“CSLIVE Group”

DIVIDING THE WHOLE TOPIC

Understanding
Jainism &
Buddhism

Factors behind
Rise of New Jainism
Religion

Important Popular
Foundation & Vardhaman Major Schools
Teachings in Practices Jain Councils
Tirthankaras Mahavira Under Jainism
Jainism Under Jainism
 FACTORS BEHIND RISE OF BUDDHISM

Emergence of
New Religious
Order

Disenchantment Complexity of New Modes of

with Varna Brahmanical Production in
System Rituals Eastern India

▪ Resentment against Brahmanical dominance was noted among the kshatriyas.

▪ Inability of Vaisyas to enhance their social status in spite of improved economic status.

▪ Teachings of Upanishads and their highly philosophical nature confused people

▪ Conflict among agricultural class and practice of sacrifice

 UNDERSTANDING JAINISM

FOUNDATION OF JAINISM
▪ Jainism was founded by Rishabhanath.
▪ There were 24 tirthankaras (Prophets or Gurus), all
Kshatriyas.
▪ First was Rishabhanath whose reference is also found in
Rigveda. Only the last two Tirthankaras are historical
personalities.
▪ The 23rd Tirthankara, Parshvanath was the son of King
Ashvasena of Banaras.
▪ His main teachings were Non-injury, Non-lying, Non-stealing,
Non-possession.
▪ The 24th and the most important Tirthankara was Vardhman
Mahavira.
Rishabhanatha/Adinath Bull Vimala Boar
Ajith Elephant Ananta Hawk/Bear
Shambhava Horse Dharma Thunderbolt
Abhinandana Ape Shanti Antelope/Deer
Sumati Heron Kunthu Goat
Padmaprabha Lotus Ara Nandyavarta/Fish
Suparshva Swastika Malli Water Jug
Chandraprabha Moon Suvrata/Munisuvrata Tortoise
Suvidi/Pushpadanta Dolphin/Sea Dragon Nami/Nimin Blue Lotus
Shitala Shrivatsa Nemi/Arishtanemi Conch Shell
Shreyamsha Rhinoceros Parshvanath Snake
Vasupujya Buffalo Vardhamana Mahavira Lion
 IMPORTANT ASPECTS RELATED TO MAHAVIRA

Lord Vardhman Mahavir

▪ Born at Kundagram near Vaisali to Kshatriya parents Siddhartha and
Trisala in 599 BCE.
▪ He was married to Yasoda and they both gave birth to a daughter
named Priyadarsena who was later married to a person named
Jamali.
▪ Jamali also became the first disciple of Lord Mahavir.
 IMPORTANT ASPECTS RELATED TO MAHAVIRA

ASCETIC LIFE
▪ At thirty he became an ascetic and wandered for 12 years.
▪ In 13th year of his penance, he attained highest spiritual knowledge
called Kevala Jnana. Thereafter, he was called Mahavira and Jina.
▪ His followers were called Jains and his religion Jainism.
▪ He preached his doctrines for 30 years and died at 72 at Pava near
Rajagriha.

▪ Jain Philosophy holds that the world is created and maintained by

Universal Law
 IMPORTANT TEACHINGS IN JAINISM

Fundamental Teaching
▪ Mahavira taught the Jains the right path or
Dharma and stressed on renunciation of the
world, strict asceticism and moral cultivation.
▪ The Jains are morally bound by their religion to
live in such a way that would not harm any
being.

Triratnas + Anuvrata
 IMPORTANT TEACHINGS IN JAINISM

Triratnas

Samyakdarshana Samyakjnana Samyak Charita

TRIRATNAS
▪ Triratnas or the threefold path of life formed the core principle of Jain philosophy. These
were:
✓ right belief (samyakdarshana)
✓ right knowledge (samyakjnana)
✓ right conduct (samyakcharita),
▪ These triratnas were necessary to get rid of bad karma and achieve salvation.
 IMPORTANT TEACHINGS IN JAINISM
ANUVRATA
▪ Additionally, jains had to maintain five great vows (Anuvrat)or five constraints in
their life:
▪ Ahimsa (non-violence);
▪ Satya (truthfulness);
▪ Asteya (not stealing);
▪ Aparigraha (non-acquisition) and
▪ Brahmacharya (chaste living).

Five Great Vows

Aparigraha
Ahimsa (non- Satya Asteya (not Brahmacharya
(non-
violence); (truthfulness); stealing); (chaste living).
acquisition) and
EIGHT AUSPICIOUS SYMBOLS UNDER JAINISM
Symbol Meaning
Swastika Signifies peace & well-being of humans
Nandyavartya It’s a large swastika with 9 end points.

Bhadrasana A throne which is said to be sanctified by the jaina’s feet.

Shrivasta A mark which manifested on jain’s chest and signifies his pure soul.

