1

ISSN 2321-1288 Editorial Board takes no responsibility for inaccurate misleading

RAJASTHAN
RAJASTHAN data, opinion and statement appeared in the articles published in
this Proceedings. It is the sole responsibility of the contributors.
No part of this Proceedings can be reproduced without the written
HISTOR
HISTOR Y CONGRESS
ORY permission of the Secretary, who also holds the copyright © of the
'Proceedings Rajasthan History Congress'.

o Published by :
Prof. S.P. Vyas
Secretary, Rajasthan History Congress
Chief Editor Department of History
Professor S.P. Vyas J.N.V. University, Jodhpur
Ret. Professor & Head, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur
Emeritus Fellow, UGC ; SAF, ICHR, New Delhi
o To be had from :
Editor Dr. Manorama Upadhyaya
Dr. Manorama Upadhyaya Hony. Treasurer, Rajasthan History Congress
Principal, Mahila P.G. Mahavidyalaya, Jodhpur Mahila P.G. Mahavidyalaya, Jodhpur

Managing Editors
Dr. T.V. Vyas o ISSN 2321-1288
Dr. Ravindra Tailor
Dr.Anil Purohit
The Publication of this Proceedings' Volume has been financially
supported by the Indian Council of Historical Research, New Delhi.
PROCEEDINGS VOLUME XXXII The responsibility for the facts or opinions expressed in the articles
is entirely of the authors and not of the ICHR.

DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY
S.S. JAIN SUBODH P.G. COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), o Price :
JAIPUR Rs. 250/- only

DECEMBER - 2017
o Printed at :
www.rajhisco.com Jangid Computers, Jodhpur
rajhisco@gmail.com M. : #91-9414308049
 2
Preface
I feel honoured and proud, to present before the readers
and scholars, the proceedings of 32nd session, organized by S.S.
Jain Subodh P.G. College (Autonomous), Jaipur from 22-24
December, 2017. In placing the learned, scholarly papers,
chronology has been adhered to, as far as possible. A number of
papers of outstanding merit were presented in this session, breaking
new ground and adding new research areas and elements to the
history and culture of Rajasthan.
I am grateful towards Prof. Saiyid Zaheer Husain Jafri for
delivering the Presidential Address and I believe that under his
presidentship we will be able to make more improvements in the
institution of Rajasthan History Congress.
My thanks are due to Dr. Manorama Upadhyaya, Tresurer,
Rajasthan History Congress for undertaking the responsibility of
preparing and bringing out this volume. Despite all care, mistakes
are bound to creep in. I hope readers will overlook them.
I also extend my thanks to all those who have made the
publication of this proceeding possible. I humbly acknowledge the
guidance of Prof. P.R. Arya. I appreciate the hard-work and sincere
efforts of Dr. Tejendra Vallabh Vyas, Dr. Anil Purohit, Dr. Ravindra
Tailor in the publication of the proceedings. Thanks are also due
to Mr. Bhanwarlal Suthar and Mr. Sunil of M/s. Jangid Computers
for the printing of the proceedings.
Prof. S.P. Vyas
Secretary,
Rajasthan History Congress
lfpo izfrosnu
jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl ds 32 osa vf/kos'ku dk mn~?kkVu fnukad 22-12-
2017 dks izkr% 10%30 cts ,l-,l- tSu lqcks/k ih-th- egkfo|ky; esa gqvkA
mn~?kkVu l= esa izks- tghj gqlSu tkQjh us 31 osa vf/kos'ku ds v/;{k izks- lksHkkx ekFkqj
ds LFkku ij 32osa vf/kos'ku ds v/;{k dk nkf;Ro xzg.k fd;kA bl l= esa jktLFkku
bfrgkl dkaxzsl ds lfpo izks- ,l-ih- O;kl us 31osa l= dk izxfr izfrosnu izLrqr
fd;kA mn~?kkVu l= esa ,l-,l- tSu lqcks/k ih-th- egkfo|ky; }kjk bl vf/kos'ku
dh Lekfjdk dk foekspu fd;k x;kA
mn~?kkVu l= esa izks- tghj gqlSu tkQjh us vius v/;{kh; mn~cks/ku esa dgk
fd bfrgkl dh lexz tkudkjh rHkh Li"V gks ldrh gS] tc miyC/k lk{;ksa dks lgh
rjhds ls izpkfjr ,oa izlkfjr fd;k tk, ,oa blds fy;s iyk;uoknh O;oLFkk,a vkSj
v/;;u lcls l'kDr ek/;e gSA blh ls bfrgkl ,oa LFkkuh; ewY;ksa dk fodkl gks
ldrk gSA
bl ds Ik'pkr~ jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl dh vksj ls izksQslj ds-th- 'kekZ dk
lEeku fd;k x;kA blds i'pkr~ vyhx<+ eqfLye fo'ofo|ky; ds bfrgkl foHkkx
ds lgk;d vkpk;Z MkW- ftczkby dh iqLrd dk foekspu fd;k x;kA blds ckn
t;iqj ls izdkf'kr vUrjkZ"V™h; 'kks/k if=dk ^'kks/k Jh* ds 25osa laLdj.k dk foekspu
fd;k x;k] blesa blds laiknd MkW- johUnz Vsyj Hkh mifLFkr FksA blh l= esa 31osa
vf/kos'ku ds Best Prize Papers gsrq Dr. Gajanand Choudhary Prize- Dr. Sumestha
dks vkSj Rao Ganpat Singh Chitalwana Prize-Dr. Anil Purohit dks fn;k x;kA
izFke rduhfd l= esa & izksQslj Mh-ch- {khjlkxj us izksQslj th-,u- 'kekZ
eseksfj;y ysDpj esa ^jktLFkku% laxhr xkSjo xkFkk* fo"k; ij viuk O;k[;ku izLrqr
fd;k] ftlesa jktLFkku dh laxhr ijEijk ds fo"k; ds fofHkUu vk;keksa dks Li"V
fd;kA izksQslj ds-th- 'kekZ us izksQslj vkj-ih- O;kl Le`fr O;k[;ku esa ^egkjk.kk
izrki ,oa gYnh?kkVh dk ;qº ,d iquZla/kku fo"k; ij viuk O;k[;ku izLrqr fd;k]
ftlesa gYnh?kkVh ;qº ij uohu 'kks/k laHkkouk,a izLrqr dhA
fnukad 23-12-2017 dks nksigj 12%30 cts vk;ksftr dk;Zdkfj.kh lfefr
dh cSBd esa fuEukafdr izLrko ikfjr fd;s x,&
1- loZizFke tks/kiqj esa vk;ksftr 31osa vf/kos'ku ds izLrkoksa dk loZlEefr ls
 Rajasthan History Congress - v
3
vuqeksnu fd;k x;kA lfefr lnL;ksa }kjk ljnkj iVsy iqfyl] lqj{kk ,oa
nkf.Md U;k; fo'ofo|ky; ds izfr vkHkkj izdV fd;k x;kA
2- lfefr lnL;ksa }kjk 32osa vf/kos'ku ds v/;{k izksQslj tghj gqlSu tkQjh dk
djry /ofu ls Lokxr fd;k x;k vkSj ;g vk'kk O;Dr dh x;h fd] muds
usr`Ro esa jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl fodkl dh uohu ≈apkb;ksa dks izkIr djsxkA
3- izksQslj tkQjh us lq>ko fn;k fd] jktLFkku bfrgkl ,oa laLd`fr ij fy[kh
x;h ekSfyd iqLrdksa dks muds ewy Lo:Ik esa (izFke laLdj.k) ds :Ik esa
'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa dks miyC/k djokus gsrq jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl dh Website ij
,d Online Portal izkjEHk fd;k tk;sA blds vfrfjDr Jstor ,oa Internet
Archive tSlh Online Libraries ij jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl dh izklsfMaXl
Online tksM+us ds Hkh iz;kl fd;s tk;sA
4- izks- tkQjh us lq>ko fn;k fd] dkaxzsl ds fofHkUu o"kks± dh izkslsfMaXl esa ls
Theme-wise 'kks/k&i=ksa dk p;u djds dkaxzsl ds }kjk fo"k;&fo'ks"k laca/kh
'kks/k&i=ksa dk izdk'ku iqLrd :Ik esa djuk pkfg;sA
5- izksQslj ehuk xkSM+ us izLrko j[kk fd ftl LFkku ij jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl
dk vf/kos'ku gks] ogka ,d ls vf/kd bfrgkldkjksa dk lEeku fd;k tkuk
pkfg;sA izksQslj ,l-ih- O;kl us ;g dgk fd] dk;Zdkfj.kh ;g r; djsa fd
fdlh LFkku ij fdrus bfrgkldkjksa dk lEeku gksuk pkfg;sA
6- jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl ds vkthou lnL; izks- lh-ih- ekFkqj us izks- ,l-ih-
O;kl ds ek/;e ls ,d izLrko j[kk fd] Le`fr O;k[;kuksa ds nkSjku izks- th-,u-
'kekZ ,oa izks- ,l-ih- O;kl ds fp= ml LFkku ij j[ksa tk;sa] rkfd ;qok 'kks/kkFkhZ
muls ifjfpr gks ik;saA bl izLrko dks dk;Zdkfj.kh us loZlEefr ls Lohdkj
fd;kA
7- izks- tkQjh us ;g lq>ko fn;k fd] jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl ds eq[; v/;{k
ds vfrfjDr l=h; v/;{k (izkphu] e/;dkyhu ,oa vk/kqfud jktLFkku)
cuk;s tk;s] rkfd l=ksa esa izLrqr fd;s tkus okys 'kks/k i= vf/kd fo"k; dsfUnzr
,oa ewy lzksrksa ij vk/kkfjr gks ik;saA mUgksaus dgk fd jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl
dks vkSj vf/kd izfrf"Br djus gsrq ;g fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA dk;Zdkfj.kh us bl
izLrko dks iw.kZ djus gsrq vko';d iz;kl djus dk fo'okl fnyk;k gSA
8- izks- tkQjh us ;g izLrko fn;k fd fofHkUu l=ksa esa izLrqr fd;s tkus okys
'kks/k i=ksa esa tks 'kks/k&i= izdk'ku ds ekudksa ij [kjs ugha mrjrs] mudk lkjka'k
vo'; Nkik tkuk pkfg;sA dk;Zdkfj.kh us bl izLrko dks Lohdkj dj fy;kA
izks- tkQjh us ,d laiknd e.My dks LFkkfir djus dk Hkh lq>ko fn;kA
Rajasthan History Congress - vi
9- izks- ,l-ih- O;kl dks dk;Zdkfj.kh us 33osa vf/kos'ku ds fy;s LFkku p;u djus
gsrq vf/kd`r fd;kA
10- 32osa vf/kos'ku ds v/;{k lS∏;n tghj gqluS tkQjh us 33osa vf/kos'ku ds
v/;{k gsrq izksQslj 'kf'k nsoM+k dk uke izLrkfor fd;k] ftldk izksQslj
fouhrk ifjgkj us leFkZu fd;k ,oa dk;Zdkfj.kh us loZlEefr ls lgefr iznku
dhA izks- tkQjh us Le`fr O;k[;kuksa gsrq izks- ;kdwc vyh vkSj Prof. G.N.
Sharma Memorial Lecture gsrq Prof. Meena Gaur ds ukeksa dk lq>ko fn;kA
11- dk;Zdkfj.kh us loZlEefr ls jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl dh okf"kZd lnL;rk
'kqYd 200@& okf"kZd ls c<+kdj 300@& okf"kZd dj nh x;h ,oa Delegate
Fee dks 700@& ls c<+kdj 800@& dj fn;k x;kA
12- jktLFkku bfrgkl ds vkthou lnL; MkW- jkts'k dqekj us izLrko j[kk fd
jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl dh Proceedings esa vfUre i`"B ij xr o"kZ fnoaxr
gq, bfrgkldkjksa dh Jºkatfy Hkh Nkih tk;sA bls dk;Zdkfj.kh us loZlEefr
ls Lohdkj dj fy;kA
13- dk;Zdkfj.kh lnL;ksa }kjk vf/kos'ku ds vk;kstu gsrq ICHR }kjk fn;s tk jgs
vkfFkZd vuqnku gsrq ICHR ds izfr vkHkkj izdV fd;k x;kA Proceedings ds
izdk'ku gsrq Hkh ICHR esa apply fd;k x;k gS] ftls Hkh izkIr gksus dh vk'kk gSA
14- 32osa vf/kos'ku ds HkO; ,oa lQy vk;kstu gsrq ,l-,l- tSu lqcks/k f'k{k.k
laLFkku ds lfpo Jh lqesjflagth cksFkjk ,oa leLr inkf/kdkfj;ksa rFkk lqcks/k
egkfo|ky; ds izkpk;Z izks- ds-ch- 'kekZ] LFkkuh; lfpo MkW- va'kqy 'kekZ ,oa
leLr 'kS{kf.kd] iz'kklfud ,oa v'kS{kf.kd lnL;ksa ds izfr dk;Zdkfj.kh
lnL;ksa }kjk ‚n; ls vkHkkj O;Dr fd;k x;kA
15- izks- Mh-,u- vklksik ,oa izks- lrh'k pUnzk ,oa Jherh ,l- HkÍkpk;Z ds nq[kn
volku ij 'kksd izdV fd;k x;k vkSj ;g izLrko j[kk x;k fd dk;Zÿe
lekfIr ij nks feuV dk ekSu j[kdj mUgsa Jºkatfy nh xbZA
vUr esa dk;Zdkfj.kh ds lnL;ksa }kjk v/;{k izks- tkQjh ds izfr vkHkkj O;Dr
fd;k x;kA
izks- ,l-ih- O;kl
lfpo] jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxzsl
 Rajasthan History Congress - viii
4
12. Bishnois – The Eco-Warriors of Rajasthan
- Mamta Yadav ... 156
13. Travels of Guru Gobind Singh in Rajputana
AZwH´$_oUH$m - Kulbeer Singh Badal ... 170
14. Khatu : A Heritage Town of Marwar
1. Presidential Address - Jibraeil ... 176
- Saiyid Zaheer Husain Jafri ... 1 15. Emergence and Growth of Ladnun as an
2- izksQslj th-,u- 'kekZ Le`fr O;k[;ku Urban Centre (13 th–17 th c. A.D.)
