ME205TPE03 – CAD/CAM

Computer-Aided Design & Manufacturing

Unit – I
Basics of CAD: Fundamentals of Computer Graphics, Principle of Computer
Graphics, Product Life Cycle, Concepts of CAD and Architecture, Hardware and
Software, color management, Raster Graphics, Graphics Std, Graphics Primitives,
lines and circle drawing algorithms, software documentations, CAD Standards:
GKS, OpenGL, Data Exchange standards: IGES, STEP, CALS etc, communication
standards and standards for Vexchange Images.
 Need for Computer Aided Design
Manual drafting is the practice of creating drawings by hand. Manual
drafting techniques have traditionally enabled the planning and
communication of design ideas and construction information

CAD allows experts to create more accurate design representations. CAD

replaced manual design drafting, allowing design development, alteration and
optimization. CAD enables engineers to craft more precise designs and
manipulate them virtually
Product Life-Cycle (PLC)
Ref: Amaresh chakrabarti “ Creative Engineering Design” IIT Banglore
 Typical Product Life Cycle
The Design Process
Design Collecting
Design definitions, relevant design
needs specifications, information and
and requirements feasibility study
Synthesis
Analysis The CAD Process
Design Design
Design Design Design Design
documentation and modeling and
evaluation optimization analysis conceptualization
communication simulation

The Manufacturing Process

Production
planning The CAM Process
Design and
procurement of
Process
new tools Quality Packaging
planning Production Shipping
control
Order
materials

NC, CNC, DNC

programming

Marketing

10
Product cycle
 Product Life-Cycle (PLC)

▪Product life cycle (PLC) deals with product’s sales and

profits take over its lifetime.

▪Itshows the stages that products go through from

development to decline from the market

▪The product life cycle concept is derived from a fact

that a given product’s volume and revenue follow a
typical pattern of four phases
 Why PLC?
▪PLC determines revenue earned
▪Contributes to strategic marketing planning
▪Helps the firm to identify when a product needs
support, redesign, withdrawal, etc.

▪Helps in planning for the new product development

▪Helps in forecasting and managing cash flow
 Phases of the PLC

▪Product development
▪Introduction/Launch
▪Growth
▪Maturity
▪Decline
 Sales and Profits Over the Product’s
Lifetime
Product
Development Maturity or
Introduction Growth Decline
Stabilization
Sales and Profits

Sales

Profits

Time
 Phase I: Product development

• New ideas
• Market survey-is it required? Can it be produced
at a profit?
• Product development and refinement
• Test Marketing
• Analysis of test marketing results
• Preparation for launch, publicity, marketing
campaign
 Phase II: Introduction/Launch

• Introduction of the product into the market

• It may be new product or old product to the new market
• Demand is low
• High cost/low sales
• Advertisement and promotion
• Monitor initial sales
 Introduction phase
Characteristics and Objectives

Sales Low

Costs High cost per customer

Profits Negative

Marketing Objectives Create product awareness and

trial
 Phase III: Growth

• This period is the time to improve efficiency and product

availability as well as service

• Cost efficiency, time-to-market, pricing and discount policies are

the major factors in gaining customer confidence

• Increased consumer awareness

• Sales growth rate increases because of limited or no
competition

• Revenue increases
 Growth phase
Characteristics and Objectives

Sales Rapidly rising

Costs Cost per customer is average

Profits Rising

Marketing Objectives Maximum market share

 Phase IV: Maturity
• This period is the period of the highest returns from the product.

• Sales reach peak

• Marketing cost of the product declines

• Ratio of revenue to cost high

• Sales growth likely to be low

• Competition likely to be greater

• Monitor market-changes/new strategies?

