Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dr Lekshmy AR
1st year MDS
Contents
• Definitions
• Requirements of investment materials
• Gypsum-bonded investment
• Phosphate-bonded investment
• Silicate-bonded investment
• Implication of material science during casting
• Other investment materials
• Summary
• References
Definitions
Refractory material
Binder material
Additives.
Refractory material
It is usually a form of silicon dioxide, such as quartz, tridymite,
or cristobalite, or a mixture of these.
Binder material
As the refractory material alone do not form a coherent solid
mass, some kind of binder is needed.
Common binder used are:
1. α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate
2. Phosphate
3. Ethyl silicate
Other chemicals
• Sodium chloride, boric acid, potassium sulfate, graphite, copper
powder, or magnesium oxide are added in small quantities.
Classification
Types Uses
Curve A-NSE;
Curve B-Hygroscopic expansion
Water is added 5 min after beginning of the mixing
• The hygroscopic setting expansion may be 6 or more times
greater than the normal setting expansion of a dental
investment
• The increased amount of expansion is because the water
helps the outward growth of crystals
• The investment should be immersed in water before the initial
set is complete.
• ADA sp no 2 for such type 2 investments require minimum
setting expansion in water of 1.2% and maximum 2.2%.
Factors affecting expansion
5.Fineness
• Surface roughness of the casting and setting time depend upon
the fineness of the material.
• Fine Silica- more hygroscopic expansion.
6.Porosity
• The material should be porous to allow escape of air from mold space
while casting.
• The common method of venting the mold is through the pores of the
investment.
Storage
• Should be stored in airtight and moisture proof
containers.
• Purchase in small quantities.
Phosphate bonded Investment material
• Most palladium and base metal alloys used for partial dentures
and porcelain fused to metal restorations have high melting
temperatures.
• They should be cast at a mold temperature higher than 700ºc.
• To withstand these high temperatures ,molds require
different types of binders such as phosphate compounds.
• They are used in construction of high melting temperature
dental alloys.
• Soldering and porcelain veneering
Types
ADA Sp No.42
Type 1
• For casting of inlays crowns and other fixed restorations
Type 2
• For casting of removable partial dentures
Composition
Refractory materials (Approximately 80%)
Silica in quartz , cristobalite or a mixture of two .
Purpose
• To provide high temperature thermal shock resistance
• To provide high thermal expansion.
Binder (<20%)
Magnesium oxide (base) and a phosphate (acid)
• Originally phosphoric acid was used but mono ammonium
phosphate has replaced it.
• It can be incorporated in powder form
Modifiers
• Carbon is often added -clean casting.
• Facilitates easy divesting of casting and mold.
• Generally added when casting alloy is gold.
• Not used with Ag-palladium alloys or base metal alloys as;
o palladium reacts with carbon at temperatures
above15040C
o carbon embrittles the alloys.
It is available as two component systems
1. Powder which contains refractory materials, binders and
modifiers.
2. Aqueous solution stabilized with colloidal silica
o Temperature
Warmer the mix faster it sets
o The setting reaction also liberate the heat and
accelerates rate of setting
Mixing time
Ethyl silicate
o Colloidal silicic acid is formed by hydrolysing ethyl
silicate in presence of HCl, ethyl alcohol& water.
Si(OC2H5)+4H2O Si(OH)4+4C2H5OH
• It is then mixed with quartz or cristobalite and magnesium oxide
(alkaline).
• Coherent gel of polysilicic acid formed(accompanied by a setting
shrinkage) ,dried at temp 168°C, loses alcohol & water to form
concentrated hard gel .
• Volumetric contraction during drying is known as green shrinkage.
• As the gelation process is slow and time consuming , amines are
added to ethyl silicate- hydrolysis and gelation occurs
simultaneously.
It is supplied as a powder and liquid
Powder consists of refractory particles of silica and
glasses along with the magnesium oxide and some
other refractory oxides in minor amounts
Liquid contains stabilized alcohol solution of silica
gel
Manipulation