Ain Shams Engineering Journal 14 (2023) 101987

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Ain Shams Engineering Journal

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Towards applying smart mobility solutions in Egypt: An integrative

framework and a case study application
Sara Tarek a,⇑, Tarek Ibrahim Nasreldin b
a
Dept. Faculty of Engineering Cairo University, Egypt
b
Dept. Faculty of Engineering Cairo University, Egypt

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The presented study proposes a framework for applying smart mobility in contemporary urban contexts.
Received 27 January 2022 It starts with a literature investigation and analysis; subsequently, it synthesizes the main key findings
Revised 8 September 2022 into a framework for applying smart mobility comprising five main dimensions, seven patterns, and 34
Accepted 16 September 2022
attributes. Then it applied a survey to investigate the applicability of 34 smart mobility attributes in
Available online 1 October 2022
two selected districts in Greater Cairo Region. Results of the presented work highlight the degree of exis-
tence of smart mobility attributes in the selected districts, through site visits and community survey.
Keywords:
Also, the five smart mobility dimensions are shown to be important regarding experts’ ratings which ran-
Smart cities
Smart urban mobility
ged from 3.5 to 4.7. In addition to smart mobility objectives which ratings ranged from 3.5 to 4.6. Finally,
Smart systems the study compared experts’ and users’ ratings for travel efficiency attributes. Moreover, it points out the
Transportation potential of smart mobility applications in the Egyptian context.
Sustainable mobility Ó 2022 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams Uni-
versity. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction tructure to help understand how contemporary roadway network

The concept of smart cities and smart urbanism has appeared
due to the effective impact of applying different types of techno-
logical innovation in urban development and cities’ structure [1–
5]. Smart cities could be described as well-performing cities built
on the combination of technologies and different activities of
aware citizens in different aspects namely; economy, people, gov-
ernance, mobility, environment, and living [6,7]. Different scenar-
ios of the smart city apply different social aspects of the sharing
society to achieve transportation toward smart mobility [8,9].
Smart mobility is based on applying information and communica-
tion technologies (ICT) to road networks and transportation infras-
Abbreviations: AV, Autonomous Vehicles; BRT, Bus Rapid Transit; EV, Electric
Vehicles; GCR, Greater Cairo Region; ICT, Information Communication Technology;
IoT, Internet of Things; LRT, Light Rail Transit.
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: sarat@cu.edu.eg (S. Tarek), nasreldin77@eng.cu.edu.eg (T.
Ibrahim Nasreldin).
Peer review under responsibility of Ain Shams University.
Production and hosting by Elsevier
operates [10,11]. Hence, it is vital to address the potential of apply-
ing smart mobility solutions in contemporary cities, especially
developing countries and limited resources settings [12,13]. Previ-
ous studies identified three action phases for implementing smart
mobility in cities [14] namely; starting phase; where a small num-
ber of actions and applications are implemented not connected and
covering small areas. Intermediate phase; where wider actions and
applications are implemented and evaluated by city authorities, in
addition to introducing pilot projects and recording their results.
Mature phase; where there is a major integration of smart mobility
applications and solutions in cities’ strategies, in addition to major
spread usage of Intelligent Transport systems with the aid of data
collection and sharing using big data, cloud computing, and block-
chain technologies in addition to different advanced information
technology applications[15]. Smart mobility has many benefits
for communities. It is considered safe since it has reduced fatalities
and injury risks. It is also considered clean since it focuses more on
zero-emission and leaving no carbon footprint and adopts green
technologies[16,17] by adopting different eco-friendly solutions
like electric vehicles EV [18] and reduces travel time, traffic con-
gestion problems, and economic costs [19]. It offers flexibility to
users as they have freedom in selecting from different modes of
transport, and select their preferable routes according to their

