i≤N (1c)
Where, Xi,t represents the states of the appliances as ON or OFF (1 = ON and 0 = OFF) and
PRi,t shows the price of the electricity consumed during any time interval t, which is the index
for time upper bounded by T = 24 hours in a day. H = {1, 2, ..., T }, where H shows the time
for the 24 h of a day, including PHs and OPHs. Here, H1 = {7, 8, 9, 10} indicates the PHs and
H2 = {H/H1 } describes the OPHs. i denotes the appliances’ index number, which is taken as N
= 12.
α and β are the delay variables. Moreover, delay is the maximum allowed appliances’ delay
during the day, and it is restricted to four hrs in our scenario. It is worth mentioning that these
4 hrs are chosen from PHs for elucidating the maximum delay of the appliances. If the delay is
greater than 4 hrs then the utility pays a penalty by either paying back to customers or providing
them with reductions in the electricity bills. According to constraint 2b.2, the sum of α and β
is equal to one because UC ranges between zero and one. Cost is the variable and its values are
taken from 20% and 70%. Below 20%, its values are assumed to be negligible and above 70%
cost values are used for the micro-grids. Sch_cost is the cost of the non-deferrable appliances
during the full day and Max.cost is the cost of PHs of the day; Sch_cost is obtained from the
status bits of the appliance x power rating x price rate at any interval of the day. The values of
α, β and cost are taken from [41].
Where, c1 = c2 = 0.5 and it is also worth mentioned that the combined objective function in
Equation (3) is subject to the respective constraints of objective functions described in Equations
(1) and (2).
UC
HG SM AMI SM HG
FF, FF,
F, SH, CW, SM F, SH, CW,
CAC HP, DW, CAC HP, DW,
, PH, CD, , PH, CD,
RAC WH RF
HG
... RAC WH RF
Class A Class B
Home 2
At this stage; we are considering the single and multiple homes without integrating the RESs.
We will consider the residential buildings and RESs in our subsequent contributions.
The proposed DSM techniques deal with the load management in a residential area for
single and multiple homes. It’s architecture consists of the number of homes, SMs, AMI and
the utility companies. Let multiple homes be connected with a utility and SMs be installed
in all of the homes as shown in Figure 4. The AMI is used for bidirectional communication
between SM and the utility. All homes have three types of appliances: (i) fixed, (ii) elastic,
and (iii) shiftable. These appliances are also categorized into Class A and Class B based on
their fixed or interruptible load profiles. Fixed load appliances are included in Class A, whereas
elastic and shiftable are included in Class B. In other words, Class B contains interruptible
appliances, which take part in the scheduling process. In this work, the following terms are used
interchangeably: interruptible, shiftable and deferrable.
The RTP tariff model is used for tracking the pattern of the total hourly costs of the con-
sumed energy. Figure 5 shows that the appliances are scheduled by the appliances’ handler
(EMC) during the specified time intervals using the given frame format. EMC schedules and
checks appliances’ PB using the frame format. Each frame format consists of an eight-bit pat-
tern, such that each appliance uses a specified bit pattern relating to its class ID, appliance ID,
scheduling bit, interruptible or non-interruptible bit and priority bit (PB). Based on the oper-
ational status of an appliance, system’s hourly cost schedule is tracked. In each class, every
attribute uses a single bit, except class ID and appliance schedule, which use three and two-bit
patterns respectively. This scenario is specific to these sets of the appliances using the given
frame format for the initial evaluation of the proposed system; however, it can be further ex-
tended to a larger set of appliances, and frame length can also be extended accordingly. Peak
formation is considered in worst case scenarios in the literature. However, we have prevented
the peak formation during the PHs using the load shifting and load curtailment strategies. The
Appliance Appliance Interruptible
Class ID Priority bit
ID schedule or not
Number of bits assigned 2 1 3 1 1
for each attribute
Bit pattern Class A 00 0 000, …, 111 1 0
App1 Appliances’
handler
1 1 (EMC)
1 000 1 0
FCS frame
HG
Schedules
FCS frame
App Schedular
1 1 111 1 0 1 Schedules
target of the energy management system is to utilize the energy in an efficient way and maintain
the appliances’ schedules as per user demands. Only base load appliances cannot be scheduled;
for example: air conditioner, microwave oven, lights, irons, etc. However, there is no such sce-
nario described in the literature where appliances cannot be scheduled. Evolutionary algorithms
are efficient in terms of computational complexity, however, at the cost of reduced accuracy. We
prefer frame tracking over other evolutionary algorithms because it provides simple and efficient
procedure in terms of relative accuracy and relative computational complexity. In the following
subsections, the algorithms of GA, BPSO, WDO, BFOA and our proposed GWD algorithm are
discussed in detail.
