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10th - Science

SN Marks

Food chain is a sequence

of organisms where nutrients and energy is transferred from one organism to the other. Each
step or level of the food chain forms a trophic level. A food chain only follows just one path as
animals find food. A hawk eats a snake, which has eaten a frog, which has eaten a grasshopper,
which has eaten grass. A food web on the other hand shows the many different paths plants
and animals are connected. As an example, hawk might also eat a mouse, a squirrel, a frog or
some other animal. The snake may eat a beetle, a caterpillar, or some other animal. And so on
for all the other animals in the food chain. A food web is several food chains connected
together.

1 1

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In the image given above,

which organism does not belong to the third trophic level?
( a) Frog ( b) Hawk
( c) Thrush ( d) Vole

2 Organisms of the first trophic level belong to _______ 1

( a) Producers ( b) Consumers
( c) Decomposers ( d) Hetrotrophs

3 What are animals that eat herbivores called? 1

( a) Producers ( b) Primary Consumers
( c) Secondary Consumers ( d) Tertiary Consumers

4 What is the average value of the amount of organic matter that is present 1
at each step and reaches the next level of consumers?
( a) 5 % ( b) 28 %
( c) 2.9 % ( d) 10 %

5 What percentage of energy do green plants capture to convert it into food 1

energy?
( a) 1 % ( b) 25 %

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( c) 8 % ( d) 92 %

Ozone layer depletion is the thinning of the ozone layer present in the
upper atmosphere. This happens when the chlorine and bromine atoms in the atmosphere
come in contact with ozone and destroy the ozone molecules. One chlorine can destroy
100,000 molecules of ozone. Because of the depletion of the ozone layer, humans are being
exposed to the harmful ultraviolet radiations of the sun. This results in serious health issues
among humans, such as skin diseases, cancer, sunburns, cataract, quick ageing and an weak
immune system.

6 In which sphere Ozone layer depletion is found? 1

( a) Ionosphere ( b) Stratosphere
( c) Lithosphere ( d) None of these

7 Main cause of ozone holes and its depletion is 1

( a) Propellants ( b) Foam-blowing agents
( c) Halocarbon refrigerants ( d) All of these

8 What is a major risk linked with extreme ultraviolet rays through the 1
atmosphere as a result of ozone layer depletion?
( a) Neurological disorder ( b) Digestive system gets damaged
( c) Increased liver cancer ( d) Increased skin cancer

9 CFCs are used as _________ 1

( a) Fuel in airplanes ( b) Refrigerants in cooling units
( c) Paint ( d) All of these

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10 What element makes up ozone? 1

( a) O2 ​
( b) NO

( c) O3 ​
( d) N O2 ​

We observe heaps of garbage lying along the roads while passing

through a highway. Open dumping is the most common method of waste disposal in India. The
trash heaps are usually left open to the environment and the elements. These seldom have a
sparse covering which can often attract pests or vermin. Waste management is essential to
protect our environment and lead a healthy lifestyle.

11 Why is it difficult to recycle plastics? 1

( a) It is very hard ( b) It comes in different sizes
( c) It is adhesive ( d) It contains different types of
polymer resins

12 Which of the following is biodegradable? 1

( a) Plastic mugs ( b) Leather belts
( c) Silver foil ( d) Iron nails

13 Which of the following is non- biodegradable? 1

( a) Wool ( b) Nylon
( c) Animal bones ( d) Tea leaves

14 We should reduce the use of the plastic bags, bottles etc. because: 1
( a) They are non-biodegradable ( b) They are not durable
( c) They are made of toxic materials ( d) They react with the atmospheric
gases

15 Which of the following is the best way for disposal of vegetable and fruit 1
peels?

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( a) Landfill ( b) Recycling
( c) Composting ( d) Burning

Organisms can be grouped as producers, consumers

and decomposers according to the manner in which they obtain their sustenance from the
environment. All green plants and certain bacteria which can produce food by photosynthesis
come under this category and are called the producers. These organisms which consume the
food produced, either directly from producers or indirectly by feeding on other consumers are
the consumers. Consumers can be classed variously as herbivores, carnivores, omnivores and
parasites.

16 If a grasshopper is eaten by frog, then the energy transfer will be from : 1

( a) Producers to decomposers ( b) Producer to primary consumer
( c) Primary consumer to secondary ( d) Secondary consumer to primary
consumer consumer

17 Which of the following belongs to the category of primary consumers ? 1

( a) Eagle and snake ( b) Grasshopper and cattle
( c) Snake and frog ( d) Water beetles and fish

18 The organisms which synthesise carbohydrates from inorganic compounds 1

using radiant energy are called :
( a) Decomposers ( b) Producers
( c) Herbivores ( d) Carnivores

19 Which of the following limits the number of trophic levels in a food chain? 1
( a) Decrease in energy at higher ( b) Deficient in food supply
trophic level

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( c) Polluted air ( d) Water

20 The decomposers in ecosystem: 1

( a) Convert inorganic materials to ( b) Convert organic material to
simpler forms inorganic forms
( c) Do not breakdown organic ( d) None
compounds

An ecosystem is a self-contained unit of living things (plants,

animals and decomposers), and their non-living environment (soil, air and water). For example;
a forest, a pond, a lake, a green land etc. In an ecosystem, energy and matter are continuously
exchanged between living and non- living components. An ecosystem can be both natural or
man-made. Some examples of natural ecosystems are grass land, forest, sea, river, desert,
mountain, pond, lake etc.

