Journal Pre-proof

Reconstruction of the stress regime in the Jiaolai Basin, East Asian margin, as
decoded from fault-slip analysis

Bo Zhang, Shaofeng Liu, Chengfa Lin, Wenjie Shen, Xueyan Li

PII: S0191-8141(19)30495-X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2020.104190
Reference: SG 104190

To appear in: Journal of Structural Geology

Received Date: 27 November 2019

Revised Date: 2 September 2020
Accepted Date: 2 September 2020

Please cite this article as: Zhang, B., Liu, S., Lin, C., Shen, W., Li, X., Reconstruction of the stress
regime in the Jiaolai Basin, East Asian margin, as decoded from fault-slip analysis, Journal of Structural
Geology (2020), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2020.104190.

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© 2020 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Bo Zhang: Investigation, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing - Original Draft.
Shaofeng Liu: Conceptualization, Writing - Review & Editing, Resources, Funding
acquisition. Chengfa Lin: Investigation, Writing - Review & Editing. Wenjie Shen:
Investigation, Formal analysis. Xueyan Li: Investigation.

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 1 Reconstruction of the stress regime in the Jiaolai Basin, East Asian margin, as

2 decoded from fault-slip analysis

3 Bo Zhang, Shaofeng Liu*, Chengfa Lin, Wenjie Shen, Xueyan Li

4 State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources and School of

5 Geosciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing

6 100083, China

7 *Corresponding author. E-mail address: shaofeng@cugb.edu.cn

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8 Bo Zhang, E-mail address: Zhangbo_cugb@163.com

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9 Chengfa Lin, E-mail address: lin_cf@cugb.edu.cn

10
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Wenjie Shen, E-mail address: shenwenjie0012@163.com
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11 Xueyan Li, E-mail address: lixueyan1997@126.com
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12 Abstract:
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13 The East Asian margin has experienced a complex tectonic history since the Mesozoic

14 and has developed a complex basin-mountain system. The Jiaolai Basin, which is located
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15 on the East Asian margin, is a typical Mesozoic rift basin that has undergone multiple
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16 tectonic episodes. Here, using field geological surveys, effective stress inversions, and

17 accurate chronological data, we recognize six tectonic episodes that have occurred in the

18 Jiaolai Basin since the Cretaceous: E-W extension (135-121 Ma), which controlled the

19 early deposition of the Laiyang Group; NW-SE extension (120-93 Ma), which controlled

20 the late deposition of the Laiyang Group and the eruption of the volcanic rocks in the

21 Qingshan Group; NE-SW compression (92-86 Ma), which produced folding of the

22 Qingshan Group and its underlying strata and the formation of the unconformity surface

23 between the Wangshi and the Qingshan Groups; N-S extension (85-60 Ma), which
24 controlled the deposition of the Wangshi Group; NW-SE compression (60-55 Ma), which

25 produced the unconformity between the Wangshi Group and the Wutu Group; and NE-

26 SW extension (ca. < 55 Ma), which controlled the deposition of the Wutu Group.

27 Considering the subduction history of the Izanagi plate and the Pacific plate, the activities

28 of these plates may have primarily controlled the temporal variation in the intraplate

29 paleostress regime in the East Asian margin.

30 Keywords: Jiaolai Basin; East Asian margin; Paleostress; Intraplate forces; Pacific

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31 subduction

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32 1. Introduction

33
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The continental margin of East Asia has experienced a complex tectonic evolution
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34 since the Mesozoic, and the Izanagi and Pacific plates have subducted beneath East Asia
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35 at different speeds, angles, and modes, leading to the formation of a complex basin-
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36 mountain system along the continental margin (Liu et al., 2013; Li and Liu, 2015; Qian et

37 al., 2015; Liu et al., 2017b; Yao et al., 2017; Li et al., 2019). Thus, the formation and
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38 development of the basins on the overriding plate has a strongly coupled relationship
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39 with the subduction process (Liu et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2014). Located in the Shandong

40 Peninsula on the East Asian margin, the Jiaolai Basin is a Mesozoic continental rift basin

41 that has undergone multi-stage tectonic evolution (Fig. 1) (Zhang et al., 2003). An

42 accurate understanding of the paleostress evolution recorded in the basin fill is crucial for

43 exploring the complex deformation processes that have occurred in the East Asian margin

44 since the late Mesozoic. When the stress inversion method is applied to fault-slip data,

45 the three principal stress axis orientations and relative magnitudes of the paleostress

46 regime can be obtained (Angelier, 1984; Delvaux and Sperner, 2003). The results of a
47 paleostress inversion can be used to reveal the activity of a specific fault, which can then

48 be combined with the activity history of other growth faults in the study area to

49 reconstruct the deformation history of the area (Delvaux and Barth, 2010; Soumaya et al.,

50 2015).

51 Liu et al. (2017b) reconstructed the plate tectonic configuration, subduction history

52 and continental deformation in East Asia starting at 200 Ma. The results showed that

53 during the Cretaceous, East Asia experienced WNW-ESE extension during 136-101 Ma,

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54 N-S extension during 100-67 Ma, and a short phase of compression in between. This

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55 reconstruction can serve as a basic framework for exploring the deformation history of

56
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the East Asian margin, but a detailed reconstruction must be performed (Zhang et al.,
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57 2003; Zhu et al., 2012b; Liu et al., 2017b). In this case, the Cretaceous Jiaolai Basin
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58 provides just such a window into the regional deformation events and into deciphering
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59 the driving forces. Recent studies have shown that the post-orogenic extension of the

60 Sulu orogen to the south significantly controlled the evolution of the Jiaolai Basin (Ni et
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61 al., 2013; Ni et al., 2015; Wu et al., 2018). However, due to complexity in the
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62 chronostratigraphic sequence and the error in the depositional ages obtained from the

63 Jiaolai Basin, the division schemes of deformation and the exact duration of each

64 deformation period are still unclear. Zhang et al. (2003) suggests that there were 4

65 tectonic stress fields, whereas Zhang et al. (2008) suggested that there were 5 tectonic

66 stress fields (Zhang et al., 2003; Li et al., 2007; Ren et al., 2007; Zhang et al., 2007). In

67 recent years, many high-precision zircon U-Pb age data have been reported for the

68 Mesozoic strata in the Jiaolai Basin (An et al., 2016; Li et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2019),

69 which makes it possible to more accurately reconstruct the regional paleostress regimes.
70 In this paper, we exhaustively investigate the faults and fault-associated folds that

71 developed in different strata throughout the entire basin, and we perform a paleostress

72 analysis based on kinematic data from the fault planes and fold hinges. Based on the

73 inversion calculation results for the fault-slip data and fold hinge data, we reconstructed

74 the paleostress regimes of the Jiaolai Basin and correlated them with different plate

75 tectonic configurations and varying driving forces.

76 Figure 1 here

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77 2. Geological setting

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78 The Jiaolai Basin is a typical rift basin bordered by large-scale normal faults. To the

79
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south and southeast, the Wulian-Yantai fault separates it from the Sulu orogen. To the
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80 west, the Yishu fault, which is the northeastern branch of the Tanlu fault zone, spatially
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81 divides it from the Luxi uplift. To the north, the sedimentary rocks of the Jiaolai Basin
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82 rest on the Jiaobei terrane with an angular unconformity (Xie et al., 2012; Zhu et al.,

83 2012b; Zhang et al., 2019) (Fig. 1a). Within the basin, minor faults are well developed
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84 and primarily strike NE-SW or NNE-SSW.

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85 2.1. Basin stratigraphy

86 The Jiaolai Basin is located on the northern side of the Sulu orogenic belt and the

87 southern edge of the Jiaobei terrane. The basin stratigraphic sequence, in ascending order,

88 comprises the Early Cretaceous Laiyang Group, Qingshan Group and Dasheng Group;

89 the Late Cretaceous Wang Group; and the Eocene Wutu Group (Zhang et al., 2014) (Fig.

90 2). The Early Cretaceous Laiyang Group represents the earliest sedimentary record in the

91 Jiaolai Basin, and it unconformably overlies the basement units. It is primarily composed

92 of terrigenous clastic rocks. The bottom consists of alluvial fan conglomerate sediments,
 93 which gradually transition to delta and lacustrine deposits and finally evolve into fluvial

94 facies (Zhang et al., 2019) (Fig. 2). The deposition of the Laiyang Group can be divided

95 into two stages in terms of basin subsidence. At first, the rapid subsidence in the southern

96 Zhucheng area led to the development of a deep-water lacustrine environment and the

97 deposition of thick, fine-grained sediments in the Wulian area at ca. 135-121 Ma (Zhang

98 et al., 2003; Zhang et al., 2008; Xie et al., 2012) (Fig. 1c, 2). Subsequently, due to the

99 rapid uplift of the Sulu orogenic belt, the Laiyang area near the Sulu orogenic belt began

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100 to subside rapidly, forming an alluvial fan conglomerate with a sediment thickness of

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101 greater than 1000 m in the Muping-Jimo rift zone (Zhang et al., 2018). This activity

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lasted from ca. 121 to 114 Ma (Zhang et al., 2019) (Fig. 1b, 2). The Qingshan Group is
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103 primarily composed of intermediate-acidic volcanic rocks interbedded with some
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104 pyroclastic units, and it is in conformable contact with the underlying Laiyang Group
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105 (Fig. 3b). Some clastic rocks occur as beds within the volcanic rocks of the Qingshan

106 Group, and these units are mostly distributed in the interior of the Jiaolai Basin and the
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107 Yishu fault zone (Fig. 1b, c). According to the zircon U-Pb and K-Ar dating results, the
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108 volcanic rocks in the Qingshan Group erupted at ca. 118-93 Ma (Ling et al., 2007; Tang

109 et al., 2008) (Fig. 2). The Dasheng Group is primarily composed of sandstone, siltstone,

110 and a small amount of conglomerate, and its distribution is mostly limited by the Tanlu

111 fault zone. The K-Ar age of the volcanic rocks in the lower part is 95 Ma (Tang et al.,

112 2008), which is the same as that of the upper strata of the Qingshan Group (Tian et al.,

113 2016) (Fig. 2). The Late Cretaceous Wangshi Group unconformably overlies the

114 Qingshan Group and primarily consists of red clastic sedimentary rocks, including

115 conglomerate, sandstone, and mudstone. The sedimentary characteristics of these clastic
116 rocks indicate an alluvial fan environment. The Ar(K)-Ar age of a basalt layer and the

117 minimum age of the sandstone detrital zircon sampled in the upper part of the Wang

118 Group were used to constrain the maximum deposition period of the Wangshi Group to

119 85 to 60 Ma (Yan et al., 2005; He et al., 2015; An et al., 2016; Li et al., 2018; Zhang et

120 al., 2020) (Fig. 2). The Wutu Group, which unconformably overlies the Wangshi Group,

121 is primarily exposed in the western part of the basin near the Yishu fault zone (Fig. 1c). It

122 is largely made up of sandstone, siltstone, shale and a small amount of conglomerate.

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123 According to the characteristics of preserved mammal fossils, the lower limit of the

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124 depositional age can be constrained to 55 Ma (Chi et al., 1994; Bowen et al., 2002; Tong

125 et al., 2013) (Fig. 2).

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126 Figure 2 here
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127 2.2. Major structural belts

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128 The Tanlu fault zone, which is also known as the Yishu fault in Shandong Province,

129 is primarily composed of four NNE-SSW-striking faults from west to east (Fig. 1c): the
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130 Yishui-Tangtou fault, Tangwu-Gegou fault, Anqiu-Juxian fault, and Changyi-Dadian fault
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131 (Zhang et al., 2003; Huang et al., 2015; Zhao et al., 2016; Zhu et al., 2018). The southern

132 part of the Wulian-Yantai fault (Wulian fault) stretches in the ENE-WSW direction (Fig.