& MkW- Mh-ch- {khjlkxj --- 26 - Ms. S.S. Arif ... 186

3- ÁksQslj vkj- ih- O;kl Le`fr O;k[;ku 16. Water Reservoirs in Jaipur during 18th-19th Centuries
- Ritika Meena ... 189
& ÁksQslj œ".kxksiky 'kekZ --- 48
4. Buddhism and Urban Settlements in Rajasthan, 17. Dr. Gajanand Choudhary Prize Paper
Gujarat up to 700 A.D. Historical Significance of Nirakh Bazar Document of
- Pooran Lal Meena ... 61 Amber State
5. Sculptural Evidence for the culture of Rajasthan : - Mohammad Shahnawaz ... 196
C. 9th century A.D to 12th century A.D. 18. Administering the Dargah of Khwaja Muin ud-din
- Dr. Manu Jayas ... 65 Chishti of Ajmer : Khuddam and other hereditary
6. Patronage Issues in Shakambhari under the Cahamanas - Stake holders
A Brief Discussion Based on Epigraphic Sources - Yusra Farooqui ... 207
- Mrs. Raveena Meena ... 76
19. Development of Mughal Architecture at Ajmer :
7. Sufistic traditions in Marwar prior to Rao Jodha An Archaeological Satudy of the Mosques of
- Dr. Yaqub Ali Khan ... 84
Dargaha Complex
8. Prof. Pemaram Prize Paper - Prof. M. K. Pundhir ... 219
Recruitment, Role and Hierarchy of Khojas-Nadars in
the Amber-Jaipur State: A study of the rise of eunuchs 20. Craftsmen and the State : A case study of
- Dr. Manisha Choudhary ... 94 Jaipur Kharkhana
9. Economic Condition of Darazi (Tailor) in the - Syed Shahid Ashraf ... 235
18th Century Rajasthan 21. Marwaris’ Migration and Their Trading Activities in
- Dr. Sumit ... 127 Bengal During 16th to 18th Centuries
10. Narratives of the Lives of Sants in Medieval Rajathani - Abdul Motleb Shaikh ... 239
Higiography 22. Friends or Foes : The Maratha-Rajput Relations
- Rameshwar Prasad Bahuguna ... 139
- Kalpana Malik ... 249
11. Bhakti and Gender in Medieval Rajasthan: Vaishnava
and Santic Representations of Mirabai during the 23. British policy towards the Abolition of Slavery in
Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Rajputana States
- Renu Bahuguna ... 146 - Prof. V.K. Vashishtha ... 258
 Rajasthan History Congress - ix 5 Rajasthan History Congress - x

24. Acquisition of Lands for the Construction of Railways 37- Fkkj dk dqaHk lqabZ;k esyk
in Jaipur State during late 19th Century: & MkW- Hkaoj flag --- 349
An Economic Fallout
- Khalid Ahmad ... 265 38- iwoZe/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh lekt esa /kkfeZd ekU;rk,a ,oa va/kfo'okl
25. Enonymous Rudaali : Dying Emotions, Ailing Trend &Mk- fueZyk dqekjh eh.kk --- 354
(with especial reference to Western Rajasthan) 39- esgjkux<+ esa izkphu ty laj{k.k rduhd&Vk°dksa ds lUnHkZ esa
- Dr. Anju Suthar ... 277 & MkW- foeys'k jkBkSM+ --- 358
26. Creating Identities in Hindi Cinema : In Context 40- e/;dkyhu tkykSj ds izeq[k f'kykys[k ,oa flDds &
of Rajasthan
,d lkaLœfrd v/;;u
- Persis Latika Dass ... 284
& vkseizdk'k HkkVh --- 364
27. The Historiography of Professor K.S. Lal
- Professor Shankar Goyal ... 291 41- xq#dqy laxzgky; >Ttj esa <k.kk (iVu'kgj) ls izkIr
28. Folk Dance of Marwar - 'Terahtali'
tSu izfrekvksa dk v/;;u
- Dr. Sadhana Meghwal ... 302 & MkW- ;'kohj flag --- 369
29- pkEcyk ukyk ds 'kSykJ;ksa esa ekuo fp=.k 42- EksokM+ ds LFkkiR; Lekjd ,oa Ik;kZoj.kh; vocks/k %
& MkW- rstflag ekobZ ,oa MkW- fot;flag ekobZ --- 307 15oha ls 18oha 'krkCnh
& MkW- ts-ds- vks>k --- 373
30- vkjfEHkd dky esa jktLFkku dh vkfFkZd O;oLFkk
43- t;iqj dh LFkkiR; dyk esa iz;qDr laxejej dk rduhdh i{k
(Hkwfenku i=ksa ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa)
& MkW- vk'kk dqekjh flag --- 380
& MkW- jtuh 'kekZ --- 311
44- jktLFkku esa dykRed ehukdkjh gLrf'kYi % fofo/k Lo:Ik
31- dkxk fLFkr Bkdqj jktflag dh Nrjh ,oa f'kykys[k&,d v/;;u & MkW- iwtk fljksyk --- 384
& MkW- T;ksRluk O;kl --- 315
45- ,sfrgkfld /kjksgj mn;iqj dh izeq[k gosfy;ksa dk v/;;u
32- jktLFkku esa ewfrZdyk dk fodkl & MkW- lq'khyk 'k‰kor --- 389
& MkW- latho dqekj --- 319 46- tSu x+ty + lkfgR; esa /kkfeZd thou
33- jktLFkku ds ewfrZf'kYi esa ;{k izfrekvksa dk ;ksxnku & fueZyk nS∏;k --- 397
& MkW- eerk ;kno --- 325 47- jktLFkku dh lar ijEijk eas ihik vkSj mudh izklafxdrk
34- œ".k yhyk dk dFkkRed vadu&vksfl;k° ds & MkW- (Jherh) lTtu iksloky --- 405
eafnjksa ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa 48- ekjokM+ ds yksd nsorkvksa dk mikJ;h fpUru
& MkW- fjrq iwfu;k --- 330 & MkW- lanhi iztkir --- 411
35- izkphu vkLFkk ds dsUÊ ^nsojs* 49- iqf"VekxhZ;&oYyHk lEiznk; ,oa v"VNki % ,d ,sfrgkfld foospu
& #fp lksyadh --- 337 & MkW- fnus'k jkBh --- 420
36- mejdksV&tSlyesj lEcU/k (/kkV&ekM+ lEcU/k) 50- yksd nsoh&nsorkvksas dh vo/kkj.kk esa lkekftd lejlrk
& iadt pk.Md --- 344 & izks- fnfXot; HkVukxj --- 424
 Rajasthan History Congress - xi
6
51- iwoZorhZ mŸkj if'peh jktLFkku esa tkV tehankjh dk Lo:i 63- jkojktk fou; flag dk vyoj jkT; esa LFkkiR;dyk esa ;ksxnku
& MkW- dfudk Hkuksr --- 432 & MkW- va'kqy 'kekZ --- 511
52- chdkusj ds fBdkusnkj (lkear) ,oa muds fdys & 64- egkjktk ekuflag vkSj gfj;k.kk esa ukFk lEiznk;
egktu] chnklj (fBdkus ds fdys ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa) & MkW- txnh'k izlkn --- 515
& MkW- xksiky œ".k O;kl --- 440
53- esokM+ esa f'kdkj ijEijk ,d fo'ys"k.k 65- Tkks/kiqj jkT; esa ns'kt cSafdax ,oa Ω.k O;oLFkk
& MkW- fiz;n'khZ vks>k --- 450 (19oha lnh ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa)
& MkW- lq[kkjke --- 523
54- in~feuh & bfrgkl ;k feFkd
& izksQslj ehuk xkSM+ --- 455 66- jktLFkku ls vk, vkS|ksfxd ?kjkuksa dk bUnkSj fj;klr esa ]
55- fHkfŸk fp=ksa ls lqlfTtr egkeafnj (tks/kiqj) ;ksxnku % egkjktk rqdksthjko gksYdj (f}rh;) ds lanHkZ esa
& MkW- Hkjr nsoM+k --- 463 & MkW- jf'e flag --- 529
56- ekjokM+ lun ijokuk cfg;ksa esa iapk;r O;oLFkk 67- t;iqj jkT; ds O;kikfjd ekxZ % ,d v/;;u (20oha 'krkCnh esa)
fo"k;d lanHkZ (1700&1800 ,-Mh-)&,d v/;;u & MkW- jf'e ehuk --- 535
& izks- f'ko dqekj Hkuksr --- 470
68- O;kolkf;d leqnk; vkSj chdkusj dk vk/kqfud Lo:i % ,d
57- 18oha lnh esa ekjokM+ ds O;kikfjd dLcksa dk fodkl v/;;u (vkaXy&'kklu dky ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa)
,d iqjkys[kh; v/;;u & MkW- jkt'ks[kj iqjksfgr --- 543
& MkW- rkjkpUn cSjok --- 477
58- lkgwdkjh O;olk; % fj;klrksa ,oa fBdkusnkjksa ds 69- ekjokM+ jkT; esa Efgykvksa ls lEcº lkekftd fooknksa ds Áfr
,sfrgkfld nLrkostksa dk egŸo lekt o jkT; dk n`f"Vdks.k (18oha 'krkCnh ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa)
& MkW- dqyOkUr flag 'ks[kkor --- 488 & MkW- jktsUÊ dqekj --- 550
59- ekjokM+ fj;klr ds ekyk.kh ijxus dh œf"k ,oa 70- jktLFkku esa izkjfEHkd vaxzsth f'k{kk dk laf{kIr ifjp;
Hkw&jktLo O;oLFkk % Lku~ 1707 ls1818 rd & MkW- ,drk O;kl --- 558
& 'kadjflag iksVfy;k --- 490 71- chdkusj jkT; esa laxhr o u`R; dk fodkl (1885 ls 1942 rd)
60- œf"k vkSj ty Áca/ku % chdkusj ds lanHkZ esa fo'ys"k.k & MkW- egsUÊ iqjksfgr --- 561
& MkW- Ekhuk dqekjh --- 494 72- cM+ok vejpUn dk esokM+ dh lqj{kk esa ;ksxnku
61- jktLFkku esa es?koky tkfr dk ,sfrgkfld vk/kkj ,oa & MkW- fxjh'k ukFk ekFkqj --- 566
lkekftd Lo:i % ,d n`f"Vdks.k 73- fczfV'k dky esa vtesj dk iqfyl iz'kklu
& izks- vjfoUn ifjgkj --- 502 & MkW- yrk vxzoky ,oa MkW- ftrsUnz ekjksfB;k --- 571
62- mÈkhloha lnh ds esokM+ dh jktuhfrd&vkfFkZdh ds 74- 44 esjokM+k cVkfy;u dh LFkkiuk vkSj mldk esjksa (jkor] esjkr)
dfri; igyw % xksxqUnk dh [;kr ij vk/kkfjr v/;;u ds tu&thou ij izHkko
& foÿe flag vejkor --- 507 & tykyqÌhu dkBkr --- 577
 Rajasthan History Congress - xiii Rajasthan History Congress - xiv
7
75- chdkusj jkT; ds egkjktk Mwaxjflag ds 'kkludky esa 87- LorU=rk la?k"kZdkyhu dksVk dh i=dkfjrk
lSU; laxBu (1872&1887 bZ-) ds iqjks/kk % Jh vfHkUugfj
& MkW- eksgEen Qk:d pkSgku ,oa MkW- 'kkjnk 'kekZ --- 581 & MkW- vpZuk f}osnh --- 662
76- gkM+krS h {ks= ds lkekftd tkxj.k esa ^dkykckny* dk ;ksxnku lkjka'k@Summary
& MkW- iz.ko nso --- 587 1. The Trial of Bahadur Shah Zafar - Re-examining
of Colonial Judicial 'Frameworks : Witnesses,
77- iwoZorhZ chdkusj jkT; esa jktuhfrd tkx`fr ,oa psruk ds Guarantees and Privileges'
vfHkizsjd ?kVd & ,d v/;;u - Shaheen Islamuddin ... 671
& MkW- (Jherh) csyk Hkuksr --- 594
2. Social Evils and Evolution of Social Reform in
78- ≈ijeky dh utjksa esa Jh fot;flag ifFkd (≈ijeky fdlku Rajputana during Nineteenth Century
xk;uksa ds laxzg ls) - Pratyusha Dasgupta ... 672
& MkW- f'kYih xqIrk --- 601 3. Tourism in Rajasthan : An Overview
79- lektlq/kkjd ,ao LorU=rk lsukuh fpeuyky ekyksr - Dr. Suman Dhanaka ... 673
& Mk- gsesUnz PkkS/kjh --- 606 4- jktLFkku fj;klr esa lkekftd tkx`fr esa lekpkj i=ksa dk izHkko
80- jk"V™h; psruk ds laokgd & 'kadj nku lkeksj & MkW- jk/kkfd'ku --- 674
&MkW- (Jherh) pUÊizHkk ikjhd --- 617 5- t;x<+ nqxZ ,d Lof.kZe fojklr
& v'kksd dqekj ;kno --- 675
81- 19oha ls 20oha 'krkCnh esa dksVk njckj ,oa Hkkjrh; ljdkj ds
e/; f'k{kk lEcU/kksa ij ,sfrgkfld leh{kk 6- bfrgkl ds oa'kkoyh ys[ku dh izkjfEHkd voLFkk
& izHkkorh ekyo --- 621 & lquhrk Lokeh --- 676
82- vyoj fj;klr esa jk'u O;oLFkk] fj'or ,oa csxkj izdj.k 1947 7- dsljhflag ckjgB % ,d ÿkfUrdkjh O;fDrRo
ds lekpkj&i=ksa ds vkbus ls & MkW- lqesj --- 677
& MkW- Qwyflag lgkfj;k --- 628 8- chdkusj jkT; esa ukjh fo#º vijk/k rFkk n.M (1700&1950 bZ-)&
,d v/;;u
83- ;qx ;qxhu foy{k.k vtesj (vk/kqfud dky ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa) & jkeyky ifjgkj --- 678
& MkW- fof/k 'kekZ --- 635
9- vyoj o Hkjriqj jtokM+ksa esa tu vkUnksyu (1930&1940 bZloh)
84- f'k{kk ds fodkl esa vuqdj.kh; iz;kl&lsok eafnj (1997&2002) & eks- olhe --- 679
& MkW- dSyk'k tks'kh --- 643 10- vtesj dh ,sfrgkfldrk ds HkkSxksfyd vk;ke
85- e# {ks= dh ijEijkxr gLrdyk&vtj[k % ,d ,sfrgkfld v/;;u & cuokjh yky ;kno --- 680
& MkW- lqjs'k dqekj --- 648 11- okxM+ ds lar ekoth dk vkfnokfl;kas ds mRFkku esa ;ksxnku%
86- lkaxkusj % jktLFkku ds ikjaifjd CykWd fizfVax dk ,sfrgkfld la/kku ,d fo'ys"k.k
MkW- vatq 'kekZ --- 653 & fnus'k pUnz 'kekZ --- 682
 Rajasthan History Congress - xv Rajasthan History Congress - xvi
8
12- nsoyh rglhy ds ,sfrgkfld v/;;u 25- gkM+kSrh % cwanh Ldwy ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ e as
& fo'kky dkafV;k --- 684 & MkW- T;ksRluk JhokLro --- 699
13- ekjokM+ esa 'kdqu ijEijk 26- egkjktk t;flag % vk/kqfud vyoj ds fuekZrk
& fu'kk --- 686 & galjkt lksuh ,oa ekuflag eh.kk --- 700
14- uhedkFkkuk esa fuEckdZ lEiznk; dh NŸkjh ds fHkfŸk fp= 27- fctkSfy;k dh LFkkiR; dyk eafnjksa ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa
& euh"kk oekZ --- 687 & ;ksxjkt flag iaokj --- 701
15- e/;dkyhu jktLFkku ds lar vkSj lkekftd psruk % 28- Hkjriqj dk xaxk eafnj ,d ,sfrgkfld ,oa dykRed fo'ys"k.k
,d lelkef;d fo'ys"k.k & MkW- fnyhi dqekj xxZ --- 702
& MkW- fo".kq izlkn 'kekZ --- 689 29- yksd nsork ckck jkenso ds lkfgR; esa vkRe rRo (vkRe Kku)
& res?k iaokj --- 703
16- t;iqj fj;klr esa jsy ifjogu lsok dk lkekftd o vkfFkZd izHkko
& f'ko izlkn dq.Mkfj;k --- 690 30- vyoj dh yksd laLœfr ,oa yksd laxhr
& MkW- jkts'k vk;Z --- 704
17- esokM+ dh fp=kadu ijEijk esa ^izrhd* la;kstu
31- jktLFkku dk HkkSxksfyd i;kZoj.k ,oa ikjEifjd gLrdyk,°
& MkW- t;Jh jkoy --- 691 & vt; ;kno --- 705
18- chdkusj esa fLFkr lksygoha 'krkCnh dk ufeukFk 32- jktLFkku esa tSu /keZ ds lk{;
tSu eafnj & ,d ifjp; & MkW- txnh'k ukjk;.k vks>k --- 706
& MkW- jkts'k iaokj --- 692 Audit Report ... 708
19- lkaHkj ds laLœr L=ksr List of Members ... 709
& fjadw tSu --- 693
20- i;ZVu ds {ks= esa ukxkSj ds eSyksa ,oa n'kZuh; LFkyksa dk ;ksxnku
& larks"k dqekj --- 694
21- Hkhy vkfnoklh ds eq[; ioZ ,oa ewY;kadu
& dkywjke eh.kk --- 695
22- jktLFkku esa lkeUrh O;oLFkk % ,d ,sfrgkfld v/;;u