21 The constituents which do not form eco-system are 1

( a) Biotic constituents ( b) Plastic bags
( c) Abiotic constituents ( d) All of these

22 Which of the following is terrestrial ecosystem? 1

( a) A natural forest ( b) A lake
( c) A pond ( d) An aquarium

23 ___________ is not an abiotic factor 1

( a) Humidity ( b) Animals
( c) Temperature ( d) Altitude

24 An ecosystem includes _____. 1

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( a) All living organisms ( b) Non living objects

( c) Both living and non living ( d) Sometimes living sometimes non

components living

25 Universal producer in an ecosystem is: 1

( a) Plant ( b) Animal
( c) Fungi ( d) Algae

There are two components of an ecosystem : Biotic component and Abiotic component.
Biotic components includes three types of organisms : Producers, Consumers and
Decomposers.
Abiotic Components are non-living components of an ecosystem. These include the physical
environment that may be inorganic or organic.

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26 Biotic components of an ecosystem include: 1

( a) All bacterium ( b) All animals
( c) All plants ( d) All living organisms

27 Abiotic components of an ecosystem include: 1

( a) Soil ( b) Weather
( c) Temperature ( d) Every physical factor present in
that ecosystem

28 __________ are biotic factors 1

( a) Mountains ( b) Rocks
( c) Grass ( d) All of the above

29 Which of the following is an not example of abiotic factors? 1

( a) Light ( b) Plants
( c) Heat ( d) Temperature

30 Which is not an organic compoind? 1

( a) Carbon Dioxide ( b) Lipids
( c) Carbohydrates ( d) Proteins

Trophic Levels: The various steps in the food chain at which the transfer of food (or energy)
takes place is called trophic levels. There is a gradual decrease in the amount of energy
transfer from one trophic level to the next trophic level in a food chain. Only 10% of energy is

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transferred to next trophic level while 90% of energy is used by present trophic level in its life
processes.

31 The ________ constitute the first trophic level. 1

( a) Plant ( b) Primary consumers
( c) Carnivores ( d) Tertiary consumers

32 The __________ form the second trophic level. 1

( a) Plant ( b) Primary consumers
( c) Carnivores ( d) Tertiary consumers

33 The ___________ make up the third trophic level. 1

( a) Plant ( b) Primary consumers
( c) Carnivores ( d) Tertiary consumers

34 The ____________ constitute the fourth trophic level. 1

( a) Plant ( b) Primary consumers
( c) Carnivores ( d) Tertiary consumers

35 Human is a ________ consumer. 1

( a) Top ( b) Bottom
( c) Middle level ( d) None

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As human beings, we occupy the top level in any food chain,

this means that the maximum concentration of the chemicals used in agriculture get
accumulated in our bodies. This accumulation of non-biodegradable chemicals (like pesticides)
in the living organisms (like plants, animals, including man) in a food chain is known as biological
magnification. This is the reason why our food grains such as wheat and rice, vegetables and
fruits, and even meat, contain varying amounts of pesticide residues. They cannot always be
removed by washing or other means.

36 Biological magnification is a result of ____________ 1

( a) pollution ( b) climate change
( c) food shortages ( d) extinction

37 What type of animals are most affected by biological magnification? 1

( a) Herbivores ( b) Omnivores
( c) Aquatic organisms ( d) Top predators

38 The least amount of chemicals would be accumulated in 1

( a) Grass ( b) Deer
( c) Lion ( d) Humans

39 Which of the following is a result of biological magnification? 1

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( a) Humans are the most harmed by ( b) Biosphere regulates the

toxic environmental changes. environment to adjust
disruptions.
( c) Nutrients are being removed ( d) All of these
from agriculture and shunted
into aquatic ecosystem

40 What is an effect of biomagnification? 1

( a) Destruction of coral reefs ( b) Disruption of food cycle
( c) Effects on reproduction ( d) All of these

Industrialization and rise in demand of consumer goods have

created a major problem in the form of wastes/garbage accumulation and its disposal
especially in urban areas. The disposal of waste should be done in a scientific way. There are
different methods of waste disposal. The method to be used depends on the nature of the
waste. Some of the important modes of waste disposal are Incineration, Open dumping, Land
fillings etc.

41 Burning of waste on high temperature to form ash is called: 1

( a) Incineration ( b) Land fillings
( c) Composting ( d) None of these

42 Wastes being dumped in low living areas is called: 1

( a) Incineration ( b) Land fillings
( c) Composting ( d) None of these

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43 Disposable plastics plates should not be used because ________. 1

( a) they are made up of light weight ( b) they are made of toxic materials
material
( c) they are made up of ( d) they are made up of non
biodegradable materials biodegradable materials

44 Which of the following groups contain only biodegradable items ? 1

( a) Grass, flowers, leather ( b) Grass, wood, plastics
( c) Fruit peels, cake and lime juice ( d) Cake, wood, grass

45 Organic wastes filled in a pit covered with a thin layer of soil is called : 1
( a) Incineration ( b) Land fillings
( c) Composting ( d) None of these

The ten percent law states that only 10 percent of the energy
entering a particular trophic level of organisms is available for transfer to the next higher
trophic level. Green plants captures solar energy incident on the Earth through the biochemical
process of photosynthesis. When plants are eaten up by herbivores, the chemical energy
stored in the plants is transferred to these animals. These animals (herbivores) utilize some of
this energy for metabolic activities, some energy is “released as heat and the remaining energy
is stored. The process of energy transferred is similarly repeated with carnivores and so on.

