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CHEMOGENY
ORIGIN OF LIFE
HISTORY OF LIFE BIOGENY
EVOLUTION OF
LIFE
CHEMOGENY
It is widely believed that life originated from inanimate matter. The theory of
abiogenesis is the only one that provides an explanation and can be tested.
Naturalistic theory or the Theory of Chemical Evolution was given by AI Oparin
and JBS Haldane.
Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin (Russian biochemist) and JBS Haldane (British
scientist) put forward the concept that the first living organism originated from
a non-living thing. In his book “Origin of Life”, Oparin stated “abiogenesis first
but biogenesis ever since”. His theory is known as Primary Abiogenesis.
Oparin and Haldane suggested what the sequence of events might’ve been.
The chemical evolution is divided into four phases:
I. ATOMIC PHASE
Early Earth consisted of elements essential for the formation of the protoplasm
(hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, etc.). Atoms were
segregated in three concentric masses based on their weights:
• Heaviest elements like iron, nickel and copper were found in the centre
• Medium weight elements like sodium, potassium, chlorine and fluorine
were found in the outer core
• Lightest elements like nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen found in the
primitive atmosphere
i. CO2 – CO + [O]
ii. CO2 + 2[O] – CH2O + H2O
iii. CO +NH3 – HCN + H2O
iv. CH4 + NH3 – HCN + 3H2
v. HCN + NH3 + CH2O – NH2-CH2-CN + H2O
vi. NH2-CH2-CN + 2H2O – NH2-CH2-COOH + NH3
MILLER’S EXPERIMENT
BIOGENY
CONDITIONS FOR ORIGIN OF LIFE
• A supply of replicators or self-producing molecules
• Mutations during the copying of replicators (high temperature must
have played a major role)
• Continuous supply of free energy and partial isolation from the general
environment.
ORIGIN OF PREBIOTIC MOLECULES
Partial isolation has been attained with aggregates of artificially formed
prebiotic molecules. These aggregates are called protobionts, which can
separate combinations of molecules from the surroundings. They maintain an
internal environment but are unable to reproduce.
Two important protobionts are:
Coacervates. Oparin observed that if a mixture of large proteins and a
polysaccharide is shaken, coacervates are formed. They show simple form of
metabolism and as they don’t have lipid outer membranes, they cannot
reproduce.
Microspheres. When mixtures of artificially produced organic compounds are
mixed with coal water, microspheres are formed. Sydney Fox heated a mixture
of 18 amino acids at 130 - 180°C and obtained stable proteins like
macromolecules, which he named proteinoids.
STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF PROTENOID MICROSPHERES
Under an electron microscope, concentric double layered boundaries around
them have been observed through which diffusion of material occurs. They
have the ability of motility, growth, binary fission and a capacity of
reproduction by budding and fragmentation.