Chapter 5: Introduction to

Psychology
1. Is relatively permanent change in behaviour that arises from practice to
experience.
2. They define learning as a process by which organisms change the way
they represent the environment because of experience.
3. Is a simple form of learning in which organisms come to anticipate or
associate events with one another
4. A simple unlearned response to a stimulus.
5. An environmental condition that elicits a response.
6. He discovered that reflexes can also be learned, or conditioned, by
association.
7. Are seen as seekers of information that generate and test rules about
relationships among events.
8. A stimulus that elicits a response from an organism prior to conditioning.
9. An unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus
10. An unlearned response in which an organism attends to a stimulus.
11. A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response because
it has been paired repeatedly with a stimulus that already elicited that
response.
12. A learned response to a conditioned stimulus.
13. The process by which stimuli loses their ability to evoke learned
responses because the events that had followed he stimuli no longer
occur.
14. The recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of a passage of
time
15. It requires us to respond similarly to stimuli that are equivalent in function
and to respond differently to stimuli that are not.
16. Is the tendency for the CR to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the
stimulus to which the respond was conditioned
17. In conditioning, the tendency for an organism to distinguish between a CS
and similar stimuli that do not forecast a UCS
18. A classical conditioning procedure in which a previously neutral stimulus
comes to elicit the response brought forth by a CS by being paired
repeatedly with that conditioned stimulus.
19. In 1920, _________ and his future wife ________ published an article
describing their demonstration that emotional reactions, such as fears, can
be acquired through principles of classical conditioning.
20. They suggested that humans may be biologically prepared by
evolutionary forces to rapidly develop fears of certain animals, including
snakes, that could do them harm.
21. Readiness to acquire a certain kind of CR due to the biological makeup of
the organism
22. A fear-reduction technique in which pleasant stimuli associated with fear -
evoking stimuli so that the fare evoking stimuli lose their aversive qualities.
23. Like counterconditioning, is a behaviour therapy method for reducing
fears
24. A behavioural fear-reduction technique in which a hierarchy of fear-
evoking stimuli is presented while the person remains relaxed
25. Thorndike’s view that pleasant events stamp in responses and unpleasant
event stamps them out.
26. To follow a response with a stimulus that increases the frequency of the
response.
27. Behaviour that operates on, or manipulates, the environment
28. A simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in
behaviour because it is reinforced
29. A ___________ would focus on cataloging the types of things that
“depressed people” do.
30. The same as an operant behaviour
31. A reinforcer that when presented increases the frequency of the operant
32. A reinforcer that when removed increases the frequency of the operant
33. An unlearned reinforcer whose effectiveness is based on the biological
makeup of the organism and not on learning
34. A stimulus that gains reinforcement value through association with
established reinforcers
35. Another term for a secondary reinforcer
36. Are defined as stimuli that increase the frequency of the behaviour
37. Is the application of an aversive stimulus to decrease unwanted behavior
38. Is the removal of a pleasant stimulus
39. An operant conditioning, a stimulus that indicates that reinforcement is
available
40. A schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced
41. One of several reinforcement schedules in which not every correct
response is reinforced.
42. A schedule in which a fixed amount of time must elapse between the
previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available.
43. A schedule in which a variable amount of time must elapse between the
previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available.
44. A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of
correct response.
45. A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a variable number of
correct responses
46. A procedure for teaching complex behaviors that at first reinforces
approximations of the target behavior
47. Behaviors which are progressively closer to a target behavior
48. B.F Skinner developed an educational method called __________. This
method assumes that any complex task can be broken down into a number
of small steps
49. A mental representation of the layout of one’s environment
50. Learning that is hidden or concealed
51. The view that learning occurs when stimuli provide information about the
likelihood of the occurrence of other stimuli
52. The acquisition of knowledge and skills through the observation of others
rather than by means of direct experience
53. An organism that engages in a response that is then imitated by other
organism
54. Neurons that fire when an animal observes the behavior of another and
that tend to stimulate imitative behavior
55. He developed the Classic study of the imitation of aggressive models
Chapter 5: Answer Key
1. LEARNING
2. COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGISTS
3. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
4. REFLEXES
5. STIMULUS
6. IVAN PAVLOV
7. ORGANISMS
8. UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS (UCS)
9. UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE (UCR)
10. ORIENTING REFLEX
11. CONDITIONED STIMULUS (CS)
12. CONDITIONED RESPONSE (CR)
13. EXTINCTION
14. SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY
15. ADAPTATION
16. GENERALIZATION
17. DISCRIMINATION
18. HIGHER-ORDER CONDITIONING
19. JOHN B. WATSON AND ROSALIE
RAYNER
20. ARNE OHMAN AND SUSAN
MINEKA
21. BIOLOGICAL PREPAREDNESS
22. COUNTERCONDITIONING
23. FLOODING
24. SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION
25. LAW OF EFFECT
26. REINFORCE
27. OPERANT BEHAVIOR
28. OPERANT CONDITIONING
29. SKINNERIAN
30. OPERANT
31. POSITIVE REINFORCER
32. NEGATIVE REINFORCER
33. PRIMARY REINFORCER
34. SECONDARY REINFORCER
35. CONDITIONED REINFORCER
36. REINFORCERS
37. POSITIVE PUNISHMENT
38. NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT
39. DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULUS
40. CONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT
41. PARTIAL REINFORCEMENT
42. FIXED-INTERVAL SCHEDULE
43. VARIABLE-INTERVAL SCHEDULE
44. FIXED-RATIO SCHEDULE
45. VARIABLE-RATIO SCHEDULE
46. SHAPING
47. SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATIONS
48. PROGRAMMED LEARNING
49. COGNITIVE MAP
50. LATENT LEARNING
51. CONTINGENCY THEORY
52. OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
53. MODEL
54. MIRROR NEURONS
55. ALBERT BANDURA