Chapter 16: The Infant

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A mother calls the pediatrician's office because her infant is "col-
icky." What is the most helpful measure the nurse can suggest to
ANS: D
the mother?
One technique the nurse can offer parents of a fussy infant is
a. Sing songs to the infant in a soft voice.
to rock the infant gently and slowly while being careful to avoid
b. Place the infant in a well-lit room.
sudden movements.
c. Walk around and massage the infant's back.
d. Rock the fussy infant slowly and gently.
When does the posterior fontanelle close?
a. 2 to 3 months
ANS: A
b. 3 to 6 months
The posterior fontanelle closes between 2 and 3 months of age.
c. 6 to 9 months
d. 9 to 12 months
At what age does an infant's birth weight triple?
a. 9 months ANS: B
b. 1 year The infant usually triples his or her birth weight by about 12 months
c. 18 months of age.
d. 2 years
What is the earliest age at which an infant is able to sit steadily
alone?
a. 4 months ANS: C
b. 5 months The infant can sit alone without support at about 8 months of age.
c. 8 months
d. 15 months
What is the earliest age at which the infant should be able to walk
independently?
ANS: B
a. 8 to 10 months
For the majority of children, the milestone of walking alone is
b. 12 to 15 months
achieved between 12 and 15 months
c. 15 to 18 months
d. 18 to 21 months
The parent of a 3-month-old infant asks the nurse, "At what age
do infants usually begin drinking from a cup?" What is the nurse's
most accurate response? ANS: A
a. 5 months The infant can usually drink from a cup when it is offered at about
b. 9 months 5 months.
c. 1 year
d. 2 years
What would the nurse expect a 4-month-old infant to be able to
ANS: C
accomplish?
Because development is cephalocaudal, of these choices, lifting
a. Hold a cup.
the head and shoulders is the one that the infant learns to do first.
b. Stand with assistance.
The infant can usually sit with support at about 5 months of age
c. Lift head and shoulders.
and can sit alone at about 8 months.
d. Sit with back straight.
What is an abnormal finding in an evaluation of growth and de-
velopment for a 6-month-old infant? ANS: C
a. Weight gain of 4 to 7 ounces per week The infant should be holding the head up well by 5 months of age.
b. Length increase of 1 inch in 2 months If head lag is present at 6 months, the child should undergo further
c. Head lag present evaluation.
d. Can sit alone for a few seconds
A parent brings a 6-month-old infant to the pediatric clinic for her
well-baby examination. Her birth weight was 8 pounds, 2 ounces.
What will the nurse weighing the infant today expect her weight to
be? ANS: B
a. At least 12 pounds Birth weight is usually doubled by 6 months of age.
b. At least 16 pounds
c. At least 20 pounds
d. At least 24 pounds
What will the nurse advise a parent to do when introducing solid
foods?
a. Begin with one tablespoon of food.
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 Chapter 16: The Infant
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b. Mix foods together. ANS: D
c. Eliminate a refused food from the diet. Only one new food is offered in a 4- to 7-day period to determine
d. Introduce each new food 4 to 7 days apart. tolerance.
The nurse is talking with a parent about tooth eruption. What teeth
will the nurse explain are the first deciduous teeth to erupt?
ANS: A
a. Lower central incisors
The first teeth to erupt, usually at about 7 months, are the lower
b. Upper central incisors
central incisors.
c. Lower lateral incisors
d. Upper lateral incisors
The nurse is assessing development in a 9-month-old infant. What
would the nurse expect to observe?
ANS: C
a. Speaking in 2-word sentences
The 9-month-old infant tries to creep, has developed pincer move-
b. Grasping objects with palmar grasp
ment, and can grasp a spoon without keeping food on it.
c. Creeping along the floor
d. Beginning to use a spoon rather sloppily
What statement made by a parent indicates correct understanding
of infant feeding?
ANS: D
a. "I've been mixing rice cereal and formula in the baby's bottle."
New solid foods should be introduced before formula or breast milk
b. "I switched the baby to low-fat milk at 9 months."
to encourage the infant to try new foods.
c. "The baby really likes little pieces of chocolate."
d. "I give the baby new foods before he takes his bottle."