46 Green plants utilize _________ percent of sun’s energy to prepare their 1

food by the process of photosynthesis?
( a) 1 % ( b) 10%
( c) 15 % ( d) 7 %

47 1

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Green plants captures solar energy incident on the Earth through the
biochemical process of __________
( a) Absorption ( b) Respiration
( c) Photosynthesis ( d) None of these

48 Order of energy flow in ecosystem is : 1

( a) Sunlight →Herbivores ( b) Sunlight → producers →
→producers →carnivores carnivores → herbivores
( c) Sunlight → herbivores → ( d) Sunlight → producers
carnivores → producers →herbivores → carnivores

49 In food web, flow of energy is : 1

( a) Non directional ( b) Bidirectional
( c) Unidirectional ( d) All of the above

50 In an ecosystem, the 10% of energy available for transfer from one trophic 1
level to next is in the form of __________.
( a) Heat energy ( b) Light energy
( c) Mechanical energy ( d) Chemical energy

Ozone ( O3 ) layer is largely found in the stratosphere which is a part of

​

our atmosphere from 12 km -50 km above sea level. This region is called ozonosphere. Ozone is
deadly poisonous at the ground level. Ozone is formed as a result of the following
photochemical reaction. Ozone layer is a protective blanket around earth which absorbs most
of the harmful U.V. (Ultraviolet) radiation of the Sun, thus, protecting the living beings of the
Earth from health hazards like skin cancer, cataract in eyes, weaken immune system,
destruction of plants etc. The decline of Ozone layer thickness is termed as OZONE HOLE.

51 The decline of Ozone layer thickness in Antarctica was first discovered in 1

______
( a) 1985 ( b) 1992

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( c) 1982 ( d) 1986

52 The substance which is chiefly responsible for the depletion of ozone layer 1
is:
( a) CFCs ( b) CH3 ​

( c) OH ( d) DDT

53 Which of the following radiations is responsible for the conversion of 1

atmospheric oxygen to ozone?
( a) Gamma radiations ( b) Cosmic radiations
( c) Infrared radiations ( d) Ultraviolet radiations

54 Depletion of ozone is mainly due to ________ 1

( a) Chlorofluorocarbons ( b) Sulphur dioxide
( c) Acid rain ( d) Green house effect

55 The number of atoms of oxygen in ozone______. 1

( a) 1 ( b) 3
( c) 4 ( d) 7

In a food chain, members of one trophic level are eaten

by members of higher trophic level. A disease or scarcity due to drought that kills members of
one trophic level, affects the population of both lower trophic level (very high number, glut) as
well as higher trophic level (starvation and death). In a food web, one organism may occupy a

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position in more than one food chain. An organism can thus obtain its food from different
sources and in turn, may be eaten up by different types of organisms.

56 What will happen if deer is missing from the food chain : grass → deer → 1
tiger ?
( a) The population of tiger will ( b) Tiger will start eating grass
increase
( c) The population of grass ( d) Population of tiger decrease and
decrease grass increases

57 The organisms of higher trophic level which feed on several types of 1

organisms belonging to lower trophic level, constitute the _______.
( a) food web ( b) ecological pyramid
( c) ecosystem ( d) food chain

58 Which of the following constitute the food chain? 1

( a) Grass, wheat and mango ( b) Grass, goat and human
( c) Goat , cow and elephant ( d) Grass, fish , goat

59 Following is true for food web : 1

( a) The energy available at each ( b) Energy moves progressively
level gets diminished through different levels
( c) A and B ( d) None of these

60 Levels in a food chain make a 1

( a) Food web ( b) Trophic level
( c) Food level ( d) None of these

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Biodegradable Wastes: Substances that are broken down

by the biological processes are said to be biodegradable. These substances are decomposed
through the actions of fungi, bacteria, and other living organisms. For Examples: Food waste,
paper, wood, cloth, cow-dung etc.
Non-Biodegradable Wastes: Substances that are not broken down by biological processes.
These substances may be in solid, liquid or gaseous form. These substances are inert and
simply persist in the environment for a long time or may harm the various members of the
ecosystem. These includes DDT, insecticides, pesticides, mercury, plastics, polythene bags,
glass, radioactive wastes. These non-biodegradable wastes are major pollutants of the
environment.

61 Which is non biodegradable? 1

( a) Wood, paper, leather ( b) Polythene, detergent, grass
( c) Plastic, detergent, glass ( d) Plastic, bakelite, DDT

62 _______ is a biodegradable pollutant . 1

( a) Paper ( b) Cotton cloth
( c) Cotton ( d) DDT

63 ______ is a biodegradable substance. 1

( a) Polythene ( b) Paper
( c) Plastic ( d) Glass

64 Which of the following is a biodegradable substance? 1

( a) Glass ( b) Plants
( c) Plastics ( d) Polythene

65 Which of the following is a non-biodegradable substance? 1

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( a) Virgin plastic ( b) Plastic

( c) Plants ( d) Plant producers

Consumers are the organisms which consume other organisms

or their products as their food. All animals belong to this category. The consumers depend
upon producers for their food directly or indirectly. They get their food by eating other
organisms or their products. For example, man, goat, deer, fish, lion, cow, buffalo, etc., are
common consumers. The consumers can be classified into the following types : Herbivores,
Carnivores, Omnivores.

66 ______ are Secondary consumers. 1

( a) Herbivores ( b) Carnivores
( c) Omnivores ( d) All of the above

67 The following have vegetarian as well as non-vegetarian diet 1

( a) Herbivores ( b) Carnivores
( c) Omnivores ( d) All of the above

68 The following is(are) micro-consumers 1

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( a) Bacteria ( b) Fungi

( c) Flagellates ( d) All of the above

69 The following is a Secondary consumer 1

( a) Goat ( b) Lizard
( c) Wolf ( d) Lion

70 Grasshopper is a 1
( a) Herbivores ( b) Carnivores
( c) Omnivores ( d) All of the above

Decomposers: Fungi and bacteria which break down

(decompose) the dead plants, animals complex compounds into the simpler one. The

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decomposers help in the replenishment of natural resources. These are also known as
microorganism or saprotrophs. These are also called reducers.
Decomposers help in disposing of the wastes and dead bodies of plants and animals.
Therefore, they clean the environment and create space for a living of newer generations of
organisms.

