REST AND MOTION Motion in a Straight Line INTRODUCTION ‘Kinematics is that branch of mechanics, which Aescribes the motion of bodies without reference to the forces that ether cause the motion orare generated asaresult ofthe motion, Kinematics is often referred toas the “geometry of motion’. We start ou study of -kinematis by first discussing inthis chapter the motion ‘of a particle, A particle isa physical analogous of a point A particle i a body whose physical dimensions fare so small compared with the radius of curvature of its path that we can teat the motion of a particle as that of a point Rest and motion are relative term. They can not be defined absolutely. An objctis said tobe in motion if dtsposton changes wih respetto observer ina iv20 time. On the other hand, ifthe position ofthe abject ‘Joos not change with respect fo observer, itis sid to be atrest.A ear speeding onthe road, ship sailing om eeerand bird fying through tear are examples of votion wit respect earth. A book i ith respect to desk because is the desk does not change objects in coma desk is at rest Wi positon with respeet with ime. Ifaperson siting pect tothe b oat is eossing river, then the oat i in a state of est ion with respect 10 the Boat i Hot respect fo tbe shore he is in the saan ction Simi, iwo casare ging sis wih same spec tn with ep eA) OE ae Mein astat of res bu with espe tend cas onterdtheyainasit ofotn Ts pe fear that description of motion depends 0 he ier oe what sealed in the language of Physics “Thus, inthe example of asa Frame of Referens vraag ina boat and crosing the rive, it 8 Peo eerenceatached tthe oat, the person is srt while in a frame of reference atached 1 the shore the person isin the sate of motion. srersovenent way to fix a fame of eerence i 10 sean origin and tree mutually perpendicular aes fabelled asx, and 2 axes. Thea the postion of an ‘speifed bythe thre coordinates person with re (because his posi changing), but with perso object in space is, [As the object moves, one oF two oral the thee ‘coordinates change with time and itis the essential tack of meckanics to abla these coordinates 8 functions of time. Ive know x0), (and 2(0 the the motion ofthe objects completely described “The motion of an objects said tobe ome dimensional wen ony ne ofthe thee coordinates specifying the poston ofthe object changes with ime. The motion fa car ona oad the motion fata along aay ing fcely are examples of On6 nal motion s also track or an objet fl dimensional mations. One dimensio termed as rectilinear motion. The mation of a9 0b}ec. js and tobe two dimensional when fo of the three toordinates specifying the position of the object hange with ime. The motion of planet around ihe Sun abody moving along the circumference of isle are examples of motion ia two dimensions. TW0 ‘mensional motion is alo referred t as motion i 8 plane. ‘Fae scual pth followed by an objest in a partic alar Aeference frame is termed sits trajectory” Thus the Arajectry isa straight ine in ase of one dimensional motion whereas incase ofa two dimensional motions the tsectary canbe a circle, a parabols or in gener Note: I. Hereweassume boi ‘motion behave like particles. An observer i the motion a translational if the axes ofa reference fame whichis imagined rigidly attaches tothe objet ‘always maintain the same orientation in space with respect to the observer, fs that have only translational describe In addition, ifthese axes change their orientation with respect to the observer, the motion is said to be ‘combined translarional and rovational»- inthe next unit. Presently, we begin the description of translational motion. BASIC DEFINITIONS OF KINEMATICS Displacement (§ or Ar): Change in position vector is called displacement. Its magnitude is minimum distance between final and initial point, and is directed from initial