5.1 Genetic algorithm, binary particle swarm optimization algorithm, wind driven
optimization algorithm and bacterial foraging optimization algorithm
In this section, we have modified the existing versions of GA, WDO, BPSO and BFOA to opti-
mally schedule shiftable appliances. Firstly, the load is shifted during the OPHs for electricity
cost minimization. In order to reduce peaks during the OPHs, each appliance is assigned a spe-
cific PB. If an appliance is demanded to run in any requested time slot, its PB = 1; otherwise,
its PB = 0. This status bit information is communicated via an RTP frame format. The authors
in [16] have proposed a GA-based home energy management controller for a single home in a
residential area using RTP tariffs.
In this manuscript, a modified GA (an improved form of [16]) is presented, which is shown
in Algorithm 1. Objective functions (refer to Equations (1)–(3)) and their constraints are used
by all of the selected optimization algorithms to find feasible solutions. GA creates a random
population initially, which consists of a number of chromosomes represented by binary strings as
the ON/OFF status of each appliance. Each time objective function is evaluated using Equations
(1)–(3) using RTP pricing scheme.
In [18], another energy management model is presented in which BPSO is used to meet the
DSM challenges. The goal of this study is to minimize the electricity cost for residential area by
scheduling shiftable loads. The authors use the TOU pricing model to calculate electricity bills
of customers by investigating DR; however, they have ignored UC. Furthermore, in our proposed
work, the objective function is formulated for cost minimization and UC maximization. BPSO
is used to solve the designed optimization problem. Thus, this proposed work gives a more
significant solution for electricity bill minimization, PAR minimization and UC maximization.
All steps of the proposed work are shown in Algorithm 2. Compared to [18], BPSO is modified
according to the consumers’ requirements. Each particle in the generation is represented by a
binary string denoted as states of an appliance which is applicable for single and multiple homes
in residential areas.
A WDO-based scheduling technique is presented in [10] for comfort maximization of resi-
dential users. By considering appliance classes; user preferences and weather status, they model
the UC and electricity cost. The WDO algorithm is used for minimizing electricity cost and
maximizing UC. This work also analyses peak cost reduction in electricity bills by consider-
ing the TOU tariff. In this proposed work, household appliances are categorized on the basis
of length of operation time (LOT) and appliance power consumption. In order to make the
scheduling process more efficient, delay and PB criteria (which are not considered in [13]) are
incorporated here for reducing electricity bills. In this study, WDO is enhanced in which LOT
and the energy consumption of each appliance are calculated by evaluating the objective func-
tion (refer to Equations (1)–(3)) using constraints. All steps of the implemented WDO algorithm
are shown in Algorithm 3.
In [20], the authors propose a BFOA technique for grid resource scheduling. This tech-
nique is based on the hyper-heuristic resource scheduling algorithm, which has been designed
to effectively schedule jobs on available resources in a grid environment. The authors evaluate
the performance of the proposed BFOA algorithm by comparing it with the existing heuristic
scheduling algorithms (GA and simulated annealing) using the makespan and cost performance
metrics. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the existing algo-
rithms in terms of cost minimization. In comparison to [20], the proposed work introduces a
new methodology of appliance scheduling for minimizing electricity cost, energy consumption
and PAR, which benefits both customers and the utility. In this study, objective functions (refer
to Equations (1)–(3)) and their constraints are modified according to the designed scenario.
Algorithm 1: Genetic algorithm.
