EVOLUTION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS TIMELINE

1900-2018

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1902- HOWARDS GARDEN CITIES

What is EBENEZER HOWARD garden city concept?

It proposed the creation of new suburban towns of limited size, planned in
advance, and surrounded by a permanent belt of agricultural land. These
garden cities were used as the model for many suburbs. Howard believed that
such garden cities were the perfect blend of city and nature.

What are the three magnets garden city?

Garden city movement had the three magnets to address the question 'where will the
people go? ' The choices being 'town', 'country' or 'town country'. These 3 magnets
can also be regarded as the garden city principles. Open spaces, central park and
green spaces were given a lot of importance in howard's plan

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1909 BURNHAM, MAKE NO SMALL SPACES The six categories, as laid out by burnham and
bennett in the final chapter of the plan of
chicago, are as follows:
1.The improvement of the lake front.

2.The creation of a system of highways outside

the city.

3.The improvement of railway terminals, and the

development of a complete traction system for
both freight and passengers.

4.The acquisition of an outer park system, and of

parkway circuits.

5.The systematic arrangement of the streets and

avenues within the city, in order to facilitate the
movement to and from the business district.

6.The development of centers of intellectual life

and of civic administration, so related as to give
coherence and unity to the city.

The Burnham Plan is a popular name for the 1909 Plan of Chicago, co-authored by Daniel
Burnham and Edward H. Bennett and published in 1909. It recommended an integrated
series of projects including new and widened streets, parks, new railroad and harbor
facilities, and civic buildings. Though only portions of the plan were realized, the document
reshaped Chicago's central area and was an important influence on the new field of city
planning.

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1915- GEDDES CITIES IN EVOLUTION

He introduced the concept of "region" to architecture and planning and coined the term
"conurbation". Geddes developed a new approach to regional and town planning based
on the integration of people and their livelihood into the environmental givens of the
particular place and region they inhabit.

What is geddesian triad city concept?

Geddesian triad theory

the proposition states that the planning/layout should create organic relations among the people,
place, and work. Triad between the environment, functions, and organism should be the approach to
design.

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1925- BURGESS CONCRETE MODEL CONCEPT The concentric zone model, also known as the Burgess model or the CCD model, is one of the
earliest theoretical models to explain urban social structures. It was created by sociologist Ernest
Burgess in 1925

Based on human ecology theory done by Burgess and applied on Chicago, it was the first to give
the explanation of distribution of social groups within urban areas. This concentric ring model
depicts urban land usage in concentric rings: the Central Business District (or CBD) was in the
middle of the model, and the city is expanded in rings with different land uses. It is effectively an
urban version of Von Thünen's regional land use model developed a century earlier.[3] It
influenced the later development of Homer Hoyt's sector model (1939) and Harris and Ullman's
multiple nuclei model (1945).

The zones identified are:

The center with the central business district,

The transition zone of mixed residential and commercial uses or the zone of transition,
Working class residential homes (inner suburbs), in later decades called inner city or zone of
independent working men's home,
Better quality middle-class homes (outer suburbs) or zone of better housing,
Commuter zone, high-class homes on outskirts of outer suburbs - homeowner can afford to
commute to central business district.

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1925- BURGESS CONCRETE MODEL CONCEPT

Wright outlined the proposal in the 1932 book The Disappearing City and followed
it in 1935 with a 12-foot by 12-foot model exhibited at the Rockefeller Center. The
core concept is simple, if radical: completely disperse the modern city and give each
family at least an acre of land. The details and the defining ideals behind them are
considerably more complicated.

As mentioned above, the core of Wright’s proposal was that each family would
receive, at a minimum, an acre to call its own. Larger families would have more, and
Wright later set the optimal density at approximately 2.5 people per acre. By
comparison, Manhattan today has around 103 people per acre. In 1932, Wright
figured that “in these United States there is more than 57 acres of land, each, for
every man, woman and child within its borders.” Today that number is closer to 7.

How land would have been distributed is unclear, but Wright emphasized that there would be “no
landlord but society.” Residents in Broadacres would prove their ownership through stewardship.

Homes – and all other buildings – would be products of modern architecture, built from steel and
glass to allow residents to connect to sunlight, air, and land. No two homes could be alike, as each
would be built for the landscape it stood on, and landscapes would be chosen for their beauty
and uniqueness. Inexpensive, mass-produced house “units” would allow poorer residents to build
unique, integrated homes room by room as they established themselves in the new community.
Builders might put up a handful of taller buildings, including co-op apartments for those already
too “citified” to live in the open.