133 1c), and its activity during the Early Cretaceous controlled the deposition of the lower

134 Laiyang Group (K1ly1) (Zhang et al., 2003; Ni et al., 2015). The northern part of the

135 Wulian fault merges with the Muping-Jimo fault zone. This fault zone consists of four

136 NE-SW-striking faults, and from north to south, they are the East Dushan fault, the

137 Guocheng fault, the Zhuwu fault, and the Haiyang fault (Fig. 1b). The presence of

138 syntectonic conglomerates and the distribution of sedimentary facies associations suggest
139 that the normal faulting of these faults controlled the deposition of the upper Laiyang

140 Group (K1ly2) and the Qingshan Group (K1qs) (Fig. 1b, c) (Li and Hou, 2018). The

141 other major faults that developed along the basin margins and in the interior of the basin,

142 such as the Wulongcun fault, Baichihe fault, Jiaoxian fault, etc., strike approximately E-

143 W. These faults primarily cut the early NE-SW-striking faults, and they were active

144 during the deposition of the Wangshi Group and controlled the deposition of the Wangshi

145 Group (Zhu et al., 2012b; An et al., 2016) (Fig. 1b, c).

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146 3. Methodology

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147 3.1. Stress inversion methodology

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The stress inversion method is based on the following assumptions: (1) the rock
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149 body is homogeneous and isotropic (Lacombe, 2012); (2) there is no interaction between
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150 the faults (Lacombe, 2012; Tranos, 2013); (3) the displacements on the fault planes are
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151 small with respect to their size, with no ductile deformation and no rotation of the fault

152 planes (Lacombe, 2012); (4) a tectonic event is characterized by a single homogenous
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153 stress tensor (Angelier, 1979); and (5) for each fault, the direction of the maximum shear
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154 stress is the same as the direction of the slip vector on the fault plane (Wallace, 1951;

155 Bott, 1959). Based on the above assumptions, different stress field recovery methods

156 have been proposed (Angelier and Mechler, 1977; Angelier, 1979, 1984; Hardcastle and

157 Hills, 1991; Delvaux and Sperner, 2003; Tranos, 2015). Most stress inversion methods

158 calculate the direction and relative magnitude of the principal stress axis, which are

159 expressed by the four parameters extracted from the complete six components of a

160 symmetric stress tensor: the stress principal axis direction, σ1, σ2, and σ3 (σ1 ≥ σ2 ≥ σ3)

161 and the stress ratio R= (σ2 - σ3) / (σ1 - σ3) (0≦R≦1). The stress state can be described by
162 three stress principal axes and the value of R, which describes the stress ellipsoid

163 (Etchecopar et al., 1981). Therefore, for each stress inversion calculation, we need at least

164 4 independent fault-slip data points (Etchecopar et al., 1981). Here, we use Win-Tensor

165 software (Delvaux et al., 1997; Delvaux and Sperner, 2003) for stress inversion. To

166 facilitate the representation of the range of the stress regime, the stress regime index R’

167 based on the stress ratio index R is invoked in the program, which defines a specific

168 stress regime over a particular range of values (Delvaux et al., 1997; Delvaux and

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169 Sperner, 2003). The stress regime index is defined as follows: R’ = R for normal faulting

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170 regimes, R’ = (2-R) for strike-slip faulting regimes, and R’ = (2+R) for thrust faulting

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regimes. In Table 1, the indication code for the tectonic regime type refers to the World
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172 Stress Map standard (NF: normal faulting; SS: strike-slip faulting; TF: thrust faulting;
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173 NS: intermediate between NF and SS; TS: intermediate between SS and TF; and UF:
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174 unknown or oblique).

175 When using Win-Tensor software, the first step is to process the data using the
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176 enhanced "Right Dihedron method". This method, which was proposed by (Angelier and
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177 Mechler, 1977), is a visualization method for determining the possible range of the σ1

178 and σ3 principal stress axes. The preliminary results obtained with this method serve as a

179 starting point for the iterative grid search on the "Rotational Optimization" inversion

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180 process using the misfit function F5: 5 = 360. + ,

181 where Tinv(i) = σ1/2 - |τ(i)|, i represents the individual data, |τ| represents the shear stress

182 magnitude, represents the slip deviation, |ν| represents the normal stress magnitude, and

183 p represents the proportionality factor (the detailed method is described in Delvaux and

184 Sperner, 2003 as F3) (Delvaux and Sperner, 2003; Delvaux and Barth, 2010). The F5
185 function simultaneously takes the normal stress magnitude and the shear stress magnitude

186 of the fault plane and misfit angle, and its value is independent of σ3/σ1 and ranges from

187 0° to 360° (Delvaux and Sperner, 2003). We adopted the misfit angle (ANG), which is the

188 angular difference between the observed slickenline on the fault plane and the theoretical

189 slip vector, as proposed by Angelier in 1991. The Rotational Optimization method is a 4-

190 D grid search method with finite rotation around the three principal stress axes. For each

191 principal stress axis, the rotation angle is obtained by minimizing the value of the F5

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192 function. After completing the rotation of the three principal stress axes, the R value is

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193 obtained via a similar process by testing the possible values of R within a specific range.

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For each iteration, the three principal stress axes are first adjusted, and then the R value is
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195 adjusted. This process is repeated until the stress field of the inversion is stable; in other
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196 words, the three principal stress axes are rotated or the R value is adjusted until no further
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197 improvement in the results is observed (Delvaux and Sperner, 2003). For a homogeneous

198 fault data subset, the final misfit angle obtained by the inversion should be less than 20°
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199 (Angelier, 1984, 1990). Once the final stress state is determined, the stress regime index
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200 is also obtained and ranges from 0 to 1 for extensional regimes, 1 to 2 for strike-slip

201 regimes, and 2 to 3 for compressional regimes. The directions of the horizontal stress

202 (SHmax and SHmin, which represents the longest and shortest axes of the stress ellipsoid

203 projected onto the horizontal plane, respectively) are calculated according to Lund and

204 Townend (2007) by the program. The principal stress axes, R (stress ratio), R' (stress

205 regime index), and stress regime are listed in Table 1.

206 3.2. Measurement and data processing strategy

207 To reconstruct the stress regime evolution of the Jiaolai Basin accurately, we
208 systematically collected the attitudes of fault-associated fold hinges and the slip vectors

209 of specific faults. Two hundred and sixteen measurements of fold hinges were obtained at

210 6 sites (Fig. 1, Appendix B), and 742 fault-slip measurements were obtained at 52 sites

211 (Fig. 1, Table 1 and Appendix A). The orientation of planar structures is reported as the

212 dip direction/dip, whereas the orientation of linear features is reported as the

213 trend/plunge. During the fieldwork, we measured only faults with a definite direction of

214 movement, and for undulating fault planes, we use the average values of several

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215 measurements (>5). The separation of the data into homogenous subsets is the most

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216 critical point in fault-slip analysis (Tranos, 2012, 2013). Several automatic separation

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methods were tested by Liesa and Lisle (2004), who concluded that a fully automatic
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218 separation procedure is not reasonable. In this study, the separation was performed
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219 primarily according to field criteria, such as stratigraphic units and slickenside
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220 overprinting relationships. If this was not possible (see Appendix A for these sites), we

221 used the interactive data separation process within Win-Tensor software. First, the
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222 measured fault-slip data are segregated into two categories according to the field
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223 observations: the first group features obvious clues, such as slickenside overprinting, that

224 indicate that the data are heterogeneous and record multiple stress regimes; the second

225 group features no field observation clues that indicate that the data are heterogeneous or

226 homogeneous. For the first group, we separated the data into subsets according to field

227 observations, such as the slickenside overprinting relationship (Fig. 4). The stress

228 inversion method was applied to each subset from the first and second groups in Win-

229 Tensor. If the misfit angle (ANG) was less than 30°, the subsets are regarded as

230 homogeneous. The deduced stress with similar R values and orientations obtained from
231 homogenous subsets from several sites provides an approximation of the regional stress

232 tensor. The subsets with misfit angles greater than 30° represent heterogeneous fault-slip

233 data resulting from polyphase brittle deformation. For these subsets, the visual interactive

234 data grouping method proposed by Delvaux and Sperner (2003) was applied to these

235 subsets (detailed description in Delvaux and Sperner (2003)), and the process was

236 performed by progressively removing the data with the highest misfit angles until all the

237 misfit angles were less than 30° (Delvaux and Sperner, 2003; Delvaux and Barth, 2010).

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238 Each extracted homogeneous subset contains at least four fault-slip measurements and

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239 yields a unique stress regime. In this way, the stress inversion can be performed

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independently for each homogeneous fault subset. Although we tried our best to define
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241 homogenous subsets, the resolved stress tensor can also be potentially defined by mixed
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242 fault-slip data (Tranos, 2015). Therefore, after stress inversion, we calculated how many
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243 fault-slip data out of the input fault-slip data are solved with misfit angles ≤ 20º to

244 evaluate the robustness of the solution at each site. If this percentage is > 70% relative to
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245 the total input number, the solution is considered homogeneous and robust; otherwise, the
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246 solution is regarded as less robust (Tranos, 2015; Tranos, 2017). In total, 10 of the 80

247 resolved stress tensors do not fit this criterion and are marked with a dashed line box in

248 Figs. 5-10. This information is shown in Table. 1.

249 Once the stress tensor has been obtained from the individual subset, two things must

250 be considered, with one being the reliability of the stress tensor and another the tilt

251 correction. The reliability of the stress tensor depends on the number of faults used in the

252 solution. Therefore, we investigated faults carefully to obtain numerous fault

253 measurements for stress inversion. Nevertheless, there are 8 stress tensors that are
254 calculated from only 4 fault-slip data points, that is, the minimum number of faults that

255 allow us to define a stress solution. To assess the reliability of the tensor obtained from a

256 small number of faults, the significance test proposed by Orife and Lisle (2006) was

257 applied when the resolved stress tensor defined by the small number of faults is less

258 reliable. Tilting of faulted rock can create a problem for the stress tensor inversion. The

259 faults can form before, during, or after tilting. If the tilting is older than the faulting, no

260 tilt correction is necessary. In the other two cases, it is necessary to tilt the faults and

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261 bedding back to the initial position and then define the stress tensor (Yamaji et al., 2005).

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262 The orientations of the principal stress axes and their relationship to the bedding plane

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provide clues for determining whether tilting occurred before or after faulting. Under
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264 normal conditions, one of the three principal stress axes is generally vertical (or
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265 horizontal) (Lisle et al., 2006). If the faulting occurred before the folding and
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266 subsequently tilted with the bedding, the stress tensor defined by those data does not

267 show a vertical (or horizontal) principal stress axis. Instead, one of the stress axes is
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268 generally perpendicular to the bedding, whereas the two other stress axes are situated
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269 along their bedding plane (Jentzer et al., 2017). In this case, tilt correction should be

270 performed before interpretation. Based on this principle, we applied a tilt correction in

271 which the initial run of stress inversion yielded the stress tensor with three stress axes

272 with intermediate inclinations (see Appendix E for details).

273 The chronology of faulting is comprehensively based on the superimposed

274 relationships (Fig. 4), syn-sedimentary faulting (Fig. 3a, c), and the strata affected by the

275 fault (Fig. 2).