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2022.101987
2090-4479/Ó 2022 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
S. Tarek and T. Ibrahim Nasreldin
desired travel attributes using smart navigations. Moreover, smart
mobility offers higher connectivity, reliability, less time consump-
tion, and integration [20]. However, many challenges face smart
mobility in contemporary cities, such as; traffic management sys-
tems, public transportation, parking systems, and safety of users
[21].Understanding the different aspects of smart mobility helps
overcome these challenges and find solutions to them, which
accordingly enhance its performance and benefits[22,23].
Many smart mobility initiatives took place as a part of the
transformation of cities from ordinary to smart ones. However,
there is a lack of a standardized or consistent framework to apply
smart mobility in existing urban settings which will transform
eventually into smart urban contexts [24]. Accordingly, the main
objective of the research study is to develop a conceptual frame-
work and identify the main attributes for applying smart urban
mobility in contemporary cities. Moreover, it aims to assess the
applicability of smart mobility attributes in the Egyptian context.
Moreover, it aims to identify the Egyptian performance towards
applying smart mobility strategies as an action of contemporary
urban development. The study addresses the different technologi-
cal interventions implemented in the field of urban mobility in
contemporary cities [25]. Furthermore, it investigates the main
definitions, dimensions, and patterns for smart urban mobility
through an integrative literature review. Then it synthesizes the
key findings of the review to develop a conceptual framework to
help identify the main attributes of smart urban mobility. In the
light of the addressed problem and presented objective and aims,
the study answers two main questions, (RQ1) What are the main
dimensions and attributes for applying smart urban mobility?
(RQ2) What is the feasibility of applying smart mobility solutions
and interventions in Egypt as a developing country? The presented
paper comprises five main sections including this introduction,
illustrated in Fig. 1. Then it is followed by the materials and meth-
ods section that describes the collection and analysis of data used
in both the literature investigation and the selected case studies.
The third section is the results of the review analysis which pre-
sents the key findings in the form of a conceptual framework syn-
thesizing different dimensions of smart urban mobility, its
patterns, and accordingly identifying the attributes of applying
smart mobility. Also, this section comprises the main results of
the survey adopted to investigate smart mobility attributes in
the selected case studies in addition to the experts’ survey in addi-
tion to recommendations regarding smart mobility application in
Egypt. Then the conclusion section which highlights the summary
of the study presented in addition to the considerations and rec-
ommendations for the application of smart mobility in the Egyp-
tian urban context.
2. Materials and methods
The presented study follows a mixed-method data gathering
approach. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used
for achieving the research’s main objective. First, the methodology
for the literature review was adopted from[26,27] to highlight the
research gap and to answer the proposed research question (RQ1).
Collected data were reviewed and analyzed to identify dimensions
for smart mobility and related topics like smart cities, mobility dis-
advantages, Mobility as a Service, and other connected topics
[28,29]. Second, a case study research design method [30] was fol-
lowed, to investigate the potential of applying smart mobility in
Egypt. To answer the proposed research question (RQ2), an inves-
tigation for the deduced attributes from a proposed smart mobility
application framework on two selected districts in Greater Cairo
Region (GCR) was applied. The research adopted qualitative tools
namely; literature collection and analysis according to keywords
2
Ain Shams Engineering Journal 14 (2023) 101987
coexistence to develop the proposed framework and the case study
research design (observation and analysis). Moreover, it adopted
quantitative research tools namely; community survey in the
selected cases, experts’ survey, and the travel attributes ratings.
Regarding keywords coexistence in previous publications; the
data collection process targeted relevant papers indexed in Web
of Science database and Scopus database which is known for its
broader coverage. Both databases will provide reasonable coverage
for the required research to build on the framework. The presented
review covers research publications on smart mobility, sustainable
mobility, mobility as a service, and intelligent mobility, which are
selected from papers in SCImago journal rank and indexed in Web
of Science and Scopus databases in 2018–2022. A total of 1,668
research articles were retrieved from the selected databases. To
help in extracting data from previous literature and achieve the
mentioned research objective, another round of the search was
performed to reduce the number of articles contributing to the
study. String used for the searching process was ‘smart mobility’
and ‘sustainable mobility’ or ‘smart cities’ or ‘smart city’ and ‘sus-
tainable mobility’. This resulted in reducing the number to 750
research articles, 105 in Web of Science database and 545 in Sco-
pus database. Topics published in journals related to smart mobil-
ity and smart cities were mapped using SciVal, in March 2022. To
highlight the research gap further reduction for the papers was
performed, adopted from [31] which followed a specific criteria
for papers’ selection. Accordingly, only peer reviewed journal arti-
cles that are available online, with direct inclusion of smart mobil-
ity and smart city as a topic and of high relevance to the research
aim are selected. Thus 90 articles were included in the literature
analysis. Table 1 illustrates the adopted approach for the presented
study to highlight the research gap. The table covers the aspects
that are required for the research in comparison with the most fea-
tured researches in the field.
According to the highlighted work, no research proposed a
framework including all the dimensions, objectives, patterns, and
attributes of smart mobility. To investigate the potentiality and
feasibility of applying smart mobility applications in Egypt, a case
study research design method [30] was adopted in this study. Two
regions in Greater Cairo Region (GCR) were selected one represent-
ing the old city center and the other representing the new settle-
ment. Moreover, two surveys were designed as data gathering
tools. A location-based community survey was conducted to inves-
tigate mainly the state of awareness of smart mobility in the two
selected cases. In addition to a survey targeting experts in different
fields of urban design and urban planning and relevant mobility
fields, was designed to rate the dimensions and objectives of smart
urban mobility.
3. Theory: Smart mobility framework
To build a framework for applying smart mobility in contempo-
rary cities and to identify the main attributes for these purpose
four questions need to be answered. These questions are; what are
the dimensions needed for applying smart urban mobility? Why is
the application of smart mobility needed in the selected area?
How it will be applied? Who are the actors responsible for apply-
ing the selected mobility patterns? [25,38]. Each question presents
a phase in the proposed framework. Smart mobility dimensions
(What) [39] are the Environmental dimension; which is related
to improving the environmental conditions within the different
challenges [14,37]. The social dimension; is more concerned with
enhancing safety and increasing social interaction [40–42]. The
technological dimension; encompasses different aspects like inte-
grating different types of technology for making services more
responsive to existing demand [22,40]. The economic dimension;
S. Tarek and T. Ibrahim Nasreldin Ain Shams Engineering Journal 14 (2023) 101987