& vthr flag pkS/kjh --- 696
23- nqxZ LFkkiR; dk /kuh % djkSyh jkT;
& MkW- xksfoUn iqjh --- 697
24- vfHkys[kh; lk{;ksa esa t;iqj fj;klr dk
/kkfeZd&lkaLœfrd thou
& eqds'k dqekj 'kekZ --- 698
 9 2 / Rajasthan History Congress
Presidential Address
Migration, Settlements and Adaptations
Making of the 'elite culture' and the
Dissemination of Knowledge in
Rajputana up to Pre-Colonial times
Saiyid Zaheer Husain Jafri
It is an honor that the executive committee of the XXXI Session
of Rajasthan History Congress has invited me for presiding over the
deliberations of this annual session as General President and to deliver
the Presidential Address. I feel humble in presence of galaxy of scholars
with whom I have discussed lot many things to understand the
complexities of Religion and Society during the pre-colonial times. I
especially need to mention Prof. Ghan Shyam Lal Devra, Dr. Mrs.
Shashi Arora, Professor Yaqub Ali Khan and Dr. Maulavi Mohammad
Shuja-Uddin Khan Naqshbandi and many other scholars have kept my
engagement with the history of Rajputana alive. I also wish to make it
clear that I have been mainly using the data in Persian and English
European sources throughout my researches. So for, I have not
benefited from the rich collection of the records (in the scripts other
then Persian) from the Bikaner State Archives and other similar
collections. It is some of these researches that I will be sharing with
this august audience.
With some satisfaction, I can say that I have examined the
Archival records and other data, related to the affairs of the famous
Chishti Dargah of Ajmer almost up to the modern times. A study of
the similar records from other Sufi centers in northern India has
provided me an opportunity to situate Sufi Dargah in the agrarian
milieu that existed around it. These aspects are generally missing from
the modern studies. Over the period of time I have been thinking that
such perspectives will bring out further complexities in the triangular
affiliations. An understanding of the intricate relationship between the
State, Society and the mystic establishments offers a window to
understand numerous societal developments through the prism of these
ISSN 2321-1288
centers of popular veneration. On the other hand, the title/succession
disputes at these places lead to creation of massive documentation in
the colonial times. The files of the Revenue and Civil litigations contain
enough data from the pre-colonial period. Such material, though provide
the limited perspective of the litigants, give sufficient matter to a student
looking for the research questions which cannot be addressed through
the Chronicles or the hagiologies. In fact there are fewer competent
studies, which have used such material in their researches /
monographs.
The records related to the Dargah of Ajmer survive with the
individual families, especially with the articulate community of the
khuddams, the hereditary attendants of the tomb of Khawaja Muin-ud
din Chishti (d.1235), the founder of the Sufi order of the Chishtis in
India. The documents known as the Vakalatnamah (the power of
attorney) is quite unique. The notables, princes, businessmen and
jagirdars have authorized these hereditary attendants of the tomb to
'pray for them during the especial hours for their welfare and
wellbeing'. Apart from the notion of the efficacy of the prayers, the
important aspect which needs to be highlighted is the class of the
people who are issuing these letters of attorney; they included Maratha
chiefs, Sambha Ji, Rajput princes, Jain and Bania merchants. The
dates of these Vakalatnamah synchronize with the some of the battles
they were engaged in with the Mughals. In the recent times Professor
Syed Liyaqat Husain Mo'ini has brought the importance of this material.
No doubt this is a rich store house for understanding the complexities
of the 'inter-community as well intra-community relations' during the
pre-colonial times.
In the recent past the history of Nagaur has been compiled
using a variety of sources. While, Mehardad Shokoohy and Natalie H.
Shokoohy have traced the architecture of Nagaur .Didwana and Khatu
from the times of Delhi Sultans to the Mughal times in the most
imaginative manner. They have integrated the local history of the town
ship, using all possible sources, with the history of the empire. Similarly,
Mohammad Haleem Siddiqi has re-examined the data used by the earlier
scholars to attempt a socio-cultural profile of the region in a most
comprehensive manner. One would especially like to mention the work
of Pir Sufi Mohammad Ayyub Tarik Chishti Farooqi, the Sajjada
Nasheen of the Dargah of Sufi Hameed Uddin Nagauri on the History
of the Sufis of Nagaur and the Contemporary Rulers. In addition to
the known Chronicles, he has used the documents and the material
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 3
created by the Dargah over the period of time. Such rare material
gives an altogether new perspective, which is almost missing from
the known sources of history. Using such material as the basic, many
works can be done on the family records.
However when we look at the process/es of making of the
'elite culture' in the Indian sub-continent, we find that the migrant
elites from the Arabian peninsula of Hejaz, Khurasan, and Central Asia
have played a major role in to its making. The conditions in the Central
Asia, Khurasan and Arabian Peninsula have become quite volatile over
the period of time, thus forcing the people to look for the opportunities
and safe places for survival elsewhere. The Indian subcontinent was
naturally considered as the land of plenty and opportunity and also it
has seen various State formations by the Arabs and Turks in Sind,
Thatta and Multan. The Ghaznavid in Punjab, Delhi Sultans in northern
India, and latter on, numerous provincial dynasties have emerged in
the various chronological periods during India's medieval past. They
were ready to offer asylum and to welcome the fleeing fugitives and
refuge seekers. Consequently we notice that the Indian cities and towns
like Behmanabad, Thatta, Multan, Lahore, Nagaur, Ajmer, Patan and
many others emerge as the major settlements of the migrant elite
population from the western neighborhoods. Numerous, individuals
and the families of these migrants were the people of excellence,
academically and professionally. They were almost ensured
respectable livelihood in the emerging political structures,
commensurate with their familial background, professional and
academic accomplishments Some of the Indian cities have almost
emerged as the 'mini Islamic east', especially the city of Delhi, Lahore,
Ajmer and Nagour acquired the position of primacy throughout the
Islamic East.
The newly settled elite, undoubtedly propagated the Arabic and
Persian based studies, but at the same time they have adopted and
even incorporated the elements of local culture, tried to understand
the Sanskrit based studies; even have adopted the local dilates and
promoted the elements of composite culture. On the other hand the
major element of their elite culture was also adopted by the existing
elite politically and culturally. The ongoing exchanges/ adaptations
between the migrants elites and the local elite was an important process
and needs to be contextually understood under the terms of pre-
colonial discourse. They enjoyed almost an equal share in the nobility
and agreed to become partners in the ruling dispensation in every
10 4 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
regime .The bondages and affiliations became so strong, through
numerous strategies, like matrimonial ties, personal relations or simply
due to political expediency , that by the late 17th century , it has
become quite proverbial ,'the honor of the Chaghtai was equated with
the honor of the Rajputs'( 'Ismat-e Chaghtaiya wa 'ismat-e Rajputia
yak ast; imroz agar 'ismat-e Chaghtaia raft, 'ismat-e Rajputia awwal
raft) !
Centers of Ismaieli dawah were also established in various parts
of western India, including Rajputana. These missionaries preferred
to remain incognito for their own safety and the safety of their creed.
Generally they employed local dialects for the propagation of their
faith. It is not for nothing that still they teach, preach and practice
their creed in the local languages. Their shrines are extremely popular
among the local people. The pioneer works of S.C Misra and Samira
Shaikh has brought some of these aspects to focus. There are
possibilities to carry forward this aspect further. With linguistic
expertise, one can really do wonders in this fantastic field of socio-
religious aspects of our surviving legacy from our medieval past.
Migration, Settlement and the Dissemination of Knowledge
'Migration' of the individuals or the group/s of people from
their places of origin to the newer regions pre- supposes extreme
social constraints, political instability or the economic deprivations. It
can be quite painful as well as traumatic experience for the migrants
when it is undertaken as result of mass massacres, totally putting the
life and the honor of the people upside down. Such a 'saga' of migration
always remains as a 'permanent scar' in the memory of the migrants,
as quite nostalgically they would remember their horrifying
experiences, their legacies of the 'bygone era' in their homes of origin.
Preserving 'their past' through memories and documents was the need
of the hour for them as, their familial background and/or scholarly
pursuits of their ancestors, would ensure some respectability for them
and for their descendants in their new found homes/settlements. For
the migrants, it was the question of honorable survival to remember
their past affiliations. In whatever fashion they could preserve,
remember and perpetuate this 'memory'.
However, one should not forget that the time is a 'great healer
of wounds', hence people tend to forget their miseries in the wake of
'new found opportunities'. However, what they never forgot was their
nisbah (familial/geographical affiliation) with the place/s of their
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 5
ancestral origin. Therefore, we see that the migrants at every stage
had a memory of their familial past as a part of their larger world
view. Even in cases of not so prominent familial past, they often invoked
the geographical nomenclatural suffices derived from their hometowns
such as Nishapuri, Isfahani, Kashani, Sabzawari, Yemeni, Hamadani,
Herati, Safavi, Kirmani, Khwafi and Chishti etc. It is interesting to
point out that later on, these groups were accommodated within the
Mughal nobility under the broader category of Iranis and Turanis, but
in reality, they represented the family groups from the places of their
origin, falling within the broad geographical units of Khurasan and
Central Asia. The famous river Oxus (Amu Darya), being a rough
dividing line between these two regions. However, the region east of
Amu Darya was mainly inhabited by the Turkish and Afghan tribes
and was described as Transoxiana.1
The magnitude of the devastation and havoc caused by the
Mongol conquest can be understood better by highlighting some data
of the contemporary accounts of important towns of Khurasan region.