276 4. Results

277 Based on the preliminary subset separation, superimposed slickenline relationship

278 and tilt correction, 742 fault-slip measurements obtained from 52 sites were used for the

279 inversion stress regime with Win-Tensor software in this study (see Appendix A, C for

280 the details of the measurement data). Among the 52 sites, 2 were in the Wutu Group

281 (4%), 12 were in the Wangshi Group (23%), 10 were in the Qingshan Group (19%), 5

282 were in the Dasheng Group (10%) and 23 were in the Laiyang Group (44%). Stereoplots

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283 of the fault-slip data from each study site are shown in Fig. 1b, c. Applying the data

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284 separation and stress inversion procedure as outlined in the previous section led to 80

285
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stress tensors that suggested polyphase brittle deformation events and associated stress
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286 regimes, which are described below. The data subset names bear a prefix for each site
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287 corresponding to a stratigraphic unit, with K1ly for the Laiyang Group, K1qs for the
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288 Qingshan Group, K1ds for the Dasheng Group and K1ws for the Wangshi Group; the

289 suffixes a, b, and c represent the subsets extracted from raw measurements in individual
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290 locations (Table 1). The data collected at 23 sites yielded more than two types of stress
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291 tensor, and apparent superimposed slickenlines were observed at six sites (Fig. 4), which

292 helped us to determine the chronological order of the deformation events. Based on the

293 orientation of the principal stress axes and the characteristics of the stress regime, the 80

294 stress tensors can be subdivided into the following 6 types: E-W extension, NW-SE

295 extension, NW-SE compression, N-S extension, NE-SW compression and NE-SW

296 extension (Table 1, Figs. 5-10).

297 Figure 3 here

298 Insert Table 1

299 The folds associated with thrust faults were also measured as complementary

300 evidence to help define the compression events. During the field investigation, only folds

301 containing obvious clues indicating how they were related to the thrust used in the stress

302 inversion were measured. A total of 213 fold hinge data points were obtained from 6

303 sites, with 1 in the Wangshi Group, 3 in the Qingshan Group and 2 in the Laiyang Group.

304 Kamb plots of the fold hinge axis data for each site are shown in Fig. 1b, c. These fault-

305 bend folds prevailed within thinly bedded areas and had straight hinge lines. Most of

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306 them were small, with a wavelength of less than 50 cm, and a minority had a wavelength

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307 greater than 100 cm. Based on tilt correction analysis, we applied tilt correction to the

308
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fold hinge data from sites K1qs-01, K1qs-03 and K1qs-10. The fold hinge data present
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309 two distinct clustered distributions, revealing two compression events with different
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310 directions. The folds in the Early Cretaceous Laiyang Group and the Qingshan Group can
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311 be divided into two groups: one group plunges NE or SW (sites K1ly-24, K1qs-03, and

312 K1qs-01, Fig. 1), indicating NW-SE-oriented compression associated with the NW-SE
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313 compression tensor defined by the fault-slip data (Fig. 7k); the other group plunges NW
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314 or SE (sites K1qs-10, K1ly-04), suggesting NE-SW-oriented compression associated with

315 the NE-SW compression tensor defined by the fault-slip data (Fig. 9f). The fold

316 developed in the Wangshi Group with a hinge plunging NW or SE (site K2ws-13)

317 indicates NE-SW-oriented compression associated with the NE-SW compression tensor

318 defined by the fault-slip data (Fig. 9d).

319 4.1. Chronology of fault slickenlines

320 Superimposed slickenlines on a fault surface are valuable for determining the

321 chronology of the stress regime defined by the fault-slip data. Apparent superimposed
322 slickenlines were observed at six sites. At site K1ly-24, the steeply plunging dip-slip

323 slickenlines trending to the SE (138°/40°, K1ly-24b) overprinted older steeply plunging

324 strike-slip slickenlines, which trend to the NE (017°/68°, K1ly-24a) (Figs. 4e, 6e, 7a). At

325 site K1ly-18, the slickenlines trending to the NE (042°/42°, K1ly-18b) overprinted older

326 steeply plunging dip-slip slickenlines, which trend to the SW (257°/61°, K1ly-18a) (Figs.

327 4d, 6g, 8j). At site K1ly-17, the dip-slip slickenlines trending to the NE (042°/40°, K1ly-

328 17a) overprinted older subhorizontal strike-slip slickenlines, which trend to the SW

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329 (205°/03°, K1ly-17b) (Figs. 4b, 7e, 8h), At site K1qs-07, the steeply plunging dip-slip

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330 slickenlines trending to the SW (213°/57°, K1qs-07c) overprinted older subhorizontal

331
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strike-slip slickenlines, which trend to the S (180°/11°, K1qs-07b) (Figs. 4a, 7g, 10p). At
re
332 site K2ws-02, the shallowly plunging dip-slip slickenlines trending generally to the E
lP

333 (084°/27°, K2ws-02b) overprinted older steeply plunging dip-slip slickenlines, which
na

334 trend to the NE (064°/61°, K2ws-02a) (Figs. 4f, 8f, 10a). At site K1qs-03, the shallowly

335 plunging dip-slip slickenlines trending to the SW (221°/21°, K1qs-03b) overprinted older
ur

336 subhorizontal strike-slip slickenlines, which trend to the SW (230°/12°, K1qs-03c) (Figs.
Jo

337 4c, 9j, 10q).

338 Figure 4 here

339 4.2. Stress A: E-W extension

340 E-W extension was obtained from 60 fault-slip data points from 6 sites, with four

341 sites near the Wulian fault and one near the Tanlu fault zone (Fig. 1c, 5). This stress is

342 observed only in the Early Cretaceous lower Laiyang Group in the southern part of the

343 basin, and there is no record of the stress in any the overlying strata, indicating that the E-

344 W extension is the earliest deformation in the Jiaolai Basin. The six stress tensors reveal a
345 uniform extensional stress field (R' average = 0.69), the σ3 axis is nearly horizontal, and

346 SHmin is E-W (SHmin average = 87°).

347 Figure 5 here

348 4.3. Stress B: NW-SE extension

349 This stress is defined by 112 fault-slip data points from 15 sites (Fig. 6 and Table 1),

350 with 10 in the Laiyang Group, 3 in the Qingshan Group, and 2 in the Dasheng Group.

351 This deformation affects not only the strata of the Laiyang Group but also the Qingshan

of
352 Group, but no evidence of this stress was observed in the strata overlying the Qingshan

ro
353 Group (Fig. 2). The sites are distributed throughout the Jiaolai Basin, with 5 in the

354
-p
Zhucheng area near the Wulian fault, 3 in the vicinity of the East Dushan fault, 5 in the
re
355 Haiyang area near the Haiyang fault, and 2 in the Tanlu fault zone (Fig. 1b, c). All of the
lP

356 resolved stress tensors indicate an extensional regime with NW-SE stretching (R' average
na

357 = 0.61, SHmin average =134°). The syn-sedimentary fault (site K1ly-18a, Fig. 3a) that

358 developed in the Haiyang region and is close to the Haiyang fault recorded the stress
ur

359 during this period. The fault-slip data obtained from this site revealed NW-SE extension
Jo

360 (Fig. 6g, R' = 0.6, SHmin = 136°), suggesting that the NW-SE extension primarily

361 occurred during the Early Cretaceous.

362 Figure 6 here

363 4.4. Stress C: NW-SE compression

364 This stress was obtained by the inversion of 114 fault-slip data points from ten sites,

365 which were widely distributed throughout the basin, including 2 in the Zhucheng area, 2

366 in the Tanlu fault zone, 3 in the Laiyang area and 2 in the Haiyang area (Fig. 1b, c). This

367 deformation affected the Early Cretaceous Qingshan, Laiyang and Dasheng Groups. All
368 10 resolved stress tensors revealed a NW-SE compression stress regime, and 4 of the

369 resolved stress tensors are pure compressive stress (Fig. 7, R' average is 2.29, SHmax

370 average is 145°). Among these 4 stress tensors, 2 are located in the Tanlu fault zone, 1 is

371 near the Baichihe fault, and 1 is near the Haiyang fault (Fig. 1b, c). The other six data

372 points suggest a transpressional stress regime. The R' values are between 1.4 and 1.65,

373 with an average of 1.53. Two of the 6 data points were taken in the southern part of the

374 basin, with one from the Tanlu fault zone and one near the Wulian fault (Figs. 1c, 7). The

of
375 remaining 4 data points are primarily distributed in the Muping-Jimo fault zone in the

ro
376 north (Figs. 1c, 7).

377 Figure 7 here

-p
re
378 4.5. Stress D: N-S extension
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379 This stress was obtained by the inversion of 136 fault-slip data points at 17 sites
na

380 (Fig. 8 and Table 1), which exhibit a wide range of temporal and spatial distribution

381 characteristics. Seventeen sites were scattered in the Zhucheng area, the Tanlu fault zone,
ur

382 the Laiyang area, and the Haiyang area (Figs. 1b, c, 8), and this deformation affected all
Jo

383 the Cretaceous strata, including the Laiyang, Qingshan, and Wangshi Groups (Fig. 3). All

384 17 resolved stress tensors indicate near-N-S extension; among them, 12 tensors indicate

385 pure N-S stretching, with an R' between 0.25 and 0.63 (average = 0.42) and an average

386 SHmin of 177. The sites K1ds-04b, K2ws-06a, and K1qs-02a in the Tanlu fault zone and

387 K1ly-11 near the Guocheng fault show an N-S transtensional stress regime. The K2ws-08

388 data in the Laiyang area suggest a transtensional stress regime. This stress is also

389 recorded by the syn-sedimentary fault in the Late Cretaceous Wangshi Group near the

390 Wulongcun fault (Figs. 1b, 3c). The stress tensor obtained at this site suggests pure
391 NNW-SSE extension (site K2ws-07, Fig. 7m, R’ = 0.33, SHmin = 167°).

392 Figure 8 here

393 4.6. Stress E: NE-SW compression

394 This stress was obtained by the inversion of 101 fault-slip data from 13 sites (Fig. 9

395 and Table 1), and the affected strata include the Late Cretaceous Wangshi Group and all

396 its underlying strata. There is no record of this stress in the Eocene Wutu Group (Fig. 2).

397 All the resolved stress tensors indicate NE-SW compression, and 8 indicate pure

of
398 compression, primarily in the northern Laiyang and Haiyang areas (Fig. 1b), with an

ro
399 average R' of 2.21 and an average SHmax of 37. The remaining 5 tensors are

400
-p
concentrated in the southern Zhucheng area near the Tanlu and the Wulian fault (Fig. 1c)
re
401 and suggest a transpressional regime with an NE-SW direction (Fig. 9h, j, l, m, n), with
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402 R' ranging between 1.47 and 1.94 (average of 1.87) and an average SHmax of 43°.
na

403 Figure 9 here

404 4.7. Stress F: NE-SW extension

ur

405 This stress was obtained through the inversion of 219 fault-slip data at 19 sites (Fig.
Jo

406 9 and Table 1), making it the most widely distributed deformation, and it affected all the

407 strata, from the Early Cretaceous Laiyang Group to the Eocene Wutu Group (Fig. 2). The

408 19 tensors were randomly distributed throughout the basin, including 5 in the Zhucheng

409 area, 6 in the Tanlu fault zone, 5 in the Laiyang area, and 3 in the Haiyang area (Fig. 1b,

410 c). All 19 resolved stress tensors show a pure NE-SW extension regime, with an R'

411 between 0.18 and 0.96, an average of 0.54, and an average SHmin of 44°.

