Civil Engineering Materials

CE-1005-CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS-

BUILDING MATERIALS

CE-1005-CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS 1

 Previous Lectures
➢Metals
▪ Metals properties
▪ Ferrous metals (Iron &
steel)
▪ Non Ferrous Metals

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 Lecture Outline
➢Metal defects
▪Corrosion
▪Fatigue
▪Fracture

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 Metals defects

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 Metals defects- Corrosion
➢Electrochemical process
➢Requires the following four elements
▪ Anode— electrode where corrosion occurs.
▪ Cathode—electrode needed to form a corrosion cell.
▪ Conductor—metallic pathway for electrons to flow.
▪ Electrolyte— liquid that can support flow of
electrons.

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 Metals defects- Corrosion
➢Changes the appearance of metal
➢Break down; becomes weaker.
➢Damage metallic objects.

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 Corrosion-
➢Rusting
▪Corrosion of iron.
▪Chemical reaction between
iron, oxygen and water.
▪Chemical name for rust is
“hydrated iron oxide”.
▪Salt; the rate of rusting.
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 Metals defects-
➢Do all metals corrode?
▪ Metals behave differently when exposed to
environment.
▪Example : Gold

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 Corrosion- Steel
➢Transfer is between iron and oxygen; oxidation
& reduction.
➢Can cause serious problems.
➢Corrosion of steel structures may result:
▪Lowering weight limits.
▪Costly steel replacement.
▪Collapse of the structure.

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 Corrosion- Steel
➢Corrosion of steel structures:
▪ Highway bridges
▪ Gas and liquid transmission pipelines
▪ Waterways and ports
▪ Hazardous materials storage
▪ Airports
▪ Railroads.

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 Corrosion - Aluminium
➢Reactive metal; doesn’t corrode
➢Aluminium atoms react with oxygen
▪Thin layer of Aluminium oxide; protects the
metal from corrosion.

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 Corrosion- Aluminium
➢Oxide film protects from further oxidation.
➢Alloying element alter the corrosion
resistance of the Aluminium.
➢Extra protection by painting or “cladding”
with a thin coat of a corrosion-resistant alloy.

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 Metal That Are Corrosion Resistant or Don’t Rust
➢Not all metals contain iron
➢Corrode or tarnish in other oxidizing reactions.
➢Choose metals;“rust-proof” or “corrosion-proof.”
▪Stainless steel
▪Aluminum metal
▪Copper; bronze or brass
▪Galvanized steel

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 Metal That Are Corrosion Resistant or Don’t Rust
➢Stainless steel:
▪Some amount of iron; easily oxidizes to form
rust.
▪Contain a high percentage of chromium
(18%); even more reactive than iron.
▪The chromium oxidizes quickly to form a
protective layer of chromium oxide on the
metal surface.
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 Metal That Are Corrosion Resistant or Don’t Rust
➢Copper, Bronze and Brass:
▪ Copper oxidizes to form a green patina; protects the
metal from further corrosion.
▪ Bronze: Mixture of copper, tin, and small amounts
of other elements; much more resistant to
corrosion than copper.
▪ Brass: An alloy of copper, zinc, and other elements;
also resists corrosion.
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 Metal That Are Corrosion Resistant or Don’t Rust
➢Aluminium metal:
▪ Oxide layer is quite resistant to further corrosion
➢Galvanized Steel:
▪ Takes a long time to rust
▪ Galvanized; coated, with a thin layer of zinc.
▪ Zinc acts as a barrier preventing oxygen and water
from reaching the steel.
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 Metal defects- Fatigue

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 Metal defects- Fatigue

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 Fatigue - Factors
➢Basic factors:
▪Maximum tensile strength
▪Variation or fluctuation in
the applied stress.
▪Large numbers cycles of
the applied stress.

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 Fatigue - Factors
➢Additional factors:
▪ Stress concentration.
▪ Corrosion
▪ Temperature
▪ Overload
▪ Residual stress
▪ Combined stress
▪ Metallurgical structure
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 Fatigue
➢Fatigue process can be divided into the
following process:
▪ Crack initiation: Early development of fatigue
development.
▪ Removed by a suitable thermal treatment
(Annealing)
▪ Slip band crack growth : Deepening of the initial
crack on plane of high shear stress
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 Fatigue – Surface effects
➢Sensitive to surface conditions.
➢Fatigue normally starts at the surface
➢Divided into three categories:
▪Surface roughness
▪Change in surface properties.
▪Surface residual stress.

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 Fatigue – Effects of metallurgical variables
➢Fatigue property improved by arranging the designs;
reducing stress concentration, introducing
compressive stress on the surface.
➢Frequently correlated with tensile properties.

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 Fatigue – Effects of corrosion
➢Fatigue corrosion occurs when material is subjected
to cyclic stress in a corrosive condition.

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 Fatigue – Effects of temperature
➢In high temperature fatigue; transition from
fatigue failure to creep failure.
➢Coarse grained metal: higher fatigue strength-
at high temperature.
➢Fined grained metal: higher fatigue strength at
low temperature.

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 Metal defects – Fracture
➢Separation of fragmentation of a solid body into two
or more parts, under the action of stresses.
➢Occurs in many ways:
▪ Normal loading
▪ Impact Loading
▪ Fatigue
▪ Creep
▪ Environmental effects (cracking, stress corrosion etc.)
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 Fracture – Process
➢Subdivided into the following categories:
▪Damage accumulation.
▪Nucleation of one or more cracks or voids.
▪Growth of cracks of void. (involves a
coalescence of the cracks or void)

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 Fracture – Fundamentals
➢“Ductile” or “Brittle” depending upon the plastic
deformation of the material.
➢Properties which influence the plastic
deformation are:
▪Modulus of elasticity
▪Crystal structure

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 Fracture – Fundamentals
a) Highly ductile fracture.
b) Moderately ductile fracture with
necking.
◦ Called a cup and cone fracture
c) Brittle fracture
◦ No plastic deformation occurring

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 Fracture – Brittle fracture
➢Characterized by the rate of crack
propagation with the minimum energy
of absorption.
➢Adjacent parts separated by stresses
normal to the fracture surface.
➢Fracture occurs along crystallographic
planes; cleavage fracture.
➢No plastic deformation.
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 Fracture – Ductile fracture
➢Slow propagation of crack; considerable
amount of plastic deformation.
➢Three successive events involved in
ductile fracture are:
▪Specimen begins necking and minute
cavities; formation of cavities is closely
linked to plastic deformation.

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 Fracture – Ductile fracture
➢ Small micro cracks are formed
at the center of the specimen.
➢ Finally these cracks grow out
ward ;direction 45 degree to
the tensile axis; resulting in a
cup-end-con-type fracture.

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 Ductile fracture - Stages
a) Initial necking.
b) Cavity formation
c) Cavities form a crack.
d) Crack propagation.
e) Final shear

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 Brittle vs Ductile
Ductile material: the crack Brittle material: cracks
grows slowly and the grows to a critical size and
fracture takes place rapidly. propagates rapidly through
the material

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 Questions

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