A mother is concerned because her 10-month-old infant is lethar-
gic. What is the best action the nurse can advise this mother to
implement? ANS: D
a. Keep the infant's room well lit. Some infants respond to stimulating environments by shutting
b. Rub the infant's soles vigorously. down. Move and handle infants slowly and gently.
c. Offer the infant a pacifier.
d. Handle the infant slowly and gently.
The nurse discusses child-proofing the home for safety with the
mother of a 9-month-old infant. Which statement made by the
mother would indicate an unsafe behavior? ANS: B
a. "I put covers on all of the electrical outlets." A rear-facing infant car seat should be used for infants younger
b. "In the car, she rides in a front-facing car seat." than 1 year of age.
c. "There are locks on all of the cabinets in the house."
d. "I have a gate at the top and bottom of the stairs."
The nurse observes a 10-month-old infant using her index finger
and thumb to pick up pieces of cereal. What does this behavior
indicate the infant has developed? ANS: A
a. The pincer grasp By 1 year, the pincer-grasp coordination of index finger and thumb
b. A grasp reflex is well established.
c. Prehension ability
d. The parachute reflex
A parent is concerned because her infant has a diaper rash. What
is the best action the nurse would advise the parent to implement?
ANS: B
a. Use commercial diaper wipes to clean the area.
A protective ointment can be applied when the skin in the diaper
b. Apply a protective ointment on the area.
area appears pink and irritated.
c. Change the infant's diaper less frequently.
d. Keep the diaper area covered all of the time.
The mother of an infant born prematurely tells the nurse, "The
baby is irritable. She cries during diaper changes and feedings.
Can you make some suggestions about what I should do to soothe
her?" What is the most appropriate recommendation to help this ANS: C
parent? A strategy that may be helpful is to swaddle the infant snugly in a
a. Play the radio or TV while you feed the infant. light blanket with extremities flexed and hands near the face.
b. Put the infant in a room with sunlight.
c. Wrap the infant snugly when you hold them.
d. Change the infant's position quickly.
What is the most appropriate activity to recommend to parents to
promote sensorimotor stimulation for a 1-year-old infant?
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 Chapter 16: The Infant
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a. Ride a tricycle.
ANS: C
b. Spend time in an infant swing.
Push-pull toys are appropriate to promote sensorimotor stimula-
c. Play with push-pull toys.
tion for a 1-year-old infant
d. Read large picture books.
Which statement indicates the mother of an 8-month-old infant
understands infant sleep patterns?
a. "I put the baby in my bed until she falls asleep, then I put her in
her crib." ANS: C
b. "I let the baby skip an afternoon nap so that she will fall asleep The parent should assist the infant to develop self-soothing be-
earlier." haviors so that the infant can get back to sleep on her own
c. "I put the pacifier in the crib so that she can find it when she
wakes up."
d. "I rock the baby back to sleep if she wakes up at night."
How might the nurse demonstrate the parachute reflex with an
infant?
ANS: D
a. Lifting the infant high in the air above her head
The infant, when placed downward in a prone position, will pro-
b. Holding the infant in a football hold, cradling the head
tectively extend the arms.
c. Seating the infant in a stroller in an upright position
d. Placing the infant downward into the crib
Parents of a 6-month-old infant ask the nurse why it is neces-
sary to offer iron-rich formula to their child. What is the correct
response?
a. "The infant has limited ability to produce red blood cells." ANS: C
b. "The infant has ineffective digestive enzymes."
c. "The infant has exhausted maternal iron stores."
d. "The infant has need of the iron to support dentition."
The nurse is assessing a 1-year-old infant in the pediatric office.