412 Figure 10 here

413 5. Discussion

414 5.1. Geochronology of deformation stages

415 Based on the fault-slip inversion and fold hinge analysis, we obtained six different

416 stress regimes during the depositional period of the Jiaolai Basin. Among them, two

417 stages showed compression, and four stages showed extension. The two compressional

418 stress regimes, with NW-SE contraction (stress C) and NE-SW contraction (stress E),

419 were related to the prevailing compressional deformation in the basin and formed the

of
420 unconformity between the Qingshan and Wangshi Groups and the unconformity between

ro
421 the Wangshi and Wutu Groups and the folding of the strata (Fig. 3e-g). The NW-SE-

422
-p
oriented compressional stress C is observed in the Qingshan Group and its underlying
re
423 strata, while the NE-SW-oriented stress E is recorded in the Late Cretaceous Wangshi
lP

424 Group and its underlying strata (Fig. 2). The folds developed in the Cretaceous Wangshi
na

425 Group record only NE-SW compression (stress E), while the folds developed in the Early

426 Cretaceous Laiyang and Qingshan Group strata record both NW-SE (stress C) and NE-
ur

427 SW (stress E) compression (Figs. 1, 7k, 9d, f). These pieces of evidence suggest that the
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428 NW-SE-oriented compression (stress C) occurred after the deposition of the Qingshan

429 Group, resulting in the unconformity between the Qingshan Group and the Wangshi

430 Group, while the NE-SW-oriented compression (stress E) occurred after the deposition of

431 the Late Cretaceous Wangshi Group, forming the unconformity between the Wangshi

432 Group and the overlying Wutu Group and folding the older strata up to the Wangshi

433 Group. The chronostratigraphic study shows that the sedimentary hiatus between the

434 Laiyang and Qingshan Groups occurred during ca. 93-85 Ma, while the hiatus between

435 the Wangshi and Wutu Groups occurred during ca. 60-55 Ma (Bowen et al., 2002; Yan et
436 al., 2005; Tang et al., 2008; Tong et al., 2013; He et al., 2015; An et al., 2016). Therefore,

437 the NW-SE compression of stress C occurred during ca. 93-85 Ma, while the stress E of

438 NE-SW compression occurred during ca. 60-55 Ma.

439 The sequences of the 4 stages in the extensional regime can be comprehensively

440 determined from the revolved stress tensors. Stress A, associated with E-W extension,

441 affected only the lower strata of the Early Cretaceous Laiyang Group. Therefore, this

442 stress should be the earliest event in the Jiaolai Basin, and it controlled the early

of
443 deposition of the Laiyang Group during ca. 135-121 Ma (Zhang et al., 2003; Zhang et al.,

ro
444 2008; Xie et al., 2012; Ni et al., 2013). Stress B, associated with NW-SE extension, was

445
-p
recorded by the syn-sedimentary faults that developed in the upper Laiyang Group,
re
446 indicating that this stress controlled deposition of the Laiyang Group in the late Early
lP

447 Cretaceous. Considering the conformity between the Laiyang and Qingshan Groups, this
na

448 stress is also recorded in the Qingshan Group; therefore, this stress regime not only

449 controlled the deposition of the Laiyang Group but also controlled the volcanic activity
ur

450 and deposition of the Qingshan Group. In summary, the timing of this stress regime can
Jo

451 be constrained to 121-93 Ma (Ling et al., 2007; Tang et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2019).

452 Stress D, associated with N-S extension, is recorded by the syn-sedimentary fault in the

453 Late Cretaceous Wangshi Group and by all the strata underlying the Wangshi Group,

454 indicating that this stress controlled the deposition of the Wangshi Group and occurred

455 later than stress B with NW-SE extension but earlier than stress F with NE-SW

456 extension. The timing of this stress regime can be constrained to 85-60 Ma (Yan et al.,

457 2005; He et al., 2015; An et al., 2016). The NE-SW extension of stress F is recorded in all

458 the strata present in the basin, from the Laiyang to the Wutu Groups, and it occurred later
459 than all the other stresses. The above findings indicate that stress F was the last stress

460 regime recorded in the sedimentary strata of the Jiaolai Basin and that it occurred later

461 than 55 Ma (Chi et al., 1994; Bowen et al., 2002; Tong et al., 2013).

462 In summary, we have determined six deformational stages since the Cretaceous in

463 the Jiaolai Basin. The first phase was E-W extension (stress A, Fig. 11a), which was

464 active from ca. 135-121 Ma; the second phase was NW-SE extension (stress B, Fig. 11b),

465 which was active from ca. 121-93 Ma; the third phase was NW-SE compression (stress

of
466 C, Fig. 11c), which was active from ca. 93-85 Ma; the fourth phase was N-S extension

ro
467 (stress D, Fig. 11d), which was active from ca. 85-60 Ma; the fifth phase was NE-SW

468
-p
compression (stress E, Fig. 11e), which was active from ca. 60-55 Ma; and the sixth
re
469 phase was NE-SW extension (stress F, Fig. 11f), which was active later than ca. 55 Ma.
lP

470 Figure 11 here

na

471 5.2. Geodynamic interpretation

472 In a subduction system, the structure of the upper plate is closely related to the
ur

473 subduction process (Royden, 1993; Liu et al., 2017b). When the convergence rate is less
Jo

474 than the subduction rate, the trench moves away from the upper plate (trench-retreat

475 subduction), and the type of deformation in the upper plate is horizontal extension.

476 Conversely, when the convergence rate is greater than the subduction rate, the trench

477 moves towards the upper plate (trench-advance subduction), and the type of deformation

478 in the upper plate is horizontal compression (Royden, 1993). Since the Cretaceous, the

479 East Asian margin has experienced a complex tectonic history. As the palaeo-Pacific

480 plate, the Izanagi plate subducted towards East Asia at varying speeds and angles during

481 the Mesozoic, and after oceanic ridge subduction at ca. 55 Ma, the Pacific plate has
482 continued to subduct beneath East Asia (Seton et al., 2015; Liu et al., 2017b; Wu and Wu,

483 2019).

484 Figure 12 here

485 Multiple plate reconstruction models suggest that the Izanagi plate subduction

486 direction showed significant clockwise rotation during the Cretaceous (Sager, 2006;

487 Beaman et al., 2007; Wessel and Kroenke, 2008). The Izanagi plate subducted in the

488 WNW direction in the early Early Cretaceous and in the NW subduction in the late Early

of
489 Cretaceous, and many geological records indicate that the Izanagi showed clear trench

ro
490 retreat (Sager, 2006; Beaman et al., 2007; Zhu et al., 2012b; Liu et al., 2017b; Zhu et al.,

491
-p
2017; Zhu et al., 2018; Zhu and Xu, 2019). The paleostress regimes also exhibited a
re
492 clockwise rotation during the Cretaceous (stress A: E-W extension; stress B: NW-SE
lP

493 extension; stress D: N-S extension; Fig. 11 a, b, d), and stress F with NE-SW extension
na

494 (Fig. 11f) after 55 Ma may have been related to the slowing subduction of the young

495 oceanic crust after ridge subduction (Whittaker et al., 2007; Seton et al., 2015). The
ur

496 above correlation clearly suggests that variation in the subduction of the Izanagi-Pacific
Jo

497 plate has been the first-order control factor and driving force for the staged deformation

498 of the East Asian margin (Fig. 12).

499 The paleo-site of the subduction zone revealed by accretion events along the East

500 Asian margin and evidence of intraplate magmatic activity gradually migrating towards

501 the trench show that trench-retreat subduction of the Izanagi plate occurred during the

502 Cretaceous, which led to intense extensional deformation of the East Asian margin,

503 resulting in large-scale crustal thinning, intense intracontinental magmatism, and the

504 formation of numerous metamorphic core complexes and rift basins throughout East Asia
505 (Liu et al., 2017b; Zhang et al., 2017b; Zhu et al., 2017; Lin and Wei, 2018; Zhu and Xu,

506 2019; Kubota et al., 2020). Additionally, changes in the direction of Izanagi plate

507 subduction over time also caused changes in the direction of regional extension in East

508 Asia. From 139 Ma to 122 Ma, the Izanagi plate moved WNW, and simultaneously, the

509 Eurasian plate moved towards the Izanagi plate, and the western Pacific subduction zone

510 became the centre of convergence (Seton et al., 2012; Kusky et al., 2014; Liu et al.,

511 2017b), which led to E-W extension (stress A) in East Asia (Figs. 11a, 12a). The intense

of
512 crustal extension, which caused the activity of the Wulian fault in the southern part of the

ro
513 basin, contributed to the initial expansion of the Jiaolai Basin. This deformation is also

514
-p
recorded by many NNE-SSW-trending veins (Xu et al., 2004; Li et al., 2005; Wang et al.,
re
515 2005) and a metamorphic core complex in eastern China (Li et al., 2005; Wang et al.,
lP

516 2005; Webb et al., 2006; Ni et al., 2015; Lin and Wei, 2018). From 121 to 95 Ma, the
na

517 direction of Izanagi plate subduction changed to the NW, which changed the orientation

518 of extension in the basin to NW-SE (stress B, Figs. 11b, 12b), and this extension
ur

519 controlled the deposition of the Late Laiyang Group and the Qingshan Group. Moreover,
Jo

520 the convergence rate at 119-106 Ma clearly slowed to only half of the previous rate (ca.

521 10 cm/yr), and the low convergence rate may have further strengthened the extension in

522 East Asia (Royden, 1993; Seton et al., 2012; Liu et al., 2017b). Additionally, the

523 Cretaceous magmatic activity peaked at ~120 Ma (Zhu et al., 2017).

524 During the early Late Cretaceous, the dynamic process of the Pacific rim was active

525 (Wright et al., 2016). Short phase of trench-advance subduction replaced trench-retreat

526 subduction (Liu et al., 2017b), and recent studies show that the Okhotomorsk block

527 within the Izanagi plate collided with East Asia in the early Late Cretaceous (Yang, 2013;
528 Zhang et al., 2017a). The above events may have led to the stress regime change in East

529 Asia during the early Late Cretaceous, i.e., the transition from NW-SE extension to NW-

530 SE compression (stress C, Figs. 11c, 12c), which folded the strata of the Laiyang and

531 Qingshan Groups and formed the unconformity between the Qingshan and Wang Groups

532 (Fig. 3f-g). The Tanlu and Muping-Jimo fault zones also show sinistral strike-slip

533 movement corresponding to this compressional event (Zhang et al., 2008; Zhu et al.,

534 2012a; Zhu et al., 2018), which may be the reason why the transpressional stress tensors

of
535 of stress C are concentrated in the vicinity of the Tanlu and Muping-Jimo fault zones. In

ro
536 addition, the magmatism during this period was significantly weakened (Zhu et al.,

537
-p
2017), and the Songliao and Sanjiang basins in eastern China experienced short-term
re
538 synchronous folding and thrusting (Zhang et al., 2017b; Zhou and Li, 2017).
lP

539 Based on high-resolution palaeomagnetic data, striped magnetic anomalies in the

na

540 seafloor and detailed magmatic activity data, a clear understanding of the movement

541 history of the Pacific plate since the late Late Cretaceous has been obtained (Wessel and
ur

542 Kroenke, 2008; Torsvik et al., 2019; Wu and Wu, 2019). Both the Emperor seamount
Jo

543 chain and palaeomagnetic data indicate that the Pacific plate drifted to the north and was

544 associated with trench-retreat subduction during the late Late Cretaceous (Sager, 2006;

545 Beaman et al., 2007; Tarduno, 2007). Since trench-retreat subduction causes horizonal

546 extension in the upper palate (Royden, 1993), the northward trench-retreat subduction of

547 the Pacific plate at this stage may have led to N-S extension in East Asia (stress D, Figs.

548 11d, 12d).

