Enzymes

A catalyst that accelerates the forward

and reverses rates of chemical reactions
within cells without being consumed or
changed in the reaction.

Reactions are catalyzed by a specific

enzyme.

Make contact at precise locations on the

surface of cell structures.

Enzymes do not operate at the same rate

- While one enzyme is activated, the
other enzymes around it are
deactivated until its reaction is
complete.

Naming: 2. The enzyme catalyzes the chemical

reaction
Suffix - ase
Each enzyme has an optimum pH range.
Hydrolase - adds water during hydrolysis Changing the pH outside of this range will
reactions slow enzyme activity.
Protease - interacts with protein

Oxydase - adds oxygen to a substance

Ribonuclease - splits apart RNA

The Lock and Key Mechanism of

Enzymes

Enzymes become activated when its active

site is joined in “perfect fit” with the active
site on the substrate.

Interaction steps:

1. The active site of the enzyme 3. An end product is produced and

achieves a perfect fit with the active the enzyme is regenerated
site of the substrate to form an unchanged.
enzyme-substrate complex.

Induced Fit Model of Enzymes
The enzyme is able to slightly change its
shape and best fit the reactants as it
attaches.
Lock and Key and Induced Fit Mechanism
allow/facilitate the reactants to orient
toward each other so that the chemical
reaction can occur easily (faster).
Temperature and pH changes affect the
enzyme structure and function.
Cofactors
- Non-protein substances enzymes need to
function properly. Ex: Mg, Zn
- Normally part of the enzyme’s active part
to make it functional.
Coenzymes
- Organic cofactors such as vitamins.
Chemical Reactions
Interactions of atoms, ions, molecules, and
compounds.
Metabolism - all reactions in the body.
Anabolic reactions - synthesis reactions
such as in the growth and repair of tissues.
Catabolic reactions - breakdown of
substances (decomposition).
Anabolism and Catabolism
Reactants → Products
Synthesis (Anabolic) reactions include:
- Amino acids → Protein molecules
- ADP + Pi → ATP + H2O
- Formation of carbohydrates and
lipids
Decomposition reactions
Products → Reactants
- Glycogenolysis
- Lipolysis
- ATP → ADP + Pi
- Hydrolysis > water is needed to
break a molecule/substance.
Hydrolysis

Complex organic molecules such as
carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are
degraded, or catabolized into simpler
forms that the body can easily use.
corresponding gain in valence (or
positive charge).
Reduction
- Gain of electrons, loss of valence.

Energy is released when chemical bonds

are broken by the addition of the
constituents of water (H+ and OH-).

AB + HOH → A-H + B-OH

*Hydrolysis of each reaction is catalyzed by

an enzyme.

Examples of hydrolysis reactions in the

body:

- Hydrolysis of disaccharides:
enzyme-sucrase

Sucrose → glucose + fructose

- Hydrolysis of lipid: enzyme - lipase

Lipids → fatty acid + glycerol backbone

- Digestion of proteins: enzyme - protease

Dipeptide → amino acid + amino acid

Reversible reactions

At equilibrium: reactant formation rate =

production formation rate

Example:

Bicarbonate buffer system - maintains a

constant level of H+ for proper
physiological processes.

H+ + HCO3- < —-- > H2CO3

Oxidation and Reduction Reactions

Reaction that involve the transfer of

oxygen atoms, hydrogen atoms, or
electrons.

Oxidation
- There is a loss of electrons with a