ANS: A
What finding should the nurse report to the physician immediate-
Respirations of a 1-year-old infant should be 20 to 40
ly?
breaths/minute. Increased respiratory rate can lead to distress
a. Respiratory rate of 60 breaths/minute
and should be reported immediately. Pulse rate of 100 to 140
b. Pulse rate of 100 beats/minute
beats/minute is normal. Minimal verbalization and fussy behavior
c. Minimal verbalization
are not emergency situations or abnormal for this age.
d. Fussy behavior
A new mother is voicing concern she is breastfeeding her newborn
too frequently. How often does the nurse instruct this mother she ANS: A
should expect her newborn to feed? Breastfed infants may require feedings at 2- to 3-hour intervals
a. Every 2 to 3 hours because breast milk is more easily digested. A flexible but regular
b. Every 4 to 6 hours schedule that provides a rest period between feedings is best for
c. Every 6 to 8 hours the parent and infant.
d. Every 8 to 10 hours
The nurse cautions that children who have unmet hunger needs
will likely display which characteristic(s)? (Select all that apply.)
ANS: A, B, C, D
a. Irritability
Children who experience frequent hunger do not have effective
b. Ineffective feeding patterns
parental bonding. All other options are probable outcomes for a
c. No predictable sleep-wake cycle
child who has unmet hunger needs.
d. Distrust
e. Effective parent bonding
The nurse is preparing to outline principles of discipline for parents
of an infant. What information should the nurse include? (Select
ANS: A, B, D
all that apply.)
Parental approval is important to the infant, and setting limits
a. Firmly say "No."
early is essential. Principles of discipline at this age include the
b. Distract the child to another activity.
following: lowering the voice to say no firmly, removing the child
c. Bribe the child with a sweet treat.
from the situation, distraction, and consistency.
d. Remain consistent.
e. Ignore the child until behavior improves.

What should the teaching plan include about infant fall precau-
tions? (Select all that apply.)
a. Remove all unsteady furniture.
b. Keep crib rails up and in locked position.

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c. Steady infant with hand when on changing table. ANS: A, B, C, E
d. Use tray attachment on high chair as restraint. The tray attachment to a high chair is an inadequate restraint. All
e. Keep infant seat on the floor while indoors. other options are good precautions to prevent an infant from a fall.
The nurse is aware that the 7-month-old infant can signal feeding
ANS: A, E
readiness by which action(s)? (Select all that apply.)
The 7-month-old infant pulls the spoon toward his or her mouth
a. Pulling spoon toward mouth
and can manipulate finger foods. The 7-month-old infant does
b. Biting at spoon with upper and lower incisors
not have upper incisors and has not developed adequately to
c. Pointing to food bowl
recognize the food container or exhibit excitement related to the
d. Bouncing up and down with excitement at sight of food
sight of food.
e. Manipulating finger foods
The nurse is educating parents of a 2-month-old infant about
immunizations. What immunizations against illness should their
child receive? (Select all that apply.)
ANS: A, B, C, D, E
a. Pertussis (whooping cough)
The first DPT, polio, and flu immunizations are given at the age of
b. Influenza
2 months.
c. Diphtheria
d. Tetanus
e. Polio
ANS: A, C, D, E
What will the nurse take into consideration when educating par-
Parents have many concerns about feeding their infant during
ents regarding infant nutrition? (Select all that apply.)
the first year of life. This is a period when readiness to receive
a. Cultural practices
nutrition education is usually high; therefore, the nurse looks
b. Sex of the infant
for opportunities to provide accurate information. Assessment of
c. Parental knowledge
parental knowledge; infant development, behavior, and readiness;
d. Infant's developmental level
parent-child interaction; and cultural and ethnic practices is im-
e. Parent-child interaction
portant. Sex of the infant does not enter into nutritional education.
Parents of an infant inform the nurse they are planning home
preparation of solid foods. What directions should the nurse pro- ANS: D, E
vide? (Select all that apply.) Home-prepared infant food can be strained and pureed in an
a. Boil foods in a large amount of water. electric blender. Sugar should be added sparingly. Food should
b. Do not freeze foods. be boiled in small amounts of water and not over cooked to avoid
c. Add 1 teaspoon of salt per cup. destroying nutrients. Foods may be frozen in ice cube trays and
d. Puree food in electric blender. defrosted for use.
e. Add sugar sparingly.

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