549 After the long-term subduction of the Izanagi plate beneath East Asia, the mid-

550 ocean ridge between the current Pacific plate and the Izanagi plate eventually
551 encountered the Eurasian plate and began to subduct at ca. 60-55 Ma in the Cenozoic,

552 leading to the Cenozoic magmatism gap in East Asia (Whittaker et al., 2007; Seton et al.,

553 2015; Wu and Wu, 2019). The subduction of the ridge had a significant effect on the

554 overriding plate, and a slab window formed in the downgoing slab, leading to temporarily

555 inactive magmatism, elevated heat flows and topographic uplift (Sisson et al., 2003; Wu

556 and Wu, 2019). Moreover, two island arc terranes, the Achaivayam-Valaginskaya and

557 Kronotskaya island arcs, collided between Kamchatka and the East Asian continental

of
558 margins between the Paleocene and the Eocene (Konstantinovskaia, 2001; Hourigan et

ro
559 al., 2009). These ridge subduction and island arc accretion events may have led to the

560
-p
NE-SW compression of East Asia at 60-55 Ma (stress E, Figs. 11e, 12e). Under NE-SW
re
561 compression, the Tanlu and Muping-Jimo fault zones showed dextral strike-slip
lP

562 movement (Zhang et al., 2007; Zhang et al., 2008), and the stress tensor of stress E in the
na

563 vicinity of the Tanlu and Muping-Jimo fault zones suggests a transpressional stress

564 regime. This compression deformation was also recorded by the unconformity in the
ur

565 Songliao Basin and a regional rapid uplift event revealed by apatite fission track data (Li
Jo

566 and Gong, 2011; Song et al., 2018).

567 After the subduction of the ridge, the Pacific plate replaced the Izanagi plate and

568 continued to subduct towards the Eurasian plate at a significantly slower rate. Before 55

569 Ma, the convergence rate of the Izanagi plate was ca. 20 cm/yr., while after 50 Ma, this

570 rate significantly decreased to ca. 7 cm/yr (Whittaker et al., 2007; Seton et al., 2015). The

571 reduction in the convergence rate may have triggered trench-retreat subduction (Zhu and

572 Xu, 2019; Zhu et al., 2017), which may have caused the NE-SW extension starting during

573 the Ypresian in East Asia (stress F, Figs. 11f, 12f). The result of this movement was that
574 most of the basins in eastern China began to form a new stratum after a noticeable

575 sedimentary hiatus (Liu et al., 2017b; Zhang et al., 2017b; Song et al., 2018).

576 6. Conclusions

577 (1) Through detailed field geological surveys and effective stress inversion, we

578 recognize six stress regimes that have occurred in the Jiaolai Basin since the Cretaceous

579 in the following chronological order: E-W extension (135-121 Ma); NW-SE extension

580 (121-93 Ma); NW-SE compression (93-85 Ma); N-S extension (85-60 Ma); NE-SW

of
581 compression (60-55 Ma); and NE-SW extension (later than 55 Ma).

ro
582 (2) Among the 6-stage stress regime, four extensional regimes controlled the

583
-p
deposition of the lower Laiyang Group (stress A), the upper Laiyang Group and the
re
584 Qingshan Group (stress B), the Wangshi Group (stress D) and the Wutu Group (stress F).
lP

585 Two compressional regimes formed the unconformities between the Qingshan and
na

586 Wangshi Groups and the Wangshi and Wutu Groups.

587 (3) Comparison with the Izanagi-Pacific plate subduction history suggests that the
ur

588 changes in the stress regime in East Asia may have primarily been controlled by the
Jo

589 changes in the subduction of the Izanagi-Pacific plate, especially the changes in the

590 subduction direction.

591 Acknowledgements

592 We are grateful to Toru Takeshita, Markos D. Tranos and the two anonymous reviewers

593 for their insightful comments and suggestions that significantly improved the clarity of

594 the science presented in this paper. We appreciate the Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC)

595 for supporting the joint PhD student project. This study received financial support from

596 the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number 41572189], the National
597 Key R&D Plan [grant number 2017YFC0601405], and the Strategic Priority Research

598 Program (B) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences [grant number XDB18000000].

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674 Li, J.J., Luo, Z.K., Liu, X.Y., Xu, W.D., Chen, A.S., 2005. Constraints to the

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697 Province and its tectonic significance. Science in China Series D-Earth Sciences 50 (6),

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745 ocean basin reconstructions since 200 Ma. Earth-Science Reviews 113 (3-4), 212-270.
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756 inversion of focal mechanisms: Geodynamic implications for central Mediterranean.

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765 1999 Chi-Chi Taiwan earthquake as a case study. Tectonophysics 608, 622-641.

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768 stress regimes. J. Struct. Geol. 79, 57-74.
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771 168-178.
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772 Tarduno, J.A., 2007. On the motion of Hawaii and other mantle plumes. Chem.
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773 Geol. 241 (3-4), 234-247.

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779 Chinese).

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852 Geological Review 53 (3), 289-300 (in Chainese).

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858 subducting continent: Evidence from the Tan-Lu Fault Zone, East China. Earth-Science

859 Reviews 152, 14-36.

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861 Evidence for the accretion history of Paleo-Pacific subduction. J. Asian Earth Sci. 145,
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862 91-100.

863 Zhu, G., Jiang, D., Zhang, B., Chen, Y., 2012a. Destruction of the eastern North
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864 China Craton in a backarc setting: Evidence from crustal deformation kinematics.
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865 Gondwana Res. 22 (1), 86-103.

866 Zhu, G., Jiang, D.Z., Zhang, B.L., Chen, Y., 2012b. Destruction of the eastern North

867 China Craton in a backarc setting: Evidence from crustal deformation kinematics.

868 Gondwana Res 22 (1), 86-103.

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870 plate subduction history in the western Pacific Ocean: Constraint from late Mesozoic

871 evolution of the Tan-Lu Fault Zone. Science China-Earth Sciences 61 (4), 386-405.

872 Zhu, R.X., Xu, Y.G., 2019. The subduction of the west Pacific plate and the
873 destruction of the North China Craton. Science China-Earth Sciences 62 (9), 1340-1350.

874 Zhu, R.X., Zhang, H.F., Zhu, G., Meng, Q.R., Fan, H.R., Yang, J.H., Wu, F.Y.,

875 Zhang, Z.Y., Zheng, T.Y., 2017. Craton destruction and related resources. Int. J. Earth Sci.

876 106 (7), 2233-2257.

877 Figure captions

878 Fig. 1. Schematic geological background of the Jiaolai Basin (modified after Xie et

879 al., 2012; He et al., 2015). (a) Tectonic setting of eastern China and major tectonic units.

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880 (b-c) Simplified geological maps of the study area showing the primary faults and

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881 lithostratigraphic units, with the data collection locations. F1: East Doushan fault; F2:

882
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Guocheng fault; F3: Zhuwu fault; F4: Haiyang fault; F5: Wulongcun fault; F6: Yishui-
re
883 Tangtou fault; F7: Tangwu-Gegou fault; F8: Anqiu-Juxian fault; F9: Changyi-Dadian
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884 fault; F10: Wulian fault; and F11: Baichihe fault.

na

885 Fig. 2. Simplified stratigraphy column and fault-slip data sites of the Jiaolai Basin.

886 Fig. 3. Photographs of representative outcrops; the arrows with numbers indicate the
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887 geographic orientations of the outcrops. (a) Syn-depositional faults that developed within
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888 the Early Cretaceous Laiyang Group (taken at site K1ly-18). The striations on these fault

889 planes indicate NW-SE extension (see Fig. 6g). (b) Field view of the conformity between

890 the Early Cretaceous Laiyang Group and the Qingshan Group. (c) Syn-depositional faults

891 that developed within the Late Cretaceous Wangshi Group (taken at site K2ws-07). The

892 striations on these fault planes indicate NNW-SSE extension (Fig. 8e). (d) Calcite

893 slickenfibres with steps in the NE-dipping normal fault at site K1ly-23. (e, f). A thrust

894 fault developed between the Early Cretaceous Laiyang Group and the Late Wangshi

895 Group at site K2ws-12 (hanging wall: Laiyang Group, Footwall: Wangshi Group). (f)
896 Striations on a thrust fault plane. (g). Fold developed in the Early Cretaceous Laiyang

897 Group at site K1ly-04; the orientations of the fold axis indicate NE-SW compression

898 (Fig. 9f).

899 Fig. 4. Superimposed slickenlines in outcrops for determining the chronology of

900 faulting; the arrows with numbers indicate the geographic orientations of outcrops. (a)

901 Site K1qs-07, the relationship between the two groups of slickenlines reveals that stress C

902 (NW-SE compression) preceded stress F (NE-SW extension). (b) Site K1ly-17, the

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903 relationship between two groups of slickenlines reveals that stress C preceded stress D

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904 (N-S extension). (c) Site K1qs-03, the relationship between the groups of slickenlines

905
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reveals that stress E (NE-SW compression) preceded stress F. (d) Site K1ly-18, the
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906 relationship between the two groups of slickenlines reveals that stress B (NW-SE
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907 extension) preceded stress D. (e) Site K1ly-24, the relationship between the two groups
na

908 of slickenlines reveals that stress B preceded stress C. (f) Site K2ws-02, the relationship

909 between the two groups of slickenlines reveals that stress D preceded stress F.
ur

910 Fig. 5. Stress inversion results for stress A. Lower hemisphere, equal-area
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911 projections showing the fault planes with the three principal stress axes, horizontal

912 stresses SHmax and SHmin, and distribution of uncertainties. The arrows on the great

913 circles of the stereograms point in the direction of the hanging wall motion. The stress

914 symbols show the horizontal stress axes on the right corner. Their length and colour

915 symbolize the horizontal deviatoric stress magnitude relative to the isotropic stress (σi).

916 White outward arrows: σ3 stress axis, grey arrows: σ2 stress axis (outward when

917 extensional (σ2<σi) and inward when compressional (σ2>σi)), and black inward arrows:

918 σ1 axis (σi: isotropic stress). The vertical stress (σv) is symbolized by a solid circle, with
919 black for extensional regimes, grey for strike-slip regimes, or white for compressional

920 regimes. The histogram in the lower left corner of the figures represents the distribution

921 of the misfit function F5. A dashed box indicates that the solution is less reliable.

922 Fig. 6. Stress inversion result for stress B. Lower hemisphere, equal-area

923 projections showing the fault planes with the three principal stress axes, horizontal

924 stresses SHmax and SHmin, and distribution of uncertainties. The symbols are the same

925 as those in Fig. 5 and Fig. 1.

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926 Fig. 7. Stress inversion result for stress C. (a-j) Lower hemisphere, equal-area

ro
927 projections showing the fault planes with the three principal stress axes, horizontal

928
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stresses SHmax and SHmin, and distribution of uncertainties. (k) Kamb contouring plot
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929 of the fold axis (lower hemisphere, equal-area stereoplots). The symbols are the same as
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930 those in Fig. 5 and Fig. 1.

na

931 Fig. 8. Stress inversion result for stress D. Lower hemisphere, equal-area projections

932 showing the fault planes with the three principal stress axes, horizontal stresses SHmax
ur

933 and SHmin, and distribution of uncertainties. The symbols are the same as those in Fig. 5
Jo

934 and Fig. 1.

935 Fig. 9. Stress inversion result for stress E. Lower hemisphere, equal-area projections

936 showing the fault planes with the three principal stress axes, horizontal stresses SHmax

937 and SHmin, distribution of uncertainties. (d, f) Kamb contouring plot of the fold axis

938 (lower hemisphere, equal-area stereoplots). The symbols are the same as those in Fig. 5

939 and Fig. 1.

940 Fig. 10. Stress inversion result for stress F. Stereoplots showing the fault planes with

941 the three principal stress axes, horizontal stresses SHmax and SHmin, and distribution of
942 uncertainties. The symbols are the same as those in Fig. 5 and Fig. 1.

943 Fig. 11. Evolution of the regional stress field corresponding to basin development.

944 Fig. 12. Geodynamic models of the evolution of the Jiaolai Basin. The symbols are

945 the same as those in Fig. 11.

946 Table caption

947 Table. 1 Computed principle stress axes from the fault-slip data and corresponding

948 paleostress fields.