71 The primary decomposers of most dead plant material are___________ 1

( a) Algae ( b) Bacteria
( c) Fungi ( d) Insects

72 Which are known as most recognized players in the food chain and energy 1
puramid?
( a) Producers ( b) Consumers
( c) Decomposers ( d) Detritivores

73 How many major groups classified in decomposers? 1

( a) One ( b) Two
( c) Three ( d) Four

74 From where does the decomposer receive energy? 1

( a) Producers ( b) Consumers
( c) Self generation ( d) Organic substrates

75 The rest of dead body left after consumers feed is _________ 1

( a) Disappeared ( b) Decomposed
( c) Reacted ( d) Spread

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Ecosystem indicates available solar energy and the efficiency of an

ecosystem to trap the same. It gives information about the available essential minerals and
their recycling periods. It provides knowledge about the web of interactions and inter-
relationship among the various population as well as between the population and the abiotic
environment.

76 Ecosystem is smallest unit of 1

( a) Ionosphere ( b) Lithosphere
( c) Biosphere ( d) Mesosphere

77 Energy _____ in an Ecosystem. 1

( a) is released ( b) is absorbed
( c) flows ( d) None of the above

78 The set of ecosystems is called a 1

( a) Biome ( b) Climate
( c) Subsystem ( d) Structure

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79 The smallest artificial ecosystems that have been known to sustain life over 1
a long period of time are
( a) Folsom bottles ( b) Folsom pond
( c) Folsom stream ( d) None of the above

80 Ecosystems rely on the following major sources of energy 1

( a) Sun ( b) Chemical fuels
( c) Nuclear fuels ( d) All of these

Environmental pollution affects the life on earth and should be reduced

as far as possible. We harm the nature and in turn, nature will harm us more. This should be
stopped, our survival depends on this environment so care should be taken and its balance
should be maintained.
The environment is defined as the surroundings of a physical system that may interact with
other systems by exchanging mass and energy. When there is an undesirable change in the
surrounding that has harmful effects on plants and animals, it leads to environmental pollution.

81 Cosmic rays, such as gamma rays are a source of 1

( a) Soil Pollution ( b) Noise Pollution
( c) Thermal Pollution ( d) Radiation pollution

82 The presence of _________ in a water body is an indicator of water 1

pollution.
( a) Zygosporangium ( b) E.Coli
( c) Deinococcus radiodurans ( d) None of the above

83 Lichens are good bioindicators for 1

( a) Environmental radiation ( b) Soil pollution
( c) Water and air pollution ( d) None of the above

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84 Greenhouse gases are those that absorb and emit infrared radiation. 1
Examples include__________
( a) Nitrogen ( b) Ozone
( c) Argon ( d) None of the above

85 __________ is an organism used to gauge the quality of an ecosystem. 1

( a) Decomposers ( b) Predator
( c) Bio-remediator ( d) Bioindicator

Depletion of ozone layer: Ozone layer gets depleted due

to the use of chemicals called aerosol, spray propellants like chlorofluorocarbons. Depletion of
ozone layer causes skin cancer in men and animals and severe damage to the plants. Direct
exposure to ultraviolet radiations leads to skin and eye cancer in animals. Strong ultraviolet
rays may lead to minimal growth, flowering and photosynthesis in plants. The forests also have
to bear the harmful effects of the ultraviolet rays.

86 Which of the following facts are incorrect? 1

( a) Global warming is the rise in the
average temperature of the
earth’s climate system
( c) The greenhouse effect is a
natural phenomenon
( b) Eutrophication is observed in
water bodies
( d) Ozone is harmless to breathe

87 Carbon dioxide is primarily called a greenhouse gas because 1

( a) Traps heat ( b) Traps light

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( c) Traps warm currents ( d) None of the above

88 Depletion of the ozone layer is damaging to human health. Negative effects 1

include
( a) Skin cancers ( b) Osteoporosis
( c) Dyspepsia ( d) None of the above

89 Areas that are under the influence of DDT may observe a decline in the 1
population of birds. This is due to the fact that
( a) Birds stopped laying eggs ( b) The eggs did not hatch
altogether
( c) Predation of the eggs increased ( d) None of the above.

90 Measuring BOD (biological oxygen demand) is primarily used for 1

( a) Estimating the types of microbes ( b) Determine the level of dissolved
oxygen
( c) Estimating the quantity of ( d) None of the above
organic matter in sewage water

The introduction of disposable cups was hailed as a step

forward for reasons of hygiene. No one at that time had perhaps thought about the impact
caused by the disposal of millions of these cups on a daily basis. Some time back, kulhads, that
is, disposable cups made of clay, were suggested as an alternative. But a little thought showed
that making these kulhads on a large scale would result in the loss of the fertile top-soil. Now
disposable paper-cups are being used. Using items made of biodegradable materials because
can be recycled do less harm to the environment as compared to other non biodegradable
items like plastics which cause damage to the environment.

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91 We can recycle 1
( a) Only biodegradable waste. ( b) Only nonbiodegradable waste.
( c) Both biodegradable and ( d) Neither of them
nonbiodegradable waste.

