Home-Based Energy Management System

A
Thesis Submitted to
Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla
in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
By

Amlan Mishra
(Regd. No.:1802050039)
Santosh Keshari Sahoo
(Regd. No.:1802050051)
Sidharth Sankar Behera
(Regd. No.:1802050063)

Under the guidance of

Dr. Banaja Mohanty

Associate Professor
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
VSSUT, Burla
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
VEER SURENDRA SAI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, BURLA, ODISHA
NOVEMBER, 2021-22

Dept. of Electrical Engineering

VEER SURENDRA SAI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Home Based Energy Management System” submitted
by Amlan Mishra, Santosh Keshari Sahoo and Sidharth Sankar Behera, Registration
number 1802050039, 1802050051 and 1802050063, in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the degree of Bachelor of Technology, during session 2021-22 in the department of
Electrical Engineering of Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, is a bonafide
work carried out by him under my supervision and guidance.

I believe that the thesis fulfils part of the requirements for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Technology. Neither this dissertation nor any part of it has been submitted for any
degree or academic award elsewhere.

Dr. Papia Ray Dr. Banaja Mohanty

Associate Professor Associate Professor
Head of Department Supervisor
Department of Electrical Engg. Department of Electrical Engg.
VSSUT, Burla, Odisha. VSSUT, Burla, Odisha.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my deepest gratitude to my project guide Dr. Banaja Mohanty whose
encouragement, guidance and support from the initial to the final level enabled me to develop
an understanding of the subject.
Besides, I would like to thank to Dr. Papia Ray, Head of the Electrical Engineering
Department, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, for providing his invaluable
advice and for providing me with an environment to complete my project successfully.
I am deeply indebted to all faculty members of Electrical Engineering Department, Veer
Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, for their help in making the project a successful
one.
Finally, I take this opportunity to extend my deep appreciation to my family and friends,
for all that they meant to me during the crucial times of the completion of my project.

Amlan Mishra
(Regd. No.:1802050039)
Santosh Keshari Sahoo
(Regd. No.:1802050051)
Sidharth Sankar Behera
(Regd. No.:1802050063)
 DECLARATION
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Home-Based Energy Management System”
which is submitted by me in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree,
Bachelor of Technology, in Electrical Engineering, Veer Surendra Sai University of
Technology, Burla, Odisha, comprises only my original work and due acknowledgement has
been made in the text to all other material used. It has not been previously presented in this
institution or any other institution to the best of my knowledge.

Amlan Mishra
(Regd. No.:1802050039)
Santosh Keshari Sahoo
(Regd. No.:1802050051)
Sidharth Sankar Behera
(Regd. No.:1802050063)
 Contents
Abstract.……………………………………………………...2
Abbreviations and Symbols…………………………………3
Abbreviations……………...……………………..
Symbols…………………………………………..
1. Introduction……………………….……………………….6
2. Demand Side Management…....…….…………………….8
2.1. Contributions…………………………...……….9
3. Scheduling and Un-scheduling Load Consumption...….10
3.1. Un-Scheduling..…………………………………..
3.2. Scheduling……..…………………..……………..
4. System Modelling………………..……………….……….11
4.1. Load Categorization……………………………12
4.2. Price Model…………………………………….13
4.3. Peak-to-Average Ratio…………………………14
4.4. Flow Chart………………………………..........15
5. Programming Results…………….………………………16
6. Conclusion and Future Work……………………………19
7. Reference………………...………...……….……………..20

1
 Abstract
With the arrival of smart grid era and the advent of advanced communication and information
infrastructures, bidirectional communication, advanced metering infrastructure, energy storage
systems and home area networks would revolutionize the patterns of electricity usage and energy
conservation at the consumption premises. Under the sustainable smart grid paradigm, the smart
house with its home energy management system (HEMS) plays an important role to improve the
efficiency, economics, reliability, and energy conservation for distribution systems. In this paper,
a brief overview on the architecture and functional modules of smart HEMS is presented. Then,
the advanced HEMS infrastructures and home appliances in smart houses are thoroughly analyzed
and reviewed. Furthermore, the utilization of various building renewable energy resources in
HEMS, including solar, wind, biomass and geothermal energies, is surveyed. Lastly, various home
appliance scheduling strategies to reduce the residential electricity cost and improve the energy
efficiency from power generation utilities are also investigated. This paper covers research on the
transformation of Home Energy Management System from current to future technology. This
paper also discusses the positive impact of HEMS and impact to bulk electric system in meeting
the load demand during normal and critical operation.