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Location Longitude/N Latitude/E Num Az/Pl σ1 Az/Pl σ2 Az/Pl σ3 R R' Reg ANG SHmax Shmin Prop Prob
F: Sixth NE-SW extensional regime (19 sites, 219 fault slip data)
E2wt-01 119.037609 36.342721 6 348/82 143/7 233/3 0.21 0.21 NF 8 145 55 83 4.99E-05
E2wt-02 119.037745 36.345495 13 257/86 144/2 54/4 0.42 0.42 NF 13.5 144 54 69 1.16E-08
K1ds-01 119.07611 35.926351 8 136/61 336/27 242/9 0.29 0.29 NF 10.4 146 56 88 5.17E-06
K1ds-02 119.103664 36.052635 6 358/65 120/14 215/21 0.26 0.26 NF 5.9 142 52 100 8.04E-06
K1ly-08b 119.211369 36.147973 19 10/85 131/3 221/4 0.54 0.54 NF 10.9 131 41 89 1.18E-14
K1ly-14 120.814463 37.189385 4 310/66 134/24 43/1 0.64 0.64 NF 3.2 133 43 100 1.07E-04
K1ly-20b 120.95435 37.062166 9 293/60 132/29 37/8 0.62 0.62 NF 8 125 35 89 7.22E-08
K1ly-21b 121.15872 36.727693 10 151/88 310/2 40/1 0.42 0.42 NF 4.8 130 40 100 5.01E-11

o f
K1ly-23c 121.23994 36.845077 4 50/62 315/2 224/28 0.94 0.94 NF 6.4 134 44 100 1.70E-03

ro
K1qs-01c 119.639775 36.12142 15 146/83 296/6 26/3 0.9 0.9 NF 10.2 116 26 87 6.68E-12
K1qs-03c 119.113706 35.899763 10 288/75 153/10 61/10 0.96 0.96 NF 12.3 151 61 67 3.47E-06

-p
K1qs-04c 119.51166 35.939891 10 359/74 117/8 209/14 0.67 0.67 NF 14 120 30 70 2.23E-06
K1qs-05 120.869171 36.684939 18 151/69 312/20 45/6 0.63 0.63 NF 13.7 136 46 78 4.51E-12

re
K1qs-07c 119.290112 35.880529 13 105/58 349/16 251/27 0.18 0.18 NF 13.7 123 33 83 7.03E-08

lP
K1qs-11 120.920776 36.974064 5 86/77 305/10 213/8 0.33 0.33 NF 3.9 120 30 100 1.24E-05
K2ws-01 120.97801 36.995668 10 241/76 139/3 49/13 0.33 0.33 NF 8 137 47 90 8.29E-09
K2ws-02b 120.976953 37.009103 17 118/72 336/14 243/11 0.65 0.65 NF 14.1 152 62 76 3.66E-11

na
K2ws-06b 119.125619 36.025824 13 132/56 313/34 223/1 0.57 0.57 NF 9.2 133 43 92 7.90E-11
K1ds-03b 118.761157 36.237407 29 297/49 143/37 43/13 0.62 0.62 NF 9.9 129 39 97 8.58E-24
E: Fifth NE-SW compression regime (13 sites, 101 fault slip data) ur
Jo
K1ly-06b 119.221864 35.736716 7 27/20 174/66 293/12 0.23 1.77 SS 5.5 26 116 100 4.06E-07
K1ly-08a 119.211369 36.147973 8 218/14 349/69 124/15 0.07 1.93 SS 5.5 38 128 100 3.16E-08
K1ly-26 119.020367 35.637699 17 237/9 117/72 330/15 0.06 1.94 SS 4.6 57 147 100 1.97E-19
K1qs-03b 119.113706 35.899763 5 227/23 23/66 133/9 0.18 1.82 SS 2.3 46 136 100 8.87E-07
K1qs-04b 119.51166 35.939891 8 50/15 262/73 142/9 0.06 1.94 SS 6.2 50 140 100 8.24E-08
K1ly-01 121.432168 36.815329 4 50/2 319/17 145/73 0.4 2.4 TF 14.1 50 140 50 4.02E-02
K1ly-04 121.453833 36.761593 6 38/1 128/18 305/72 0.58 2.58 TF 8 38 128 100 4.99E-05
K1qs-01b 119.639775 36.12142 6 210/17 117/9 359/71 0.29 2.29 TF 7.1 31 121 83 2.44E-05
K1qs-10 120.92908 36.978554 4 33/0 302/22 123/68 0.3 2.3 TF 3.7 33 123 100 1.90E-04
K2ws-09 120.659554 36.998856 6 243/16 339/18 114/65 0.28 2.28 TF 8.6 61 151 83 7.71E-05
K2ws-11 120.632623 36.996628 8 187/22 279/5 21/67 0.24 2.24 TF 2.6 6 96 100 7.89E-11
K2ws-12a 119.288797 35.899012 10 202/24 105/14 348/62 0.52 2.52 TF 8 30 120 100 8.29E-09
K2ws-13 119.371807 35.923478 12 39/21 305/10 192/67 0.14 2.14 TF 12.4 40 130 92 2.13E-08
D: Fourth S-N extensional regime (17 sites, 136 fault slip data)
a Sedimentary sequence
Jiaobei E 2 wt Wutu Group K 1 qs Qingshan Group K 1 ly 2 Upper Laiyang Group
terrane
37°

in K 2 ws Wangshi Group K 1 ds Dasheng Group K 1 ly 1 Lower Laiyang Group

i
ta
Low-grade rocks as

an
la ib

t -y
UHP belt iao

ul an
J
Fig.1B Mesozoic plutons

Fa uli
W
HP belt Fig.1c ng Jurassic Late Creta- Triassic Early Creta-
do la

B e lt
an su
J K2 T K1
Basin S he n i n plutons ceous plutons plutons ceous plutons

a u lt
35°

S u lu
Ta n L u F
Basin Basement
North China Block Yellow Sea Archean
Pt Proterozoic UHP
UHP meta- Ar O Ordovician
basement morphic rocks basement basement

Structural
33°

Qin Hefei Basin

lin
g-D Major
ab fault
K 1 qs-10
Stereoplot of Kamb contouring
ie b Yangtze Block

10
fault-slip data plot of fold hinge data

s-
elt

1q
Minor

K
0 120km
N
31°

Wuhan fault
112° 114° 116° 118° 120° 122°

K
0

2w
1l

y-2
y- K 1 ly-14
2

K 1 qs-11

s-
24 K 1 qs-10
s-0

01
K 1l
K

10
1l
K 2w

y-

s-
24

1q
K
120°30′ 121°00′ 121°30′ b
Pt
K2

f
K 2 ws-09

K1
ws K 1 ly-12

qs
-0

oo
3 Ar Ar K 1 ly 2

-0
8
J
37°00′

F1 F2
K1

r
Laiyang
F4 UHP

K 2 ws-11
K 2 ws-08
Pt
F5
Pt
e K 1 qs -p
F3
K 1 ly 2

K1
K2 K 1 ly-01 K 1 ly-11

K 1 ly 2 Haiyang
K 2 ws
Pr

K1

K 2 ws N K 1 ly-22

K 1l y
l
36°30′

K 1 qs
K 2 ws-10
na

Kilometers

-02
K 2 ws-07
Jimo
K 1 ly 2

7
-1 K 1 ly-21
ur

ly
8

K 1 ly-04
K1
K 1 ly -1
K1

4
qs

K1 -0
ly
-0

ly K1
-2
6

Jo

3 K 1 qs-05 K 1 ly-15

E 2 wt-01 E K 2 ws-04 K 2 ws-06

2w
8
K1

t-

K1
K 1 ly -1

02
qs

qs
-0

-0
2

1
K 1 ds-02 K 1 qs-01

119°00′ 119°30′
Gaomi
120°00′
c
36°20′
K1

Jiao xian K 2 ws
K1

E 2 wt
ds

K 1 ly 1
ds

13

fault
-0
-0

s-

Jiaozhou
3
5

2w

O
K

K
2w

K 1 ds
s-
13

F6
F7 F11
F9
K 1 qs F8 K 1 qs
K 2 ws
36°00′

K 1 ds-04 O
K2

K 2 ws Zhucheng
w

K 1 qs
s-

K2
12

K 1 ds-01 Pt
F10 K 1 qs-04
K1
K 1 qs K 1 ly 1 UHP
K 1 ds T
K2
Figur e. 1
K1

Wulian
K1
N
qs
-0

K1
qs
3

35°40′

-03 T
Ar Kilometers K 1 ly-09
K1

K 1 ly-26 K 1 ly-27 K 1 ly-07

K 1q
K1
ly

K1
K1
-2

s-0

K 1 ly-06
ly
ly-
5

-0

7
10

5
 Period
Stratigraphic Fault-slip data sites
units

Wutu Group E2wt-01 E2wt-02

Paleogene

55Ma

60Ma
K2ws-01 K2ws-08
K2ws-02 K2ws-10
Upper Cretaceous

K2ws-03 K2ws-11
Wangshi Group K2ws-04 K2ws-12
K2ws-06 K2ws-13
K2ws-07
85Ma

93Ma

Dasheng K1ds-01 K1qs-01 K1qs-06

Group K1ds-02 K1qs-02 K1qs-07
K1ds-03 K1qs-03 K1qs-08

f
Qingshan K1ds-04 K1qs-04 K1qs-10
Lower Cretaceous

Group

oo
K1ds-05 K1qs-05 K1qs-11
K1ly-01 K1ly-12 K1ly-20
Upper K1ly-02 K1ly-14 K1ly-21
Laiyang Group K1ly-04 K1ly-15 K1ly-22

r
K1ly-11 K1ly-17 K1ly-23
K1ly-18 K1ly-24

Lower
Laiyang Group
K1ly-05
K1ly-06
K1ly-07
121Ma
K1ly-09
K1ly-10
K1ly-25
K1ly-27
e -p
K1ly-08 K1ly-26
135Ma
Pr

Basement
l
na

Conglomerate Sandstone Siltstone

Mud Volcanic rock Deposition

hiatus
ur
Jo

Figure. 2
120 a 224 b
Laiyang Group
Qingshan Group
279/34

278/47
323/78
Laiyang Group

1m 4m

003 c 345 d

Wanshi Group

04 6 /4 4

f
043/47

oo
011/30

r
2m
e -p
15 mm

136 e
Pr

Laiyang Group
l
na

Wanshi Group
ur

3m
Jo

139 f 250 Laiyang Group g

031/17
L

1m

Figure. 3
 015 a 075 b

205/03 L2
L1

32
1 8 0 /11 042/

L1
21
L2 L1
3/5
6 cm 7 3.5 cm
L2
K1qs-07 K1ly-17

c 160 d
115
25
230 7/6
/12 1
L1
L1 L2
22

42
1/
21

2/
L2

f 04
oo
L2

L1 L1

r
4 cm 2 cm L1

096
K1qs-03
e
e
-p K1ly-18

335 f
7
4/2

L2
Pr

L1
08

L2

L2
l
na

064/6

13 8 / 40
L2
1

L1 L1
ur

017
/68
2.5 cm L1 2 cm
K1ly-24 K2ws-02
Jo

Figure. 4
 n:11 a n:7 b n:13 c n:6 d

σ1:66/339 σ1: 79/230 σ1: 51/176 σ1: 79/026

35°40′
σ2:22/184 σ2: 06/357 σ2: 39/359 σ2: 10/175

35°40′
σ3:09/091 σ3: 09/088 σ3: 01/268 σ3: 06/266
R: 0.50 F5: 7.6
R: 0.54 F5: 2.8 R: 0.46 F5: 6.2 R: 0.54 F5: 3.2
Function F5 Function F5 Function F5 Function F5
60 60 180 60

