通訊酬載與地面站之整合與驗測

工研院資通所 薛文崇
2023/10/03
 Outline

 Design and Verification of the LEO system

 Overview of LEO tests

 Introduction to selected key tests

 Summary

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 LEO Communication System

Space segment

Feeder link Access link

Ground segment
Mechanically Electrically
steered antenna steered antenna
(Dish antenna) (Phased array antenna)
Feeder Terminal(FT)
Networks User Terminal(UT)
Users

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 Design and Verification Flow

V-Model

Design Int. &Verification

(Requirement (Insp./Ana./ Demo./Test) LEO Satellite
Decomposition)
Bus (Spacecraft Bus)
Validation
(Is the design
CPL(Communication Payload)
System
right ?)
System Instrument
LCI Unit

CPL/UT/FT CPL/UT/FT PLC DSP

(Instrument) GCT
LCI: LEO Comm. Instrument
PLC: Payload Computer
Unit Unit PS: Power Supply
PS TX RX DSP: Digital Signal Processor
Tx/RX: Transmitter/Receiver
GCT: GEO Comm. Terminal
PCB PCB UT: User Terminal
FT: Feeder Terminal

Part screening/ • Board is not shown in the figure

Development • System is the LEO communication system

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 Test Category

 Part test
• Radiation
• Thermal
• PIND (Particle Impact Noise Detection)
 Performance test
• Data Transmission: EIRP, G/T, Bandwidth, Error vector magnitude (EVM)…
• Beam Control: Beam angle test and calibration…
• Network Control
• …
 Environment test
• Thermal: thermal cycling, thermal vacuum
• Mechanical: vibration, Shock
• Electrical: functions, EMC

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 EQM/FM Test Flow
• 工程驗證體(Engineering Qualification Model, EQM): 工程驗證體的外形結構、散熱機構、各種功能及使用的零件須與最
終產品模型完全相同。此階段測試會進行可能導致破壞的壓力測試。
• 飛行體(Flight Model, FM): 飛行體是最終產品模型，原則上是另一台相當於工程驗證體的產品模型。只測試硬體能允許的
環境極限，通過認可測試的飛行體，將被發射至軌道上實際飛行。

Commercial Parts Tests Primary

EQM/FM BOM List • Part test
screening
Part • Performance test
Test Self-developed ICs Tests For use in
EQM/FM LCI • Environment test
FQM/FM
 DUT: active device
R
Board ESS  DUT: PLC&DSP PCBs Instrument CPL ByTests
CS 2024.12
PCB Tests Unit Tests Environment
EQM (Power Off) Sampling
Tests Test (CATR+Field)
Test  DUT: PCBs of LCI  DUT: PCBs of LCI  DUT: Units of LCI  DUT: LCI  DUT: CPL  DUT: CPL, UT, FT

Board Radiation Test

 DUT: PCBs of LCI R

FM CPL
Board ESS Instrument Environment
Test PCB Tests Unit Tests Tests
(Power Off) Test
 DUT: PCBs of LCI  DUT: PCBs of LCI  DUT: Units of LCI  DUT: LCI  DUT: CPL
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 Performance Test Items

Instrument
PCB Tests Unit Tests CS Tests
Tests
 Test items  Test items  Test items  Test items
• Tx/Rx test • Tx/Rx test • EIRP • Data Transmission
 Phased array antenna
element calibration • DSP test • Beam steering • Beam Control
(calibration)
• DSP test • PLC test • Network Control
• EVM
• PLC test • PS test •…
• Power
• PS test • Interface consumption
• Thermal

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 Radiation Test

 Single Event Effect (SEE) - any measurable effect on a circuit due to an ion strike
• Single Event Latchup (SEL) - causing loss of device functionality due to a single event-
induced high current state
• Single Event Upset (SEU) - a change of state or transient induced by an energetic particle
 Total Ionizing Dose (TID) Effects
• Long-term radiation effects
• Causing increased device leakage (& power consumption), timing changes, decreased
functionality, etc.
 Facility requirements
• SEE : Proton energy: 200 MeV
• TID : TID >= 30 krad

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 A SEE Radiation Test
 驗測方法(例)
• 透過FPGA記錄接收到的資料數量以及資料位元錯誤數量
• 透過FPGA定時切換讀/寫之間的暫停時間，同時分析讀/寫的資料是否有異常
• 透過網路分析儀觀察S參數是否有變化
待測IC準備

待測元件與照射源 測量儀器架設現場
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 Link Budget of LEO Communication

PTGT(EIRP)

Tx antenna gain(GT)
Power level

Path loss PR
Tx power(PT)
Rx antenna gain(GR) Margin
Psen

Distance(R) SNRmin

Rx noise floor
*EIRP: Effective Isotropic Radiated Power 10
 Antenna Temperature & G/T
 Antenna Temperature (TA) is a parameter describing how much noise of an antenna produces in a
given environment. Depends on its gain pattern and the thermal environment.
 The G/T value of a given radio receiver directly determines the C/N of a single radio link. G
(antenna gain) and T (system noise temperature) are referred to the receiver input. (ITU)

Phased array antenna

Traditional antenna 11
Beam Angle Error & Beam Resolution

Misalignment leads
to Pointing Loss

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Far/Near Field Measurement

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 LCI Tx/Rx PCB/Unit Test Configuration
A Compact Antenna Test Range (CATR)
 Test items:
• Frequency-dependent
antenna pattern(gain)
• Beam angle control
• Antenna element calibration
• …

Antenna element calibration system

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 LCI Tx/Rx Test Configuration
 Test items: EIRP, sensitivity, G/T, antenna pattern, beam angle calibration (residual error)…

Tx Test Rx Test

Reference Antenna/LCI Reference Antenna/LCI

Signal and Spectrum High power attenuator Vector Signal Generator Tunable attenuator
Analyzer
RF RF

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 Communication System (CS) Test

 Test items
• Data transmission experiments
• Beam control capabilities
(e.g. pointing error) LCI
• Network control
• …
3D rotary positioner
(angle resolution≤0.1°)
3D rotary
positioner
UT/Reference
antenna

Vector Signal Analyzer

Software
• Control instruments
• Control LCI/UT
• Data analysis

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 Summary
 Major differences between LEO and traditional terrestrial device tests
• Part test
• Environment test
• Beam control (massive phased array fast and accurate control)
 Challenges in LEO tests
• Differences between the test environment and the actual space environment
• No integrated test services
• Massive mmWave phased array
• FDIR (Fault detection, isolation, and recovery)
 Opportunities
• Space-grade parts
• Conformance test services
• mmWave tests
• LEO Knowledge database under development!
• …
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Thank you!

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