92 Which of these wastes is causing the most harm to the environment today? 1
( a) Plastic bags ( b) Biodegradable waste
( c) Waste paper ( d) Poisonous waste

93 Why is recycled paper banned for use in food containers? 1

( a) Because it creates a lot of ( b) Because it creates
spaces contamination
( c) Because paper can be used only ( d) Because paper is very thick and
one time can’t cover the food containers

94 If you have to reuse plastic bottles and metal cans, you will 1
( a) Make compost from them. ( b) Melt them to make new
products.
( c) Use them to store water at ( d) Do either of these
home.

95 If you have to recycle vegetable waste, fruit peels, bones and dry flowers, 1
you will
( a) Make compost from them. ( b) Burn them.
( c) Use them in landfills. ( d) Throw them in a lake, river or sea

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Non-biodegradable plastic containers in oceans and

estuaries harm fish, seabirds and other marine life. Animals that eat plastic can strangle or
experience digestion problems. Microplastics, tiny bits of polypropylene or polyethylene, hide
beneath the water and pose a risk as well.
The planet has a limited amount of land, and people waste it when they dispose of non-
biodegradable materials. Products that do not decompose naturally may reside in landfills and
take up space much longer than biodegradable materials.

96 We should reduce the use of the plastic bags, bottles etc. because: 1
( a) They are not durable ( b) They are non-biodegradable
( c) They are made of toxic materials ( d) They react with the atmospheric
gases

97 Which of the following substances will not be converted to compost when 1

added in a composting pit?
( a) Waste paper ( b) Fruit and vegetable peels
( c) Human and animal excreta ( d) Plastic bags

98 What happens to plastic waste? 1

( a) It is a biodegradable material so ( b) It never fully goes away, it just
it eventually disintegrates breaks into little pieces
( c) There is no such thing as plastic ( d) It is dumped in the ocean for fish
waste, all plastic is recycled to eat

99 Why is plastic dangerous for marine life? 1

( a) They mistake it for food and ( b) They can get tangled in it which
cannot digest it hinders their ability to swim
( c) Both A and B ( d) It's not dangerous because they

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use plastic waste for habitats

100 Where does the majority of plastic waste end up? 1

( a) Oceans ( b) Burned for energy
( c) Landfills ( d) Recycled

The study of food chains helps in

understanding food relationships and interactions among the various organisms in an
ecosystem. The food chains, transfer energy and materials between various living components
of an ecosystem. The movement of toxic substances like pesticides, weedicides, etc., through
food chains, can prove very harmful.

101 What role human plays in food chains? 1

( a) Producers ( b) Consumers
( c) Humans do not involve in food ( d) Decomposers
chains

102 Why do all food chains start with plants? 1

( a) Because plants are easily grown ( b) Because plants are nutritious
( c) Because plants can produce its ( d) Because plants do not require
own energy energy

103 Which of the following food chain correctly describes the flow of energy in 1
an ecosystem?
( a) Grass -> lion -> human ( b) Cow -> grass -> lion
( c) Grass -> goat -> human ( d) Leaf -> bird -> lizard

104 If there is a shortage of deer in forest, what tiger might do? 1

( a) Hunt for other animals ( b) Eat grassland leaves
( c) Die due to starvation ( d) Fasting until they find deer

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105 In the food relationship, where the tiger eats the deer and the deer eats 1
plants. Which of the following conditions is true?
( a) The tiger is the prey ( b) The tiger is the primary
consumer
( c) The deer is the predator ( d) The deer is the prey

Agriculture in India is one of the most common

source of income in the rural parts of India. Excessive use of fertilisers used in agriculture
changes the chemistry of soil and kills useful microbes. The non-biodegradable chemical
pesticides used leads to loss of soil fertility and lowers the water table.

106 Appropriate use of cow dung is made in _______ 1

( a) Medicine ( b) Fuel
( c) Manure ( d) Construction material

107 Composted manure is formed from 1

( a) Farm and household refuse ( b) Animal refuse and rotten
vegetables
( c) Organic wastes from where ( d) Green and farmyard manure
biogas extraction takes place

108 Costly and harmful pesticides can be replced by 1

( a) Natural predators ( b) Artificial predators
( c) Small animals ( d) Weeds

109 The human activity, among the following, which causes maximum 1
environmental pollution having regional and global impacts, is:
( a) Urbanization ( b) Industrialisation
( c) Agriculture ( d) Mining

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110 Which of the following is the component or goal of sustainable agriculture? 1

( a) Environmental health ( b) Economic profitability
( c) Social and economic equality ( d) All of the above

It is the need of the hour for

us to use our source sustainably to ensure a safer future. Disposal of wastes after separating
them into biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste material is the easiest step you can
take towards creating a better environment. Activities such as gardening, rain-water harvesting
and use of compost in place of fertilizers will help protect our environment from further
damage.

111 A mixture of orange peels, dried leaves, bones and sawdust contains 1
( a) Biodegradable waste only ( b) Nonbiodegradable waste only
( c) Both of these ( d) None of these

112 The organic material of the solid waste will decompose 1

( a) By the flow of water ( b) By the soil particles
( c) By the action of microorganisms ( d) By oxidation

113 Why burning waste is not an acceptable practice of solid waste 1

management?
( a) Because it is very costly
( c) Because it cause several
environmental issues
( b) Because it requires modern
technologies
( d) Because it requires lot of space

114 What is called for the process of burning municipal solid waste in a properly 1
designed furnace under suitable temperature and operating conditions?
( a) Landfill ( b) Recycling

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( c) Vermicomposting ( d) Incineration

115 Find the correct statement 1

( a) The waste from one process ( b) All the processes related to
becomes the input for another consumption and production
process produce some kind of waste
( c) There is no real waste in nature ( d) All of the above

Compost is decomposed organic material. Compost is

made with material such as leaves, shredded twigs, and kitchen scraps from plants.
Composting is also a good way to recycle leaves and other yard waste.