Fig. 1. Research Structure.

Table 1
Comparing previous studies to the current study and highlighting the research gap.

Source Attributes Patterns Dimensions Application Benefits and Key features

Challenges
p p p
[23] Development of the concept of smart mobility
p p
[31] Conceptual framework related to MaaS adoption in cities.
p p
[32] Framework for eco-friendly smart urban living including smart mobility and
Transit-Oriented Development.
p p p p
[33] New smart mobility system depending on zero social interaction.
p p p
[34] Smart mobility survey, identifying users’ opinions and mobility solutions.
p p p
[35] Evaluation model for sustainable and smart mobility.
p p p
[36] Hierarchical evaluation model based on AHP for evaluating transportation
systems for smart cities.
p p p
[37] Explores the issue of smart mobility in Mediterranean territory.
p p p p p
proposed Framework for applying smart mobility encompasses patterns dimensions,
study indicators, and contributors

is more concerned with reducing costs and improving the effi-
ciency of implemented applications [14,43], and the Urban dimen-
sion; is more related to spatial qualities and enhancing service
coverage, improving flexibility of services, and reducing travel time
and congestion [44].
The objective of applying smart mobility actions (Why) is to
maintain the achievement of one of the main six pillars of smart
cities [45]. Accordingly, four guiding principles were identified to
apply the proposed framework. These objectives are Sustainability:
by enhancing the quality of the environment, providing clean and
green technology, and reducing related CO2 emissions. Safety: by
enhancing safe, healthy, and equitable mobility for people, though
eliminating road accidents and offering clean mobility solutions.
Management: through optimizing traffic flow and reducing travel
times and traffic congestion in city areas with the help of data
and effective decision-making processes. Efficiency: reduces con-
gestion, offering diverse and cheaper solutions and options for
users using smart navigations and mobility sharing options
[4,14,46]. It is important to identify (Who) should be involved in
the process of implementing smart mobility actions in different
3
city regions [47]. The actors could be the decision-makers, who
are important to be involved for consultancy and support by pro-
viding information regarding the required actions needed, like
urban planners and designers, transport operators’ local and regio-
nal administrations. Stakeholders: like different regional and local
organizations, private companies, and public bodies who are
potential beneficiaries, they are considered important due to their
help with their public relations management and funding aspects.
Citizens and public transport users are important to be involved to
evaluate the different outcomes of smart mobility attributes and
actions [48].
Through the bibliographic research and after reviewing differ-
ent approaches and methods to identify smart city indicators,
and to attain the objective of the current study; the research
selected smart city methods that are targeting cities [49], commu-
nities scale with main focus on the development of smart cities
strategies and mechanisms namely; CIVITAS II, U4SSC - ITU-T
Y.4903/l.1603, CITYKEYS, and European Smart City Ranking in
addition to relevant literature. Accordingly in the light of the pre-
vious literature, a framework illustrating the main dimensions and
S. Tarek and T. Ibrahim Nasreldin
attributes of applying smart mobility could be developed (pre-
sented in Fig. 2) – highlighting the main contribution to this study
– It answers the first research question (RQ1) What are the main
dimensions and attributes for applying smart urban mobility?
Moreover, the study illustrates how implementing smart mobility
in developing countries could be achieved depending on the four
main pillars (the dimensions, the objectives, the responsibility (ac-
tors), and the attributes). Fig. 2 illustrates the sequential flow and
the integration between the main components of the proposed
framework of achieving smart mobility.
The framework starts by identifying the main dimensions of
smart mobility and the different objectives that are supposed to be
achieved after applying its different solutions in regards to four main
points; sustainability, safety, management, and efficiency. Then the
main actors responsible for different actions and contributions
regarding smart mobility are identified as follows: experts/
decision-makers, citizens and stakeholders. Accordingly, the patterns
and attributes that will help implement the proposed framework are
identified after identifying their integration with the different dimen-
sions of smart mobility [4,49–64] in Appendix 2.