position to final position. Fora particle moving along x axis, motion from one position x, 10 another position xis displacement, Axwhere, Ax=x)—%} Ifthe particle moves from x, ‘Ax = (12m) ~ (4m) = +8m. The positive result indicates that the motion is in the positive direction. If the particle then returns (0 x = 4m, the displacement for the full tip is zero, The actual ‘number of meters covered forthe full tip is irrelevant displacement involves only the original and final position. In general if inital postion veetor and final position imo x)= 12m, then vectorare &, and % respectively, then S-%-t°m DISTANCE: Length of path traversed by a body is called distanee. Itis dependent on the path chosen, thus for motion between two fixed points A and B we ean have many different values of distance traversed. Itis a sealar quantity, as length of path has no indication of tion init, Its ST unit is metre (m) and dimensions 8). 8. Suppose a particle moves from position A to B as shown after travelling from A to B to C to D. ‘S07 Sol. (examptet | Here Displacement § = AD=Si-i=4im [displacement |= 4m [Aso distance covered 1 = [Ati] +|C| +|CB|=2+3+2=7m Here | displacement | 044s, velocity is in postive direction ie its velocity changes its direction at = 0.4 sec, when becoming zero a“ene semtn [AVERAGE ACCELERATION ald ae a at Geme) Sol. rhe direction of average acceleration vector isthe direction of the change in velocity veetor INSTANTANEOUS ACCELERATION : spe tnstantancousaccleration (rsimply acceleration) srt derivative of the velocity wit respect to time & a tm-otere words, the eceleration ofa patie a any reais the rate at which ts velocity is changing at that instant 8.4(4) 2 at. dtldt) dt? peo seen ofa prec ay Insti aan an aipoaton et with et ‘time Acceleration has both magnitude and direction (it is Jetanother vector quantity). For motion on a straight lie its algebraic sign represents its direction on an tis just as for displacement and velocity; that tceleration with a positive value is in the positive direction of an axis, and acceleration with @ negative ‘ale isin the negative direction. Uniform acceleration :Abody is said to have uniform le and direction of the acceleration if magnitud scceleration remains constant during particle motion, [Non-uniform acceleration : A body is said to have non-uniform acceleration, if magnitude or direction or both, change during motion. ‘The displacement ofa particle, moving ina straight line igven bys = 202+ 2¢+ 4 where sis in metres sand tin seconds. The acceleration ofthe particle is @2me ams? ©omst (8m? ()Givens=202+ 2044 velocity (yy = (w= Gp e4U+2 and aezeleration ‘ =4()40=4mis? (Exam Sol. The relation between time t and distance y teax’ 4p, where ct and Bare constants n, retardation is (v i the velocity) @ 20 (b) 2pv' (©) 2apv' © BF (a) differentiating time with respect to distance a Sotax iz 6 a ad 2ax+B So, aceleration > ie pes "A body of mass 10 kg is moving with a consiaz velocity of 10 m/s. When a constant force acts fort seconititmoves witha velocity 2mSecin the oppose direction. The acceleration produced in itis (@3ms @)-3ms (©) 03 ms (@-03 ms (b) Let particle moves towards east and by th application of constant force it moves towards wes 3, = + 10msand mis Change in velocity Time Acceleration a 23=000) 4 <2 a2 5 mst ONE DIMENSIONAL MOTION (RECTILINEAR MOTION) 0 « i) ‘To study it we ean choose an axis so that it coinsié ‘with the path ofthe object. We may divide this topic in the following dilfe! situations ‘Motion with constant velocity Motion with variable velocity but consi" acceleration Motion with variable acceleration,“Motion with constant velocity or uniform motion or zero acceleration it comes out of the Since velocity is consta integration bl, ble velocity but constant Motion with ¥: acceleration Basic formulae aw ong aw dx (ae x ipa= # Sy (By staan From formula (i) ® i wow fo since aceleraton constants comes cu ofthe ington oh =aJe S veusat @ Seas a usat dx=udt+atat on further integrating fox-u far +a fi bi iw zone zat 1 = beaut pat A) From formula i) av iz jue le 2 vau?