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1932-LE CORBUSIER -VILLE RADIENESE

Designed to contain effective means of transportation, as well as an abundance of green

space and sunlight, Le Corbusier’s city of the future would not only provide residents with a
better lifestyle, but would contribute to creating a better society. Though radical, strict and
nearly totalitarian in its order, symmetry and standardization, Le Corbusier’s proposed
principles had an extensive influence on modern urban planning and led to the development
of new high-density housing typologies

In accordance with modernist ideals of progress (which encouraged the annihilation of

tradition), The Radiant City was to emerge from a tabula rasa: it was to be built on nothing
less than the grounds of demolished vernacular European cities. The new city would contain
prefabricated and identical high-density skyscrapers, spread across a vast green area and
arranged in a Cartesian grid, allowing the city to function as a “living machine.” Le
Corbusier explains: “The city of today is a dying thing because its planning is not in the
proportion of geometrical one fourth. The result of a true geometrical lay-out is repetition,
The result of repetition is a standard. The perfect form.”

The housing districts would contain pre-fabricated apartment buildings, known as “Unités.”
Reaching a height of fifty meters, a single Unité could accommodate 2,700 inhabitants and
function as a vertical village: catering and laundry facilities would be on the ground floor, a
kindergarden and a pool on the roof. Parks would exist between the Unités, allowing
residents with a maximum of natural daylight, a minimum of noise and recreational facilities
at their doorsteps.

At the core of Le Corbusier’s plan stood the notion of zoning: a strict division of the city into
segregated commercial, business, entertainment and residential areas. The business district was
located in the center, and contained monolithic mega-skyscrapers, each reaching a height of 200
meters and accommodating five to eight hundred thousand people. Located in the center of this
civic district was the main transportation deck, from which a vast underground system of trains
would transport citizens to and from the surrounding housing districts.

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1939-HOYT- SECTOR MODEL This model applies to numerous British cities. Also, if it is turned 90 degrees counter-clockwise it
fits the city of Mönchengladbach reasonably accurately. This may be because of the age of the
cities when transportation was a key, as a general rule older cities follow the Hoyt model and
more recent cities follow the Burgess (concentric zone) model.

The sector model, also known as the Hoyt model, is a model of urban land use proposed in 1939
by land economist Homer Hoyt.[1] It is a modification of the concentric zone model of city
development. The benefits of the application of this model include the fact it allows for an
outward progression of growth. As with all simple models of such complex phenomena, its validity
is limited

Limitations
The theory is based on early twentieth-century rail transport and does not make allowances
for private cars that enable commuting from cheaper land outside city boundaries.[3] This
occurred in Calgary in the 1930s when many near-slums were established outside the city but
close to the termini of the street car lines. These are now incorporated into the city boundary
but are pockets of low-cost housing in medium cost areas.[2] The theory also does not take into
account the new concepts of edge cities and boomburbs, which began to emerge in the 1980s,
after the creation of the model. Since its creation, the traditional Central Business District has
diminished in importance as many retail and office buildings have moved into the suburbs.

Physical features - physical features may restrict or direct growth along certain wedges
The growth of a sector can be limited by leapfrog land.
The theory too lacks the idea based on land topography.

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1945- HARRIS & ULLMAN-MULI NUCLEI MODEL

Harris and Ullman argued that cities do not grow around a single nucleus, but rather several
separate nuclei. Each nucleus acts like a growth point. The theory was formed based on the idea
that people have greater movement due to increased car ownership.

The Model
The model describes the layout of a city, based on Chicago. It says that even though a city may
have begun with a central business district, or CBD, other smaller CBDs develop on the outskirts of
the city near the more valuable housing areas to allow shorter commutes from the outskirts of the
city. This creates nodes or nuclei in other parts of the city besides the CBD thus the name multiple
nuclei model. Their aim was to produce a more realistic, if more complicated, model. Their main
goals in this were to:

• Move away from the concentric zone model

• Better reflect the complex nature of urban areas, especially those of larger size
• The model assumes that:

• Land is not flat in all areas

• There is even Distribution of Resources
• There is even Distribution of people in Residential areas
• There is even Transportation Costs

1.Certain industrial activities require transportation facilities e.g. ports, railway stations, etc. to
lower transportation costs.
2.Various combinations of activities tend to be kept apart e.g. residential areas and airports,
factories and parks, etc.
3.Other activities are found together for their mutual advantage e.g. universities, bookstores and
coffee shops, etc.
4.Some facilities need to be set in specific areas in a city - for example, the CBD requires
convenient traffic systems, and many factories need an abundant source of resources.