2
 Abbreviations and Symbols
Abbreviations:
1. HEMS - Home Energy Management System

2. PAR - Peak to Average Ratio

3. TOU - Time of Use

4. IBR - Inclined Block Rate

5. RTP - Real Time Pricing

6. AMR - Automatic Meter Reading

7. AMI - Advanced Metering Infrastructure

8. SM - Smart Meter

9. HEMC - Home Energy Management Controller

10. AS - Appliance Section

11. SS - Scheduling Section

12. RS - Rescheduling Section

13. GT – Game Theory

3
Symbols:
ρ: Power rating

ςa, t: Electricity price at time interval t

Ein: Power consumption of interruptible appliances

ρin: Power rating of interruptible appliances

t: Time slot

IN: Set of interruptible appliances

svin: ON/OFF status of interruptible appliances

NI: Set of Non - interruptible appliances

Eni: Power consumption of Non - interruptible appliances

ρni: Power rating of Non - interruptible appliances

svni: ON/OFF status of Non - interruptible appliances

B: Set of Base appliances

Eb: Power consumption of Base appliances

svb: ON/OFF status of Base appliances

ρb: Power rating of Base appliances

L(t): Power consumption of all appliances at time interval t

LSch
Total : Per day total scheduled load

Luns
Total : Per day total unscheduled load
Sch
CTotal : Per day total scheduled cost
uns
CTotal : Per day total unscheduled cost
tα: Start time of an appliance

tβ: End time of an appliance

4
 1.INTRODUCTION
Electric Energy Utilities are under pressure from annual increases in customer demand. In the past,
utilities used system expansion to meet this rise in demand. With the elimination of past solutions,
a new philosophy must be adopted. Smart Grid Technology, communications infrastructure, and
clean energy technologies will be required to meet the increasing in consumer demand. A HEMS
is designed to optimize consumer costs by managing consumer demand, communicating with the
utility to determine the market price of energy, and calculating the use of local generation to off-
set remote generation costs. This behavior allows the utility to help direct consumers into “smarter”
choices for the grid. This is done by “rewarding" responsible decisions with lower price per kWh
and “punishing” poor decisions with higher price per kWh [1]. It gives the utility the ability to
proactively account for system conditions (planned outages, load shifting, etc.). The utility’s
ability to shape the demand profile will result in efficient use of the power grid. This effectively
increases the utility’s generation and transmission capacity to meet the rising consumer demand.
The HEMS is installed in a home and works by modeling the consumer demand for that home. A
fixed load is used to represent appliances that must operate at a certain time of day and cannot be
interrupted. Thermal loads and loads that have a definite start and stop time (but are not critical to
the consumer) are considered flexible. A thermal load will respond to changes in the ambient air
temperature and adjust a heating or cooling according to a consumer’s comfort level. Loads with
a definite start and stop time are usually bigger appliances, like a clothes-washing machine.

After the HEMS model the consumer demand, it will begin to optimize costs. Through proprietary
algorithms (and after receiving energy cost information from the utility) the HEMS will be able to
schedule flexible loads to periods of lower energy costs. Another way a HEMS reduces costs is
through heating and cooling management. For example, a sudden change in ambient temperature
could cause an unmanaged heating unit to respond immediately. This could create a high demand
during a period of high energy costs. A HEMS is cost aware, and it would restrain the heating unit,
spreading this response out over a few hours. A slower response to a change in ambient
temperature may still provide a comparable level of comfort to the consumer; with a lower cost
[2].