30 30 90 30

0
0 Number of data 5
K 1 ly-10a 0
0 Number of data 4 K 1 ly-07 0
0 Number of data 12 K 1 ly-05a 0
0 Number of data 5 K 1 ly-06a

n:7 e
Gaomi
36°20′ 119°00′ 119°30′ 120°00′
K 2 ws
σ1:57/172 E 2 wt K 1 ly 1
σ2:33/357
σ3:02/265 Jiaozhou
R: 0.61 F5: 3.1 O
Function F5 K 1 ds
60 F6
F7 F11
30
F9
K 1 qs F8 K 1 qs
K 2 ws
0
K 1 ly-25a
36°00′

0 Number of data 6 O
K 2 ws Zhucheng
K 1 qs
n:16 f Pt K2
F10
K1
K 1 qs K 1 ly 1 UHP

f
K 1 ds T
σ1: 41/001

oo
K2
σ2: 49/170 Wulian
σ3:
R: 0.46
06/266
F5: 5.5
K1
N
35°40′

T
Function F5
60 Ar Kilometers
K1

r
30

0
0 Number of data 8 K 1 ly-27a
e -p
Figure. 5
l Pr
na
ur
Jo
 n: 6 a n: 9 b n: 5 c n: 4 d

σ1: 67/329 σ1:61/196 σ1:46/043 σ1: 68/005

σ2: 09/217 σ2:27/039 σ2:41/250 σ2: 17/224
σ3: 21/124 σ3:10/304 σ3:14/148 σ3: 13/130
R: 0.77 F5: 10.6 R: 0.62 F5: 3.1 R: 0.4 F5: 10.7 R: 1 F5: 6.1

Function F5 Function F5 Function F5 Function F5

60 60 60 60

30 30 30 30

0
0 Number of data 3 K 1 qs-08a 0
0 Number of data 7 K 1 ly-20a 0
0 Number of data 2 K 1 ly-02 0
0 Number of data 2 K 1 ly-22

n: 5 e n: 10 f
120°30′ 121°00′ 121°30′ b
Pt
σ1: 63/328 σ1: 84/025
σ2: 00/238 Ar σ2: 06/220
Ar K 1 ly 2
σ3: 27/148 σ3: 02/130
R: 0.45 F5: 5.1 J R: 0.29 F5: 3
Function F5 Function F5
37°00′

60 F1 F2 60
K1

30 Laiyang 30
F4 UHP
Pt
K 1 ly 2
0 F5 K 1 qs K2
0 Number of data 3 K 1 ly-24a 0
0 Number of data 8 K 1 ly-23a
Pt K1
F3
n: 15 g K 1 ly 2 Haiyang n: 6 h
K 2 ws

f
oo
K1
σ1: 63/221 σ1: 84/084
σ2: 27/048 σ2: 05/234
σ3: 03/316
R: 0.6 F5: 5.6
K 2 ws N σ3: 03/324
R: 0.49 F5: 4.7
36°30′

K 1 qs

r
Function F5 Function F5
60 Kilometers 60

30

0
0 Number of data 11 K 1 ly-18a
K 1 ly 2
Jimo
e -p 30

0
0 Number of data 4 K 1 ly-21a
Pr

n: 7 i n: 10 k

119°00′ 119°30′
Gaomi
120°00′
c
36°20′

σ1: 46/046
K 2 ws σ1: 57/098
E 2 wt K 1 ly 1
σ2: 44/223 σ2: 15/212
l

σ3: 02/314 Jiaozhou σ3: 29/310

na

R: 0.5 F5: 7.3 O R: 0.87 F5: 3.7

Function F5 K 1 ds Function F5
60 F6 60
F7 F11
30
F9 30
K 1 qs F8 K 1 qs
K 2 ws
ur

0 0
K 1 ds-04a K 1 ds-03a
36°00′

0 Number of data 3 O 0 Number of data 8

K 2 ws Zhucheng
K 1 qs
n: 9 l Pt K2 n: 4 m
Jo

F10
K1
K 1 qs K 1 ly 1 UHP
K 1 ds T
σ1: 67/176 σ1: 77/238
K2
σ2: 15/047 Wulian σ2: 11/032
σ3: 17/312
R: 0.89 F5: 6.9
K1
N σ3:
R: 0.82
05/123
F5: 5.6
35°40′

T
Function F5
60 Ar Kilometers Function F5
60
K1
30 30

0
0 Number of data 5 K 1 ly-25b 0
0 Number of data 2
K 1 qs-07a

n: 10 n n: 4 o n: 8 p

σ1: 66/215 σ1: 49/067 σ1: 56/180

σ2: 22/061 σ2: 38/225 σ2: 28/038
σ3: 09/327 σ3: 11/324 σ3: 18/298
R: 0.5 F5: 2.3 R: 0.26 F5: 4.8 R: 0.68 F5: 4.4

Function F5 Function F5 Function F5

60 60 60

30 30 30

0 0 0
0 Number of data 9 K 1 ly-27b 0 Number of data 3 K 1 ly-05b 0 Number of data 5 K 1 qs-04a

Figure. 6
 n: 6 a n: 14 b n: 6 c

σ1: 18/127 σ1: 07/137 σ1: 13/293

σ2: 57/006 σ2: 76/018 σ2: 40/192
σ3: 26/226 σ3: 12/229 σ3: 47/037
R: 0.6 F5: 0.6 R: 0.4 F5: 1.1 R: 0.72 F5: 14.1

Function F5 Function F5 Function F5

60 60 60

30 30 30

0 0 0
0 Number of data 6 K1ly-24b 0 Number of data 13 K1qs-08b 0 Number of data 2 K1ly-23b

120°30′ 121°00′ 121°30′ b

Pt
n: 20 d
Ar Ar K 1 ly 2
J
σ1: 13/331
37°00′
F1 F2
σ2: 75/115 K1
σ3: 09/239
R: 0.35 F5: 3 Laiyang
F4 UHP
Pt
Function F5 K 1 ly 2
60
F5 K 1 qs K2
Pt K1
30
F3
K 1 ly 2 Haiyang
0 K 2 ws
0 Number of data 16 K1qs-06
K1

n: 7 e N
K 2 ws n: 9 f
Kilometers

f
36°30′

K 1 qs

oo
σ1: 21/334
σ2: 68/142 Jimo σ1: 14/328
K 1 ly 2
σ3: 04/242 σ2: 37/069
R: 0.5 F5: 8.7 σ3: 49/221
R: 0 F5: 1.3
Function F5
60
119°00′ 119°30′
Gaomi
120°00′
c Function F5
36°20′

r
60
K 2 ws
30 E 2 wt K 1 ly 1

0 Number of data 3 K1ly-17b

F6
K 1 ds

F7
O
e -p F11
Jiaozhou
30

0
0 Number of data 9 K1qs-02b

F9
K 1 qs F8 K 1 qs
K 2 ws n: 16 g
Pr
36°00′

O
K 2 ws Zhucheng
K 1 qs
Pt K2 σ1: 02/142
F10 σ2: 78/241
K1 σ3: 12/052
l

K 1 qs K 1 ly 1 UHP R: 0.48 F5: 7.6

K 1 ds
na

T Function F5
K2 60
Wulian
K1
N 30
35°40′

T
Ar Kilometers
0
ur

K1 0 Number of data 6 K1qs-07b

n: 8 h n: 17 i n: 11 j Kamb Contouring n: 53 k
Jo

σ1: 01/316 σ1: 11/148 σ1: 01/345

σ2: 64/224 σ2: 46/249 σ2: 42/075
σ3: 26/047 σ3: 42/048 σ3: 48/254
10
R: 0.49 F5: 1.7 R: 0.21 F5: 1.6 R: 0.65 F5: 4.5

Function F5 Function F5 Function F5 6

60 60 60

2
30 30 30

0
0 Number of data 8 K1ds-05 0
0 Number of data 16 K1qs-03a 0
0 Number of data 7 K1qs-01a Data form K 1 qs and K 1 ly

Figure. 7
 n: 9 a n: 8 b n: 10 c n: 5 d

σ1: 53/082 σ1: 03/093 σ1: 40/095 σ1: 65/124

σ2: 35/282 σ2: 68/355 σ2: 50/286 σ2: 23/285
σ3: 10/185 σ3: 21/184 σ3: 05/190 σ3: 07/018
R: 0.55 F5: 1.4 R: 0.93 F5: 3.8 R: 0.25 F5: 6.3 R: 0.31 F5: 0.8

Function F5 Function F5 Function F5 Function F5

60 60 60 60

30 30 30 30

0
0 Number of data 9
K 2 ws-03 0
0 Number of data 5
K 2 ws-08 0
0 Number of data 4 K 1 ly-11 0
0 Number of data 5
K 1 ly-12

n: 7 e n: 12 f

120°30′ 121°00′ 121°30′ b

Pt
σ1: 86/300 σ1: 79/091
σ2: 03/077 Ar σ2: 11/281
Ar K 1 ly 2
σ3: 03/167 σ3: 02/191
R: 0.33 F5: 2.1 J R: 0.35 F5: 8.8

Function F5 Function F5
37°00′

60 F1 F2 60
K1

30 Laiyang 30
F4 UHP
Pt
K 1 ly 2
K 2 ws-07 F5 K 1 qs K2 0
0
0 Number of data 6 0 Number of data 6 K 2 ws-02a
Pt K1
F3
n: 5 g K 1 ly 2 Haiyang n: 9 h
K 2 ws

K1
σ1:
σ2:
58/122
22/253
N σ1:
σ2:
69/220
15/086

f
σ3: 22/353 σ3: 15/352
K 2 ws Kilometers
R: 0.48 F5: 5.3 R: 0.63 F5: 7

oo
36°30′

Function F5
K 1 qs Function F5
60 60

Jimo
30 K 1 ly 2 30

r
0
0 Number of data 3 K 1 ly-15 0
0 Number of data 5
K 1 ly-17a

n: 7 i
e n: 13 j -p
σ1: 44/084 σ1: 77/086
43/238 σ2: 13/257
Pr
σ2:
σ3: 13/340 σ3: 02/347
R: 0.03 F5: 0.9 R: 0.44 F5: 11.4

Function F5 Function F5
60 60

30 30
l
na

0
0 Number of data 7
K 2 ws-10 0
0 Number of data 5
K 1 ly-18b

n: 4 k n: 8 l
ur

119°00′ 119°30′
Gaomi
120°00′
c
36°20′

σ1: 42/269
K 2 ws
E 2 wt σ1: 58/221
K 1 ly 1
Jo

σ2: 48/093 σ2: 18/100

σ3: 02/001 Jiaozhou σ3: 26/001
R: 0.16 F5: 1.9 O R: 0.54 F5: 10.7

Function F5 K 1 ds Function F5
60 F6 60
F7 F11
30
F9
F8 K 1 qs 30
K 1 qs
K 2 ws
0 K 1 qs-02a 0 K 2 ws-04
36°00′

0 Number of data 4 O 0 Number of data 4

K 2 ws Zhucheng
K 1 qs
n: 7 m Pt K2 n: 5 n
F10
K1
K 1 qs K 1 ly 1 UHP
K 1 ds T
σ1: 87/124 σ1: 73/094
K2
σ2: 03/265 Wulian σ2: 16/257
σ3:
R: 0.37
02/355
F5: 9.2
K1
N σ3:
R: 0.31
05/349
F5: 4.9
35°40′

T
Function F5
60 Ar Kilometers Function F5
60
K1
30 30

0
0 Number of data 3
K 1 ly-10b 0
0 Number of data 5 K 2 ws-12b

n: 5 o n: 9 p n: 13 q

σ1: 39/082 σ1: 41/090 σ1: 74/086

σ2: 46/229 σ2: 49/277 σ2: 15/272
σ3: 17/338 σ3: 03/183 σ3: 02/182
R: 0.02 F5: 1 R: 0.39 F5: 5.1 R: 0.25 F5: 6.2

