BEHAVIORISM BASE, Carmela R.

- LEADER
ANGUSTIA, Noelle Monique E.
ANTANG, Micah P.
GROUP 1 ASCUTIA, Mercy Grace R.
BANDE, Kyla Marie O.
DIMZON, Jessa L.
PLETA, Jane C.
• Main tenet is that all behavior
is caused by a corresponding
external stimulus. BEHAVIORAL
LEARNING
• Behavior is determined by the THEORY
environment through either
association or reinforcement.
The behavioral learning theory is
represented as an S-R paradigm. The
organism is treated as a “black box.”
We only know what is going on inside BEHAVIORAL
the box by the organism’s overt
behavior. LEARNING
THEORY
Stimulus Organism Response
(S) (O) (R)

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TYPES OF BEHAVIORAL LEARNING THEORIES

There are three types of behavioral learning:

• Classical or respondent conditioning
• Operant or instrumental conditioning
• Observational Learning

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CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING
THEORY
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Ivan Pavlov

• Born: September 14, 1849

• Died: February 27, 1936
• Russian physiologist known
chiefly for his development of the
concept of the conditioned reflex.
• Known for his Classical
conditioning theory
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 • Classical conditioning was the
first type of learning to be
Classical or discovered and studied within
Respondent the behaviorist tradition (hence
Conditioning the name classical).
Theory • Classical conditioning (also
known as Pavlovian or
respondent conditioning) is
learning through association
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Stage 1: Before Conditioning

• In this stage, the

unconditioned stimulus
(UCS) produces an
unconditioned response
(UCR) in an organism.

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• This stage also involves
another stimulus which
has no effect on a person
and is called the neutral
stimulus (NS). The NS
could be a person,
object, place, etc.

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Stage 2: During Conditioning

• During this stage, a

stimulus which produces
no response (i.e., neutral) is
associated with the
unconditioned stimulus at
which point it now
becomes known as the
conditioned stimulus (CS).
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 Stage 3: After Conditioning

• Now the conditioned

stimulus (CS) has been
associated with the
unconditioned stimulus
(UCS) to create a new
conditioned response
(CR).
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• Each pairing of the CS with the UCS strengthens
the connection between the CS and CR.

• EXTINCTION - In psychology, extinction refers

to gradual weakening of a conditioned response
by breaking the association between the
conditioned and the unconditioned stimuli.

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• Spontaneous Recovery is a is a phenomenon
of Pavlovian conditioning that refers to the return of a
conditioned response (in a weaker form) after a period
of time following extinction. 

• GENERALIZATION - In psychology, generalization

is the tendency to respond in the same way to stimuli
that are similar but not identical to the conditioned
stimulus.

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• DISCRIMINATION - In classical
conditioning, discrimination is a process
through which individuals learn to
differentiate among similar stimuli and
respond appropriately to each one.

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Example:

• Child is harassed at school.

• Child feels bad when harassed
• Child associates being harassed and school
• Child begins to feel bad when she thinks of
school

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OPERANT
CONDITIONING
THEORY 17
OPERANT CONDITIONING

• Also known as instrumental conditioning

• Operant conditioning is the study of the
impact of consequences on behavior.
• The consequences of a response determine
the probability of it being repeated

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PROPONENT

Burrhus Frederic Skinner

March 20, 1904 - August 18, 1990

• American psychologist, behaviorist,

inventor, author and social philosopher
• Inventions of BF Skinner includes
Aircrib Project Pigeon Operant
Chamber/ Skinners box Cumulative
recorder.
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• Learning is strengthened
when accompanied by a
pleasant or satisfying feeling.
• Learning is weakened when Edward Thorndike
associated with an unpleasant “The Law of Effect
feeling. Principle”
• Learning takes place properly
when it results in satisfaction
and the learner derives
pleasure out of it.
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Thorndike’s puzzle box

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“Skinner Box”

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 THREE TYPES OF RESPONSES
• Neutral operants - responses from the environment that
neither increase nor decrease the probability of a behavior
being repeated.

• Reinforcers: Responses from the environment that increase

the probability of a behavior being repeated. Reinforcers can
be either positive or negative.

• Punishers: Responses from the environment that decrease

the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Punishment
weakens behavior.
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 Components of Operant Conditioning

1. REINFORCEMENT - is something that happens

after a behavior or event that strengthens or increases
behavior likely to occur again.

• Positive reinforcement (reward/praise) are favorable

events or outcomes that are presented after the behavior. A
behavior is strengthened by the addition of something.
Example: Giving a child a compliment for a job well done.

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• Negative reinforcement (removal) In these
situations, a response is strengthened by the removal
of something considered unpleasant.

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2. PUNISHMENT
• Positive punishment (treat) - referred to as
punishment by application, involves the presentation of
unfavorable event or outcome in order to weaken the
response or a decrease in the behavior it follows. 
• Negative punishment (taking away
annoying/painful) - known as punishment by removal,
occurs when an favorable event or outcome is removed
after behavior occurs.

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• Primary Reinforcers:
known without being
learned. Biological needs
(e.g. food, water)
• Secondary Reinforcers:
earned value. Conditioned
reinforcement (e.g. money,
praise)

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SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT

1. The Response Rate - The rate at which the

rat pressed the lever (i.e., how hard the rat
worked).
2. The Extinction Rate - The rate at which
lever pressing dies out (i.e., how soon the rat
gave up).

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A. Continuous Reinforcement
- An animal/human is positively reinforced
every time a specific behavior occurs

B. Fixed Ratio Reinforcement

Behavior is reinforced only after the
behavior occurs a specified number of
times.
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C. Fixed Interval Reinforcement
One reinforcement is given after a fixed
time interval providing at least one correct
response has been made. 

D. Variable Interval Reinforcement

Providing one correct response has been
made, reinforcement is given after an
unpredictable amount of time has passed.
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OBSERVATIONAL
LEARNING
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OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

• Observational learning is a
process in which learning occurs
through observing and imitating
others.
• Albert Bandura's social learning
theory suggests that in addition
to learning through conditioning,
people also learn through
observing and imitating the
actions of others. 32
• As demonstrated in his classic
"Bobo Doll" experiments,
people will imitate the actions
of others without direct
reinforcement. Four important
elements are essential for
effective observational
learning: attention, motor
skills, motivation, and
memory.
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References
• https://www.simplypsychology.org/classical-conditioning.html
• https://www.simplypsychology.org/operant-conditioning.html
• https://faculty.washington.edu/robinet/Learning.htm

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