Chapter 3

Melting and Pouring

Before pouring provisions are made for the escape of dissolved gases. The gating
system should be designed to minimize the turbulent flow and erosion of mould
cavity. The other important factors are the pouring temperature and the pouring
rate.
For the pouring step to be successful, metal must flow into all regions of the mold,
most importantly the main cavity, before solidifying.
Factors that determine success:
-Pouring temperature
- Pouring rate
- Turbulence
Ladles which pour the molten metal from beneath the surface are used. The
quality of casting depends on the method of melting. The melting technique should
provide molten metal at required temperature, but should also provide the material
of good quality and in the required quantity.
Pouring vessels
Chapter.4 pouring 2019 ١
 ‫‪Melting and Pouring Problem‬‬
‫ﺗﺑدأ ﺑﻌض اﻟﻣﺷﺎﻛل ﻓﻰ اﻟﻣﺳﺑوﻛﺎت ﻣن ﺗﺄﺛﯾرات ﻣﺗﺑﺎدﻟ ﺔ ﺑ ﯾن اﻟﻣﻧﺻ ﮭر واﻟوﺳ ط اﻟﻣﺣ ﯾط ﺣﯾ ث اﺛﻧ ﺎء اﻟﺻ ﮭر‬

‫ورﻓﻊ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺣرارة ﯾﺣدث ﺗﻔﺎﻋل ﺑﯾن اﻟﻣﻧﺻﮭر ﻗﺑل اﻻﻧﺻﮭﺎر واﻷﻛﺳﺟﯾن اﻟﻣوﺟود ﺑﺎﻟوﺳط ﻓﯾﻛ ون اﻛﺎﺳ ﯾد‬

‫اﻟﻔﻠزات واﻟﺗ ﻰ ﺗﺗﺟﻣ ﻊ ﻟﺗﻛ ون اﻟﺧﺑ ث وﺗ ؤدى اﻟ ﻰ ﺗﺷ وه اﻟﺳ طﺢ ﯾ ؤدى اﻟ ﻰ ﺳ وء اﻟﺧﺻ ﺎﺋص اﻟﻣﯾﻛﺎﻧﯾﻛﯾ ﺔ‬

‫وﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺑوك ﻟﻠﺗﺷﻐﯾل‬

‫ﺧﻄﻮات اﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻮاﺋﺐ وﻋﻼج اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺐ‬

‫اﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻔﻠﻜﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻨﺼﮫﺮ ﻟﻌﺰل اﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬

‫اﻟﺼﺐ واﻟﺼﮫﺮ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻓﻰ ﺟﻮ ﻓﺮغ ﻣﻦ اﻟﮫﻮاء‬

‫ﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ درﺟﺔ ﻓﺮط اﻟﺘﺴﺨﯿﻦ اى درﺟﺔ اﻟﺼﺐ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺰوﺑﺎن‬

‫اﻟﻤﮫﺎرة ﻓﻰ اﻟﺼﺐ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﻧﺸﻮء دواﻣﺎت ﻟﻤﻨﻊ زﻳﺎدة اﻟﺰوﺑﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬

‫‪Chapter.4 pouring 2019‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬

‫اﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻏﺎوات اﺧﺮى ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺣﯿﻦ واﻟﻜﻠﻮر ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺰﻳﻼ‬

‫اﻟﮫﯿﺪروﺣﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﮫﻮر ﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻀﺮر اﻻﻛﺒﺮ ﺑﻀﺮر اﺧﻒ ﻻن اﻟﻜﻠﻮر ﻟﺔ ﺿﺮر ﺑﺴﯿﻂ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﮫﯿﺪروﺣﯿﻦ‬

‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻧﻮاع ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ ادوات اﻟﺼﺐ ‪ ladels‬واﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺼﺐ اﻟﻤﺼﮫﻮر ﺑﺪا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺎع‬

‫وﻟﯿﺲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻌﺮض ﻟﻠﮫﻮاء وﻣﻨﮫﺎ اﻟﺒﻮاﺗﻖ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﺮاد او ﺑﻮاﺛﻖ اﻟﺼﺐ ﻣﻦ اﺳﻔﻞ‬