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1959- LINDBLOM, INCREMENTALISM
Advantages
The advantages of incrementalism over other formal systems is that no time is wasted
planning for outcomes which may not occur.[citation needed]
Politically expedient: Since it does not involve any radical and complete changes, it is
easily accepted and therefore the process is expedient.
Simplicity: it is very simple to understand. Compared to some of the other budgeting
methods used in business, it is one of the easiest to put in practice, since one does not
have to be an accountant or have much experience in business to use this form of
budgeting.
Gradual change: a very stable budget exists from one period to the next and allows
for gradual change within the company. Many managers are intimidated by large
budget increases from one period to the next. This type of budget will not cause that
problem because it is based on the previous period's budget.
Flexibility: it is very flexible. Doing it from one month to the next allows one to see
change very quickly when a new policy or budget is implemented.
Avoiding conflict: companies with many different departments often run into conflict
between departments because of their different budgets. With this method of
budgeting, it is easier to keep everyone on the same page and avoid conflicts
between departments
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The Incremental Model
Instead of making one huge leap towards solving a problem, the incremental model breaks down
the decision-making process into small steps. The process of then moving between the steps is known
as muddling through and is based on the combination of experience, intuition, guessing, and using
different techniques. This model was developed by Charles Lindblom.
A small number of alternatives and consequences are considered at each stage of the decision-
making process. As a result, the costs of making a decision are minimized. As each step is proposing
only a small change; the immediate effect is minimal and usually not disruptive. Other benefits of
the incremental model are its simplicity and flexibility. Because the difference between status quo
and proposed solution at every stage is small, it's often easier to reach a consensus between
different stakeholders, and conflict is avoided.
Disadvantages
Disadvantages are that time may be wasted dealing with the immediate problems and no overall
strategy is developed. Incrementalism in the study of rationality can be seen as a stealthy way to
bring about radical changes that were not initially intended, a slippery slope.
Beagle Fallacy: A beagle hound has a very good sense of smell but limited eyesight, and thus could
miss prey that appears in front of but downwind. Likewise, by only focusing on incremental changes
to policies and policy applications, organisations are in danger of missing the broader directions in
fulfilling their mandate. Beagle fallacy is the primary criticism of incrementalism.[5]
Failure to account for change: it is based on the idea that expenses will run much as they did before.
However, in business, that is rarely the case, and there are always variables.
Absence of incentives: such a simple method of budgeting really does not provide employees with
much reason to be creative. They have no incentive to innovate and come up with new ideas or
policies since everything is limited.
"Use it or lose it" perspective: Many employees view this as a "use it or lose it" system and know that
next year's budget is going to be incrementally based on this year's. Therefore, if they do not spend
everything that is allocated to them, they may not have enough money to work with next year. That
creates an environment where waste is encouraged
1973- HARVEY – SOCIAL JUSTICE AND THE CITY

Social Justice and the City is a book published in 1973 written by the Marxist
geographer David Harvey. The book is an attempt to lay out afresh the paradigm of
urban geography, by bringing together the two conflicting theses of methodology and
philosophy.[1] Going against the grain of his previous book Explanation in Geography
published in 1970, he argued that geography cannot remain disengaged, impartial
and ‘objective’ at a time when urban poverty and associated ills were reigning high

Harvey begins by saying that no discipline has theories and propositions about the city
itself and he was setting himself up to examine some theories himself. According to him,
urban planning was a fraught territory because it was at the interface of a spatial and
social analysis. Until social scientists found a metalanguage to talk about this interface
in a meaningful way, his suggestion was that social scientists should devise temporary
theories for understanding the city, in ways that could bring together the social
processes and the spatial form. In Part II, Harvey's focus is on studying the income
inequality among richer and poorer neighborhoods of a city and its implications for the
spatial form of the city. He finds out that generally, jobs are located in suburban areas
whereas low-income housing, where m

The tone of Part II is radically different from Part I. He asserts that a paradigm shift is
required in geographic thought. Even though he was one of the proponents of the
quantitative revolution, he said that pursuing that would only have diminishing returns.
He puts forth the argument that in order to have a revolutionary theory in geography,
one needs to take the Marxist path. Through a deep and profound critique of our In Part III David Harvey offers some concluding remarks. He takes stock of Marx's ontology and
existent analytical concepts and by pushing for new theory that will stand the ground of epistemology, and through each step he investigates how it influences the analysis of a complex
empirical reality, Harvey says revolutionary thought is possible. Of course it needs to concept like urbanism (287). In the new edition of the book Harvey's essay The Right to the City is
be tempered by commitment to revolutionary practice also included.

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