5
To regulate the cost of consumption and to monitor the power consumption at particular time
throughout the day the use of smart meters comes into play. Smart energy meter is an electronic
device that measures the most accurate amount of electricity consumed by a residence, business
or any electrically-powered device. A smart meter is reliable source for most accurate information
of consumed energy that reduces the chance of error in the existing billing system to minimal.
Smart meter comprises first-generation smart meters or AMR meters and second-generation
meters or AMI meters. AMR stands for Automatic Meter Reading. It is an older technology that
only collects electrical energy consumption and transfers that data from the electric meter on the
home to the utility (one-way communication). AMI stands for Advanced Metering Infrastructure.
AMI meters, also known as Smart meters are updated, digital versions of the traditional electrical
meter attached to the outside of your home [6]. These new meters not only measure how much
electricity is used, but also at what times during the day. Now a days Smart Appliance is included
with the Smart meter to control the energy consumption. Smart appliance is an appliance that
includes the intelligence and communications to enable automatic or remote control based on user
preferences or external signals from a utility or third-party energy service provider. A smart
appliance may utilize a Home Area Network to communicate with other devices in the customer's
premise, or other channels to communicate with utility systems.

6
 2.DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT
Usually, the goal of demand-side management is to encourage the consumer to use less energy
during peak hours, or to move the time of energy use to off-peak times such as nighttime and
weekends. Peak demand management does not necessarily decrease total energy consumption, but
could be expected to reduce the need for investments in networks and/or power plants for meeting
peak demands. An example is the use of energy storage units to store energy during off-peak hours
and discharge them during peak hours.

Demand-side response or energy demand management is manipulating and managing load

demands from the consumer end through effective programs like incentive options, change in
behavioral patterns through education and providing better energy use plans among others.

One of the main goals of energy demand management is convincing customers to reduce energy
consumption during peak demand hours or changing energy usage habits to allocate high-energy
device use during off-peak periods such as weekends or during late nights. While managing
consumption and energy usage habits during peak hours may not necessarily decrease overall
energy consumption, but it reduces investments in network hardware and power-plant equipment.
Modern developments in energy demand management have allowed grid operators to coincide
renewable energy generation with peak-demand hours.

Energy usage varies significantly during a day. There are peak demand hours and periods of time
when demand is really low. In order to optimize and improve the process of energy generation and
transmission, predicting and planning for such demand fluctuations is vital. Things become even
more critical when there are changes in demand within short periods of time. While traditional
energy generation sources can adjust to changes in demand, during the peak-demands and sudden
rise in demands they fall short in providing the additional power efficiently. This instantaneous
response to peak demands has serious environmental and financial setbacks as not only do power
plants need to ramp-up their operations within a short span of time; also, there is no efficient
pricing system for supply during such peak times.

Energy demand management systems aim to optimize the demand-supply and optimize energy
generation and transmission systems. Energy demand systems are automated systems that send

7
signals to the customers to shed load depending on systems conditions. It also informs the system
supervisors about the coming changes in demand patterns. This allows grid supervisors to fine-
tune the demand to match the available supply. During such peak-durations energy demand
systems protect the various generation and transmission systems from overloading [8].

Adjustments to demands can be made in a variety of ways. Some of the popular modes of demand
adjustment are responding to price signals, differential pricing for demand hours, introducing
changes in behavioral patterns through home area networks, automated devices such as remotely
controlled air-conditioning systems or installing permanent solutions such as appliances with high
energy efficiency ratings. The goal is to demand consumers the accurate price that reflects the
value of utility at that point in time.

2.1 Contributions:
• Propose a system model of multiple homes for energy management.

• Reduction of energy consumption for each home.

• Reduction of maximum electricity consumption cost.

• Reduction of the PAR in consideration of user’s comfort.