‫‪Pouring vessels‬‬
‫‪Chapter.4 pouring 2019‬‬ ‫‪٣‬‬
 Pouring vessels
Chapter.4 pouring 2019 ٤
 Pouring temperature ‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺼﺐ‬

Excessive temperature gradients in the casting and pouring

of cold metal are undesirable and can promote carbide
formation in thin sections and casting extremities. These
can be avoided by pouring at not less than 1315 °C (2400
°F) for castings of 25 mm (1 in.) section and above, by
pouring at up to 1425 °C (2600 °F) for castings of 6 mm ( in.)
section, and by modifying the gating system to include such
features as flow offs and runner bar extensions.

Chapter.4 pouring 2019 ٥

 ‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺼﺐ ‪Pouring Temperature‬‬

‫ﺣﯿﺚ ﺑﺰﻳﺎدة ھﺬة اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﻳﺰداد ﻣﻘﺪرة اﻟﻤﺼﮫﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻧﺴﯿﺎب وﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ان ﺑﺰﻳﺎدة‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺼﺐ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻻﻧﺴﺒﺎﺑﯿﺔ ووﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﺔ رﻓﻊ ھﺬة اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ وﻣﻨﮫﺎ‬

‫زﻳﺎدة ذوﺑﺎن اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺼﮫﻮر‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫‪ -‬اﺧﺘﺮاق ﺟﺪران اﻟﻘﺎﻟﺐ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﺨﯿﻦ ﻟﻤﺪة طﻮﻳﻠﺔ‬

‫‪ -‬وﺟﻮد ﺣﺒﯿﺒﺎت ﻏﻠﯿﻈﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺒﻮك ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﮫﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﺪﺑﺰﻳﺎدة ﻓﺮط اﻟﺘﺴﺨﯿﻦ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺠﺐ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر درﺟﺔ اﻟﺼﺐ ﻟﺘﺘﻮاءم ﻣﻊ زﻳﺎدة اﻻﻧﺴﯿﺎﺑﯿﺔ ﻗﺪر اﻻﻣﻜﺎن واﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ زﻳﺎدﺗﮫﺎ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺰﻳﺎدة ‪ ٢٠‬ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻋﻦ درﺟﺔ اﻻﻧﺼﮫﺎر‬