+20(4%) a) Ft nate) 2 os Taking a= “— from equation (i) and puting tin equation i), we get a-uet (2) sf) Equation i, i) & (i) ae the three basic equations ‘of uniformly aeceerated motion. (w) Displacement in nth second Displacement inn second = Displacement inn sec. Displacement in (n-1) 36= t= S,- So (1) 1 tuys FantJ-tl@-D* 5 aut Sn ic $00-) ) IMPORTANT POINTS FOR UNIFORMLY ‘ACCELERATED MOTION: o @ w stand moves with uniform I a body stats fom re 1 body int acceleration then distance covered by th sc. proportional to (be. 81) So we can say thatthe ratio of distance covered in Tens aee and 3 sec is 12:22: 320r 14:9. Ifa body starts from rest and moves with uniform acceleration then distance covered by the body inn ‘sci proportional 10 2a~ I) (besa = (2-1 ‘So we can say tha the ratio of distance covered in I sec, sec and Il secs 1:35, ‘A body moving with a velocity u is stopped by “pplication of brakes after covering distances. Ifthe same body moves with velocity nu and same braking force is applied om i then it will come to rest after covering a distance of n's Ast w= Das x, [since a is constant)ont sie ne Sol. Sol. 1 that fw Becomes ies then s becomes Sowecan 1? times that of Pr Je with uniform acceleration from Ato ‘peg a straight ine bas velocities v, and v2 at eae respectively. IFC is the midepotnt between A ant phen velocity ofthe particle at Cis equal (0 Aparticle movin jth a uniform acceleration and “Another body B, stats from the in the same direction with & “The two bodies meet after a iabody A moves same point moves i constant velocity ¥ tine The value of t is w y oF OF (@) Letthey meet afer time 1 sovered by body A, Sx =3' oOo; Distance at Le pistane covered by body B, Sy Wand 2M fe res ca sanding ata distance of 50 meres A aren. As soon a te bus stars is motion from i Docleration of ims‘, the student Flare a wands the bus with uniform velocity sage the motion to be along a straight road, ‘renimum value of uso tha the students able tocatch the bus is (a)Sms" (b) 8 ms (@10ms* (@)12ms? {@) Let stent will atch the bus after 8 vrilleover distance ut Similarly distance travelled bythe bus willbe at? forthe given condition E ec, So it Sol. 1 0+ 4a 50% ja 50 7 (AS a=im/st) To find the minimum value of u, a a sowegett= 10 500 then u= 10 mis Sol. Sa (Eexmpies sppslty ppl fes Aes chaos tet same car is movi spheamials minimum stopping distance is one Sol. (24m > set cescu'(Asa~ const oa (As = constant) (3) -(e ya bale ede fon a Te ante aveling tout Wolk of aoe ron The tarda, sagt be uniform, willbe (@) 10x10 (©) 1210 ms? (ossxio mst Isao me (@) v=200m/s, ¥=100m/s 10030 2x0 25 jue retardation is 15 « 10* av it papers ‘body moving with uniform ‘The average velocity of ‘acceleration travelling 2 displacemen’ of 3.06 mis 0:34 ms", Ifthe change in veloc? cof the body is eration Oo rams! during this tie, is uniform aS is: (a)0.01 ms (00.03 ms 7 (b) 0.02 ms (4) 0.08 ms? 3.06 _gsec 034 (0) Time = oe Average velocity invelocit Time and Acceleration =~Sol. 1 body san fom res. Wht he ati of th listance travellec 1c bath ead sistance walled bythe oly ding the and @75 a s7 mR wan (@) As 8, <(2n-0, MOTION WI RELATIONS = ‘A train is moving with TO8 km/h, Ona sraight rack receiving red signal its’brakes ate applied and it retards al the rate of Sms Find its displacement and average velocity for next 15 sec. Initial velocity, = 108 kan/h ~ 30 mis. Let time required for the velocity to become zero ist =P t= 10 sec. <15 see. it covers no distancesafter Displacement till 15 see displacement 10sec 1 = 3000+ 5 002 =150m “Fosaeplcement_ 159 som Va~~ Totaltime st scabove erample;t6fnd Vn weave ket 1 an eee nic actully was required ind V,, for 10 sec, it would be let 10, jue, Vy for 15 8e€- «Displacement in ITH VARIABLEACC! is notsameas V,, for 108: sree, = Displacement in 10866 /ELERATION 2 foe fo oa “ bs fax=foat ox =] id (By chain rule) Sol. Sol itt Te acceleration of partic ys Ii is at rest and atthe origin at time | position, velocity, a=20 nz 12-2 eis given 2 Formula for ¥, fay a we [iar ee Atte 1 see te hye Formula for de a Ante Tee The poviion x of parti varies wih time «3s ‘The acceleration ofthe particle wil Be xeatt—b zero a tet equal 0 OF o> Oo (4) Zer0 Ox « (©) Given x =at°—be velocity (The displacement of the particle is given by asbesot?—dtt, The initial veto. y and acceleration are respectively (a)b,-4d ()-b,2¢ ()b,26 (@) 26,4 Sol (6) Given y=a4bt+et? —at! ay : Booths 2et—aae a : Putting t=0, vinitiat So initial velocity = dv F=042e-1240* en Otte Ia Putting = 0, ainitial=2¢ ‘body starts from the origin and moves along the axis such that velocity at any instant is piven by (4-20, where tis in second and velocity is in ms ‘Whats the acceleration of the particle, when its at 2m fromthe origin? (a) 28 v/s? (©) 12 mis? Now, acceleration (a) )2me (10m? (b) Given that v= 409 2¢ x=[vdu x=t-P +c, x=0=C=0 ‘When particle is 2m away feom the origin (-P ote-280 = -2)(241)=0 V2 see. wid og AP 20-1222 Sane for t= 2 see = actes((i)-2 a2 mis? ‘The motion of a particle is described by thee at we at, where b > 0. The distance travelled ys yy Particle in the first 4 seconds a (ayaa (12a oe (ts GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION : St carve: here °" (or x) represent poston and“ represen time ‘we puts ony-axisandt on -axisthen foreveryvabe oft we have a specific value of lo pre = slope olin joining the pins p nd p, Foraparticle moving alonga straight line when wept 4 graph of s versus the slope ofthe stright line that connets tw particular pins on thes) une ones the point that corresponds to and ane teri the point that comesponds tos and Lie displacement, v, has both magnitude and deta {it is another vector quay). is magsitue is he ‘magnitude ofthe line's slope. positive, (and soe) tes us that the Hine slants upward tthe righ 8 negative (andslpe), that hele slantsdownwa to theightw INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY According to definition tim 4S Ye ath at In curve if At > 0 the point p, comes very close to point py The instantaneous velocity can be found by determining the slope of the tangent to the displacement time graph at that instant Velocity at point p, or time isV tan 0 VELOCITY V, TIME CURVE By usin graph. Sram of vst curve at any point represents ‘acceleration at tat instant tan 0 = acceleration atime a dependence of von we can plot 8 ¥5E rm, slope of 6-1) curvemust remain If velocity isunifo ‘unchanged ssn nine Curve with uniform slope isa straight line eg.) velocity is Ims => S=Vt = set tanO=1 2 7 Positive velocity Uniform acceleration Wehave a particle moving with uniformacceeration 8 and initial velocity u. Its displacement sat any tet can be represented 35 1 seus Latay 2 ‘Curve is parabola Velocity att stan 8 xeon t t “Ls AREAUNDERV VST GRAPH: Asweknow dx Vat jeje sa-)% ‘A ~Areaundery Vs graph ‘Thvaetundr(¥-Jeurve wllrepesentdplacement ‘in that time period. 