8
 3.SCHEDULING AND UN-SCHEDULING
LOAD CONSUMPTION
3.1 Un-Scheduling:
In this type of method, we generally utilise the appliances according to our needs without bothering
about the power consumption and peak hours. We purchase higher rating appliances for better
performance but the consumption increases which becomes greater than the generated power from
the grids this also leads to increase in power shortage and the cost of consumption also increases.

3.2 Scheduling:
In order to accomplish this load shaping, the loads have to be scheduled properly by the user so
that heavily rated loads are not turned on unnecessarily during peak hours. The loads are to be
scheduled keeping in mind that the user’s comfort is not hindered. Meanwhile, those loads which
do not directly affect the basic comfort concern of the user or the loads which could be run at any
time of the day may be scheduled considering the energy availability and wastage constraints.
Basically, we are converting the 24-hr time into 120 slots where 1 slot is equal to 12 minutes. And
we are manually assigning the appliances in different time slots.

𝑻 𝑨𝑷𝑷

∑ (∑ 𝝆𝑨𝑷𝑷 × 𝒔𝒗(𝒕) × 𝝇𝒂,𝒕 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … … (𝟏)

𝒕=𝟏 𝒂=𝟏

Subject to:
L(t)= Ein(t) + Eni(t) + Eb(t)………………………………………………………………………(2)

L(t)≤ λth………………………………………………………………………………………….(3)

𝑳𝒔𝒄𝒉 𝒖𝒏𝒔
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑳𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … … . (𝟒)

𝑪𝒔𝒄𝒉 𝒖𝒏𝒔
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑪𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … … (𝟓)

tα < t <tβ…………………………………………………………………………………………(6)

sv(t)ϵ[0,1]……………………………………………………………………………………….(7)

9
Equation (1) shows objective function which is to be minimized cost per day Equations (2–7) are
the constraints of objective function on which Eq. (2) shows the total energy consumption of all
the appliances at time interval t. Eq. (3) shows that energy consumption in a particular time slot
should be less than or equal to the pre-defined threshold which helps to reduce PAR. Power
consumption constraint in Eq. (4) guarantee that the total power consumption before and after
scheduling remains the same. It also ensures that length of operation of each appliance must not
be affected by scheduling. Similarly, Eq. (5) shows that total cost per day of scheduled load should
be less than per day cost of unscheduled load. In Eq. (6), tα shows starting time of an appliance
and tβ shows the ending time of appliances. Eq. (7) represents the current state of appliance, either
1 or 0. 1 means appliance is ON and 0 shows the OFF status of appliance [1].

10
 4.SYSTEM MODELLING

Figure 4.1: Proposed system model

This system comprises of household appliances, Smart Meter (SM) and Home Energy
Management Controller (HEMC). SM is responsible for communicating to the utility in order to
get the updated RTP tariff details. Based upon the appropriate pricing tariffs, HEMC performs
scheduling of the household appliances using the proposed optimization technique. The purpose
of the HEMC is to reduce the cost of the electricity consumed by the users. In addition,
coordination is established among home appliances using the GT, as displayed in Figure. HEMC
is divided into three sections. The first section is the Appliance Section (AS), which includes all
appliances and this section provides information to HEMC about the status (ON/OFF) and load
demand of appliances. The second section is Scheduling Section (SS), in which scheduling
technique schedules the appliances keeping the objective of cost minimization. The third section
is one of the most important sections of HEMC, that is, Rescheduling Section (RS). In this section,
real-time coordination is performed using GT.

11
4.1. Load Categorization:
According to the power consumption pattern, appliances are categorized into three broad classes:
base appliances, interruptible and non-interruptible appliances. Each category is explained as
follows [1]:

• Interruptible appliances are also known as deferrable appliances. These appliances can be
shifted to any time slot and can be interrupted during their operation. The interruptible
appliances with power rating more than 1.5 kWh are considered as heavy loads.

