PISTON DISPLACEMENT

- sometimes called swept volume.

- the volume that the piston displaces or sweeps out as it moves from BDC TO TDC.

Formula:

𝝅 X D2 X L

𝝅 – 3.14

D – Diameter

L - Length
 DIESEL ENGINE

Four piston strokes in a four-stroke cycle diesel engine:

1. Intake stroke – takes in air alone.
 2. Compression stroke – the upward moving piston compresses air alone.

3. Power stroke – a light oil called diesel fuel is sprayed (injected) into the compressed
and hot air.
Compression ratio – 16:1 to 22:1
Compression pressure – may be 500 psi

4. Exhaust stroke – the exhaust valve opens and the burned gases flow out as the piston
moves up the cylinder.
Why does compressing air cause its temperature to rise?
Compressing air causes its temperature to rise due to the principles outlined in the ideal gas
law. This law states that the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature when
the volume is kept constant. When air is compressed, the gas molecules are forced closer
together, leading to an increase in pressure. As the pressure rises, the gas molecules gain kinetic
energy, which translates into a higher temperature. This phenomenon occurs because the
energy used to compress the gas is converted into the internal energy of the gas molecules,
increasing their average kinetic energy and, consequently, the overall temperature of the
compressed air.

"Kinetic" describes something related to motion or movement.

Types of diesel injection pump:

1. inline injection pump
2. rotary injection pump

An inline injection pump is a type of fuel injection system commonly used in diesel engines. It is
called an "inline" pump because its components are arranged in a straight line.

A rotary injection pump is a type of fuel injection pump commonly used in diesel engines. It is
called "rotary" because it uses a rotating distributor to control the fuel injection process,
delivering precise amounts of fuel to the engine cylinders.
ROTARY (distributor-type) INJECTION PUMP
Fuel injection timing determines when the fuel is injected into the combustion chamber in
relation to the position of the piston. Proper fuel injection timing is crucial for the efficient and
smooth operation of the engine, as it affects combustion, power output, and emissions.
 Diesel Common Rail System

A high-pressure pump is a mechanical device designed to generate and maintain high fluid
pressures within a system. Maximum pressure of 1600 Bar or 23,206.04 psi
The rail pressure sensor is responsible for monitoring the fuel rail pressure and sending this
information to the engine control module (ECM) or engine control unit (ECU).
The Pressure Control Valve (PCV) ensures that the fuel rail pressure is maintained within the
desired range for optimal engine performance.
PCV acts as a pressure relief valve. If the fuel rail pressure becomes too high due to factors such
as system malfunctions or sudden changes in demand, the PCV opens to release excess fuel
back into the fuel tank. This prevents damage to the fuel system components caused by
excessively high pressure.

The APPS (Accelerator Pedal Position Sensor) is a sensor mounted on the accelerator pedal.
- detects how far the driver presses the accelerator pedal and sends this information to the
Engine Control Module (ECM) or Engine Control Unit (ECU). The ECM/ECU then uses this data to
determine how much air and fuel should be supplied to the engine for optimal performance
and fuel efficiency.

Crankshaft Position Sensor (CKP sensor)

- the sensor used to measure engine speed or crankshaft position.
- it provides essential information to the engine control unit (ECU) to control fuel injection
timing and ensure the engine runs smoothly and efficiently.
Camshaft Position Sensor (CMP sensor)
- detects the position and rotational speed of the camshaft, which is responsible for opening
and closing the engine's intake and exhaust valves.
This information is essential for determining the opening and closing times of the engine's
intake and exhaust valves.
In diesel engine, the injection timing is advanced (closer to the top dead center) at higher
engine speeds (RPM) for better performance and efficiency. Therefore, an injection timing of 25
degrees BTDC (Before Top Dead Center) would generally occur at a higher RPM than an injection
timing of 5 degrees BTDC.

Engines operating at higher speeds often require the fuel to be injected earlier in the
compression stroke to allow for proper mixing with air and combustion. This advanced injection
timing helps optimize power output and fuel efficiency at high RPM. Engines operating at lower
speeds, on the other hand, might have a later injection timing for smoother combustion and
reduced emissions.