Input: set of appliances Ai ;
Initialization: p_size; Max_gen; t; PHs; OPHs, mt_rate, cr_rate; PB;
Generate Population Randomly;
for t = 1 to T do
for h = 1 to H do
for For p=1 to p_size do
Evaluate fitness function using (3);
Initial_Sol=best_ f itness(value);
while Max_gen do
if t == PHs then
swap(PHs_load, OPHs_load);
end
if t==OPHs && EC==high then
check App_PB;
end
perform cr_op;
perform mt_op;
end
Generate new_Pop;
identify best_Sol;
end
end
end
In order to evaluate the proposed work, simulations are conducted in MATLAB using the RTP
scheme. MATLAB is trusted by the millions of the engineers and scientists. It combines a desk-
top environment tuned for iterative analysis and design processes with a programming language
that expresses matrix and array mathematics directly. Its toolboxes are professionally developed,
rigorously tested, and fully documented. With interactive application facility; its applications
allow to see how different algorithms work with the data and iterate until users’ got the results
according to the claims. Its applications automatically generate a MATLAB program to repro-
duce or automate users’ work. MATLAB also has the ability to scale the required analyses to run
on clusters and clouds with only minor code changes. There is no need to rewrite code or learn
big data programming and out-of-memory techniques. In our case, MATLAB provides good
toolboxes and features for designing HEM and buildings’ energy management simulators, i.e.,
Table 2 Appliances used in simulations.
simulink, fuzzy logic, and neuro-fuzzy toolboxes. The 24-hrs time period is divided into PHs
and OPHs for tracking the real-time behavior of the system. Four hours are taken as PHs (from
7 a.m.–10 a.m.), such that the PHs vary from season to season [52]. From December–February,
PHs are 5 p.m.–9 p.m.; from March–May, PHs are 6 p.m.–10 p.m.; from June–August, PHs
are 7 a.m.–10 a.m.; and from September-November, these vary accordingly. Four hours are
used in this case (from 7 a.m.–10 a.m.) of one season, and the remaining all are included in
OPHs. There are two simulation scenarios that are discussed here: (i) single home and (ii) fifty
homes. For validating the preliminary results, we are considering 12 appliances for each home
and appliances are categorized into two classes: (i) Class A with fixed load appliances and (ii)
Class B with shiftable and elastic load appliances, as shown in Table 2. In the subsequent work,
simulation results will be tested on larger dataset. Figure 4 shows the RTP rates during each
hour of the full day. The parameters of GA, BPSO, WDO, BFAO and GWD are given in Tables
3–7, respectively. To evaluate the performance of these algorithms, the following performance
metrics are used.
• Cost: Amount of electricity bills for the total number of units consumed per unit time in
cents.
• Energy Consumption: It is calculated as the total energy utilized per unit time in kilowatts
per hour.
• PAR: It is defined as the total peak load divided by average load during the whole day.
Parameter Value
Parameter Value
Population Size 200
Selection Tournament
Selection
Elite Count 2
Crossover 0.9
Mutation 0.1
Stopping Criteria Max. Genera-
tion
Max. Generation 1000
Parameter Value
Swarm Size 20
Max. Velocity 4 ms
Min. Velocity 4 ms
Local Pull 2N
Global Pull 2N
Initial Momentum 1.0 Ns
Weight
Final Momentum 0.4 Ns
Weight
Stopping Criteria Max. iteration
Max. Iteration 600
Parameter Value
Swarm Size 10
Max. V 4 m/s
RT-Coefficient 3
g 0.2
c 0.4
Dimensions [−1, +1]
Stopping Criteria Max. Iteration
Max. Iterations 500
Parameter Value
Population Size 10
Maximum Number 30
of Steps
Number of Chemo- 5
tactic Steps
Number of Elimi- 5
nation Steps
Number of Repro- 25
duction Steps
Probability 0.5
Step Size 0.1
Stopping Criteria Max. Genera-
tions
Max. Generations 100
Table 7 Genetic wind driven parameters and values.