𝑬𝒊𝒏 = ∑ ( ∑ 𝝆𝒊𝒏 × 𝒔𝒗𝒊𝒏 (𝒕) ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (𝟖)

𝒕=𝟏 𝒊𝒏∈𝑰𝑵

𝟎 𝒊𝒇 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝑶𝑭𝑭
𝒔𝒗𝒊𝒏 (𝒕) = { . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (𝟗)
𝟏 𝒊𝒇 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝑶𝑵

• Non-interruptible appliances also called burst load appliances. These appliances can be
shifted to any time slot however, once their operation is started, they must complete their
operation without any interruption. Example of such appliances are washing machine and
cloth dryer.

𝑬𝒏𝒊 = ∑ ( ∑ 𝝆𝒏𝒊 × 𝒔𝒗𝒏𝒊 (𝒕) ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (𝟏𝟎)

𝒕=𝟏 𝒏𝒊∈𝑵𝑰

𝟎 𝒊𝒇 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝑶𝑭𝑭
𝒔𝒗𝒏𝒊 (𝒕) = { . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (𝟏𝟏)
𝟏 𝒊𝒇 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝑶𝑵

• Base appliances or fixed appliances are those appliances that cannot be manageable.
Energy consumption pattern and total operation time of these appliances cannot be
changed. These appliances must be ON whenever user wants to turn ON them. For
example, light, fan, tv, refrigerator etc.

𝑬𝒃 = ∑ (∑ 𝝆𝒃 × 𝒔𝒗𝒃 (𝒕) ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (𝟏𝟐)

𝒕=𝟏 𝒃∈𝑩

𝟎 𝒊𝒇 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝑶𝑭𝑭
𝒔𝒗𝒃 (𝒕) = { . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (𝟏𝟑)
𝟏 𝒊𝒇 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝑶𝑵

12
 Table 4.1: Appliances parameters
Appliances LOT(Slots) Power Rating Category

Air conditioner 20 1, 1.4, 1.5 Interruptible

Electric radiator 15 1.8, 2, 2.5 Interruptible

Water heater 15 1.5, 4.5, 2 Interruptible

Dish washer 10 0.6, 1.2, 1.4 Interruptible

Washing machine 5 0.38, 0.5, 0.7 Non-interruptible

Cloth dryer 5 0.8, 1, 1.2 Non-interruptible

Electric kettle 18 1.5, 1.2, 1.4 Interruptible

Humidifier 20 0.05, 0.08, 0.05 Interruptible

Water cooler 20 0.05, 0.1, 0.07 Interruptible

Refrigerator 120 0.3, 0.15, 0.4 Base

Water pump 30 1.7, 2, 2.2 Interruptible

Light 60 0.24, 0.47, 0.4 Base

4.2 Price model:

Electricity cost is calculated according to the price specified by the utility. For this purpose,
different dynamic pricing schemes are used. To reduce electricity cost and PAR, dynamic pricing
schemes encourage consumers to shift their heavy loads from high price hours to low price hours.
Dynamic schemes include TOU, IBR, RTP etc.

Among all aforementioned pricing models RTP is considered the most efficient pricing scheme.
We have used RTP for electricity bill calculation. In RTP, price signals may change as often as
hourly. In RTP pricing scheme, price signals vary for different time slots while remain constant
within each time slot.

13
 Table 4.2: Price Table
Cases Load (kWh) Price (Rs.) Cost (Rs)

Min. load, Min price 0-0.4 2.6 0-1.04

Max. load, Max, price >0.4 5 >1.04

4.3 Peak-to-Average Ratio (PAR):

The utility gives motivations to the consumers to move some load from on-peak to off-peak hours
in order to reduce the peaks in demand that results in PAR reduction. PAR is the proportion of
peak demand to average demand of the consumers during the scheduling time horizon. It is
beneficial for both utility and consumers because it balances the demand curve and tries to manage
the space between demand and supply [2]. The PAR is considered by the following formula as:

(𝐦𝐚𝐱(𝑬𝒊𝒏 ,𝑬𝒏𝒊 ,𝑬𝒃 ))

𝑷𝒆𝒂𝒌 − 𝒕𝒐 − 𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 (𝑷𝑨𝑹) = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 × …………………………...(14)
𝑬𝑻