116 Which of the following substances will not be converted to compost when 1
added in a composting pit?
( a) Waste paper ( b) Fruit and vegetable peels
( c) Human and animal excreta ( d) Plastic bags

117 Polythene and plastic 1

( a) Are not harmful ( b) Are non biodegradable and
harmful
( c) Are non biodegradable and not ( d) Are biodegradable and harmful
harmful

118 Biodegredable waste 1

( a) Do not decompose ( b) Accumulate in the environment
( c) Causes bio magnification ( d) Decomposes in nature

119 Which of the following is correct regarding disposal of waste by land filling? 1

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( a) Economical method ( b) Preferred in low lying areas

( c) Foul gases are not produced ( d) Separation of different types of

waste not required

120 The process of decomposition of biodegradable solid waste by earthworms 1

is called ___________
( a) Land fills ( b) Shredding
( c) Vermi-composting ( d) Composting

Pyramid of trophic levels is a graphical representation. It can be the

pyramid of numbers, pyramid of biomass or pyramid of energy. All the pyramids start with
producers and end with decomposers who again provide back the minerals to producers.

121 ____________ gives the number of organisms present at each trophic 1

level.
( a) Pyramid of numbers ( b) Pyramid of biomass
( c) Pyramid of energy ( d) None of these

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122 ___________ gives the biomass of each trophic levels and could be 1
upright or inverted.
( a) Pyramid of numbers ( b) Pyramid of biomass
( c) Pyramid of energy ( d) None of these

123 _________ is always upright as it shows the flow of energy from one 1
trophic level to the next trophic level.
( a) Pyramid of numbers ( b) Pyramid of biomass
( c) Pyramid of energy ( d) None of these

124 _________ can be upright or inverted. 1

( a) Pyramid of numbers ( b) Pyramid of biomass
( c) Pyramid of energy ( d) None of these

125 Which of these is a pyramid of trophic levels? 1

( a) Pyramid of numbers ( b) Pyramid of biomass
( c) Pyramid of energy ( d) All of these

Garbage management involves all the activities and

actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. One must ensures
environmental best practices are followed along with proper monitoring and regulation in order
to ensure that garbage is managed safely.

126 What is the first step of waste management? 1

( a) Collection ( b) Segregation of waste
( c) Treatment ( d) Recycling

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127 What is the second step of waste management? 1

( a) Collection ( b) Segregation of waste
( c) Treatment ( d) Recycling

128 How many steps of waste management are there ? 1

( a) 5 ( b) 9
( c) 11 ( d) 6

129 What is the last step of waste management? 1

( a) Treatment ( b) Processing
( c) Disposal ( d) Recycling

130 Which of the following statements is true about zero waste management? 1
( a) Separate collection of each kind ( b) Segregation of garbage at the
of waste source
( c) Community involvement ( d) All of the above

Natural ecosystems
A biological environment occurring freely in nature rather than being created by man is called
as a natural ecosystem
Example: Desert, forest

131 Which one of the following is a natural ecosystem 1

( a) Pond ( b) Forest
( c) Lake ( d) All of these

132 1

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The __________ ecosystem can be seen existing in the artics as well as

the tropics.
( a) Desert ( b) Marine
( c) Grassland ( d) Forest

133 The __________ ecosystem refers to the aquatic ecosystem containing 1

saltwater and harbours a range of species
( a) Desert ( b) Marine
( c) Grassland ( d) Forest

134 The ___________ ecosystems are found in steppes, savannas, and 1

prairies, in the tropical and temperate regions.
( a) Desert ( b) Marine
( c) Grassland ( d) Forest

135 The ____________ ecosystem is classified on the basis of the climate 1

which can either be tropical, temperate or boreal.
( a) Desert ( b) Marine
( c) Grassland ( d) Forest

Artificial ecosystems
Ecosystems that are made by man for commercial or other benefits is known as an artificial
ecosystem. These ecosystems are modified by humans for their own profit and can either be
terrestrial or aquatic
Example: Aquariums, crop fields, dams, gardens

136 Which one of the following is an artificial ecosystem 1

( a) Pond ( b) Crop field

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( c) Lake ( d) Forest

137 Biome is
( a) The fauna of an ocean
( c) Communities of organisms
interacting with one another
1
( b) The Flora of land
( d) The part of the earth and its
atmosphere which is inhabited
by living organisms

138 Biological equilibrium is an equilibrium among the 1

( a) Producers ( b) Producers and consumers
( c) Decomposers ( d) Producers consumers and
decomposers

139 Which one of the following is an artificial ecosystem 1

( a) Aquariums ( b) Desert
( c) Forest ( d) Ocean

140 Which of the following is an example of man-made ecosystem? 1

( a) Tissue culture ( b) Aquarium
( c) Herbarium ( d) Forest

Ozone at the higher levels of the atmosphere is a product of UV

radiation acting on oxygen ( O2 ) molecule. The higher energy UV radiations split apart some
​

moleculer oxygen ( O2 ) into free oxygen (O) atoms. These atoms then combine with the
​

molecular oxygen to form ozone.