Parameter Value
Particle Size 20
Number of Itera- 500
tions
Max. V 0.4
Dimensions [−1, +1]
RT-Coefficient 3.0
g 0.2
c 0.4
α 0.4
Crossover Rate 0.9
Mutation Rate 0.1
The maximum amount of the electricity bill in the unscheduled case is 318.88 cents, as
shown in Figure 7. It is reduced to 78 cents in the case of GA, while it is reduced from 318
cents to 245 cents in WDO and up to 75 cents in GWD. The electricity cost in GA, WDO and
GWD is 60%, 62% and 30%, respectively. During PHs, sufficient electricity cost reduction is
achieved for all designed algorithms (GA, WDO and GWD). GWD performs better than the
other algorithms in terms of the electricity cost reduction due to the amalgamation of crossover
and mutation. The WDO’s cost is high due to its high pressure values. The PAR performance
of all algorithms (GA, WDO and GWD) is shown in Figure 8. This figure shows that PAR
is significantly reduced in hybrid GWD as compared to the GA, WDO and unscheduled case.
Results prove that our proposed algorithm effectively tackles the peak reduction problem. The
PAR graph for GA, WDO and hybrid GWD displays that the power consumption of appliances
is optimally distributed without creating peaks during the OPHs and PHs of the day. The PAR
in GA, WDO and GWD is reduced upto 60%, 75% and 40%. WDO has higher PAR than GA
because it has higher pressure values of the particles, and GA is more effective in PAR reduc-
tion due to its ability to generate new populations of more feasible solutions using crossover and
mutation. From these results, it is shown that the hybrid GWD approach outperforms all other
schemes because it uses the best features of both. Peak formation is a major limitation in the
traditional electric power system because it causes consumers to pay high electricity bills, and
the utility also suffers from high demand which leads to blackouts or load shedding. The per-
formance of these algorithms in this scenario is improved due to load shifting using appliances’
PBs which causes utilities to fulfill the demands of consumers and gives customers a chance to
reduce their electricity bills. In our proposed hybrid scheme, we have achieved the desired UC
as shown in Figure 9. It shows that UC is significantly reduced for GWD, GA and WDO as
compared to the unscheduled case. By applying priority scheduling on the objective functions
(refer to Equations (1)(3)), this work enhanced the performance in terms of UC. UC of the un-
scheduled case is better while in schedule WDO, GA and GWD, it is 60%. The maximum delay
considered here is 4 hrs; otherwise, the utility has to pay a penalty for the users. There is trade-
off between UC and cost in this scenario because we have adopted multi-objective optimization
(weighted-sum method). However, the performance of this work is much better by considering
the priority bits and minimum delay during scheduling. All above simulations are performed
for a single home; however, for testing the effects of the proposed scheme in multiple homes,
multiple homes are considered in the next section. All of the modified algorithms (GA, BPSO,
WDO and BFOA) are tested for 50 homes to investigate them in terms of energy consumption
minimization and electricity cost reduction. As these algorithms are designed to satisfy the con-
straints of the objective function in 24 hrs, so that residential users get facilitated by reducing
their electricity bills.
18
Unscheduled Load
WDO Scheduled Load
16 GA Scheduled Load
GWD Scheduled Load
14
Energy Consumption (kWh)
12
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time (hours)
250
Cost (cents)
200
150
100
50
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time (hours)
appliances are scheduled to low price rate hours. If the consumed energy in OPHs is high
(creating peaks), then appliances are scheduled according to their PBs for reducing load and
avoiding peak formation even during the low pricing rate hours. PAR in WDO, BPSO and
BFOA is better than GA because GA is tested for a large set of populations, whereas, all of the
others are tested for a small population size, as shown in Figure 18. UC achieved by GA and
BFAO is significantly greater than BPSO, WDO and the unscheduled case as shown in Figure
19. The UC achieved in GA is nearly 0.9; BPSO is 0.5; WDO is 0.55; BFAO is 0.85; and it is
90%, 50%, 50% and 85%. Because during scheduling, all high power utilization appliances are
shifted to OPHs, which facilitates the customers to pay less on the bill, so UC is maximized in
BFOA and GA as compared to WDO and BPSO, which are the desired results obtained by the
designed objective functions, and it is also beneficial for both customers and utilities.
