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Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are a set of nutritional reference values that include Recommended
Daily Intakes (RDA), Adequate Intakes (AI), Upper Tolerable Intake Limits (UL), and Estimated Average
Requirements (EAR). DRIs are used to provide guidance to food and nutrition professionals in using
DRIs appropriately. DRIs may not be an appropriate reference standard for assessing intake adequacy
for individuals with altered nutritional requirements due to one or more medical conditions.
However, in the absence of other reference standards, it can be assumed that the patient/client
intake goal should not be below the appropriate DRI (RDA or AI) as long as potential altered
nutritional requirements are considered. They provide guidance on appropriate consumption levels
for optimal health and safety, and are specific to age group, gender, and in the case of women,
reproductive status.

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), Adequate Intake
(AI), Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)

1. Estimated Average Requirement (EAR): This is the average requirement for a nutrient or the level
of daily nutrient intake that is estimated to meet the needs of half of healthy individuals in a certain
age and gender group.

2. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): This is the average daily intake level sufficient to meet
the nutritional needs of 97% to 98% of individuals in a certain age and gender group.

3. Adequate Intake (AI): Is a recommended intake level based on estimates or estimates of nutrient
intake by a group of healthy people that is assumed to be adequate, used when the RDA cannot be
determined.

4. Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL): This is the highest average daily nutrient intake level that is
unlikely to pose a risk of adverse health effects in almost all individuals in the general population. As
intake increases above the UL, the risk of adverse effects also increases.

Other Reference Intakes Interpretation

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are a set of reference values that provide quantitative estimates of
nutrient intake for planning and assessing diets. DRIs include Recommended Dietary Allowance
(RDA), Adequate Intake (AI), Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL), and Estimated Average Requirement
(EAR). DRIs are based on recommendations for healthy individuals. Clinical assessment is required to
determine adequacy, taking into account factors such as changing nutritional requirements due to
medical conditions. If no other reference standard exists, then it is assumed that the patient/client
intake should not be below the appropriate nutritional intake standard. In summary, assessing intake
using standard reference intakes is important and can identify nutrients that individuals are under or
overconsuming, but must be combined with clinical assessment and other factors for a valid
assessment of nutritional status.

Energy Intake:

Energy intake is defined as the caloric or energy content of the main dietary sources such as
carbohydrates, protein, and fried foods, as well as alcohol. Total energy is a function of food
frequency and food energy content. The energy needed to maintain a healthy body is obtained from
powerful foods such as disturbing, controlling body temperature, and moving. Energy intake and
energy expenditure must be balanced to maintain body weight
Some important points about energy intake include:

* Energy intake and energy expenditure must be balanced to maintain body weight

* The energy needed to maintain a healthy body is obtained from strong foods

* Energy intake and energy expenditure must be balanced to maintain body weight

Total energy intake can be measured in calories (kcal) or kilocalories (kJ) per day

Some methods for measuring energy intake include:

* Record daily meals

* Record food for 3 days to 5 days

* Food frequency questionnaire

* Record picky eaters

* Food analysis

The energy intake obtained can be used to provide guidance in identifying and managing energy-
related dietary health problems, such as energy deficiency, excessive energy deficiency, protein-
calcium malnutrition, protein-energy deficiency, weight loss, involuntary weight loss, overweight,
and obesity.

Fluid/beverage intake:

Fluid intake, including consumption of water and drinks, is very important to maintain body health
and balance energy consumption. The following are some important points about fluid intake:

* Fluid intake can be categorized into two types: oral fluids (which are consumed directly) and fluids
that are injected directly (for example, veins).

* Some water and beverage sources include water, coffee, tea, oil, milk, and beverage products such
as soda and juices.

* Methods commonly used to measure fluid consumption include daily food records, food records
for 3 days to 5 days, food frequency questionnaires, and picky eater records.

* Water and beverage consumption can be used to provide clues in identifying and managing fluid-
related food health problems, such as fluid deficiency, excessive fluid deficiency, and electrolyte
balance problems.

Examples of indicators that can be considered to measure oral fluid consumption include:

* Water

* Coffee and tea

* Juice

* Milk
* Soda (regular or sweet milk)

Food intake:

Food intake refers to the amount, type, and pattern of food use as well as the quality of the diet.
Following are some of the methods used to measure food consumption and waste:

1. Food List: This method involves writing down all the food and drinks consumed over the past few
days.

2. 24 Hour Dispensing: This method involves interviewing the user to alert food and wastage that
occurs over a 24 hour period.

3. Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ): In this method, the user provides information about how
often certain food and drink items are consumed during a certain period.

4. Food Quality Index: Several methods used to measure diet quality include the Healthy Eating Index
(HEI), Children's Diet Quality Index (C-DQI), and Revised Children's Diet Quality Index (RC-DQI).

5. Stocking and Testing Experience: In some cases, stocking and testing experience is used to
measure food consumption and wastage.

Some factors to consider when evaluating food measurement methods include accuracy, ability, and
motivation of the user, as well as sample characteristics and sample size. The choice of dietary
measurement method should depend on the research question, research design, sample
characteristics, and sample size.

Breast milk/infant formula intake:

Breastmilk or breast milk is an important source of nutrition for babies. Evaluation of breast milk
intake includes the amount, frequency and duration of breastfeeding, as well as problems that may
arise. Meanwhile, evaluation of baby formula intake includes quantity, type, concentration and
additional modifications. This assessment is important to monitor the baby's growth and health and
to determine necessary nutritional interventions. There are special assessment tools to evaluate
breastfeeding, including questionnaires and checklists. Evaluation is carried out by comparing the
results with reference standards or predetermined goals.

* Breastmilk/ASI is an important source of nutrition for babies. Evaluation of breast milk intake
includes the amount, frequency and duration of breastfeeding, as well as problems that may arise.

* Evaluation of infant formula intake including amount, type, concentration, and additional
modifications.

* This assessment is important to monitor the baby's growth and health and to determine necessary
nutritional interventions.

*Special assessment tools, such as questionnaires and checklists, are used to evaluate breastfeeding.

* Evaluation is carried out by comparing the results with reference standards or predetermined
goals.

Enteral Nutrition Intake

Enteral Nutrition Intake is nutritional intake through a tube inserted into the digestive tract. This
nutritional intake is given to patients who cannot consume food or nutrients orally. Evaluation of
nutritional intake includes type, composition, concentration, volume and administration schedule.
This evaluation is important to monitor the patient's nutritional status and determine necessary
nutritional interventions. There are special assessment tools, such as questionnaires and checklists,
to evaluate tube feeding. Evaluation is carried out by comparing the results with reference standards
or predetermined goals.

* Enteral Nutrition Intake is nutritional intake through a tube inserted into the digestive tract.

* This nutritional intake is given to patients who cannot consume food or nutrients orally.

* Evaluation of nutritional intake including type, composition, concentration, volume and

administration schedule.

* This evaluation is important to monitor the patient's nutritional status and determine necessary
nutritional interventions.

*Special assessment tools, such as questionnaires and checklists, are used to evaluate tube feeding.

* Evaluation is carried out by comparing the results with reference standards or predetermined
goals.