TYPES OF ENZYMES

Enzymes are classified into six categories according to the type of reaction
catalyzed:
1. Oxidoreductases
2. Transferases
3. Hydrolases
4. Lyases
5. Isomerases
6. Ligases
Let us now discuss the reaction of two of the enzymes listed above.
1. Lyases: lyases catalyze the dissociation of a molecule, like molecule
A, into molecule B and C, without using water like hydrolases would
and without using oxidation or reduction like an oxidoreductase
would. And one example of a reaction catalyzed by a lyase is the
cleavage of argininosuccinate into arginine and succinate and this
reaction takes place during the urea cycle. This specific reaction is
catalyzed by an enzyme called argininosuccinate lyase, which is
appropriately named because it is a lyase that catalyzes the
breakdown of an argininosuccinate molecule. Now, it's important to

recognize that since lyases don't use water or oxidation to break a

bond, they need to generate either a double bond between two
atoms or a ring structure in a molecule in order to work.
Lyases generate either a double bond or a ring structure in a
molecule
 2. Oxidoreductases: is a little different from the other enzymes since
it actually includes two different types of reactions and these
reactions involve transferring electrons from either molecule B to
molecule A or from molecule A to molecule B. This simply means
that an oxidase is directly involved in oxidizing or taking electrons
away from a molecule, while a reductase is involved in reducing or
giving electrons to a molecule. And we call these enzymes
oxidoreductases together because they can usually catalyze both the
forward and reverse reactions, which is why we used equilibrium
arrows in the equation below instead of just a normal single-headed
arrow. A great example of an oxidation-reduction reaction occurs
during lactic acid fermentation, where electrons are either passed
from NADH(Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) to pyruvate or
from lactic acid to NAD. Note, this reaction is catalyzed by an
enzyme called lactate dehydrogenase. Remember that the word
"dehydrogenase" refers to the removal of a hydride functional
group. And that's the same as saying the removal of electrons, since
hydrides are basically just hydrogen atoms with two electrons on
them instead of just one. That is why this enzyme is given its name
since it's able to remove a hydride, or remove electrons, from a
molecule of lactic acid.

APOENZYME
Some enzymes need non protein components to carry out the biological
reaction these non protein components are called cofactors, an enzyme
along with its cofactor is called holoenzyme if such enzyme loses its
cofactor then it's called APOENZYME. Apoenzyme is usually inactive and
requires the cofactor for its function, for example DNA polymerase requires
magnesium ions for its function. The DNA polymerase along with
magnesium ions is called a holoenzyme while the DNA polymerase without
magnesium ions is called apoenzyme.
In conclusion, an enzyme that requires a cofactor but does not have one
bound is called Apoenzyme.

References:
1. https://www.britannica.com/science/enzyme
2. https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/
enzyme-structure-and-function/v/the-six-types-of-enzymes
3. https://sciencing.com/kinds-chemicals-speed-up-action-enzyme-
21585.html
4. https://byjus.com/neet/what-is-apoenzyme/
5. Berg, Jeremy M., et al. “Biochemistry”. 6th ed. W.H. Freeman and
Company, NY, 2006.