For example, the famous city of Nishapur, which was one of the
most important cities of the area, was thoroughly and systematically
destroyed by the Mongols during their second campaign. It is vividly
described by Minhaj us Siraj Juzjani in the following manner:
"Nishapur, which after much fighting, he {Tuli, the
youngest son of Changez Khan}captured and in order to take
vengeance because the son-in-law of the Changez Khan have
been slain at that place, he martyred every person in Nishapur,
desolated it, raised the walls of the city and having a pair of
oxen, yoked (to a plough), he had them driven over {the area
on which} the city {stood} in such wise that not a wastage of
buildings of remain having finished with them {the inhabitants}
and the city and territory, Tuli advanced towards Herat, and
pitched his camp before the gate of that city, and the attack
began and catapults were placed in position in every direction'. 2
Similar was the fate of other famous towns of Khurasan and
Central Asia under the command of the Mongol generals. The city of
Delhi became a natural place of asylum for the refugees, fleeing from
the cities devastated by the Mongols, during the reign of Sultan Shams
ud-din Iltutamish (1210-36). The same historian, Minhaj-us-Siraj
Juzjani, who also served as the chief Qazi during the reign of
Illtutmish's son Muizuddin Bahram Shah (1240-42), very specifically
says:
11 6 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
'The kingdom of Hindustan, by the grace of Almighty
God, and the favor of fortune under the shadow of the
guardianship of the Shamsi race, and the shade of the protection
of Illtutmishs' dynasty became the focus of the people of Islam,
and the orbit of the possessors of religion'.3
While Isami, writing in the mid-14th century, in his Futuh us
Salatin says, that the Delhi Sultanate has become a 'miniature' of the
Islamic east, a place of refuge for the scholars, theologians, craft
persons and everybody who was anybody in the region, prior to the
Mongol devastation. He says:
'Many genuine Saiyids have arrived from Arabia, the
traders of Khurasan, many learned men from Bukhara and
numbers of Sufis and ascetics from every town and every race
have gathered here. Scholars well versed in the Unani system
(of medicine) have also arrived from Rum. These people have
gathered in the city of Delhi like the moths gather around the
candle.' 4
These people arriving from the various Central Asian cities and
towns have brought the elements of 'Islamic Culture' with them. Due
to their presence in the city of Delhi and various parts of the Indian
sub-continent, a number of maktab and madrasa were established in
these towns and other centers to cater the need of emerging Muslim
population. Shaikh Rizqullah Mushtaqi, while writing about the reign
of Sultan Sikandar Lodi, very specifically says that:
"In each town and region, where the forces of Islam
have gained an upper hand and have become popular, masajid,
jam'at khana and khanqah were established and the capable
people were appointed in the maktabs and the madrasa as the
mu'allim and muddarris. In these institutions, the umra' and
their sons and the sons of the soldiers acquired knowledge and
busied themselves in the prayer and meditations. Those who
could afford discharged their duties in the way of God. The
institution so established trained the inmates for the emerging
needs of the administration and the bureaucracy, the Qazis
(judicial officers), the expert accountants, scribes and other
state functionaries were the products of these institutions".5
The strong intellectual and academic tradition of the region
became quite proverbial and people nostalgically recalled it even after
its heydays were over. Ghulam 'Ali Azad Bilgrami (d. 1761), while
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 7
paying glowing tribute to the cultural life in the Upper Gangetic Valley,
has said that "this region since the olden days (qadim-ul ayyam) has
been the cradle of knowledge and center for the scholars (ma'adan-e
'Ilm wa maskan-e 'Ulema)". According to him the Mughal suba of
Awadh and Allahabad enjoyed special status as compared to other
provinces of the empire in the sphere of intellectual activities. There
were innumerable intellectual centers and numerous scholars, that
these two suba had 'a major settlement of Muslim intellectual elite
(shurufa wa najaba) at every 5 to 10 kroh'. They had been well-provided
by the earlier salatin with cash and madad e maash grants.
This had facilitated the establishment of mosques, madrasas,
and khanaqahs all over the province, where the teachers of all
disciplines were busy in the dissemination of knowledge. The students
trained at these institutions went to other parts of the country and
established and strengthened this intellectual tradition further. It is
important to note that Azad Bilgrami specifically says that the well-
provided a section of the society took extra care of the requirements
of these scholars and considered serving them an act of great benefit
(sa 'adat-e 'uzma) for themselves.6 It becomes clear that the diffusion
of the Medieval Persianate culture owes much to the migration of the
numerous families from Central Asia and Khurasan. This is not to say
that the region has not witnessed migration prior to the rise of Chengiz
Khan, but the fact that the mass migration of the families of the notables
and scholars has taken place after this great catastrophe. There are
numerous local histories (compiled only in 18th and 19th centuries)
and the historical documents available in the Colonial records tracing
the 'saga of migration' of the families of the scholars and Sufis in
every part of Northwestern India and even in Deccan, that invariably
links their arrival in the regions of their settlement from this period
only. A deeper understanding of the process/es of migration from the
Persianate cultural worked to the Indian subcontinent might open up
a window to trace the fortunes of the numerous families from this
region. Undoubtedly, they have made use of the local dialects and the
pre-existing rituals and traditions of the region in the most imaginative
manner, so much so that some of these rituals were incorporated as a
part of the Sufi rituals, especially of the Chishtis, who were considered
as one of the 'most Indianised Sufi orders'.
Tasawwuf and the Indian subcontinent
Among the important intellectual and imaginative contributions
of the Muslims, tasawwuf, as a philosophy and a practicing creed
12 8 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
occupies seminal place. For, besides considering the State as a sinful
entity, the early sufis ('quietists' of Reynald Nicholson) maintained a
distance from the Umayyad as well as the Abbasid regimes. They
considered, 'Ali, as the repository and fountain of all knowledge and
acknowledged him to be the inheritor of all 'secrets', which the Prophet
has received from the God during the night of ascension (Shab-e
M'iraj), hence they always traced their 'spiritual genealogy' from him
only. Yet, they never identified themselves with the shi'as politically
or theoretically. They were deadly opposed to the extreme sect of the
kharijites and murjiets, (the pro establishments). Still they maintained
a distinct identity. Ultimately, the creed of tasawwuf emerged as the
'post-graduate creed of Islam' (Mohammad Habib), as it has attracted
some of the noblest and pious souls, which provided them a sort of
public legitimacy.
The creed of tasawwuf kept on incorporating the newer ideas
from the time of Bayazid Bustami's (d.AD 822) Subhani ma azam us
shani (praise be to me as I am Thay); to Mansur Hallaj's (d. AD 922)
Anal Haq (I am Thay) and finally, to Shaikh Mohi Uddin Ibn Al
Arabi's(d.AD 1240) Wahdat ul Wujud (Unity of existentialisms) .Such
philosophies tend to allow diversity and plurality in society. Hence
the creed emerged as extremely relevant for the regions with vast
non-Muslim population. Therefore the Indian sub-continent was an
ideal place for the acceptance, development and the growth of this
phenomenon. One notice that soon after the arrival of Arabs, Turks
and other migrant's from Khurasan and Central Asia, various Sufi
orders were also introduced in a big way in the Indian sub-continent.
They had an audience which required the knowledge of its principles,
its theory and the practice in the best manner. Hence, we encounter
the first ever treaties were written in Persian and that too at Lahore in
the early eleventh century.
The political renaissance in Persia during the tenth century led
to the revival of the Persian language. Shaikh Usman B. Ali Hujwiri's
(d. AD 1072) Kashf ul Mahjub was the first treatise on the doctrine of
Sufism. The orthodox reaction against the highly individualistic
approach of some mystics is well reflected in the book when the
author writing about the organization of the mystic orders says, 'the
whole body of aspirants of Sufism composed of twelve sects or schools
(garoh/mazhab), two of which are condemned (mardud), while the
rest ten are approved (maqbul)'7 Among the former, the author has
listed, the hululis or trans-migrations, who believed in the notion of
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 9
the spirit of one preceptor passing into the body of his successor.
Probably, they were influenced by the doctrines of the Ismailis who
held similar beliefs about their Imams. The other condemned sect
was the hallajis, who probably believed either in the extreme
individualistic version of the self or in the validity of Mansur's
proclamation of anal haq.
Among the sects approved by Hujwiri was that of the Junaidis,
the followers of Shaikh Junaid Baghdadi (AD 910). They preferred
the path of sahw (sobriety) over that of sukr (intoxication) and avoided
externalism (zahiriat). His influence on his contemporaries as well as
on the succeeding generations was immense. 8 The credit of
consolidating the philosophy of Shaikh Junaid goes to Shaikh
Shihabuddin Suharawardi (d.1234) in his famous 'Awarif ul Ma'arif,
which is a measured, balanced and scholarly text. It was accepted by
a majority of the mystics all over the world of Islam. Within a decade
or two of its author's death, it was being taught at Delhi. 9
The Kashf ul Mahjub had a readership in the city of Lahore
itself, where there were enough people to understand the issues rose
in the book. The city was a part of the Ghaznavid dynasty, but in
creating such an intellectual milieu, the efforts of one Saiyid Ismail of
Bukhara are evident, he settled in Lahore in AD 1005. It is said that he
was one of the most powerful preachers and his sermons were attended
by a large number of people, and many of them were swayed by the
power of his argument so much that they embraced Islam.10
With the expansion of Ghaznavid power in Panjab during the
11th century, Lahore became an important center of intellectual pursuit.
In fact, Abdul Karim Samani described Lahore as 'the blessed one' (ba
barkat) and a place 'giving much benefit' (khair-i kathir), because it
boasted of having a large number of mystics and scholars.11
This tradition of acquiring excellence in the theological sciences
and other branches of Islamic knowledge remained a hallmark of the
province throughout the medieval times. Knowledge continued to be
transmitted from other towns as well. We specifically told about the
town of Sialkot, which emerged as one of the major centers during
the seventeenth century. Sujan Rai Bhandari specifically mentions that
it has become such a center which attracts the scholars and the learned
(m'adan-i Fazal wa maskan-i Fuzla), ever since Maulana Kamaluddin
Husain Khan, one of the chief scholars from Kashmir had migrated to
the town during the reign of Emperor Akbar. Similarly, during the
reign of Emperor Shahjahan, Maulvi Abdul Hakim wrote a number of
13 10 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
commentaries on the important texts, his fame had reached far and
wide and students keep on coming to him from far off places. Similarly
after his death, his son Maulvi Abdullah was the chief scholar of town
and his madrasa had become a center for learning and scholarship.12
Apart from Ghaznavid Punjab, Multan and Lahore emerged as
important centers of intellectual and cultural pursuits of scholars and
mystics, some Muslim settlements had already been established at
places like Badaun, Bahraich, Banaras, and Kannauj in the present day
Uttar Pradesh and Nagaur, an important medieval town in Rajasthan.
There are references in the later sources and when they are taken
together, they give an idea of activities of Muslim cultural groups in
the transmission of knowledge before the establishment of Ghurid
power. The evidence for the other places is meager but for places like
Badaun, Bahraich and Nagaur it is possible to surmise the extent of
intellectual life prior to the establishment of Turkish rule in north India.
The 'Intra-regional' transmission of 'Islamic Sciences'
Between the various settlements of the 'migrant elite' there was
considerable mobility of the ideas, books, scholars and the people at
large. This connectivity made the exchange of knowledge quite easy
.The scholars spent their time at the distance places to teach them
theological and other texts of philosophy and religion. Hence, it is
important to recollect the emerging tradition of Islamic learning at the
various settlements in the Upper Gangetic valley and north-western
parts of the sub-continent. One such example relates Badaun and Kol
(Aligarh), the place associated with some of the top important scholar
like Allama Zia Uddin Nakshbi and Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya (d.AD
1325) and the well known scholar Maulana Razi al-Din Hasan al-
Saghani, the compiler of important collections of hadith, who was
born in AD 1181 at Badaun. He received his initial education and training
here. By this time arrangements existed for the pursuit of higher
branches of Islamic studies. An early incident in his life is a pointer in
this direction, once he wanted to borrow a copy of the Mulakhkhas (a
textbook of hadith) from his teacher, who refused to give it to him.
Saghani rose to be an eminent scholar of hadith in the entire Islamic
east. His compilations of the collections of hadith, namely Mashariq
ul Anwar and the Misbah ul-Duja, were used as standard texts
throughout the region. He used to describe his compilation of Mashariq
ul Anwar as the ultimate proof (hujjat) between him and God. He was
appointed to teach the son of the ruler of Kol (Aligarh) and used to get
a remuneration of 100 tankas. When he reached Baghadad and attended
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 11
the dars (lectures) of the renowned scholar of hadith, 'Allama Ibn
Zuhri. He impressed the audience so much with his erudite scholarship
and when his fame reached the Caliph, he was invited by him and was
shown great respect. It is quite likely that the region around Badaon
and Kol (Aligarh) has developed the tradition of higher learning much
prior to the establishment of Turkish rule. Hence, we find scholars of
such stature who could invite the attention of the great scholars in the
Islamic East as well as the Abbasid Caliph.13
A similar intellectual milieu existed at Nagaur. Here, Sufi
Hamiduddin Sihalwi, (d.1240's) the famous disciple of Shaikh Muin
Uddin Chishti had established his khanqah, and because of his
austerities and his preference for a life of poverty (faqr), he came to
be known as Sultan ut-tarikin (prince of recluses).14 The family of
Qazi Hamiduddin had also migrated from Central Asia and settled here.