Darpana The mirror which reflects the inner self.

Minayugala A couple of fish which signifies conquest over sexual urges.

A shallow dish used as a lamp which shows the increase in the wealth, due
Vardhamanaka
and merit.
Kalasha A pot filled with pure water signifying water.
 EIGHT AUSPICIOUS SYMBOLS UNDER JAINISM
Symbol Meaning
Swastika It is a symbol of auspiciousness and well-being in Jainism.
Nandyavartya It’s a large swastika with 9 end points.
Bhadrasana A throne which is said to be sanctified by the jaina’s feet. It represents the spiritual pursuit.

Shrivasta A mark which manifested on jain’s chest and signifies his pure soul.

Represents introspection and self-reflection, encouraging followers to examine their actions,

Darpana
thoughts, and emotions in the quest for spiritual development.
Symbolizes the duality of the soul and matter, emphasizing the need to rise above worldly
Minayugala
attachments and dualities to attain spiritual liberation.
Represents the birthplace of Lord Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara, who played a crucial role
Vardhamanaka
in shaping Jain philosophy. It signifies the historical and spiritual importance of the place.
Symbolizes spiritual purity and completeness. It is often used in rituals and ceremonies to
Kalasha
represent the worship of enlightened beings and the Jain principles.
 MCQ
Q. The concept of Anuvrata was advocated by
a) Mahayana Buddhism
b) Hinayana Buddhism
c) Jainism
d) Lokayukta school
Answer: C
 MCQ
Q. Assertion (A): The emphasis of Jainism on non- violence (ahimsa) prevented
agriculturalists from embracing Jainism.
Reason (R): Cultivation involved killing of insects and pests
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
c) A is true but R is false
d) A is false but R is true
Answer: A
 MAJOR SCHOOLS UNDER JAINISM

SUBTRADITIONS UNDER JAINISM

Jainism has two major ancient sub traditions:
a) Digambaras
b) Svetambaras

Sub Traditions
Under Jainism

Digambhara Svetambara
 DIGAMBARAS

IMPORTANT THINGS TO KNOW

▪ Female monks wear unstiched plain white sarees and are called Aryikas.
▪ Digambaras follow all the five constraints (Ahimsa, Satya, Asteya, Aparigraha and Brahmacharya) as per the
teachings of Mahavira, unlike Svetambaras.
▪ Bhadrabahu was an exponent of Digambara sect and he moved to Karnataka along with his disciples after
predicting a long famine.
▪ The earliest record of Digambara beliefs is contained in the Prakrit Suttapahuda of Kundakunda.
▪ Digambara Jains believe that women can’t be tirthankaras
▪ More rigid under Digambara School
 SVETAMBARA

IMPORTANT THINGS TO KNOW

▪ Svetambaras follow the preachings of Prasvanatha, i.e. they believe in only four restraints (except
Brahmacharya) to be followed to attain Kevalya.
▪ Svetambara believe that the 23rd and 24th tirthankara did marry, unlike thought by Digambara.
▪ Sthulabhadra was a great exponent of this school and stayed in Magadha unlike Bhadrabahu who went to
Karnataka.
▪ simple white clothing, a begging bowl, a brush to remove insects from their path, books and writing
materials with them.
▪ Svetambara tradition of Jainism indicates five eternal substances in existence: Soul (jiva), Matter (pudgala),
▪ Space (akasha), motion (Dharma) and rest (Adharma), unlike Digambaras which add the sixth eternal
substance as time (Kala).
 POPULAR PRACTICES UNDER JANISM

SANTHARA (Sallekhana)
▪ Religious practice of gradually reducing food and liquid intake
▪ Not considered suicide by Jain scholars
▪ Different from suicide as it lacks passion, poisons, or weapons
▪ Performed by Jain ascetics and householders
▪ Rajasthan Court Ruling 2015: PRATIKRAMAN
▪ 2015: Rajasthan High Court banned Sallekhana, considering it suicide
▪ Same year: Ban on Sallekhana lifted by the Supreme Court
 POPULAR PRACTICES UNDER JANISM
PRATIKRAMAN
▪ It is a process during which Jains repent for their sins during
their daily life, and remind themselves not to repeat them.
The five types of Pratikaman include Devasi, Rayi, Pakhi,
Chaumasi and Samvatsari.