‫‪Chapter.4 pouring 2019‬‬ ‫‪٦‬‬

Chapter.4 pouring 2019 ٧
 Page 90
Example Molten metal can be poured into the
pouring cup of a sand mold at a steady rate of
1000 cm3/s. The molten metal overflows the
pouring cup and flows into the downsprue. The
cross-section of the sprue is round, with a
diameter at the top = 3.4 cm. If the sprue is 25
cm long, determine the proper diameter at its
base so as to maintain the same volume flow
rate.
Chapter.4 pouring 2019 ٨
Chapter.4 pouring 2019 ٩
 Fluidity
Fluidity: Capability of molten metal to fill mold cavities and depending on:
-Characteristics of molten metal
-Casting parameters
-Pouring temperature.
-Chemical composition
-Viscosity of molten metal
-Surface oxides
-Solidification range
Fluidity of molten metal is more at higher temperature but it results into more
amounts of dissolved gases and high temperature also damages the mould walls
and results into poor surface quality of the casting. Therefore, fluidity and gas
solubility are two conflicting requirements. The optimum pouring temperature is
therefore decided on the basis of fluidity requirements. The temperature should be
able to fill the whole cavity at the same time it should enter inside the voids
between the sand particles.
Chapter.4 pouring 2019 ١٠
 ‫ﺗﻌﺮف اﻻﻧﺴﯿﺎﺑﯿﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﮫﺎ ﻗﺪرة اﻟﻤﻌﺪن اﻟﻤﻨﺼﮫﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻧﺴﯿﺎب او اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎن وﻻء اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت‬
‫وھﻰ ﻣﻦ اھﻢ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﻨﺼﮫﺮ وأﻳﻀﺎ اﻟﻮظﯿﻔﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﺪ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻘﺎﻟﺐ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻻﻧﺴﯿﺎﺑﯿﺔ ﺷﺮط ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮوط اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻌﺪن ﻟﻼﻧﺼﮫﺎر‬
‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﺴﯿﺎﺑﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺪن‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻰ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺪى اﻟﺘﺠﻤﺪ‬ ‫‪ -‬درﺟﺔ ﺗﺠﻤﺪ اﻟﻤﻨﺼﮫﺮ‬
‫‪ -‬درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺼﺐ‬
‫‪-‬اﻻﻛﺎﺳﯿﺪ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬اﻟﺸﻮاﺋﺐ اﻟﻤﺘﺮﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬ﻟﺰوﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺼﮫﺮ‬
‫طﺮق ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ درﺟﺔ اﻻﻧﺴﯿﺎﺑﯿﺔ‬
‫‪ -١‬طﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻﻧﺒﻮب وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻧﺒﻮب ﺣﻠﺰوﻧﻰ ﻳﺼﺐ ﻓﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﮫﻮر وﻳﺘﺮك ﻟﯿﻨﺴﺎب‬
‫داﺧﻠﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﯿﺘﺠﻤﺪ ﺛﻢ ﻳﻘﺎس اﻟﻄﻮل ﻓﯿﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻻﻧﺴﯿﺎﺑﯿﺔ‬
‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎر راﺟﻮان وﻓﯿﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺳﺤﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﺼﮫﺮ ﺧﻼل اﻧﺒﻮب ﻣﻔﺮغ وﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ اﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﺣﺘﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺠﻤﺪ ﻓﯿﻜﻮن طﻮل اﻻﻧﺒﻮب اﻟﻤﺸﻐﻮل دال ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻧﺴﯿﺎﺑﯿﺔ‬
‫‪Chapter.4 pouring 2019‬‬ ‫‪١١‬‬
Chapter.4 pouring 2019 ١٢
Several types of furnaces are available for melting metals and their selection depends on

he type of metal, the maximum temperature required and the rate and the mode of molten

metal delivery. A furnace is an equipment to melt metals for casting or heat materials for

change of shape (rolling, forging etc) or change of properties (heat treatment). Since flue

gases from the fuel come in direct contact with the materials, the type of fuel chosen is

mportant. For example, some materials will not tolerate sulphur in the fuel. Solid fuels

generate particulate matter, which will interfere the materials placed inside the furnace.

For this reason:

Chapter.4 pouring 2019 ١٣

The following are the factors which are responsible for the selection of furnace.

(i) Considerations of initial cost and cost of its operation.

(ii) Relative average cost of repair and maintenance.

(iii) Availability and relative cost of various fuels in the particular locality.

(iv) Melting efficiency, in particular speed of melting.

(v) Composition and melting temperature of the metal.