When Maulana Raziuddin Saghani reached Nagaur, Qazi Hamiduddin
and Qazi Kamaluddin requested him to teach hadith. He taught the
Misbah al-Duja to scholars of Nagaur and also issued certificates.15
One of his pupils requested Maulana to teach him 'ilm-i tasawwuf,
Maulana told that he accompany him during the journey to the
countryside which he was going to undertake shortly, it is reported
that during this journey when Maulana reached the countryside, he
removed the dress of the scholars and put on the dress of the dervish
(peerahni) and n'alain-i-chubi (wooden sleepers) and also had a kuza
(hanging jug) filled with water in his hand. With such 'disguise' he
continued his onward journey throughout concentrating on prayers
and meditations, when the person accompanying Maulana, reminded
him of his promise of lecture on the theme of tasawwuf, his response
was quite instructive as he told him, 'tasawwuf cannot be taught by
words (baqal nist); it is learned in action (bahal ast)', you must imitate
me in my actions'.16
The intellectual and philosophical basis of all religious studies
in Islam is undoubtedly Quran. For this purpose, the textual study of
the book was very crucial. This branch attained a high degree of
sophistication following the compilation of the basic text on classical
Arabic grammar, Al-Mufassal by Imam Jarullah Zamikhshari (d. AD
1144). He wrote the Quranic commentary from an allegedly mu'tazalite
point of view, the famous Tafsir-e Kashshaf. Theologians severely
criticized him for his heretical views. In India, these works of
Zamikhshari became immensely popular among scholars of higher
learning. But the orthodox ash'arite sentiments always led to his being
14 12 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
denounced for his beliefs. Sheikh Nizamuddin Auliya expressed his
reservations about him in the following words, 'despite the fact that
he was extremely knowledgeable, he held false belief ('aqida-e batila)'
and added, 'there is unbelief (kufr), there is innovation (bid'at), there
is sin (m'asiyat). Innovation is worse than sin, and unbelief is still
worse, innovation and unbelief are closer to each other'.17 In addition
to these harsh comments, he has cited two anecdotes quite approvingly
which describe the hostility and extreme hatred of the Indian Sufis
towards Zamikhshari for his 'heretical' views.18 Even al Mufassal invited
such harsh censors. It might look ironical that in spite of such hostility
towards the works of Zamikhshari, both his works, namely Tafsir-i
Kashshaf and the classical Arabic grammar, al Mufassal continued to
be taught throughout the Islamic World as the most standard and
authentic text in a discipline.19
The works of Zamakhshari continued to be the part theological
curriculum throughout the subcontinent in the subsequent centuries,
and it was believed that nobody can master the Arabic grammar (nahw
wa sarf) without acquiring an expertise of his work, al Mufassal. Ali
Mohammad Khan writing for the suba of Gujrat tells about the Imperial
order that all the teachers who teaches the students, the books beginning
from 'al Mizan to Kashashf was entitled for wajh-e' ulufa grants from
the state treasurary.'
As far as Sheikh Nizamuddin Auliya (d.AD.1325) is concern,
we have detailed information about his early education the academic
milieu at Badaon, which he recalls quite nostalgically after he has
settled at Ghayaspur in Delhi and the way he acquired knowledge and
the way knowledge was transmitted during his lifetime. He has provided
detailed information about three scholars of Badaon namely Maulana
Raziuddin Hasan Saghani, Shaikh Jalaluddin Tabrizi, both of them
have predeceased him, and Maulana Alauddin Usuli, who was his
own teacher. The way he describes these three persons and takes
notice of few others, help us to understand the then system of
education and the manner in which it was transmitted. When Shaikh
completed his early education with Maulana Alauddin Usuli, and finished
with a text Quduri, he was asked by his teacher for the ceremony of
dastaarbandi. Graphic details are provided by the author of Siyar ul
Auliya about the manner in which the preparation of the ceremony by
the mother of the Shaikh. The final ceremony of dastaarbandi was
performed by the special invitee one 'Ali Maula Buzurg, who was not
his teacher.20 When he arrived at Delhi he had already become a sort
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 13
of celebrity and was nick named as Nizamuddin bahath and mahfil
shikan and his friends considered him intellectually and academically
superior. He was taught the famous collection of hadith, namely
Mashariq ul Anwar of Raziuddin Hasan Saghani by Maulana Kamaluddin
Zahid, who issued him certificate for the same on 23rd July 1280. He
was also permitted to carry on the teaching of this book.21
However, when he reached at the jam'at khana of Baba Farid at
Pakpatan, he was taught by his pir few more texts especially Tamhid-
ul Muhtadi of Abu Shakur Salemi. The important thing to notice here,
he was also taught 'five parts of Quran again'. Perhaps, one can argue
that, it was meant to give particular insight into the different
interpretation, which was not a part of the regular curricula in the
orthodox system of the transmission. Baba Farid also issued him a
certificate and permitted him to continue giving instruction of this
book to his students. The relevant portion of the said certificate reads:
I now permit him to teach this book to students, provided
he avoids mistake in teaching, writing and explaining it and
utilizes his energy and knowledge in discussion, correcting the
manuscripts and purification of the language……I also permit
Nizam- ul Millat wad Din to narrate things which he has learnt
from me and has collected and preserved…..May God be kind
to them who show respect and honor to Nizam-ud din, whom
I honor and for whom I have great regard.22
The jam'at khana of Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya became a center
for the transmission of advance knowledge in the fields of theology,
ethics, and tasawwuf. Ziauddin Barani, the historian pays glowing
tribute to the efforts of the Shaikh in furtherance of these studies and
says:
Most of the scholars and learned men, who frequented
the Shaikh's company, applied themselves to books on devotion
and mysticism. The books like Qut ul Qulub, Ihya ul Ulum and
its translation, 'Awarif ul M'aarif, Kashf ul Mahjub; Sharh-i
Ta'arruf, Risala-i Qoshairi, Mirshad ul 'Ibad, Maktub 'Ain ul
Quzzat and the Lawaih and Lawama of Qazi
Hamiduddin Naguri found many purchasers, as also did
the Fawaid ul Fuad of Amir Hasan owing to the sayings of the
Shaikh which it contains. People asked the book sellers about
books of devotion…'23
In the jam'at khana of the Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya there was
15 14 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
great insistence on acquiring knowledge as a prerequisite for being
initiated into the higher stages of mystic life. Therefore, when it was
suggested to Shaikh that a senior disciple Shaikh Sirajuddin Usman
(known as Akhi Siraj) be given khilafat nama by the Shaikh, he
observed 'education is the first stage in the field of Sufism, and he has
not received any education' thereupon, Maulana Fakhruddin Zarradi,
another senior inmate in the jam'at khana of the Shaikh, offered him
to educate him within six months in the required fields. Only after this
formal session of education was complete, he was bestowed with the
khilafat nama of the Shaikh.24 Amir Khurd mentions that Maulana
Sirajuddin was able to acquire the required knowledge within six
months in spite of his advanced age, his teacher Fakhruddin Zarradi
specially prepared a text for him and named it as 'Usmani. After the
conferment of the khilafat nama, while going back to Lukhnauti,
Maulana Siraj took some books from the kutub khana of Shaikh
Nizamuddin Auliya for study and teaching.25 Hence, it is perhaps most
appropriate to describe tasawwuf as the 'post graduate' creed of Islam.
Muslim Scholarships and the other 'World Religions'
Muslim tradition of acquiring expertise in the Semitic religions
is quite old. The study of Old and New Testament as well the Talmudic
literature was an established tradition. During the early Abbasid times,
the tradition of religious debates (munazira) was a recognized field of
study. This tradition was carried forward by Muslim sectarian debates,
among the religious and philosophical sect. In the Indian sub-continent
this tradition continued, with the further addition of acquiring expertise
in the non-Semitic religions as well. Hence, it was expected that the
inmates of the khanqah/sufi jama'at khana, in addition to their acquiring
knowledge in the tenets of theology and higher discipline of 'Islamic
Sciences', also acquired the knowledge of other religions/scriptures
of the other religions and had some interest in the natural sciences as
well. It is said that the founder of Madariya order Shaikh Badruddin
Madar has memorized Taurah and Ingil (Old and New Testament) and
has also learned kimiya, simiya, himiya and rimiya (chemistry and
other natural science?). In fact, it was said of him that he was the
only person expert in so many branches of knowledge in his times.26
Whether the study of the Indian scriptures and the literally
works in Sanskrit were also studied at the Sufi centers, we have no
direct reference to that. However, the interaction with the yogis and
other holy men was very much there at the jam'at khana of famous
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 15
Chishti Shaikh Baba Farid (d.1265). It is quite likely that the text on
Indian yogic tradition were also consulted by the Sufis especially of
the order of the Shattaris, established by Shaikh Ghaus of Gawalior,
who has appropriated so many yogic practices in his teachings. As is
apparent from his Jawahir- i Khamsa, a text which describes the yogic
practices in Persian and the manner in which the Sufis were supposed
to practice them. Similarly, Shaikh Abdul Quddus of Gangoh's (d.1537)
Rushd Nama and Mir Abdul Wahid Bilgrami's(d.1608) Hakayat-I Hindi
were the early attempts to present Indian classics in Sanskrit to the
Persian knowing audience. Akbar must have laid the foundation for
his translation project to carry on the translations of the religious and
non-religious text in Sanskrit to Persian. In his scheme, Mahabharata
was quite central; hence it is quite likely that the vaishnavite face of
Hinduism was more prominent at Akbar's court, than the shaivaite.
Similarly, the Upanishads and the works of Shankracharya were not
represented at all. It was left to Dara Shakoh to add the Upanishads to
the Brahminical literature through his Persian translation, Sirre Akbar.27
Pre-existing rituals, Practices and Dialects & the Chishti Sufis
After the establishment of the Turkish rule in parts of the Indian
subcontinent, certain vital changes took place in the cultural life of
the people. Some dialects were now spoken from Multan in the north
to the Gujarat in the west, down to the Deccan. These dialects were
the major vehicle for the transmission of ideas, but they were yet to
become full-fledged literary languages, as they had no formal
recognized system of script/s. The Sufi intervention contributed in
the development of these dialects into literary language, especially
during the 13th century, when Baba Farid (d. 1265), the famous Chishti
Sufi, started writing poetry in Multani/Saraiki (which was later
incorporated in the Adi Granth compiled by the fifth Sikh Guru namely
Guru Arjan Dev). Similarly, Amir Khusrau (d. 1325) is also said to
have written some compositions in the Awadhi dialect. A number of
Chishti-Nizami Sufi centers were established in various parts of the
Indian Subcontinent; the Sufi masters at these centers were adopting
local dialects and using Persian scripts to compile their writings and
poetry.
A major exercise was undertaken by the Chishti Sufis in the
area where Awadhi dialect was predominant. The genre of premakhyan
in line with the Persian Mathnavi tradition was practiced and developed
by these Sufi poets in the Awadhi dialect, mainly by those who were
16 16 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
associated with the Chishti-Nizami tradition of Sufis in Awadh. The
characters they have used in their poetic narrations are mainly those
who were popular in the countryside and were remembered as the
'the heroes of certain caste groups'. This new genre was used to
propagate the Islamic-Sufic ideology in the local dialects. Perhaps, it
is too obvious to point out that such tradition became extremely
popular in the localities like Dalmau, where Mulla Daud (d.1370?)
composed Chandayan, using Lorik and Chanda as the main characters
of the story, while Malik Mohammad (d.1540) wrote Padmavat at
Jais using Padmawati and Ratansen as the main protagonists of his
narration. This tradition continued through out, with poets like Shah
Qasim (d.1731) composed Hans Jawahir at Dariyabad, while Hafiz
Najaf Ali Shah wrote Prem Chingari at Rewa in around AD 1860.
The use of local dialects for the propagation of the Sufi ideas,
as well as singing of these compositions at the sama' gatherings, were
often disapproved by non Chishti Sufis and the Orthodoxy. An incident,
attributed by Mulla Nizamuddin (d.1748), the founder of the house of
Firangi Mahal to Shaikh Muhammadi (d.1696) confirms this opposition
and plurality of views existing within the Sufi orders. Shaikh
Muhammadi was a well-known wujudi scholar of his time and was
ideologically associated with the famous Shaikh Muhibullah of Allahabad
(d.1648).28 Mulla Nizamuddin reports the matter as it was said to
have been reported to Saiyid Abdul Razzaq of Bansa (d. 1724), the
famous Qadiri Shaikh:
Once in the khanaqah of Shaikh Pir Muhammad of Salon
(d.1687), Sama was in progress and compositions in Hindvi
[Awadhi?] were being sung. Those present were in the state of
ecstasy [hal]. Sheikh Muhammadi also reached there. When
the raqs and the wajd of the Sufis was over, he stood up and
recited a few Quranic verses in the best of accent, but it had
no impact on any of those present; neither raqs nor wajd
overcame them. [Observing this] Shaikh Muhammadi said;
'It is strange that on listening to the Quran none became
excited while the compositions in Hindvi, which contradict
Quranic themes (emphasis mine), get you excited'. Upon hearing
this, Saiyid Abdul Razzaq expressed his pleasure and approval
of the conduct of Shaikh Muhammadi.29
While the original narrator of the story remains unnamed, it is
highly unlikely for Shaikh Muhammadi, who himself was a wujudi, to
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 17
have made such an incomparable comparison between the recitation
of Quranic verses and Sufi Awadhi poetry when sung with instruments,
for both were supposed to have a different impact on the audience.
Hence, the reported incident per se becomes secondary. However, it
is quite clear that a section of the literary elite was definitely against
the use of Hindavi by the Chishti Sufis even for their own specific
rituals.30
The adoption of particular customs, rituals and other prevalent
practices by the Sufi institutions can be described as an ongoing
process, especially at places where large landed properties were
attached by the way of waqf or madad-i mash, more particularly in
matters of succession and inheritance.31 Moreover, in the adoption of
rituals and ceremonies observed during public gatherings and other
solemn occasions, an eclectic attitude was generally displayed, for it
was 'this sphere' that brought about a sense of belonging among the
participants of such events. Such 'innovative flexibilities' were aimed
at capturing the imagination of the masses and ensured sustained
participation for a longer duration as well. The elaborate details of
these rituals lent a 'sanctified halo' to them, while somehow, a punctual
religiosity in their observance created an 'aura' around these
ceremonies. Apart from the ceremony of gagar,32 another 'Indianised'
ceremony which was very popular at the Chishti centers in northern
Indian is the practice of sandal. It involves the pouring of sandalwood
paste over the grave of the Shaikh whose death anniversary was being
celebrated. Sandalwood is an important substance used by the Indian
yogis and sadhus in their religious rituals and practices and its paste is
believed to be a cooling agent. It is also used to relieve irritations and
for other medicinal purposes. Such a practice was generally adopted
by those khanaqahs which were situated in the midst of overwhelming
Hindu population.33
It should not be assumed that such 'innovative flexibilities' met
the approval of the 'ulema, whose disapproval ranged from mild
criticism to an all-out denouncement, often bracketing them with bid'at
(innovations in religion). But the orthodoxy never or seldom targeted
the intrusion of local customs in matters of inheritance or succession
of the landed properties, confining their attack to the 'external displays'
popular among the masses. This was mainly because the class of
'ulema too were appealing to popular sentiments in order to win over
the same constituency from the hold of the Sufi institutions. Their
opposition to certain practices and rituals may not have been without
17 18 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
some merit, but it is to the credit of the Sufi institutions that they
could withstand such persistent onslaught from many quarters. The
Sufi institutions neither thought of abandoning their allegedly 'un-
Islamic' practices under the pressure of the orthodoxy nor retaining
that part of their constituency which was certainly going over to the
'other side'. Here lies the crux of the matter: the Sufi institutions firmly
believed that the rituals and rites at the elaborate ceremonial details
adopted by them were representatives of their ideological commitment
to the philosophy of Wahdat-ul wujud, rather than just expediency or
catering to popular demand or sentiments.