14
12
10
8
PAR
0
Un Scheduled WDO Scheduled GA Scheduled GWD Scheduled
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
UC
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Unscheduled WDO Scheduled GA Scheduled GWD Scheduled
14
Energy Consumption (kWh)
12
10
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
Number of Homes
18
BPSO Scheduled Load
Unscheduled Load
16
14
Energy Consumption (kWh)
12
10
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
Number of Homes
14
Energy Consumption (kWh)
12
10
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
Number of Homes
18
Unscheduled Load
BFOA Scheduled Load
16
14
Energy Consumption (kWh)
12
10
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
Number of Homes
250
200
Cost (cents)
150
100
50
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
Number of Homes
350
Unscheduled Cost
BPSO Scheduled Cost
300
250
200
Cost (cents)
150
100
50
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
Number of Homes
250
Cost (cents)
200
150
100
50
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
Number of Homes
350
Unscheduled Cost
BFOA Scheduled Cost
300
250
200
Cost (cents)
150
100
50
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
Number of Homes
25
20
PAR
15
10
0
Unscheduled BPSO Scheduled GA BFOA Scheduled WDO Scheduled
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
UC
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Unscheduled BPSO Scheduled GA BFOA Scheduled WDO Scheduled
90
80
70
Execution Time (sec)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
WDO GA BPSO BFOA GWD
Optimization Algorithms
Figure 20. Execution time of GA, BPSO, WDO, BFOA and GWD.
6.4 Statistical validation of genetic wind driven and counter part algorithms using
analysis of variation
In order to prove the meta-heuristic algorithms’ stochastic nature, we have done the statistical
analysis for checking their correctness and efficiency. Two algorithms are taken for comparison
with our proposed algorithm in terms of the variance. The ANOVA is based on three assump-
tions [53]: (i) all samples of the populations are normally distributed; (ii) all samples of the
populations have equal variance; and (iii) all observations are mutually independent. In the ta-
ble below, the analysis is described in detail for each sample population generated by the each
individual algorithms. Where, df denotes the degrees of freedom; MS indicates the mean square
test; and F depicts the F test (i.e., dividing the sum of squares and MS); and these are calculated
using the equations from [53]. We have done the ANOVA of three algorithms including our
Table 8 Trade-offs in proposed algorithms.
Table 9 ANOVA results for the proposed algorithm with the existing algorithm.
proposed algorithm. In this way, we have finally estimated that our proposed algorithm varies
from them by a significant rate as shown in Table 9.
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The list of the currently addressed research tasks and some proposed future tasks along with
their objectives and expected outcomes are listed below for the full PhD tenure.
Research Tasks
Number of Modules Proposed Tasks Objectives Expected Outcomes
Module 1 Home Energy Management Controller for Effective Appliances’ Cost Minimization and User Comfort
daily used Appliances Scheduling (in terms of minimum appliances’ de-
lay, thermal comfort and visual comfort)
Analysis
Module 2 Residential Buildings’ Energy Manage- Effective Energy Manage- Cost Minimization and User Comfort
ment Controller for Seasonally used Ap- ment (in terms of minimum appliances’ de-
pliances lay, thermal comfort and visual comfort)
Analysis
Module 3 Integration of Renewable Energy Sources Energy Preservation and Pre- Cost Minimization and User Comfort
in Module 1 and Module 2 vention of Load Curtailment (in terms of minimum appliances’ de-
lay, thermal comfort and visual comfort)
Analysis
Module 4 Residential Buildings’ Energy Manage- Automating Lightening Sys- Cost Minimization and User Comfort
ment Controller for Controlling Lights tem (in terms of minimum appliances’ de-
lay, thermal comfort and visual comfort)
Analysis
Module 5 Comparative Analysis of Thermal Com- Efficient Resource Schedul- Cost Minimization and User Comfort
fort and Visual Comfort using Buildings’ ing (in terms of minimum appliances’ de-
Energy Management Controller lay, thermal comfort and visual comfort)
Analysis
Module 6 and Onwards Comparative Analysis of Fuzzy Logic Energy Conservation and Ef- Cost Minimization and User Comfort
Scheme to the Heuristic Techniques for ficient Resource Scheduling (in terms of minimum appliances’ de-
HEM and BEM lay, thermal comfort and visual comfort)
Analysis
Certified that the synopsis has been seen by members of DAC and considered it suitable
for putting up to BASAR.
Secretary
Departmental Advisory Committee
Name:__________________________________ Signature:_____________________
Date: _________________
Chairman/HoD ____________________________
Signature: _____________________________
Date: _____________________________
PART III
Secretary BASAR
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Signature:_______________________________ Date__________________
Please provide the list of courses studied