2 7 {0 Atezabove tives ve dplacement (2) Aretelow tanigives-ve dpacement 47mina pene se SOLVED EXAMPLE SOWED EXAMPLE) ‘What is the average acceleration foreach gp segment in igure? Describe the motion oft over the total time interval, Also calor et displacement. a “otal displacement willbe sum of teas with appropiate signs 2 Total distance travelled willbe sum of areas without sign. Distance=|A,|+(AGl ‘Variation of Displacement (x), velocity (V) and ‘Table: acceleration (a) with respect 10 time for different type of motion, Displacement Velocity Acceleration Lo Atrest Sol. a ¢ 2 Motion with sta Yabocly x Segment BC;a= [5-5 ~~ Is? “aye ‘The graph is trapezium. Its area between t= 00 y a t= 1Ssis displacement — L a ‘Area= displacement= 5 (18 +6) « 8=96m t a f article accelerates uniformly for first 4 se. hen 3. Motion with constant moves with uniform velocity for 6 sec. and thes getty retards uniformly to come to rest in next $s. | ee TO mm Figure here gives the veloc Find the displacement an ime graph for abody. distance travelled ee i between t = Os and 0 second : | Sol, Are betwoen =D sec, (01= 458. t 1 4 with f i 25 xe Daa 10m i 4 ions . 7 s $ 4 : " Arca beeen t= 4 96,11" 788 1 aheaeayes ‘ +, 2 “| Netdisplacement= total area=10-6= 4%" Distance 10|* = 160ooo VERTICAL MOTION UNDER GRAVITY (FREE FALL) “ Motion that occurs solely under the influence of gravity is called free fall. Thus a body projected upward or downward or released from rest are all under freefall. In the absence of air resistance all falling bodies have the same acceleration duct gravity, regardless of their sizes or shapes. ‘The value of the acceleration due to gravity depends on both latitude and altitude, It is approximately 9.8 m/s? near the surface ofthe earth For simplicity a value of 10 m/s? is being used in this package, To do calculations regarding motion ‘under gravity, we follow a proper sign convention, In this package we are taking upward direction as positive and downward as negative, Thus acceleration is taken a =~ g = 10 mvs? no matter whether body is moving upwards or downwards, since g always acts downward ‘ "Thus the equation of kinematies may be modified as veu-gt Og ay aynyon wt Zee me i) ° 2e(y-¥o) 1 of particle atte t= ‘These yo positio sition of particle at time ‘of particle at time t= 0 velocity of particle atime t ‘A body dropp* velocity zer0) Equation of motion: TK yn of motion ie toa directo (hc, donnvart det) spe wets are pay sat fom es 0 eee ne Soro ein vf =2gh=2-0)-H) dsce2u>19.6m/s ie ToAsee or “p is clear that for v= 19.6, First ball will ust strike the ground, second ball wll beat highest point (in sky), and third ball wll beat point of projection oF ‘on ground (notin sky). “ray ge mie of balls ae own vray aeeeucimgusk secession n sch away that the chal town when the previous one sat the imum gh Ith minum heights Sm, the ‘number of ball thrown per minute is (take g=10 ms~*) (on 80 (00 (40 {0 Maxim eight of ball = 5m, So velocity of projection => u = 2gh = V2x10x5=10m/s time interval between two balls (time of ascent) Sol ‘Sono, of balls thrown per min = 60 ‘A stone is sho straight upward with a speed of 20 mec froma tower 200 m high. The speed with which itstrkes the ground is approximately ()60m/see (0) 65 mise (€)70mvsee (a) 75 misee Sol. (b) Speed of stone ina vertically upward direction is20ms By which velocity a ball be projected vertically 30 (+20)' +2%10x200 => =65 m/s + 2gh thatthe distance covered by tin $ second the distance it covers in its 6% second (g = 10 m/s?) (588m ()49 ms (65m (196m Sh (© Byfrmlsb,=44 Sa(2n-1) 10 11> .5-1peaty 10 2S 20 Oan6-1) 874522055) => wn 6Sm/s, and"! indicates the balls project. : Projected upward initially Sol. Sol. (Exany Sol. ‘A particle is dropped under g ore height h(g=9.8 mvs") andit tavelsa digg. 3 cls ine the last second, the height h is ae (a) 100m 0) 125m O1sm @iersm (©) Distance travelled inn sec =! gy? Distance travelled in n'* sec i £@n-y= 2 25 Solving (i) and (i) we get, “ 25m 7 body is released fom wea Beg as frely towards te earth, Another body irony from the same height exact ooe conde te separation between the two bodi, to sen after the release of the second bodys (49m 98m (196m (245m {@) The separation between baie te sd Mtr the release of second boy gen aMSn ‘ 2 ae es Draw vet graph and s-t graph =| ss 1 an A g(t?-t2p= bx9.8xG" 28 2