Devasi • Daily in the evening

Rayi • During meals PRATIKRAMAN
• 8th and 14th days of the lunar
Pakhi
fortnight
Chaumasi • Every four months
• Annually on the last day of
Samvatsari
Paryushana
 SPREAD OF JAINISM

MOST IMPORTANT FACTS

▪ Mahavira organised Sangha – monastic order of monks & nuns – to spread his
teachings. He admitted both men and women in Sangha.
▪ Other people joined as lay followers or laity who accepted the basic premises of Jainism
but continued as householders.
▪ It spread rapidly in Western India and Karnataka.
▪ Chandragupta Maurya, Kharavela of Kalinga and royal dynasties of south India such as
Gangas, Kadambas, Chalukyas and Rashtrakutas patronized Jainism.
 JAIN COUNCILS
Objective
▪ Jain councils were convened to address doctrinal issues, establish consensus, and
maintain unity within the Jain community.
Council Venue Time Convened by Development
1st Council Patliputra 3rd Century BCE Sthulbhadra Compilation of Jain
Scriptures –
Dwadshangi (12
Angas & 12 Upanga)
2nd Council Vallabhi 512 AD (around) Devardhigani Revised and
recompiled scriptures
(Jain Agamas)
3rd Council Mathura 6th Century AD Skandagupta Final recitation and
preservation of Jain
Agamas
4th Council Vallabhi 12th Century AD Acharya Hemchandra Addressed disputes
within Jain sects and
subsects
 MCQ
Q. With reference to ancient Jainism, Which one of the following statements is
correct?
a) Jainism was spread in South India under the leadership of Sthulubahu
b) The Jainas who remained under the leadership of Bhadrabahu were called
Shvetambars after the Council held at Pataliputra
c) Jainism enjoyed the patronage of the Kalinga king Kharavela in the first century
BC.
d) In the initial stage of Jainism, the Jainas worshipped images unlike Buddhists
Answer: C
 MCQ
Q. Which of the following statements is/are applicable to Jain doctrine?
1. The surest way of annihilating Karma is to practice penance
2. Every object, even the smallest particle has a soul
3. Karma is the bane of the soul and must be ended
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
a) 1 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: D
 MCQ
Q. The Jain philosophy holds that the world is created and maintained by
a) Universal Law
b) Universal Truth
c) Universal Faith
d) Universal Soul
Answer: A
Q. In context of Socio-Religious History of India, which of the following pairs do
not seem to be correctly matched?
Religious Order Founder

1. Sikhism Guru Gobind Singh Ji

2. Jainism Mahavir Jain

3. Buddhism Siddhartha Gautam

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 3 only
Answer: D
Q. Identify correct statements in context of Jainism in India:
1. Lord Mahavir Jain attained Kevala Jnana at Jrimbikgrama near the banks of River
Rijupalika
2. Mahavir Jain left the world for heaven at Kundagram near Vaishali
3. Mahavir Jain was born at Pava near Rajgriha
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
a) 1 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: A
 MCQ
Q. Who among the following is said to be the first disciple of Mahavir Jain
a) Gautam Swami
b) Jamali
c) Agnibhuti
d) Vayubhuti
Answer: B
 MCQ
Q. Which of the following best describes the Jain Triratna of “Samyakdarshana”
a) Right Conduct
b) Right Belief
c) Right Knowledge
d) All of the above
Answer: B
Q. In context of Jain Anuvrat, which of the following are correctly matched
pairs?
1. Brahmacharya: The vow of non-violence and chaste living
2. Aparigraha: The vow of non-stealing
3. Asteya: The vow of non acquisition
4. Satya: The vow to be truthful
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
a) 1 and 4 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 4 only
d) All of the pairs are correctly matched
Answer: C
Q. In context of Jain Symbolism, which of the following are correctly matched
pairs?
1. Minaygula: Shallow Dish used as a Lamp
2. Vardhmanak: Pot filled with pure water
3. Shrivasta: Mark on Lord Mahavir’s Chest
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
a) Only 1 pair is correctly matched
b) Only 2 pairs are correctly matched
c) All 3 pairs are correctly matched
d) None of the pair is correctly matched
Answer: A
Q. In context of Jain Symbolism, which of the following are correctly matched
pairs?
1. Swastika: Increase in Wealth and Merit
2. Darpana: Reflection of Inner Self
3. Shrivasta: Pure Soul
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
a) Only 1 pair is correctly matched
b) Only 2 pairs are correctly matched
c) All 3 pairs are correctly matched
d) None of the pair is correctly matched
Answer: B
 MCQ
Q. Who among the following was the chief proponent of Digambharas?
a) Jamali
b) Bhadrabahu
c) Sthulabhadra
d) Mahavir Jain
Answer: B
 MCQ
Q. Jains believed in certain eternal substances of existence. However, the two
main sects in Jainism i.e. Svetambaras and Digambaras have a differing opinion
on these substances. Which of the following substance is not unanimously
agreed to by both the sects?
a) Akasha
b) Dharma
c) Pudgala
d) Kala
Answer: D
Q. “Souls are not only the property of animal and plant life, but also of rocks,
running water and many other natural objects not looked on as living by other
religious sects.”
The above statement reflects one of the core beliefs of which one of the
following religious sects of ancient India?
(a) Buddhism
(b) Jainism
(c) Shaivism
(d) Vaishnavism
Answer: B