Sama' had been one of the major issues of contention between
the Sufis and the orthodoxy in India, ever since the days of Shaikh
Nizamuddin Auliya (d.1325). Neither had the orthodoxy reconciled
itself to the very idea of sama' nor did the Chishti Sufis ever give up
this practice. They have been using the compositions in the local
dialects quite freely even Vishnupads were recited at the khanaqah of
Shaikh Noor Qutb e Alam (d.1415), an important Chishti-Nizami sufi
at Pandua in Bengal. This he carried on in spite of the objections of
the orthodoxy, to which the Shaikh reportedly observed that when
the 'Quran has verses having a description of Namrud and Firaon
(Pharoh) and they are recited with equal reverence, why anybody
should object to the singing of the Vishnupads in my khanaqah?34
It was in the Pandua tradition of Chishti branch that another
notable from Manikpur, Shaikh Husamuddin wal Haq (d.1470), the
chief Khalifa of Shaikh Nur Qutb-e Alam emphatically argued that the
earliest Sufi was Prophet Shish and Sufism as a creed existed since
the time of the creation i.e. from the time of Hazrat Adam.35 This way
he has predated the history of Sufism to that of Islam. Hence, by
implication, he was trying to incorporate all the pre-existing traditions
and idioms of the Indian sub-continent as legitimate expressions and
the forms of worship. Therefore, the Sufis whose creed predates the
Islamic creed could become the inheritors and upholders of the earlier
traditions of the Indian subcontinent as well without any condition.
Thus, we find that Chishti Nizami branch in the Upper Gangetic valley,
from Pandua (in modern West Bengal) to Awadh, has adopted most of
these traditions as a part of the rituals and irrespective of the criticism
by their contemporaries, they have carried with these traditions.36
The study of the Indian scriptures and the literary works in
Sanskrit was also undertaken at the Sufi centers, although we have
no direct reference to this. Still, the interaction with the yogis and
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 19
other holy men was a known established fact. We have clear evidence
that at the jam'at khana of famous Chishti Sufis namely Shaikh Baba
Farid (d.1265) the yogis were very much present and they used to
interact with no less a person than Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya himself.
It is quite likely that the text on Indian yogic tradition were also
consulted by the Sufis, especially of the order of the Shattaris,
established by Shaikh Ghaus of Gwalior, who has appropriated many
yogic practices in his teachings. As is apparent from his Jawahir- i
Khamsa, a text which describes the yogic practices in Persian and the
manner in which the Sufis were supposed to practice them. Similarly,
Shaikh Abdul Quddus of Gangoh's (d.1537) Rushd Nama and Mir
Abdul Wahid Bilgrami's(d.1608) Hakayat-I Hindi were the early
attempts to present Indian classics in Sanskrit to the Persian knowing
audience. Akbar must have laid the foundations of these translations
projects by sultans to an example through this translation bureau. For
Akbar, Mahabharata was quite central; hence it is quite likely that the
Vaishnavite face of Hinduism was more prominent at Akbar's court
than the Shaivaite. Similarly, the Upanishads and the works of
Shankaracharya were not represented at all. It was left to Dara Shikoh
to add the Upanishads to the translated-Brahminical literature, through
his Persian translation, Sirre Akbar.37
The inmates of the khanaqah/Sufi jama'at khana, in addition to
their acquiring knowledge in the tenets of theology and higher discipline
of 'Islamic Sciences', also acquired the knowledge of other religions/
scriptures of the other religions and had some interest in the natural
sciences as well. It is said that the founder of Madariya order Shaikh
Badruddin Madar has memorized Taurah and Ingil (Old and New
Testament) and has also learned kimiya, simiya, himiya and rimiya
(Chemistry and other Natural Science?). In fact, it was said of him
that he was the only person expert in so many branches of knowledge
in his times.38
Thus, we see that, it was mainly the migrant elite from outside,
which promoted, developed and carried forward elements of Greco-
Arab cultural and intellectual tradition in the Indian sub-continent.
Along with they also incorporated the elements from the existing
linguistic and cultural practices. The classical Sanskrit based studies
were utilized by senior scholars like Abu Rehan Al-Beruni Mir Abdul
Wahid Bilgirami, Abul Fazl Allami, Dara Shikoh and others. While the
others depended on the translations and commentaries of these of
Sanskrit works by these senior scholars. These factors were the major
18 20 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
influence in the organization and dissemination of knowledge in India's
pre-colonial past. It is out of our preview to examine as how the
colonial rulers have systematically destroyed this 'glorious past'? The
manner in which existing elite was marginalized by the colonial policies
offers a painful as well as disparaging picture of the Eurocent racism
and Occidental discourse.
However, it needs to be admitted that often the pre-colonial
system of knowledge transmission was not as systematic and
institutionalized as the Greco- Arab tradition. It was based more on
the individuals than on institutions, yet, it produced over the centuries,
intellectuals and ideologues of the caliber of people like, the famous
muhaddis Raziuddin Hasan Saghani (d. 1252), the celebrated Sufi Shaikh
Nizamuddin Auliya (d. A.D. 1325) and his disciples like the multifaceted
genius Amir Khusro (d. A.D.1325), the poet Amir Hasan Sijzi (d. 1330s)
and Zia ud din Barni (d.1360's). Then there were those who represented
the tradition of rational and natural sciences like Shaikh Fatehullah
Shirazi (d. 1589),39 who is praised by no less a person than the ruthless
critic Mulla Abdul Qadir Badauni, for 'his scholarships in the fields of
ilahiyat, riyaziat, tabiyat and all other fields of m'aqulat and manqulat'.
He further adds that, 'he was such an erudite scholar that nobody
could match him,' and he was even invited by the Emperor Akbar in
AD 1582 to the Mughal court from the court of Adil Shah at Deccan.
The famous ideologue of the Mughal Empire, Abul Fazl 'Allami (d.
1602), the astronomer Mirza Raja Jai Singh (d. 1667), the socio-
religious reformer Raja Ram Mohan Roy (d.1833), the famous poet
Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib (d.1869), Sir Syed Ahmad Khan,
(d.1898), the educationist and reformer, are only some of the names
which have left a lasting impact on the socio-cultural landscape of the
Indian subcontinent. It is pertinent to point out that they were all
trained and taught in a system which owed its origin to India's medieval
past. One can very well argue that education was not that neglected a
field that the colonial administrators, and even some modern apologists,
would have us believe.
Friends, I have taxed your patience beyond the time allotted to
me. Still, I feel that if some of these points are taken up for further
enquiry, and detailed researches taken up by some students, it would
be worth it. With the hope that, our shared past, which the forefathers
have built with some efforts will not go waste in the wake of contrary
propaganda by the radical elements and rabble rousers of our society.
I would like to end this address by quoting a verse of Bahadur shah
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 21
Zafar, the last Mughal who after losing almost everything: including
an eye witness to the slaughter of his near and dear ones by Major
Hodson. And seeing his owns servants turning British agents and was
exiled to Rangoon. In spite of such trauma he has never lose the hope.
Hope in the capacity in Indian nation to survive all the happenings.
Thus he expresses his hope in the following verse.
Aye Zafar, qayam rahegi jab talak Iqlim-e Hind
Akhter-e Iqbal is gul ka Chamakta jayega
He had great hope in the survival on the Indian nation in spite
of the massacre hardships devastations by the colonial masters, in the
same manner, I have immense faith in India's composite culture, its
share past and its pluralistic ethos, and communal harmony will survive
in spite of the radical propaganda against it.
Thank You
References
1. Perhaps it is relevant to point out that this divide was not merely a
geographical one, but it also represented some sort of cultural and
sectarian divide also. As late as in the mid- nineteenth century, the
famous Urdu/ Persian poet Mirza Asad Ullah Khan Ghalib (d. 1869)
boosts his Sunni affiliations by asserting this identity. For he says:
Shi'i kyun kar Howun; Jabki hun maen Mawra-un Nahari
(How can I be a Shi'a, when I hail from the region of Mawra-un Nahar?)
2. Minhaj-us-Siraj, Tabaqat-i Nasiri, vol.II, (Eng.trans. by H.G. Raverty)
pp. 1028-1037. A contemporary couplet captures the event in the
following manner:
"In three months, the world-seizing Tuli
Captured these all to the gate of Sistan
He razed and he slew, and he swept, and he clutched;
Not a person remained, neither great nor small."
It is necessary to remember that the second attack on Nishapur was led
by the daughter of Chengiz Khan, who was the wife of the deceased
general killed during the first attack, a year earlier. This attack was to
take the revenge of the first attack, when the Mongol forces under the
command of Chengiz's own son-in-law, Nuh-yan/ Nurka were killed as
a result of the massive resistance offered by the people of Nishapur
under the leadership of Majir-ul Mulk, the Kafi, 'Umr-i-Raji, and Ziya-
ul-Mulk, and the Zauzani. Therefore, one can very well imagine the
ferocity and savagery which was now unleashed on the people and
city of Nishapur. In this context, the traditional accounts say that 'no
living being including cats and dogs were left alive in the city'.
19 22 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
Therefore, whoever could flee from the site of massacre, tried to find
asylum, wherever they could reach with safety.
3. Mihaj-us Siraj Juzjani Tabaqat-i- Nasiri, ed. Abdul Haiy Habibi,
Lahore, 1954, vol. II, p.642
4. Isami, Futuh us Salatin, ed. M. Usha,Madras,1948, pp.114-115
5. Waq'iat Mushtaqi, Add.11633, f.18.
6. Ghulam Ali Azad Bilgram, Mathirul Kiram, ed. by Shaikh Shams ul
Haq, Maktab'Ihyaul ulum e Sharqiya, Lahore, 1971, pp. 213-14. Often
these grants are described as charitable grants. However, the official
documents and the chronicles have never used the words/expressions,
especially meant to describe/convey the sense for charity or for the
charitable uses, while making these grants. The terms which are used
to describe the charity in the Islamic literature, like sadqah, khairat,
fitrah, or zakat have never been employed either in the Chronicles or
in the Archival papers to describe the madad-i mash grants. Thus, to
place madad-i mash under the category of 'charity' is inappropriate.
Instead, common neutral terms like Suyurghal, a'imma and madad-i
mash or inam and in the later period ma'afi is invariably used to
describe these grants in the official papers of Mughal and Nawabi
periods. Such nomenclature is used invariably irrespective of the
religious affiliation of the recipient unlike our modern Indian State
which makes a distinction not only on the basis religious affiliation
but also on the basis of sectarian affiliations.
See Shireen Moosvi, 'Charity, Objectives and Mechanism in Mughal
India (16th and 17th Centuries)', PIHC (73rd Session), Mumbai, 2012,
Pp. 335-346
7. Ali b. Uthman Al Hujwiri, The Kashf ul-Mahjub, tr. Reynold A.
Nicholson, Delhi (reprint), Taj Company, 1991, rpt, pp- 176. (hereafter
Al Hujwiri)
8. Op. cit., Al Hujwiri, see especially chap. XII, pp. 176-266; see also
K.A.Nizami, ed., Collected Works of Muhammad Habib, titled as Politics
and Society during the Early Medieval Period, vol. I, Delhi, 1974, pp.
52-3, 283-7.
9. Ibid, p- 288.
10. Shaikh Muhammad Ikram, op. cit., pp 74-5.
11. Ibid, pp- 75-6.
12. Sujan Rai Bhandari, Khulasat-ut Twarikh, ed. Zafar Hasan Dehalvi,
1918, p.73.
13. Fawaid ul Fuad, vol.3, majlis no. 9, pp. 178-181, see also, Muhammad
Habib, Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya: Hayat aur Ta'alimat,, Nizam Urdu
Lecture Series, Department of Urdu, University of Delhi, 1970, pp- 24-
8 . (hereafter Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya)
14. Maksud Ahmad Khan, 'Surur-us Sudur wa Nur ul-Budur', PIHC, 54th
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 23
Session, 1993, Mysore, pp. 231-40.
15. Muhammad Habib and K.A. Nizami, (ed.) A Comprehensive History of
Indian, V, 1970, pp-140-1; Mumtaz Ali Khan, op. cit.
16. Suru s Sudur wa Nur al Budur , ff. 61-62, c.f. Maksud Ahmad Khan, op.
cit. p. 235.
17. Fawaid ul Fuwad, vol. 3, majlis no. 11, pp- 186-8.
18. Ibid.
19. Ali Mohammad Khan, Mirat-i Ahmadi, vol.1, Nawab Ali & Charles N.
Seldon (eds.), Baroda Oriental Institute, p. 258.
20. Amir Khurd Kirman, Siyar ul Auliya, Delhi, 1885, pp. 95-96, see also,
Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya, pp. 47-8.
21. The text of this certificate is preserved by Amir Khurd in Siyar ul Auliya,
pp 104-5; also compare K.A. Nizami, Life and Times of Shaikh
Nizamuddin Auliya, Delhi, 1991, pp 189-90.
22. Ibid. pp. 187-88.
23. Ziauddin Barani, Tarikh -I Firuz shahi, (ed.) Shaikh Abdul Rashid,
Aligarh, Vol. II pp. 346-347.
24. Siyar ul Auliya, pp.288-9;
25. Ibid
26. Maksud Ahmad Khan, 'Chroniclising The Miraculous: Hagiology in
the Mirat-i Madari' in PIHC, (55th, Session), Aligarh, 1994,p 304.
