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Introduction
The dental profession has used precision-type
castings for the most part of century. Using
the lost wax technique, Taggart in 1907
developed a process for making castings used
in restoration of prepared teeth. Since the
process did not take into account all the
dimensional changes associated with the
casting technique, the resultant product did
exhibit some problems in terms of
dimensional accuracy.
Definition
• Casting is a fabrication process whereby a
totally molten metal is poured into a mold
cavity having a desired shape ; upon
solidification, the metal assumes the shape of
the mold.
Classification Of Traditional Casting Alloys
TYPE HARDNESS USE
II Medium Inlays/Onlays
3. Induction Melting
Machine
Melting Noble Metal Alloys:
Solidification
Trapped gases Residual Air
Defects
Subsurface
Porosity
Causes:
Generally caused by incomplete feeding of molten
metal during solidification.If the sprue is not properly
designed and implemented then it may solidify
before the feeding is complete thus preventing a
continuous supply of molten alloy. This type of defect
usually occurs close to the sprue-casting junction.
Solutions:
Ryge et al recommended the use of a sprue diameter
larger than the thickest cross section of the casting.
Journal of dental rest.; Jan 1981; vol 60; no1; page 59-67
Phillips’; science of dental materials; 10th edition
Macroporosity:
Causes-
• Primarily a shrinkage porosity
• The portion of a cylindrical casting which solidifies
last is the low pressure side of the liquid metal close
to the free surface of the button, therefore
macroporosity always appears in this portion of
casting.
Solution-
• Reduce by providing a reservoir contiguous or close
to the low pressure end of the liquid metal
• It may be affected by the closeness of the individual
units in a multiple unit casting.
Solution-
• Diminished by controlling the rate at which the molten metal enters
the mold
• Ryge et al reported that subsurface & microporosities are reduced
by the use of a sufficiently long sprue & a melt temperature of
100˚C-150˚C above the melting point of alloy.
• According to Leinfelder et al reported that long sprues are
preferable for thick castings while short sprues are beneficial for
thin castings i.e. the sprue design should be related to the surface
area-to-volume ratio of castings.
Journal of dental rest.; Jan 1981; vol 60; no1; page 59-67
Phillips’; science of dental materials; 10th edition
ENTRAPPED AIR POROSITY
• Referred to as Back Pressure porosity.
• Can produce large concave depression.
Causes-
Inability of the air in the mold to escape through the
pores in the investment or by the pressure gradient
that displaces the air pocket toward the end of the
investment via the molten sprue & button.
Journal of dental rest.; Jan 1981; vol 60; no1; page 59-67
Phillips’; science of dental materials; 10th edition
Solution-
• Proper burnout
• An adequate mold & casting temperature.
• A sufficiently high casting pressure
• Proper liquid : powder ratio.
• The thickness of investment between the tip of the pattern
and the end of the ring should not be greater than 6mm.
• Srickland & Sturdevant suggested that sprue design variables
have no effect on these porosities; venting, high melt
temperatures, proper positioning of the pattern in the ring,
choice of investment & the use of reservoir can assist in
reducing or eliminating the back pressure porosities.
Journal of dental rest.; Jan 1981; vol 60; no1; page 59-67
• Phillips’; science of dental materials; 10th edition
INCOMPLETE CASTINGS
Causes-
• Inadequate spruing ( sprue former too small)
• Alloy not hot enough
• Incomplete elimination of wax residues from the mold
• Mold too cold
• Ingate obstructed
• Insufficient casting force
Solutions-
• Use proper size of sprue former
• Casting temperature should be higher than
the liquidus temperature of alloy
• Ensure that no debris blocks the ingate
• Use adequate amount of force for casting
DISCOLOURATION
Causes-
• Sulphur contamination of casting causing black
castings
• Contamination with copper during pickling
• Contamination with mercury
Solution-
• Avoid overheating of investment
• Avoid use of torch flame as it contains sulphur
• Avoid use of steel tongs to hold casting during
pickling
• Castings should never be placed with amalgam dies
or kept on a table where amalgam scrap is present
References