 Maturity phase
Characteristics and Objectives

Sales Peak

Costs Low cost per customer

Profits High
Maximize profits while defending
Marketing Objectives market share
 Phase V: Decline
• Competitors enter the market with
-Better product features
-Advanced technology
-Reduced prices

• Sales starts declining

• Marketing cost of product rises
• Decision to withdraw may be dependent on availability
of new products and whether fashions/trends will
come around again?
 Decline phase
Characteristics and Objectives

Sales Declining

Costs Low cost per customer

Profits Declining
Reduce expenditures and milk the
Marketing Objectives brand
Product cycle
 Strategies based on Product Life-Cycle
• Product
•-Introduction: Offer basic product

•-Growth: Offer product extension, service, warranty

•-Maturity: Diversify brands/models

•-Decline: Phase out weak products

• Price
• Distribution
• Advertising
• Sales promotion
CAD Software
 CAD SYSTEM HARDWARE
The hardware for a typical CAD system consists of the following
components:
(1) one or more design workstations,
(2) digital computers,
(3) plotters, printers. and other output devices.
(4) storage devices.

CAD system would have a communication interface to permit transmission

of data to and from other computer systems. thus enabling some of the
benefits of computer integration
 CAD SYSTEM HARDWARE

Design Workstations. The workstation is the interface between computer

and user in the CAD system. Its functions are the following: (1) communicate
with the CPU. (2) continuously generate a graphic image.
(3) provide digital descriptions of the image, (5) translate user commands into
operating functions, and (5) facilitate interaction between the user and the
system.
 CAD SYSTEM HARDWARE

Digital Computer. CAD applications require a digital computer with a high-

speed central processing unit (CPU), math coprocessor to perform computation
intensive operations, and large internal memory. Today's commercial systems have
32bit processors, which permit high-speed execution of CAD graphics and
engineering analysis applications.
 CAD SYSTEM HARDWARE

Storage Devices. Storage peripherals are used in CAD systems to store

programs and data files. The storage medium is usually a magnetic disk or magnetic
tape, Files can be retrieved more quickly from magnetic disks, which facilitates
loading and exchange of files between CPU and disk. Magnetic tape is less
expensive, but more time is required to access a given file due to the sequential file
storage on the tape. His suited to disk backup, archival files, and data transfer to
output devices.
 CAD SYSTEM HARDWARE

Output Devices

Plotters and Printers, The CRT display is often the only output device physically
located at the CAD workstation. There is a need to document the design on paper.
The peripherals of the CAD system include one or more output devices for this
purpose.
Pen plotters. These are .x y plotters of various types used to produce high accuracy line
drawings.
Electrostatic plotters. These are faster device, based on the same technology as
photocopying. The resolution of the drawings from electrostatic plotters is generally
lower than those made by a pen plotter.
Dot-matrix printers. In the operation of these printers, small hammers strike an
ink ribbon against the paper to form a drawing consisting of many ink dots.
Inkjet printers. These arc similar to dot-matrix printers except that the dots
arc formed by high-speed jets of ink impacting the paper.
 COLOR MANAGEMENT CAD
In digital imaging systems, color management (or colour management) is the
controlled conversion between the color representations of various devices, such as
image scanners, digital cameras, monitors, TV screens, film printers, computer
printers, offset presses, and corresponding media.
 COLOR MANAGEMENT CAD
Keeping Colors Consistent Throughout
the Workflow Is Ideal

It is natural to assume there will be no

differences in the color information at each
process.
However in reality, differences do arise; different
devices reproduce colours differently as do the
different monitors used in each process.
This means that the color we see is not always
the same during each process.

One of the reasons for this is that input / output device such as scanners, monitors
and color printers have differing colour generation methods and differing color
reproduction areas for color reproduction. As a result, even though the same data is
used, the color that is reproduced by the devices will vary. In other words, it is
theoretically impossible to "perfectly" match colors between different devices.
COLOR MANAGEMENT CAD
• Using a shared color space, color
management can be conducted
uniformly from the initial stage of the
workflow.
• The essential role of a color
management system is to absorb both
the differences of the various workplace
settings (client, designer, prepress and
printer) and the differences between
devices, and offer an environment
where the same data always looks the
same during checking.