14
4.4 Flow Chart:

Figure 4.2: Proposed Manual Scheduling Process

15
 5.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
We have used MATlAB programming and the manual scheduling process to reduce various factors
like cost, PAR, and energy consumption and got the following results:

Figure 5.1: Energy Consumption comparison of Scheduled and Un-scheduled

process in single and multiple houses

From the above Figure 5.1 we concluded that the energy consumption in scheduled process is less
than that of the unscheduled process. The energy consumption in scheduled process was found to
be 22.25kWhr in a single day and 51.02kWhr was found in unscheduled process.

16
Figure 5.2: Cost Comparison per slot for Scheduled and Un-scheduled process
for a single house

Figure 5.3: Cost Comparison of Scheduled and Un-scheduled process for a

single and multiple house
17
 Figure 5.4: Peak to average ratio (PAR) for scheduled and Un-scheduled
process for single and multiple houses

In Figure 5.2 The cost of consumption per slot was compared between scheduled and unscheduled
where scheduled was found to less than unscheduled process.

In Figure 5.3 The cost of consumption per day in a single house was found to be Rs.89 in scheduled
process whereas Rs.204.08 was found to be the cost of consumption for the same in case of
unscheduled process which clearly depicts that the scheduled process was reduced by 56% than
that of unscheduled one.

In Figure 5.4 The PAR was found to be 0.6557 and 0.7354 for scheduled and unscheduled process
respectively for a single home. It signifies that the manual scheduling process we are able reduce
the PAR by 10.83%.

18
 6. Conclusion and Future Prospective
In MATLAB we programmed a code using the manual scheduling process where we considered
the input of various power rated appliances and manually utilised the appliances as per the time
slots. After applying the procedure, we concluded that the load consumption, PAR, and the
effective cost of scheduled process were less than that of the unscheduled process. And we are
expecting better results by using optimisation techniques and algorithms.

In this type of home management system, it can be further applied to create a centralised
distribution of power in residential area and manage appliances on its own accord. Basically, we
will be using various types of optimisation techniques & algorithms like EDE (Enhanced
differential evolution) and its hybrid form. These techniques use smart appliances and smart meter,
and we will be comparing these optimisation techniques to reduce the cost, PAR and energy
consumption further. Using these aforementioned optimisation algorithms in conjunction with
HEMC we can monitor and regulate the energy used by the household appliances.

19
 7. Reference
[1]- Zahoor Ali Khan, Ayesha Zafa, Sakeena Javaid, Sheraz Aslam, Muhammad Hassan Rahim,
Nadeem Javaid - Hybrid meta-heuristic optimization-based home energy management system in
smart grid. - 2019 - Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing – (pp – 1-17).
[2]- Qazi Zafar Iqbal, Nadeem Javaid - On Optimizing Energy Consumption with Combined
Operations of Microgrids For Demand Side Management in Smart Homes - December 2018 –
Thesis.
[3]- Hashmi MHSMK, Hänninen S, Mäki K (2011) Survey of smart grid concepts, architectures,
and technological demonstrations worldwide. In: Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT
Latin America), 2011 IEEE PES Conference on, IEEE, (pp 1–7).
[4]- Jalili H, Sheikh-El-Eslami MK, Parsa Moghaddam M, Siano P (2018). Modelling of demand
response programs based on market elasticity concept, 2018 J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput -
(pp 1–12).
[5]- Iqbal, Z., Javaid, N., Khan, M. R., Khan, F. A., Khan, Z. A., and Qasim, U. (2016, March). A
Smart Home Energy Management Strategy Based on Demand Side Management. Advanced
Information Networking and Applications (AINA), 2016 IEEE 30th International Conference on
(pp. 858- 862).
[6]- Aslam, S., Javaid, N., Iqbal, Z., Asif, M., Iqbal, U., and Sarwar, M. A. (2018). A mixed integer
linear programming based optimal home energy management scheme considering grid-connected
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