Moreover, Fig. 3 shows a correlation chart showing the interre-
lationship between the 34 attributes of smart mobility and the five
Fig. 2. Proposed framework for applying smart mobility.
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Ain Shams Engineering Journal 14 (2023) 101987
main dimensions of smart mobility, which helped in better reading
and interpretation for the different attributes within the proposed
framework. Patterns and attributes of smart mobility contribute
mainly to the technological dimension since it mainly depends
on different technological applications like ICT, IoT wireless com-
munication and 5G [18,59,65]. This contributes in increasing
mobility’s efficiency, reliability and accessibility. Contribution to
both urban and social dimensions was also significant; it could
be identified mainly in enhancing service coverage which in turn
increases accessibility. Reducing travel time and traffic congestion
[34,58], enhancing safety increasing social interaction and
enhances users health due to clean technologies adopted in mobil-
ity solutions. Likewise, Environmental dimension and the attri-
butes contribution to it, which could be identified in reducing
CO2 and greenhouse gas emissions [50,52,53] and providing eco-
friendly solutions for the urban environment. This integration
between the different patterns, attributes and dimensions provides
healthy and integrated mixed modal access for modes of urban
mobility which mainly enhances the quality of urban life, fulfill cit-
izens’ needs and promotes contemporary smart living.
The presented study aims to test the proposed framework by
previewing how it works through its four parts. A sample of 65
S. Tarek and T. Ibrahim Nasreldin
Fig. 3. Correlation chart mapping of smart mobility patterns, attributes and dimensions.
experts was selected to start answering a designed survey for the
first two sectors (Dimensions and Objectives of smart mobility
application) since it is more reliable to the practitioners’ field,
and normal users are not familiar with the used scientific and tech-
nical aspects used in the presented framework. Nevertheless, a
sample from the local community was selected to answer a locally
based community survey including smart mobility attributes of the
fourth sector of the framework, as they are the end-users and the
ones in direct contact with the patterns and attributes of urban
mobility. The third sector of the framework which is selecting
the responsible actor for talking actions could be identified accord-
ing to each specific case.
4. Case studies: Smart mobility implementation in Egypt
Two regions in GCR were selected; one in the downtown area
(old urban settlement) and the other in a new urban settlement.
Fig. 4 shows the selected case studies in GCR, it also shows the
expected smart mobility mega-projects that are mainly concerned
with connecting the New Administrative Capital with the heart of
the city; this was the main reason for selecting both cases.
Misr El-Gedida (Heliopolis): A suburb that was established to be
outside Cairo in 1905, but with the urban development and growth
it became in the heart of GCR. It is used to be served by LRT (tram
system) but now it has been eliminated, however, it shows a good
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Ain Shams Engineering Journal 14 (2023) 101987
infrastructure to establish smart mobility systems since lots of
enhancements were executed in its roads network. It was already
included in the existing underground metro system to link it to
other major essential areas [66,67]. The Fifth Settlement: one of
the luxurious districts in New Cairo, Egypt. It encompasses several
private neighborhoods, served by Share‘El Tes‘een or 90 Street, the
central axis of New Cairo. It comprises financial, commercial, and
administrative centers that serve Greater Cairo as a whole
[67,68]. The study aims to assess the applicability of smart mobil-
ity attributes in the Egyptian context; this was based on data col-
lection from official resources and references, in addition to a
community survey conducted by the authors of the presented
study. The two selected case studies only spot more details for a
deeper investigation of smart mobility attributes in the Egyptian
context. Whereas, highlighting smart mobility application in Egypt
shall encompass mentioning four major projects regarding trans-
forming the transportation system to become smart and environ-
mentally friendly [69]. The projects are; the electric Monorail,
Smart super-jet of the administrative capital, the Electric trains
and finally the BRT of the ring road.
The location-based community survey was issued to the users
in the two selected areas to help read the potential of applying