This tradition of acquiring expertise in the religious scripture of other
Semitic religion survived in the Mughal times later on. Khafi Khan
tells same thing about Saiyid Sa'sadullah (d. A.H. 1138/A.D.1725) of
Salon, the grandson of Shaikh Pir Muhammad (d.1687), the founder of
a Khanqah belonging to the Chishti -Nizami order of the Sufi at
Salon(Rae Bareli, UP), was his earliest teacher as Azad Bilgrami
(d.1761) says that: He acquired knowledge, while he was very young
and in a very short time became an expert in the various disciplines, in
his youth he started teaching and he could compare very well with the
senior scholars who have spent years in teaching and worthy authors
of scholarly works" Azad further adds that, he acquired expertise in
the orthodox and spiritual sciences, Logic, Philosophy, simiya, himiya
wa kimiya were the sciences in which nobody could match him. He also
acquired expertise in matters related to Ingil and Taurah as much that
even [Christian] monks took lectures from him. Khafi Khan, Muntakhab
ut Twarikh, vol. 2, p. 559; see also, Ghulam Ali Azad Bilgrami, Mathir
ul Kiram, pp. 217-18. The Saiyid Sa'adullah also established his
madrasa at Surat in a haveli assigned to him by Emperor Aurangzeb
and maintained the madrasa with the madad-i ma'ash with rupees nine
thousand per annum. He was held in the high esteem by the emperor,
but after some times he migrated to the holy city of Madina and
established his seminary there as well. By the latter contemporaries he
20 24 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
is described as one of the most 'erudite scholars from the East'. Shaikh
Bahadur, Haqiqat e Surat/Guldasta Sulha e Surat, transl. in Urdu by
Mahbub Husain Ahmad Husain Abbasi, Gandhinagar, 2005, pp.83-
86.
27. M. Athar Ali, 'Translations of Sanskrit Works at Akbar's Court', in
Iqtidar Alam Khan (ed.) Akbar and His Age, ICHR Monograph Series,
New Delhi, 1999, p.78
28. Shaikh Mohammadi's fame is attributed to his courage in defending,
in front of Emperor Aurganzeb, the allegedly controversial points from
the famous book Al-Taswiya, authored by his Pir Shaikh Muhibullah
of Allahabad.
29. Mulla Nizamuddin Ansari, Manaqib-i Razzaqia, Lucknow, AH 1313,
pp. 14-15; see also Muhammad Raza Ansari, Tazkira Hazrat Saiyid
Saheb Banswi, Lucknow, 1986, pp.70-71.
30. What is more relevant is the way in which it is used by Mulla Nizamuddin,
the biographer of Saiyid Abdul Razzaq, and later commentators on
this namely Mulla Qiyamuddin Abdul Bari (d.1926) and Mufti Raza
Ansari (d.1990). Irrespective of the fact that they themselves were
initiated into the principle of Qadiri and Naqshbandi orders
respectively, they have compared the wajd and raqs of Sufis to tazwir
(simple lies) and makr wa hila (hypocrisy).
Also See my, 'Religious Plurality in the Chishti Tradition: A Case Study of
the Khanqah at Salon in Awadh' in Jamal Malik and Helmut Reifeld,
Religious Pluralism in South Asia and Europe, OUP, 2005, pp. 219-
244. For the specific reference see, pp. 233-234.
31. Rawaj-i a'am of pargana Parshadepur, Tehsil Salon, District
Pratapgarh, included in the Jild-i band wa bast-i awwal (First volume
of the Revenue Settlements) of 1860, recording among other things,
the Kayfiyyat-i abadi wa husul-i milkiyyat (the details of the Settlement
and the Acquisition of the Superior Land Rights).
32. Literary a small earthen pot, but when used technically, it involves
going in to a procession from the Khanqah of a Sufi Shaikh to some
nearby pond/river accompanied by the musicians and disciples. The
participants carrying the empty gagars on their head and reciting the
fatiah on water filled their gagars with the water. For further discussion
on this practice and the way the orthodoxy had dubbed it as a bid'at
(an innovation in the religion), see my, "Religious Plurality in Chishti
Tradition", pp234-6.
33. For a discussion on this ritual see Claudia Lebeskiend, Piety on its
Knees: Three Sufi Traditions in South Asia in Modern Times, OUP
1998, pp. 152-153
34. See, Shaikh Mohammad Ikram, Rud-i kauthar, (1991 reprint, Delhi), p.
498.
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 25
35. Shaikh Husam-al Haque wa Din, in Anis-ul'Ashiqin' has discussed this
question in four sections. Section one begins with such diverse issues
as the origins of the creed of tasawwuf; the earliest Sufi with whom the
concept of khirqa is associated; on the notion of 'ishq (love) and the
definition of 'ashiq. Here, while taking a note of the different sayings,
he shows a clear preference for the opinion that Prophet Shish happens
to be the earliest Sufi. Anis-ul'Ashiqin, Ms. ff 2a-4a, Subhanullah
Collection, Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh.
36. For an initial understanding of this argument see my 'Sufi Tradition
and Popular literature: Chishti ideology, Awadhi dialect and local
practices', in 'Popular literature in pre- Modern Societies in South
Asia', ed. Surinder Singh and Ishwar Dayal Gaur, Pearson, Delhi 2008
pp.271-280 (for this reference see p.272)
37. M. Athar Ali, 'Translations of Sanskrit Works at Akbar's Court', in
Iqtidar Alam Khan (ed.) Akbar and His Age, ICHR Monograph Series,
New Delhi, 1999, p.78
It will be of some interest to point out that in spite of the fact that Islam
as a religion was introduced in the Indian subcontinent since the time
of its birth. But its only holy scripture, namely Quran was never
translated into Sanskrit, either full or in parts or any other Indian
language. Similarly, there are fewer authentic quotations from the
authoritative works of Islamic theology. It is only during the twentieth
century that full translation of Quran in Hindi (Devanagari script)
was done under the aegis of Jamat-e Islami-e Hind by one Maulana
Muhammad Farooq Khan as late as in 1970's.
Similarly, one finds the text like Satyarth Prakash of famous Arya
Samajist, Daya Nand Saraswati, having chapters on Christianity and
Islam as late as in AD 1862.Besides being highly tenacious and
provocative; these chapters are factually inaccurate as well.
38. Maksud Ahmad Khan, 'Chroniclising The Miraculous: Hagiology in
the Mirat-i Madari'in PIHC, (55th, Session), Aligarh, 1994,p 304.
39. See, vol. 2, p. 315-16.
21
izksQslj th-,u- 'kekZ Le`fr O;k[;ku
jktLFkku % laxhr&xkSjo&xkFkk
MkW- Mh-ch- {khjlkxj
ekuuh; v/;{k] vfrfFkx.k ,oa bfrgklfon~ fe=ksa]
lqizfrf"Br bfrgklK izkQs l
s j xksihukFk 'kekZ jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky; ds bfrgkl
foHkkx esa vkpk;Z o ,sfejsV~l izksQslj ds in ij dk;Zjr jgsA vkius fo'ks"kdj
jktLFkku bfrgkl ys[ku dks iqjkrRo] iqjkys[k] ,sfrgkfld lkfgR;] LFkkiR;] fp=dyk]
r{k.kdyk ds lkFk&lkFk ,sfrgkfld izdkf'kr xzUFkksa] i=&if=dkvksa ds ek/;e ls ,d
u;h n`f"V o u;h lksp ds lkFk] uohu vuqla/kkuksa ds ek/;e ls cgqvk;keh f{kfrt
rd igqapk;kA ,d vksj duZy VkWM] dfo jkt ';keynkl] MkW- vks>k] if.Mr js≈
vkfn x.kekU; ys[kdksa ds ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa ds foospukRed o.kZu ls vkxs c<+ dj
u;h [kkst ds vUrxZr jktuhfrd rF;ksa o rRdkyhu mFky&iqFky dks ,d uohu fn'kk
iznku dhA blls Hkh vf/kd] nwljh vksj ,d lkgfld dne mBkrs gq, mUgksaus ‘Social
life in Rajasthan’ uked iqLrd dk ys[ku fd;kA ;g og nkSj Fkk tc lkjs bfrgkl
txr esa jkT;] iz'kklu] iz'kklfud&O;oLFkk] jktLo o Hkw&jktLo ij vk/kkfjr
vkfFkZd bfrgkl fy[kus ij cy fn;k tk jgk Fkk] ijUrq vkius foijhr blds lkekftd]
/kkfeZd o lkaLœfrd n`f"Vdks.k ls vfHkys[kkxkjh; o lkfgfR;d lkexzh dks Hkh
lfEefyr djrs gq, ‘Social life’ dk fp=.k fd;kA lekt] ifjokj] ikfjokfjd
O;ogkj ,oa R;ksgkj] lkekftd&/kkfeZd ijEijkvksa] jhfr&fjoktksa] laLFkkvksa] nSfud
thou] [kku&iku] os'kHkw"kk] euksjatu] mRlo] ioZ] f'k{kk tSls fo"k;ksa dks jkspd <ax ls
izLrqr dj lekt oSKkfudksa ds le{k ,d u;k vk;ke izLrqr dj Hkkoh vuqla/kkuksa ds
fy, }kj [kksy fn;sA ;g mudh egŸkh nsu gSA
Hkkjrh; laxhr eq[;r% rhu /kkjkvksa esa fodflr gqvk gSμosnksa dh xku&ijaijk
tks czk„.k oxZ us lqjf{kr j[kh] ikSjkf.kd&rkaf=d ijEijk tks eafnjksa esa iYyfor gqbZ
rFkk rhljh] vk"ksZ; tks fo}ku~&fo'ks"k vkSj mldh f'k";&ijEijk dh lk/kuk ls vius
ijoku p<+hA ns'k ds bl dykfp= esa tks n`'; fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] ogh jktLFkku ds
bfrgkl esa ifjyf{kr gqvk&lk izrhr gksrk gSA lfn;ksa ls Hkjs x;s jaxksa ls fprjke]
jktLFkku dh xhr&okfn=&u`R; dh dyk ls lq/kh Jksrkvksa dks] la{ksi esa gh D;ksa u gks]
:c: djkuk gekjk vfHkizk; gSA
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 27
ΩXosnkfn pkjksa osnksa rFkk fof'k"V oSfnd lkexku dks leLr Hkkjr dh Hkkafr
jktLFkku ds Hkh dfri; Hkkxksa esa ekSf[kd ijEijk esa lqjf{kr j[krs gq, izfrfnu mldh
vko`fŸk fd;s tkrs jgus ds izek.k gesa 399&415 bZ- esa Hkkjr vk;s phuh ;k=h QkgÓku
ds ;k=k&fooj.k ls izkIr gksrs gSaA Hkhueky dh] mlus osn&fo}kuksa dh uxjh ds :i esa
iz'kalk djrs gq, fuR; gksus okys ;Kksa] pkjksa osnksa ds xku rFkk lkeosn ds xku ds fy;s
x;s mYys[k gekjs mDr dFku dh iqf"V djrs gq, izrhr gksrs gSaA lkexk;u ls ifo= gq,
okrkoj.k ds lkFk&lkFk Hkhueky ds oSHko vkSj le`fº ds mYys[k lkekftd vkSj
vkfFkZd bfrgkl ds ifjizs{; dh n`f"V ls de egRoiw.kZ ugha gSaA
ikSjkf.kd ijEijk
laxhr dh ikSjkf.kd@ra= dh /kkjk esa vius vkjk/; dks laxhr ds ek/;e ls
