‭ ab Report 1: Observing the Collection of Gases over Water using Calcium Carbonate and‬

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‭Water‬

‭ bjective:‬
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‭The objective of this experiment is to observe the collection of gases generated from the‬
‭reaction between calcium carbonate and water and to determine the volume of gas produced.‬

‭Apparatus:‬

‭ alcium carbonate (marble chips)‬

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‭Water‬
‭Burette‬
‭Rubber tubing‬
‭Gas collection bottle (beehive shelf)‬
‭Clamp stand‬
‭Delivery tube‬
‭Beaker‬
‭Stopwatch‬
‭Safety goggles‬
‭Procedure:‬

‭Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram below:‬

‭ ill the burette with water and invert it in the beaker containing water, ensuring that no air‬
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‭bubbles are present in the burette.‬

‭ dd a known mass of calcium carbonate (marble chips) to the gas collection bottle (beehive‬
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‭shelf).‬
‭ uickly attach the delivery tube to the gas collection bottle and place the other end of the‬
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‭delivery tube under the burette.‬

‭Start the stopwatch and record the initial volume of water in the burette.‬

‭ llow the reaction between calcium carbonate and water to proceed for a specific period of time‬
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‭(e.g., 5 minutes).‬

‭Observe the gas bubbles rising through the delivery tube and displacing the water in the burette.‬

‭Record the final volume of water in the burette after the reaction has completed.‬

‭Calculate the volume of gas collected by subtracting the initial volume from the final volume.‬

‭Repeat the experiment three times to obtain an average volume of gas collected.‬

‭ onclusion:‬
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‭In this experiment, the reaction between calcium carbonate and water produced a gas, which‬
‭was collected over water. By measuring the volume of gas collected, we were able to determine‬
‭the amount of gas produced during the reaction. The experiment was repeated three times to‬
‭ensure accuracy, and the average volume of gas collected was calculated. The data obtained‬
‭can be used to analyze the stoichiometry of the reaction and determine the molar ratio between‬
‭the reactants.‬

‭Lab Report 2: Separating Ink Components using Chromatography Paper‬

‭ bjective:‬
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‭The objective of this experiment is to separate the components of ink from an ink pen using‬
‭chromatography paper and to identify the different pigments present in the ink.‬

‭Apparatus:‬

‭ hromatography paper strip‬

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‭Ink pen‬
‭Beaker‬
‭Pencil‬
‭Ruler‬
‭Solvent (e.g., water or alcohol)‬
‭Clothespin or clip‬
‭Safety goggles‬
‭Diagram:‬

‭Procedure:‬

‭ repare the chromatography paper strip by drawing a horizontal line 1 cm above the bottom of‬
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‭the strip using a pencil and ruler.‬
‭Take the ink pen and make a small dot above the drawn line on the chromatography paper strip.‬
‭Pour a small amount of solvent (e.g., water or alcohol) into a beaker, ensuring that the level of‬
‭the solvent is below the dot on the paper.‬
‭Attach the chromatography paper strip to a clothespin or clip in such a way that the bottom of‬
‭the strip is immersed in the solvent but the ink dot is above the solvent level.‬
‭Allow the chromatogram to develop by leaving it undisturbed for some time (e.g., 20-30‬
‭minutes) until the solvent front moves close to the top of the strip.‬
‭Remove the chromatogram from the beaker and let it dry.‬
‭Observe the separated components on the chromatography paper strip and record their‬
‭positions.‬
‭Calculate the Rf (retention factor) values for each component by dividing the distance traveled‬
‭by the component by the distance traveled by the solvent.‬
‭Conclusion:‬
‭In this experiment, chromatography paper was used to separate the components of ink from an‬
‭ink pen. The ink components traveled up the chromatography paper strip at different rates,‬
‭resulting in the separation of the ink into its individual components. By calculating the Rf values‬
‭for each component, we were able to identify and compare the relative positions of the‬
‭separated components. This technique can be used to analyze the composition of complex‬
‭mixtures and identify the presence of different pigments in ink.‬