smart mobility interventions in Egypt. In addition to the transition
steps to smart mobility strategies from the residents’ points of
view and the awareness of the smart mobility attributes that are
applied in selected districts. Participants were calculated according
S. Tarek and T. Ibrahim Nasreldin
Fig. 4. Selected case studies (showing future smart mobility projects by and beyond 2022).
to the population of each one of the selected regions, using the fol-
lowing equation.
0:9604  Np
Nmin ¼ ; ½10
0:009 Np þ 0:9604
where Nmin is the minimum number of participants in the survey to
give 95 % confidence level and 3 % margin of error [10], and Np is the
total population number of the selected areas. Accordingly, a sam-
ple of 150 participants in both case studies was selected to give reli-
able results at this level of the study. Regarding the survey targeting
the experts, a sample of 60 experts was randomly selected to rate
the dimensions and objectives of urban mobility according to their
importance. All of the experts were Egyptian, with more than
7 years of experience, representing different expertise as follows:
40 % were urban designers, 32 % were architects, 16 % were urban
planners, and 12 % were urban mobility and transportation experts.
Moreover, both surveys investigated travel attributes priorities
according to different preferences. This was also included in the
investigation to read the potentiality of applying smart urban
mobility in Egypt.
5. Results
Regarding investigating the existence of smart mobility attri-
butes in the selected districts, 24 attributes only appeared to exist
according to the observation and community survey. The intensity
of existence of each one of the attributes in terms of ‘‘high, med-
ium, and low” as grading. High: refers to the strong existence
and impact of the attribute on the residents. Medium: refers to
moderate existence and impact of the attribute. Low: refers to
weak existence and impact of the attribute. Some attributes did
not exist at all in both cases; those are referred to as N/A not appli-
cable. For more elaboration intensity of the existence of the attri-
butes is illustrated in Appendix 3. Moreover, Fig. 5 shows smart
mobility attributes in Misr El-Gedida as a sample. Some attributes
are noticed through specific applications like; smart transportation
Ain Shams Engineering Journal 14 (2023) 101987
systems which are presented in ‘‘Mwasalat Misr” and ‘‘Green bus”
mobile applications. These apps introduced smart management in
public transportation in Egypt. E-tickets systems allow to access
public transport through smart cards or mobile e-payment. Smart
ð1Þ
applications for car sharing like ‘‘Uber”, ‘‘Careem” services, and
smart transportation systems allow real-time responses and
adjustments on the road which is very helpful for mobility services.
Using smartphones, people can view their next stops and travel
time for different trips, in addition to receiving notes and recom-
mendations for best routes or shortcuts during their trips using
GPS technologies. Smart applications also allow users to purchase
and validate their tickets in case of public transport and pay for
their trips in case using car-sharing services. All this is controlled
through real-time data and information management and sharing.
According to the previous assessments of the attributes in both
selected districts Table 2 shows the intensity of patterns of smart
mobility according to their existence in both districts.
Regarding the awareness of the concept of smart mobility
51.7 % of the respondents appeared to be aware of the concept,
while 31.7 % had no idea about it. Moreover, 92.7 % are aware of
the Egyptian government projects in smart mobility, and 7.3 %
answered that they are not aware of these projects.
On the other hand, experts were asked to rate the dimensions
and objectives of smart urban mobility according to their impor-
tance regarding their application in the Egyptian context. Experts’
ratings for the dimensions and objectives of smart urban mobility
are presented in Table 3. Their responses highlighted the impor-
tance of focusing on technological dimension (MR = 4.7) while
adopting smart urban mobility to ensure its users’ safety
(MR = 4.6), and enhance their health, increasing the chances of
adopting green solutions to guarantee its sustainability
(MR = 4.3) as an objective and augment both environmental and
urban dimension (MR = 4.2).
The survey investigated travel efficiency attributes related to
their travel journey and destination adopted from [70], to help bet-
ter understand the requirements and potentials of applying smart
mobility in Egypt. Participants were asked to rate according to
6
S. Tarek and T. Ibrahim Nasreldin Ain Shams Engineering Journal 14 (2023) 101987