141 What equation correctly represents formation of ozone? 1

( a) O + O2 → O3
​ ​
( b) O + O2 → O2
​ ​

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( c) O + O3 → O3
​ ​
( d) None of these

142 The amount of ozone in the atmosphere began to drop sharply in the 1
________.
( a) 1960s ( b) 1980s
( c) 1950s ( d) None of these

143 In _____, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) succeeded 1

in forging an agreement to freeze CFC production at 1986 levels.
( a) 1983 ( b) 1981
( c) 1987 ( d) 1992

144 It is now mandatory for all the manufacturing companies to make _______ 1
-free refrigerators throughout the world.
( a) CFC ( b) FCC
( c) CCF ( d) CFF

145 What is the average concentration of ozone in the ozone layer of the 1
atmosphere?
( a) Nearly 100% ( b) Greater than 90%
( c) Between 10-50% ( d) Less than 10ppm

The food we eat acts as a fuel to provide us energy to do work.

Thus the interactions among various
components of the environment involves flow of energy from one component of the system to
another. The autotrophs capture the energy present in sunlight and convert it into chemical
energy. This energy supports all the activities of the living world.

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146 Energy is first absorbed by ____________. 1

( a) autotrophs ( b) heterotrophs
( c) decomposers ( d) None of these

147 What is the ultimate source of energy in an ecosystem? 1

( a) Sun ( b) Water
( c) Air ( d) Food

148 In an ecosystem, the energy flow is always 1

( a) Always bidirectional ( b) Always unidirectional
( c) In any direction ( d) Always down directional

149 How can we indicate the accurate energy passed at each trophic level? 1
( a) By the help of pyramid of ( b) By the help of pyramid of
number biomass
( c) By the help of pyramid of energy ( d) By the help of pyramid of food
web

150 What type of food chain is it? dead animals → blowfly maggot → maggots 1
→ frog → snake
( a) Decomposer food chain ( b) Predator food chain
( c) Grazing food chain ( d) Detrital food chain

The ecosystem is the basic structural and functional unit of environment . The term 3
ecosystem was first proposed by Tansley in 1935. Traditionally, an ecosystem is defined as any
unit that includes all the living organisms (the community) in a given area interacting with the
physical environment so that a flow of energy leads to clearly defined trophic structure, biotic
diversity and material cycling between the abiotic and biotic components within
(Ramakrishnan, 2001). The ecological study of ecosystems or “Ecosystem ecology” is
considered as the most important aspect of ecology.

151 Read the given paragraph carefully and answers the following questions : 1
Why does the ecosystem of the organism is the basic unit of study in the
environment ?
( a) An ecosystem is composed of ( b) An ecosystem is composed of
biotic and abiotic factors which biotic and abiotic factors which
interact with each other do not interact with each other
( c) An ecosystem is composed of ( d) An ecosystem is composed of

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only biotic factors which interact only abiotic factors which

with each other interact with each other

152 The term " Physical Environment " refers to - 1

( a) weather reports ( b) individuals where live , learn ,
work and play
( c) community where live , learn , ( d) climatic changes
work and play

153 What is the most important thing about ecology ? 1

( a) parasitism ( b) mutualism
( c) delicate balance ( d) predation

Environment is the nature and surroundings in which all plants, animals, humans and other 3
living beings live and operate.Every living and non-living thing is related to environment.
Environment plays a major role in giving birth to a new life, in the growth of a life, survival of the
life and the over-all well-being of any life. It provides us with fresh air that we breathe, water
that we drink, food that we eat and almost all the resources for our survival.

154 Read the given paragraph carefully and answers the following questions : 1
the world of living organism is called the -
( a) system ( b) dramatic world
( c) abiotic world ( d) biotic world

155 Who plays an important role in healthy living and the existence of life on 1
planet earth ?
( a) environment ( b) climate
( c) indivisuals ( d) community

156 It provides us with fresh air that we breathe, water that we drink, food that 1
we eat and almost all the resources for our survival. the
word ' It ' is being said to-
( a) living organism ( b) non-living organism
( c) environment ( d) animals

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Organisms occupy a specific place in their natural surroundings or in a community according to

their feeding relationship with the other organisms Based on the source of ;nutrition of food
organisms occupy a particular place, called trophic level, in a food chain..

157 What is the technical term is given to the organism occupting first , second 1
and third tropical levels in a food chain ?
( a) autotrphs ( first ) ( b) herbivores ( second )
( c) carnivores ( third ) ( d) all of these

158 What is the specific place where an organism lives ? 1

( a) zone ( b) habitat
( c) sheads ( d) hut

159 What determines what type of organism can survive in a specific ares ? 1
( a) biotic factors ( b) abiotic factors
( c) both 1 and 2 ( d) partial factors

In any given ecosystem, all living organisms are linked in a systematic chain with respect to 3
their mode of manufacturing food/feeding habits.This sequential interlinking of organisms
involving the transfer of food energy from producers through a series of organisms with
repeated eating and being eaten is called the food chain. A food chain may have 3-4 trophic
levels.

160 Which of the following statements regarding the food chain is incorrect? 1
( a) It is a single straight pathway ( b) It adds adaptability and
through which food energy competitiveness to the
travels in the ecosystem. organisms.
( c) Presence of isolated food chains ( d) Food chain binds up the
adds to the instability of the inorganic nutrients of the
ecosystem. ecosystem.

161 Consider the following food chain. 1

Grass ⟶⟶A ⟶⟶Frog ⟶⟶ Snake⟶⟶Eagle
Which of the following can be placed at A?
( a) Grasshopper ( b) Rabbit
( c) Rat ( d) python

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162 Select the correct food chain. 1

( a) Aquatic plants ⟶⟶ Tadpole ( b) Grass⟶⟶Grasshopper⟶⟶Snake⟶⟶
⟶⟶Water beetle⟶⟶Pike⟶⟶Perch Frog⟶⟶ Eagle
( c) Grass⟶⟶ Rabbit⟶⟶ snake ⟶⟶ ( d) Rbbit ⟶⟶ Grass⟶⟶ Wild cat⟶⟶
hawk Tiger

An ecosystem may be defined as a structural and functional unit of the biosphere comprising 3
living organisms and their non-living environment which interact by means of food chains and
biogeochemical cycles resulting in energy flow, biotic diversity, and material cycling to form a
stable, self-supporting system.