Function F5 Function F5 Function F5

60 60 60

30 30 30

0 K 2 ws-06a 0
0 Number of data 6 K 1 ds-04b 0
0 Number of data 10
K 1 ly-09
0 Number of data 5

Figure. 8
 n: 8 a n: 4 b n: 4 c Kamb Contouring n: 66 d

σ1: 22/187 σ1: 00/033 σ1: 02/050

σ2: 05/279 σ2: 22/302 σ2: 17/319 8
σ3: 67/021 σ3: 68/123 σ3: 73/145
R: 0.24 F5: 0.6 R: 0.3 F5: 2.7 R: 0.4 F5: 9.5 6
Function F5 Function F5 Function F5
60 60 60 4
2
30 30 30

0
0 Number of data 8
K 2 ws-11 0
0 Number of data 4 K 1 qs-10 0
0 Number of data 2
K 1 ly-01 Data form K 2 ws

n: 6 e Kamb Contouring n: 97 f
120°30′ 121°00′ 121°30′
Pt
σ1: 16/243
14
σ2: 18/339 Ar Ar K 1 ly 2
σ3: 65/114
J
10
R: 0.28 F5: 6.6

Function F5 6
37°00′

60 F1 F2
K1
2
30 Laiyang
F4 UHP
Pt
K 1 ly 2
F5 K 1 qs
0
0 Number of data 3
K 2 ws-09 K2 Data form K 1 qs and K 1 ly
Pt K1
F3
n: 6 g K 1 ly 2 Haiyang
K 2 ws

K1

σ1: 01/038

f
σ2: 18/128
N

oo
σ3: 72/305 K 2 ws
R: 0.58 F5: 2.9
36°30′

K 1 qs
Function F5
60
Kilometers
Jimo
30
K 1 ly 2

r
0 K 1 ly-04
0 Number of data 5

n:8 h
e -p n: 6 i

119°00′ 119°30′
Gaomi
120°00′
c
Pr
36°20′

K 2 ws
σ1: 14/218 E 2 wt σ1: 17/210
K 1 ly 1
σ2: 69/349 σ2: 09/117
σ3: 15/124 Jiaozhou σ3: 71/359
R: 0.07 F5: 1.1 O R: 0.29 F5: 2.8

Function F5 K 1 ds Function F5
60 F6 60
l

F7 F11
na

F9
30 F8 K 1 qs 30
K 1 qs
K 2 ws
0 K 1 ly-08a 0 K 1 qs-01b
36°00′

0 Number of data 8 O 0 Number of data 4

K 2 ws Zhucheng
K 1 qs
n: 5 j K2 n: 12 k
ur

Pt
F10
K1
K 1 qs K 1 ly 1 UHP
K 1 ds T
Jo

σ1: 23/227 σ1: 21/039

K2
σ2: 66/023 Wulian σ2: 10/305
σ3:
R: 0.18
09/133
F5: 0.3
K1
N σ3:
R: 0.14
67/192
F5: 6
35°40′

T
Function F5
60 Ar Kilometers Function F5
60
K1

30 30

0
0 Number of data 5 K 1 qs-03b 0
0 Number of data 7
K 2 ws-13

n: 17 l n: 7 m n: 8 n n: 10 o

σ1: 09/237 σ1: 20/027 σ1: 15/050 σ1: 24/202

σ2: 72/117 σ2: 66/174 σ2: 73/262 σ2: 14/105
σ3: 15/330 σ3: 12/293 σ3: 09/142 σ3: 62/348
R: 0.06 F5: 1.1 R: 0.23 F5: 1 R: 0.06 F5: 2 R: 0.52 F5: 7.3

Function F5 Function F5 Function F5 Function F5

60 60 60 60

30 30 30 30

0
0 Number of data 16 K 1 ly-26 0
0 Number of data 7
K 1 ly-06b 0
0 Number of data 6
K 1 qs-04b 0
0 Number of data 4 K 2 ws-12a

Figure. 9
 n: 17 a n: 4 b n: 4 c n: 9 d

σ1: 72/118 σ1: 66/310 σ1: 62/050 σ1: 60/293

σ2: 14/336 σ2: 24/134 σ2: 02/315 σ2: 29/132
σ3: 11/243 σ3: 01/043 σ3: 28/224 σ3: 08/037
R: 0.65 F5: 7.4 R: 0.64 F5: 0.4 R: 0.94 F5: 13.4 R: 0.62 F5: 4.4

Function F5 Function F5 Function F5 Function F5

60 60 60 60

30 30 30 30

0 0 0 0
0 Number of data 8 K 2 ws-02b 0 Number of data 4 K 1 ly-14 0 Number of data 3 K 1 ly-23c 0 Number of data 7 K 1 ly-20b

n: 10 e n: 5 f

120°30′ 121°00′ 121°30′ b

Pt
σ1: 76/241 σ1: 77/086
σ2: 03/139 Ar σ2: 10/305
Ar K 1 ly 2
σ3: 13/049 σ3: 08/213
R: 0.33 F5: 3.1 J R: 0.33 F5: 0.5

Function F5 Function F5
37°00′

60 F1 F2 60
K1

30 Laiyang 30
F4 UHP
Pt
K 1 ly 2
0 F5 K 1 qs K2 0
0 Number of data 8 K 2 ws-01 0 Number of data 5 K 1 qs-11
Pt K1
F3
n: 18 g K 1 ly 2 Haiyang n: 10 h
K 2 ws

f
oo
K1
σ1: 69/151 σ1: 88/151
σ2: 20/312 σ2: 02/310
σ3:
R: 0.63
06/045
F5: 11.6
K 2 ws N σ3:
R: 0.42
01/040
F5: 1.4
36°30′

Function F5 K 1 qs Function F5
Kilometers

r
60 60

30

0
0 Number of data 6 K 1 qs-05
K 1 ly 2
Jimo
e -p 30

0
0 Number of data 9 K 1 ly-21b

n: 29 i n: 13 j n: 15 k n: 19 l
Pr

σ1: 49/297 σ1: 86/257 σ1: 83/146 σ1: 85/010

σ2: 37/143 σ2: 02/144 σ2: 06/296 σ2: 03/131
σ3: 13/043 σ3: 04/054 03/026 σ3: 04/221
l

σ3:
R: 0.62 F5: 3.9 R: 0.42 F5: 7.4 R: 0.9 F5: 9.7 R: 0.54 F5: 5.8
na

Function F5 Function F5 Function F5 Function F5

60 60 60 60

30 30 30 30
ur

0
0 Number of data 17 K 1 ds-03b 0
0 Number of data 7 E 2 wt-02 0
0 Number of data 5 K 1 qs-01c 0
0 Number of data 11 K 1 ly-08b

n: 6 m n: 13 n
Jo

119°00′ 119°30′
Gaomi
120°00′
c
36°20′

K 2 ws
σ1: 82/348 E 2 wt σ1: 56/132
K 1 ly 1
σ2: 07/143 σ2: 34/313
σ3: 03/233 Jiaozhou σ3: 01/223
R: 0.21 F5: 3.6 O R: 0.57 F5: 4.1

Function F5 K 1 ds Function F5
60 F6 60
F7 F11
F9
30 F8 K 1 qs 30
K 1 qs
K 2 ws
0 0
E 2 wt-01 K 2 ws-06b
36°00′

0 Number of data 5 O 0 Number of data 9

K 2 ws Zhucheng
K 1 qs
n: 8 o Pt K2 n: 13 p
F10
K1
K 1 qs K 1 ly 1 UHP
K 1 ds T
σ1: 61/136 σ1: 58/105
K2
σ2: 27/336 Wulian σ2: 16/349
σ3: 09/242
R: 0.29 F5: 5.7
K1
N σ3:
R: 0.18
27/251
F5: 7.9
35°40′

T Function F5
Function F5
60 Ar Kilometers 60
K1
30 30

0
0 Number of data 6
K 1 ds-01 0
0 Number of data 5 K 1 qs-07c

n: 10 q n: 6 r n: 10 s

σ1: 75/288 σ1: 65/358 σ1: 74/359

σ2: 10/153 σ2: 14/120 σ2: 08/117
σ3: 10/061 σ3: 21/215 σ3: 14/209
R: 0.96 F5: 9.7 R: 0.26 F5: 2 R: 0.67 F5: 10.1

Function F5 Function F5 Function F5

60 60 60

30 30 30

0
0
0 Number of data 5 K 1 qs-03c 0 Number of data 5 K 1 ds-02 0
0 Number of data 4 K 1 qs-04c

Figure. 10
 a b c
Laiyang Laiyang Laiyang

Gaomi Gaomi Jimo Gaomi

Jiaonan
Jiaonan Jiaonan

Rizhao
Rizhao Rizhao

Junan Junan Junan

early Early Cretaceous middle Early Cretaceous late Early Cretaceous
135-121Ma 121-93Ma 93-86Ma

f
e

oo
d f
n g g
iya iy an
La La Laiyang

r
Gaomi
e
Gaomi
-p Gaomi
Pr

Jiaonan Jiaonan Jiaonan

l

Rizhao
na

Rizhao Rizhao
Junan
Junan Junan
Late Cretaceous Early Paleocene Early Paleocene
ur

85-60Ma 60-55Ma 55Ma-?

100 km
Jo

E 2 wt
Wutu K 2 ws
Wangshi K 1 ds
Dasheng K 1 qs Qingshan K 1 ly 2
Upper Laiyang K 1 ly 1
Lower Laiyang
Group Group Group Group Group Group

Figure. 11
a early Early Cretaceous (ca. 135-121 Ma) b middle Early Cretaceous (ca. 121-93 Ma)
Jiaobei Pt Jiaobei B
Є-O Pt Ar Є-O
terrane terrane Ar
Ar
e
ft

lift
K
on
N
pli

e
K J J

up

on
tz

UHP
xi u

tz
ul

xi
fa

ul
Lu
Lu

WNW-wards

fa
lu

subdunction K
n

lu
Ta

n
K

Ta
Trench J Trench NW-wards
retreat retreat subdunction
Sulu J Izanagi plate Sulu Izanagi plate
Belt Belt

E-W extension NW-SE extension

c late Early Cretaceous (ca. 93-86 Ma) d Late Cretaceous (ca. 85-60 Ma)
Jiaobei B Jiaobei B
Є-O Є-O
terrane Ar terrane Ar
N N
lift

lift
K K
e

e
up

up
on

on
Trench UHP UHP

f
tz

tz
xi

xi
advance
ul

ul
Lu

Lu

oo
fa

fa
K K
lu

lu
N-wards
n

n
Ta

Ta
J NW-wards J Trench
subdunction
subdunction retreat

r
Sulu Izanagi plate Sulu Izanagi plate Pacific plate

NW-SE
Belt
e -p N-S extension
Belt

compression
Pr

e early Paleocene (ca. 60-55 Ma) f Early Paleocene (ca. 55 Ma-?)

l

Jiaobei Jiaobei
Є-O Є-O
na

terrane Ar terrane Ar
N N
lift

lift

K K
e

e
up

up
on

on

7 cm
UHP UHP
tz

tz
xi

xi

22 cm/yr
ul

ul
Lu

Lu
ur

/yr
fa

fa

K K
lu

lu

NNW-wards
n

Trench
Ta

Ta

J J
subdunction
retreat
Jo

Sulu Pacific plate Sulu Pacific plate

Belt Belt

Iz an ag i NE-SW compression NE-SW extension

Jurassic Cretaceous Archean Proterozoic UHP meta- Ordovician Mid-ocean

J K Ar Pt UHP morphic rocks Є-O Fault ridge
plutons plutons basement basement basement

Figure. 12
Highlights:

Fault-slip analysis integrated with fold data was performed in Jiaolai basin

Six stages of paleostress regime established since Cretaceous

Long-time extension and short-time compression alternated

the intraplate stress regime change caused by the Izanagi-Pacific periodic

activities

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Declaration of interests

☐ The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships
that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

of
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