Fig. 5. Smart mobility attributes in Misr El-Gedida (OpenStreetMap - edited by authors).

Table 2 6. Discussion
Assessment of smart mobility patterns for both case studies.

Misr El- Fifth According to the previous assessments of the smart urban
Gedida Settlement mobility attributes in both selected districts Table 5 shows the
Patterns (How?) Intensity Intensity intensity of the existence of the 34 patterns of smart mobility in
Parking and Management Low Low the Greater Cairo Region, to highlight its application potentiality
Traffic flow and circulation scheme Medium Medium in Egypt. Evidence of the presented results recommends focusing
Pedestrian and bicycle routes Medium Medium
Car-pooling and car/bike-sharing Medium Medium
on enhancing the low existing attributes and to manage the non-
services existing ones, by developing integrative strategies that adopt
Public transport and on-demand service High High implementing efficient smart mobility actions in GCR. This will
Roads and Infrastructure Low Low help achieve successful implementation of the patterns of urban
Ticket integration Low Low
mobility which will help achieve high efficiency of traffic manage-
ment with high security and safety benefits to the society. More-
over, it will offer a clean solution with a less negative impact on
their personal preferences, the travel attributes on a scale from the the environment and high benefits of reducing travel time index
most important (1) to the least (10). Table 4 shows the ratings for and offering more flexible mobility solutions for society. However,
both users and experts, in addition to their ranking order according the case studies showed some potential for applying smart mobil-
to their importance. Users’ ratings are considered compatible with ity in Egypt, namely: Infrastructure, existing roads network, and
what was presented in [70] while there is slight difference in current mobility development projects, in addition to well-
experts’ ratings. Consequently, applying smart mobility patterns controlled traffic and pedestrian routes.
shall be with consideration of achieving the users travel attributes The application of the proposed framework on the selected case
to ensure the quality of the smart mobility solutions and services studies pointed out its merits and potential as a convenient tool in
offered to citizens. Thus, it will help supporting stronger economy managing the complexities of applying smart urban mobility in
and higher living standard. This could be achieved by applying existing urban contexts. The tool allowed observation, mapping,
smart parking systems, on demand services, digital enhancements and analyzing each of the four main pillars; the dimensions, the
of roads infrastructures and online sharing services to help users objectives, the patterns, and attributes of smart urban mobility
reach their destination smoothly, on time and enjoy their travel altogether. It also highlights the features and interrelations of the
journey while being able to socially interact with each other. key components and attributes of urban mobility in two different
urban contexts. Moreover, applying the proposed framework shall
come from various sources and partnerships. It is recommended
that it shall encompass a team of decision-makers from city gover-
Table 3 nance, members of mobility and transportation programs, and
Experts’ ratings for the dimensions and objectives of smart urban mobility.
external partners. Regarding community awareness and accep-
Mean Ratings (MR) tance of smart mobility and smart transportation solutions, it is
Dimensions (What?) Environmental 4.2 highly recommended to be increased since it offers higher effi-
Social 3.5 ciency, accessibility, and safety for the usage of smart mobility
Technological 4.7 applications in society. For better reading and understanding for
Economic 4.0
the application and existence of smart mobility attributes, and
Urban 4.2
Objectives (Why?) Sustainability 4.3 according to the deduced correlation between the 34 attributes
Safety 4.6 and dimensions of smart mobility; it is possible to map the inten-
Efficiency 3.5 sity of smart mobility attributes’ existence on the proposed corre-
Management 3.5 lation chart as shown in Fig. 6.