163 The two basic processes involved in an ecosystem are : 1

( a) cycling of materials and food ( b) energy flow and self-
chains sustainability
( c) carbon cycle and biotic diversity ( d) cycling of materials and flow of
energy

164 Which among the following is not an artificial ecosystem? 1

( a) Cropland ( b) lake
( c) Orchard ( d) Aquarium

165 The role of fungi and bacteria in an ecosystem is to : 1

( a) increase the supply of nutrients ( b) release nutrients from dead
organic matter
( c) increase the supply of energy ( d) increase the amount of carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere

5
Each step or level of the food chain forms a trophic level.
The autotrophs or the producers are at the first trophic level.
They fix up the solar energy and make it available for
heterotrophs or the consumers. The herbivores or the primary
consumers come at the second, small carnivores or the
secondary consumers at the third and larger carnivores or
the tertiary consumers form the fourth trophic level

166 With regard to various food chains operating in an ecosystem, man is a: 1

( a) Consumer ( b) Producer

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( c) Producer and consumer ( d) decomposer

167 Food web is constituted by- 1

( a) relationship between the ( b) relationship between plants and
organisms and the environment animals
( c) various interlinked food chains in ( d) relationship between animals
an ecosystem and environment

168 List two biotic components of a biosphere. 1

( a) Producers – Include organisms
which can produce their food
using simple inorganic
compounds, e.g., all green
plants, blue green algae
( c) both 1 and 2
( b) Consumers – Include organisms
which are unable to synthesise
their food, therefore, utilise
materials and energy stored by
the producers or eat other
organisms, e.g., all the animals.
( d) all abiotic organism

169 Why are green plants called producers? 1

( a) Green plants are called
producers because they can't
manufacture their own food with
the help of CO2 and H2O in the
presence of sunlight and
chlorophyll.
( c) Green plants are called
producers because they
manufacture their own food with
the help of O2 and H2O in the
presence of sunlight and
chlorophyll.
( b) Green plants are called
producers because they
manufacture their own food with
the help of CO2 and H2O in the
presence of sunlight and
chlorophyll.
( d) Green plants are called
producers because they comes
under the abiotic organisms

170 In a food chain of frog, grass, insect and snake, 1

select the correct food chain from the followings
( a) frog-snake-grass-insects ( b) Grass-insects-frog-snake
( c) snake-insects-frog-rabbit ( d) insects-grass-snake-frog

Alternatives are always available in nature which results in a sort of interlocking pattern or food 5
web. For instance, if a particular species of producers get destroyed by a disease in an
ecosystem, herbivores of that area can feed on other species. Also in a food web, any given
species may operate simultaneously at more than one trophic level

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171 Refer to the given food web. 1

What will be
the effect on the food web if population of water fleas get eliminated?
( a) Population of water beetles will ( b) Population of insect larvae will
increase. remain unaffected.
( c) Population of small fish will ( d) Population of frog will increase.
decrease.

172 In the given food web, which organism operates at both primary and tertiary 1
consumer level?
( a) Small fish ( b) water fleas
( c) water beetles ( d) frogs

173 Food webs make a natural ecosystem ____________ than an man-made 1

ecosystem
( a) unstable ( b) stable
( c) worst ( d) inconsistent

174 Which of the following statements is correct? 1

( a) Food webs provide alternative
pathways of food availability.
( c) Food webs also help in
ecosystem development.
( b) Greater alternatives available in a
food web make the ecosystem
more stable.
( d) All of these

175 When animals are sprayed with poisons, they may die immediately, but their 1
bodies still contain the poison. The poison in their bodies will then be
passed on to the animals which eat them. What would be the consequence
of a mass poisoning of the rabbit population in a grazing food chain and
why?
( a) Plants would die quickly as they ( b) Grasshopper would die quickly
are eaten by rabbits as all the animals in the food web
would be affected

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( c) frogs would die quickly as all the ( d) Hawk would become poisoned as
animals in the food web would they feed on rabbits
be affected

The ozone layer is present in the earth’s atmosphere. It is in the form of a protective shield. It 5
contains three oxygen atoms (O3) which are formed as a consequence of photochemical
reactions in the environment. Ozone absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. In this
way, it protects all living beings on the earth. The thinning of the ozone layer due to various
human activities allows more UV radiations to pass through it which leads to harmful effects on
man, animals, and plants.

176 Ozone layer is present in which layer of the atmosphere? 1

( a) Stratosphere ( b) Troposphere
( c) Mesosphere ( d) Thermosphere

177 Enhanced UV radiations would affect humans and other animals causing 1
( a) skin cancer ( b) blindness and increased
chances of cataracts in the eyes
( c) malfunctioning of the immune ( d) all of these
system

178 Ozone in stratosphere can reduse the percentage of UV rays from the sun 1
to the extent of :
( a) 70-80 ( b) 97-99
( c) 80-90 ( d) 50-60

179 Which of the following are related to depletion of ozone layer? 1

( a) Chlorofluorocarbons ( b) Halons
( c) All of these ( d) Carbon tetrachloride

180 do photosynthesis is a photochemical reaction ? 1

( a) yes ( b) no
( c) may be ( d) both 2 and 3

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