Chapter.4 pouring 2019 ١٤

Heating the metal

Furnaces are used to heat (and melt) the metal to a molten

temperature sufficient for casting. The total heat energy required is

the sum of

(1) the heat to raise the temperature to the melting point,

(2) the heat of fusion to convert it from solid to liquid, and

(3) the heat to raise the molten metal to the desired temperature for

pouring
Chapter.4 pouring 2019 ١٥
H: total heat required to increase the temperature of the metal to the
pouring temp (inJ)
ρ: density (in g/cm3)
V: Volume of metal used for heating (in cm3)
Cs: Specific heat for the solid (in J/gC)
Tm : Melting temperature of the metal (in C)
Ta; Ambient temperature (or starting) (in C)
Hf : Heat of fusion (in J/g)
Cl: specific heat of the liquid metal (in J/gC)
Tp: Temperature of the pouring liquid (in C)
Chapter.4 pouring 2019 ١٦
Assumptions valid for the above eqn. are,
1. Specific heat and other thermal properties of a solid metal are
constant
and not dependent on temperature, but not really true especially if the
metal undergoes a phase change during heating.
2. Sometimes specific heat of metal in solid and liquid states are
assumed
same, but not really true
3. Single melting point which is not valid for alloys as there is a
temperature
range between solidus and liquidus temperature. Thus, the heat of
fusion cannot be applied so simply as indicated above.
4. There are no heat losses to the environment during heating, but not
really
true
Chapter.4 pouring 2019 ١٧
Chapter.4 pouring 2019 ١٨
Ans: Heat required = 19,082,756 J
Chapter.4 pouring 2019 ١٩
Chapter.4 pouring 2019 ٢٠
Cupola furnace is employed for melting scrap metal or pig iron for production
of various cast irons. It is also used for production of nodular and malleable cast iron. It
is available in good varying sizes. The main considerations in selection of cupolas are
melting capacity, diameter of shell without lining or with lining, spark arrester

Chapter.4 pouring 2019 ٢١

Chapter.4 pouring 2019 ٢٢
Chapter.4 pouring 2019 ٢٣
Advantages
It is simple and economical to operate.
A cupola is capable of accepting a wide range of materials without reducing
melt quality. Dirty, oily scrap can be melted as well as a wide range of steel and iron.
They therefore play an important role in the metal recycling industry
Cupolas can refine the metal charge, removing impurities out of the slag.
High melt rates
Ease of operation
Chemical composition control
Efficiency of cupola varies from 30 to 50%.
Limitations
Since molten iron and coke are in contact with each other, certain elements like si,
Mn are lost and others like sulphur are picked up. This changes the final analysi
of molten metal.
Close temperature control is difficult to maintain
Chapter.4 pouring 2019 ٢٤
Charge is melted by heat generated from an electric arc
• High power consumption, but electric-arc furnaces can be
designed for high melting capacity
•Used primarily for melting steel

Electric Furnaces

Chapter.4 pouring 2019 ٢٥

Uses alternating current passing through a coil to develop magnetic field in metal

• Induced current causes rapid heating and melting

• Electromagnetic force field also causes mixing action in liquid metal

• Since metal does not contact heating elements, the environment can be closely

controlled, which results in molten metals of high quality and purity

• Melting steel, cast iron, and aluminum alloys are common applications in foundry

work

Chapter.4 pouring 2019 ٢٦

Induction Furnaces

Chapter.4 pouring 2019 ٢٧

 ‫اﻻﻓﺮان اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﯿﺔ ‪Electric Furnaces‬‬
‫اﻻﻓﺮان اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﯿﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎء ﻓﻰ اﻣﺪادھﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﺼﮭﺮ اﻟﻤﮭﺎدن وھﻰ اﻣﺎ ﺑﺄﻓﺮان اﻟﻘﻮس اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﻰ او اﻟﺤﺚ‬
‫اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﻰ‬
‫‪induction furnace‬‬ ‫اﻓﺮان اﻟﺤﺚ‬
‫ﺣﺜﯿﮫ ام ﺑﺎرﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺘﺮدد ﻟﻠﺘﯿﺎر اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﻰ ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻨﺸﺎ ﻋﻦ ھﺬة اﻟﺘﺮددات‬ ‫وﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﺼﮭﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﺪن ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﺗﯿﺎرات‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎرة ﻓﻰ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت ﻣﺠﺎﻻت ﻣﻐﺘﺎطﯿﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﻮدى اﻟﻰ رﻓﻊ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻤﻌﺪن واﻓﺮان اﻟﺤﺚ داﺋﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺮف واﻟﺘﺮددات ﻓﻰ ﺣﺪود‬
‫‪ ١٠٠٠‬اﻟﻰ ‪ ٣٠٠٠٠‬دورة‪/‬ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﯾﻮﻟﺪ ﻣﺠﺎل ﻣﻐﻨﺎطﯿﺴﻰ ﯾﻮدى اﻟﻰ ﺣﺪوث ﺗﯿﺎر ﺣﺜﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻌﺪن وﯾﻮﻟﺪ طﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﺮارﯾﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬

‫‪Chapter.4 pouring 2019‬‬ ‫‪٢٨‬‬

Removal, Cleaning and Inspections of Casting

After the casting is removed from the mould it is thoroughly cleaned and the excess

material usually along the parting line and the place where the molten metal was poured

is removed using a potable grinder.