7
S. Tarek and T. Ibrahim Nasreldin Ain Shams Engineering Journal 14 (2023) 101987

Table 4
Rating of travel attributes.

Travel Attributes Experts Rating Experts Rank Users Rating Users Rank
To reach your destination as smoothly as possible 8.8 2 7.7 1
To reach your destination on time 9.4 1 7.6 2
To reach your destination ASAP 8.6 4 7.4 3
To be able to work on the way 4.7 9 6.5 4
To enjoy your trip and relax 7.7 7 5.9 5
To be able to plan your trip in advance and on the go 8.7 3 5.5 6
To not to be disturbed on the way 7.7 7 5.0 7
To have multiple travel mode options (maximum flexibility) 8.5 5 3.9 8
To be able to interact socially during your trip 6.0 8 3.5 9
To keep as low an environmental footprint as possible 7.9 6 3.1 10

Table 5 shall be integrated with the government development strategies,

Intensity of existence of smart mobility attributes in GCR. especially the Egyptian Road Code and the proposed Egyptian Code
Attributes with High existence Attributes with Medium existence for Smart Cities Management, Operation, and Sustainability.
Traffic Monitoring Intersection control
Based on the outcomes of the study, some recommendations for
Transit connections monitoring Travel time index enhancing smart urban mobility interventions in urban develop-
Multi-modes of transport Pedestrians’ infrastructure ment strategies, namely:
Car-sharing services Public transport network access
Public transport Network Real-time texting/sharing
 A multi-level governance and implementation framework that
information
Secure connections (driver-user) Real-time transit feed includes multiple stakeholders and civil society are necessary for
Transportation mode share enhancing mobility solutions in cities. The adopted strategies
Roadside lighting should be clear and include all actors to overcome different smart-
CCTV ness sustainability challenges in contemporary urban development.
Mobile payment (Fare – parking)
 Creating a unified online platform for real-time sharing infor-
Attributes with Low existence Attributes with No existence (N/A) mation regarding public transport, parking information, and
Parking real-time information system Parking sensors ticketing systems for fares and fees collection.
Bicycle network Adaptive traffic systems  Increasing the usage of IoT connected sensors, connected vehi-
Information management Automated passenger counter
cles in mobility interventions as a part of connected technolo-
Data exchange Pedestrian detection systems
Data distribution Bike-sharing services gies that guarantee driving safety and efficiency.
Real-time data integration Fibre optics usage  Developing flexible solutions to enhance parking systems like
Weather emergencies response Bluetooth data collection underground parking structures, and integrating them with
EV charging Real-time emergency response
smart solutions and real-time information management to
Environmental sensors (weather
monitoring)
enhance its efficiency.
 Redesign streets and redistribute land-uses in different districts
to facilitate implementing different attributes of smart urban
mobility to guarantee its achievement for safety, security, and
It showed a better interpretation for the dimensions’ role in high technicality.
contribution on smart mobility existence in GCR, despite the  Connecting public transport network to networks of pedestrians
experts’ ratings for the importance of technology dimension in to facilitate its usability and increase its efficiency.
Table 3 the chart shows that its role in smart mobility application  Integrating various advanced technical solutions for sharing
needs to be enhanced since it ranged between non-existing (N/A) information, registration, and online payment regarding smart
and low existence and less indicators with high and medium transport services like cards, QR-code, mobile application, face
existence. recognition . . .etc.
The presented paper provides a glimpse for the current status of  Encouraging bike-sharing systems and establishing them
applying smart urban mobility in Egypt. According to the case through online platforms.
study investigation and the conducted survey results, it has been  Encouraging communities to participate in different incentives for
confirmed that Egypt is in the starting phase of applying smart car sharing and bike sharing incentives as well as public trans-
mobility attributes in GCR [14] where a small number of actions portation and encourage them to use it more than private cars.
and applications are implemented in separate regions. However,  Involving local communities in the decision-making process of
with the considerable actions and transportation projects executed implementation of smart urban mobility.
by the government (like BRT and monorail where some of these
projects are supposed to be available to users by mid-2022) Egypt 7. Conclusion
is rapidly moving towards the intermediate phase this mainly
answers the second research question (RQ2). The various facets The future and development of smart mobility is extensive, and
of the highlighted study synthesize the five main dimensions of involves different complexities, in addition to many challenges,
smart urban mobility in addition to four objectives, seven patterns, due to the rapid development of ICT and digital technology. The
and 34 attributes of its application. It illustrates the interrelation- presented work identified the benefits, challenges, and main
ship between these dimensions and attributes for the successful aspects for the application of smart mobility. It synthesized the
and efficient implementation of smart mobility strategies. Hence, key findings of the reviewed research and related literature into
the impact of this study lends potential to the integration of smart a proposed framework for applying smart mobility in existing
mobility in existing urban contexts. The proposed framework can urban contexts. The framework combines the five main dimen-
be used in future studies to implement smart urban mobility in sions of smart urban mobility in addition to four objectives, seven
urban development strategies. It is highly recommended that it patterns, and 34 attributes of its application. The potentials and
8
S. Tarek and T. Ibrahim Nasreldin
Fig. 6. Mapping smart mobility attributes intensity of existence in GCR.
development directives of the proposed framework were further
covered through experts’ survey and analysis for ratings of the
dimensions and objectives of smart urban mobility. The applica-
tion of the framework on the selected case studies showed some
implications for applying smart mobility in Egypt, namely:
 All the five dimensions of smart urban mobility are important to
be involved and taken into consideration during applying smart
mobility solutions in existing urban contexts, to ensure its
success.
 Integration between the different dimensions of smart mobility
to achieve higher performance is essential however, more
emphasis on technology and environmental dimension is essen-
tial since it has shown a lack in its attributes.
 Reaching destinations on time in the most efficient and smooth
way is considered a high priority as a travel attribute according
to the ratings of both experts and users. This should orient the
objectives of smart mobility implementation in Egypt.
 Identifying attributes is very beneficial for the application of
smart mobility in existing urban contexts as well as its integra-
tion in mobility development projects; it also facilitates the
evaluation process.
 There are on-going projects for developing roads network in
Egypt, which highlights the need for integrating smart mobility
solutions as a part of the upgrading process, to guarantee its
efficiency and sustainability.
9
Ain Shams Engineering Journal 14 (2023) 101987
The framework combines simplicity and flexibility of application
which might be useful for policy and decision-makers to facilitate
implementation of smart mobility and to plan inducements for their
development. To improve the results of the presented research, it is
recommended to invite experts from other countries to compare the
similarities and differences of dimensions and objectives ratings.
Another suggestion is to investigate the applicability of the framework
in rural areas to identify the differences from the urban areas in terms
of applications and required infrastructure. Findings and conclusions
point out suggestions for future research, namely further investigation
for the four parts of the proposed framework, investigating ratings and
opinions of experts and decision-makers regarding smart mobility
attributes, and investigating the adoption of decision-making methods
as a tool for implementing smart mobility strategies.
8. Availability of data and materials
All datasets generated and analysed during the current study
are available in the Mendeley Data repository at https://doi.org/
10.17632/r5289384yd.1.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
S. Tarek and T. Ibrahim Nasreldin Ain Shams Engineering Journal 14 (2023) 101987

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Tarek Ibrahim Nasreldin is an Associate Professor at the
department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo
University. He received his B.Sc Engineering (Architecture
engineering) his M.Sc. and his Ph.D degree from Faculty of
Engineering Cairo University, Egypt in 2000, 2005, and
2010 respectively. Presently he is a lecturer at the AUC –
interior design diploma- and Associate Professor at the
department of Architecture Nile University, and he is the
manager of Center of Architectural and Engineering
Design Support CAEDS- Faculty of Engineering, Cairo
University since 2020. His area of research includes urban
design, urban technology, and building technology.
Sara Tarek is Assistant Professor at the department of Architecture, Faculty of Engi-
neering, Cairo University. She holds a Ph.D. in Urban Design and Community Devel-
opment, her research entitled ‘‘Urban Media Interventions: Redesigning Urban Spaces for
Interactive Experience‘‘. Her research is situated in the field of architecture and urban
design, with a special focus on urban technology, smart sustainable urbanism and
urban computing.