The excess material in the form of sprue, runners, gates etc., along with the flashes forme

due to flow of molten metal into the gaps is broken manually in case of brittle casting or

removed by sawing and grinding in case of ductile grinding.

Chapter.4 pouring 2019 ٢٩

 ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻒ اﻟﻤﺴﺒﻮﻛﺎت ھﻰ ازاﻟﺔ اﻟﺮواﺳﺐ واﻟﺰواﺋﺪ اﻟﺘﻰ ﻋﻠﻘﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺒﻮك ﻣﻦ رﻣﺎل واﺟﺰاء ﻣﻌﺪﻧﯿﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﻤﻮد‬
‫اﻟﺼﺐ واﻟﻤﺼﻌﺪ واﻟﻤﻤﺮات وﻏﯿﺮھﺎ ﺛﻢ اﺟﺮاء ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﺠﻠﯿﺦ ﻹزاﻟﺔ اﻻﺟﺰاء اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ وﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬
‫‪Cleaning of casting‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻒ‬
‫‪ -١‬ازاﻟﺔ اﻟﺮﻣﺎل اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻄﻮح اﻟﻤﺴﺒﻮﻛﺎت‬
‫‪ -٢‬او اﻟﻘﺬف ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺗﺰﺟﮫ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻒ‬
‫واﻟﻘﺬف ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺎل ھﻰ اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻔﺔ اﻻﺳﺮع ﻹزاﻟﺔ اﻟﺮﻣﺎل وﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺴﺒﻮﻛﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء او اﻟﮭﻮاء‬
‫‪Removal of gates, risers and fins‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ازاﻟﺔ اﻟﺰواﺋﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺒﻮﻛﺎت‬
‫ﺗﺘﻢ ازاﻟﺔ اﻟﺰواﺋﺪ ﺑﺎﺣﺪ اﻟﻄﺮق‬
‫‪ -١‬اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﻰ وھﻮ ازاﻟﺔ اﻟﺰواﺋﺪ اﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺎر وأﻗﺮاص اﻟﻘﻄﻊ واﻟﻤﻘﺼﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﯿﺔ وھﻰ اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﯿﺔ ام اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪﯾﺔ ﻓﯿﺘﻢ اﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﮭﺐ‬
‫‪ -٢‬اﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﯿﻖ ﻧﻠﺠﺄ ﻟﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﺟﺰاء اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮة ﻓﻰ اﻟﺴﺒﺎﺋﻚ اﻟﺘﻰ ﻻ ﯾﺼﻠﺢ ﻣﻌﮭﺎ اﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﻠﮭﺐ واﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻘﺎوم‬
‫اﻻﻛﺴﺪة وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﺴﺤﻮق اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﺬى ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﺨﯿﻨﮫ ﺛﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻀﮫ ﻟﻸﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ اﻟﺰى ﯾﻮدى اﻟﻰ اﻛﺴﺪة اﻟﻤﺴﺤﻮق‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﯾﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﻤﺮاد ازاﻟﺘﺔ ﻓﻰ وﺟﻮد ﺟﻮ ﻣﺆﻛﺴﺪ واﻻﺟﺰاء اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮة ﺗﻨﺰع ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺎروخ او اﻟﺘﺠﻠﯿﺦ اﻟﺨﺸﻦ‬
‫‪Chapter.4 pouring 2019‬‬
‫او طﺮق‪٣٠‬اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
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Chapter.4 pouring 2019 ٣١