izlUu djus dh iqjk.kksDr fopkj/kkjk laHkor% dkj.k jgh gSA Hkxon~xhrk esaμen~HkDrk
;= xk;fUr r= fr"Bkfe ukjn dgdj Hkxoku~ Jhœ".k us HkfDr laxhr dk lw=ikr
gh fd;k gSA bl lanHkZ esa loZ= lekn`r ;kKoYD;Le`fr esa Hkh dgk x;k gS fd
Jqfr&tkfr vkSj y;&rky esa n{k O;fDr fcuk vU; iz;kl ds eks{kekxZ ij izLFkku
djrk gSμ
oh.kkoknurRoK% Jqfrtkfrfo'kkjn%A
rkyK'pkiz;klsu eks{kekx± fuxPNfrAA
(3@114)
bUgha ;kKoYD; us f'ko&eafnjksa esa laxhr iwtk dks ladsfrr fd;k gS tks
Hkkxor&/keZ ds mn; ls iwoZ dh gksus ls egRoiw.kZ gSA Hkkxor iqjk.k ls Jhœ".k&yhyk,a
yksdfiz; gqb±] eafnjksa esa Hkkxor vkSj vU; iqjk.kksa dh dFkkvksa ij ukVÓ&eapu dk izkjaHk
gqvkA Hkxoku~ ds foxzg dh v"Vkfo/k iwtk esa xhr&okfn=&u`R; rhuksa izdkjksa dk
lekos'k gqvk] lkFk&lkFk ukVÓ dk HkhA ;g fLFkfr d'ehj ls dU;kdqekjh rd loZ=
fn[kkbZ nsxhA 'kkldksa us bu eafnjksa dh iwtk&vpkZ] /kkfeZd mRloksa ds fy;s vxzgkj esa
izHkwr ek=k esa Hkwfe vkSj xzke nku fn;sA Hkkjr ds fdlh Hkh izns'k esa fLFkr eafnjksa ds
miyC/k vfHkys[kksa ij ;fn ge ,d n`f"V Mkysa] rks loZ= ;gh n`'; fn[kkbZ nsxkA bu
eafnjksa@eBksa esa 'kkL= vkSj 'kL= rFkk dykvksa dh fofHkUu 'kk[kkvksa dk lfn;ksa rd v/
;;u&v/;kiu gqvk] dykvksa us u;s vk;ke fodflr fd;sA mlh dk ifj.kke lkfgR;
vkSj dyk dh fofo/k fo/kkvksa ds :i esa] gtkjksa&yk[kksa xazFkksa@Vhdkvksa dh jpukvksa ds
:i esa gqvk tks vkt gekjh Fkkrh gS] gSfjVst gS] ,slh fojklr tks vU; fdlh ns'k ds
ikl ugha gS rFkk ftl ij ge xoZ dj ldsaA jktLFkku bl fodkl ;k=k dk Hkkxhnkj
gqvk gS] xhr&okfn=&u`R; ls HkfDr dh ykS txkus dk] mls ^tkxrh T;ksr* cuk;s j[kus
dk mldk viuk bfrgkl gSA
22 28 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
f'kykfnR; xqfgy ds fo- 703 ds lkeksyh vfHkys[k ls ppkZ dk izkjaHk djrs gSa
ftlesa oVuxj ls fudys tsd&izeq[k Jsf"B;ksa us uxj dks le`º cuk;k vkSj tLrs dh
[kku [kqnokbZA blh f'kykys[k esa /;ku jgs] vj.;okfluh nsoh ds eafnj dk fuekZ.k Hkh
ladsfrr gSA ;gka ,d iafDr gSμ
ukukfnns'kekxr v"Vkn'k oSrkfyd yksdfo[;kre~ (oVuxje~ vFkok eafnja
vfHkizsr gS)A
;gka oSrkfyd dk vFkZ dfri; fo}kuksa us HkwxHkZK ;k rkaf=d fd;k gSA vkxj
dk vFkZ gS [kku blfy;s HkwxHkZK vFkZ fd;k vkSj eafnj gS blfy, rkaf=d vFkZ fd;kA
Hkxorh dh rkaf=d iºfr ls iwtk dk viuk vyx bfrgkl gSA ijUrq oSrkfyd 'kCn
xk;d@Lrqfrxk;d ds :i esa laLœr ukVdksa esa dbZ ckj iz;qDr gqvk] eap [kkyh gks rks
i`"BekxhZ (Background) laxhr esa oSrkfyd xk;k djrk FkkA Hkkl vkSj dkfynkl
ds ukVdksa esa blh vFkZ esa ;g vk;k gSA bl laca/k esa ;g lkspuk pkfg, fd u;k eafnj
cusxk rks ns'k&fons'k ds lk/kdksa] /keZ'kkfL=;ksa] laxhrKksa dks ckgj ls gh cqykuk iM+sxkA
[kku [kqnokus ds ckn fQj HkwxHkZKksa dk D;k dke ckdh jgrk gSA vr% bl 'kCn&iz;ksx
dk vFkZ fu'p; gh xk;d Lohdkjuk Js;Ldj jgsxk] [kkldj eafnj ds lanHkZ esaA
xk;d ds vFkZ esa ^oSrkfyd* dk iz;ksx ;g HkjrkFkZ lwfpr djrk izrhr gksrk gS fd
fcuk xhr dk u`R;@ok| 'kq"d ok|@u`R; dgykrk gSA vr% ;g Hkh laHkkouk izdV dh
tk ldrh gS fd v"Vkn'k xk;dksa esa dqN oknd Hkh gksaxs] dqN u`R;kpk;Z Hkh jgs gksaxs
D;ksafd ;s rhuksa gh fo/kk,a dekscs'k ijLijkfJr gSaA xhr&u`R; ds fy;s rky pkfg, vkSj
oknu&u`R; ds fy;s xhr rks pkfg, gh pkfg,] lkFk esa vfHku;&iz/kku ukVÓ gks rks vkSj
Hkh vPNk gksxkA
1147 fo- ds ukMksy vfHkys[k esa y{e.k Lokeh vkfn nsorkvksa dh ;k=k ds
lac/a k esa funs'Z k vafdr gS ftlesa ;g dgk x;k gS ftl fnu nsork dh ;k=k (Procesis on)
gks lHkh lRdizenkdqy mŸke oL=kyadkjksa ls lq'kksfHkr gksdj fo}kuksa vkSj 'kwyikyksa ds
lkFk vkdj ok|&u`R;&xhr ds vkfo"dkj ds lkFk ;k=k esa lfEefyr gksa lacºka'k bl
izdkj gSμ
^;= ?klzs ;= (ns) os ;k=k Hkofr r= leLrnsokuka lRizenk&
dqyjS kdYila;qDrS% lqoL=SfoZ|kofn~Hk'p l'kwyikySjkxR; ok|u`R;(xhr)k&fnfof/kuk
;k=k dj.kh;kA*
;gka izenkdqy dk vFkZ MkW- HkkaMkjdj us xf.kdk fd;k gS rks csuh xqIrk us
nsonklhA ^lRd* 'kCn ij ,d fo}ku~ vkifŸk djrs gSa] mudh jk; esa ogka ^lDr* tqMs+
gq, ds vFkZ esa mi;qDr gksxkA 'kwyiky dk foÿ; ls laca/k crkdj mls xf.kdk/;{k ds
:i esa le>k x;k gSA
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 29 23 30 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

oLrqr% ^lRizenkdqy* dk izkphu@e/;dkyhu vfHkys[kksa esa iz;ksx gqvk gS vkSj
og Hkh dsoy eafnj ds lanHkZ esaA xf.kdk dk tulaidZ jgrk Fkk vr% mUgsa eafnj ds
;ksX; ugha ekuk tkrk FkkA eafnj dh lsok esa layXu urZdh vkfn dk ck· iq#"kksa ls
laidZ fuf"kº Fkk blhfy, mUgsa ^lRd* dgk x;k gSA
ewy vfHkys[k ds ^p* vO;; ij fdlh us fopkj ugha fd;k blfy;s 'kwyiky
dks fo|kon~fHk ls tksM+k gS] lgh vFkZ gksxk fo}kuksa vkSj 'kwyiky ds lkFkA vFkkZr~ bu
izenkvksa ds xq#vksa rFkk 'kwyiky ;kuh j{kdksa] HkkySrksa ds lkFk ;k=k esa xkrs&ctkrs os
pyrh FkhaA eafnj dh ;k jktnjckj dh xkf;dkvks@a urZfd;ksa dh vkus&tkus] lqj{kk&izgfj;ksa
vkSj izdk'k ds fy;s e'kkyph dh O;oLFkk jkt dh rjQ ls gh gksrh vk;h gSμ19oha
'krh rdA de ls de jktLFkku dk ;gh ifjn`'; gSA ,d ckr vkSjA fdlh Hkh nsork
dk tqywl fudysxk rks mlesa ml LFkku ij fo|eku~ lHkh eafnjksa dh izenkvksa dks
lfEefyr gksuk FkkA
;gka ;g rF; Lohdkjuk gksxk fd tu&lkekU; ds ÿ;&foÿ; ;ksX; xf.kdk
dks eafnjksa dh lsok ds fy;s mi;ksxh ekuuk gekjh Hkwy gksxhA
nsoky;ksa esa xku&u`R; lsok ds fy;s jkT; dh vkjs ls dh tkus okyh O;oLFkk
ds ÿe esa vkYg.knso dkyhu dkWij IysV~l ds fooj.k dks mifLFkr fd;k tk ldrk
gS ftlesa lsokjr dykfoK efgykvksa dks nzEe uked eqnzkvksa vFkok nzks.k@dqejnzks.k
xks/kwe (xsgwa) fu;fer :i ls afn;s tkus dh vkKk vafdr gSA >haVyokM+k xzke ds
f=iq#"knso eafnj rFkk panys'oj esa fu;qDr foykflfu;ksa ds uke rFkk mUgsa ns; nzEe@nzks.k
/kkU; dks bl izdkj fn[kk;k tk ldrk gSμ
1- foykfluh in~ek dh dU;k "kksM'kioZ
o ftyk rFkk vU; laHkor%
laxfrdkj
2- esgjh esgfudk uankxzke ds Hkksx ls 5 nzks.k xks/kwe
3- esgjh fcxM+k] lhrnk] iseyh] jruk nsouafnr xzke ds vj?kÍ ls 5
Jh;knsoh vklnsoh lwjoky tljk] dqej nzks.k xks/kwe
i.ko&oknd ofM;kj >hVyokM+k xzke ds
e`nax oknd efgefrgkl vj?kÍ ls 5&5
oa'koknd fjflnkl dqejnzk.s k
xksfoUnlqr
nsouafnr xzke esa eBifr dh mifLFkfr n'kkZ;h x;h gS rFkk mls lRdizenkdqy
dh rjg lRdeBifr dgk x;k gSA vfHkys[k esa mfYyf[kr esgfj;ka fu'p; gh
xkf;dk,a@urZfd;ka gaS D;ksafd muds lkFk gh i.ko] e`nax vkSj os.kq okndksa ds uke tqM+s
gq, gSaA
bu dykfon~ efgykvksa esa 'kksfHkdk@'kksHkfudk ds fo"k; esa fuEu iafDr;ka mn~/
k`r djuk mfpr gksxk ftlesa dgk x;k gS fd ^esgjh 'kksfHkdk ds x`g&fujh{k.k ds fy;s
vk;s gq, egkjktkf/kjkt (vkYg.knso) us 'kksfHkdk dks fiNoYyh xzke buke fn;k]
ftldk Hkksx og Lo;a djsa ;k vU; fdlh dks djkosa] dksbZ Hkh O;fDr n[ky ugha
nsxkμ
^^ikS"k ofn n'kE;ka egkjktkf/kjktsu egfjlks(fHk) dk;k x`gfujh&
{k.kk;kxrsukL;k fiNoYyh&xzke Lolheki;ZUrkss Kkre;kZnizlknhœrks∑L;k Hkqat;UR;k
Hkqatki;UR;k dsukfi---ifjiUFkuk dk;kZA**
mi;qZDr vfHkys[k dk ;g fooj.k 1171 fo-] 1173 fo- rFkk 1205 fo- dk
gS rFkk tkstynso ds 1147 fo- ds vfHkys[k esa lanfHkZr fooj.k ds ifjizs{; esa bls
ns[kuk mi;qDr gksxkA
vkYg.knso dh 1219 fo- dh dkWij IysV ;g lwfpr djrh gS fd eafnj esa
xku&u`R; ds vykok ukVÓ dk eapu Hkh gksrk FkkA f=iq#"knso eafnj esa vkYg.knso }kjk
fof/kor~ iwtk] vfHk"ksd vkSj uSo|
s leiZ.k djus ds ckn iq.;nkf;uh jkf= esa iz{s k.kd@ukVÓ
ns[kus dk lanHkZ nsf[k;sμ
uSos|a ljla iznk; cgq/kk iq.;iznkjk=dsA
i'pkr~ izs{k.kda euks/k`frdja rkS;Zf=dkyaœre~AA
;gka iz;qDr rkS;Zf=d dk vFkZ&xhr] ok|] u`R; rFkk vfHku; ls vyaœr ukVÓ
gSA bu pkjksa dks leok; :i ls Hkjr eqfu us rkS;Zf=d dgk gSA nf{k.k Hkkjr ds
dfri; eafnjksa ds lHkkxkj esa vHkh ukVÓ ds eap fo|eku~ gSaA d'ehj esa Hkh ukVÓ
eapu dh izFkk FkhA ;s ukVd ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa ij vk/kkfjr Fks tks foxzg ds mRloksa ij
eafpr fd;s tkrsA bl lanHkZ ls ;g tkuuk fd jktLFkku esa Hkh eafnjksa esa ukVÓeapu
gksrk jgk gS] gekjs fy;s fdruk lq[kn gSA
mn;flagnso (pkgeku) ds dky dk Hkhueky f'kykys[k (1306 fo-)
fdUgha Bkdqj mn;flag ds iq= eg.kflag (egkflag) rFkk mlds HkkbZ }kjk la;qDr :i
ls txRLokeh eafnj dh vf'ou on 14] 1306 fo- dks nsorkvksa dh ;k=k (/kkfeZd
mRloksa ij vk;ksT;) ds fufeŸk 40 nzEe fu{ksi fd;s tkus dh lwpuk nsrk gSA blds
vfrfjDr nksuksa Hkkb;ksa us vkRe&dY;k.kkFkZ ek?k ekl esa ofn 5 ds cfy vkfn ds fy;s
blh eafnj ds Hkk.Mkxkj esa 15 nzEe fu{ksfir fd;sA xks/kwe] ?k`r vkfn gj oLrq ij
fdruk [kpZ fd;k tkuk gS bldk Hkh vfHkys[k esa funsZ'k gSA dgus dh t:jr ugha gS
fd ctV ds vyx&vyx gSM~l esa lRizenkdqy Hkh ,d gSμ
^izenkdqyizr;a nz 1 ,rRlo± izfr(o)"k± nsosu dkjkiuh;e~A*
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 31
bu vfHkys[kksa esa mfYyf[kr rF; bl ckr ds Li"V izek.k ds :i esa Lohdkj
fd;s tk ldrs gSa fd ns'k ds vU; HkwHkkxksa dh rjg jktLFkku esa Hkh eafnjksa us
xhr&u`R;&ok|&izs{k.kd dks u dsoy laj{k.k fn;k gS] vfirq fuR; lsok rFkk uSfefŸkd
voljksa ij izLrqfr djus ds volj miyC/k djk;s gSa vkSj xhr&ok| ls turk&tuknZu
ds fy;s HkfDr ekxZ dks iz'kLr fd;k gSA
lxq.k&fuxqZ.k ijaijk
blds ckn dk le; jktuhfrd mFky&iqFky dk gS] Hkkjr dh turk ds
dkfQj cu tkus dk] eafnjksa ds m/oLr gksus dk] cykr~ /keZ&ifjorZu dk] vkReksRlxZ
dk] viuh laLœfr vkSj ijEijkvksa dk loZuk'k ns[kus dkA rkjh[ks fQjkst'kkgh ds
ys[kd us fy[kk gSμ
^^tc fd esjh FkksM+h&lh lkalsa 'ks"k gSa rks mi;qZDr egfQyksa dh iz'kalk fy[krs
le; esjh ;g bPNk gqbZ fd eSa mu u`R; lqanfj;ksa] ;qofr;ksa] jef.k;ksa rFkk ;qodksa dks ;kn
dj ywa ftuesa ukt vkSj vankt vkSj œf=e Hkko Hkjs iM+s Fks--- eSaus muesa dqN dk xkuk
vkSj u`R; ns[kk gS----- [krkr] dkrhc] eqgfCcd] uchl] dOoky] xk;d] pax] jckc]
dqekU;k vkSj ukScr ctkus okys ftrus vrkbZ Fks] mrus ;ksX; vkSj fdlh le; esa u FksA**
;g le; vehj [kqljks dkA dgrs gSa bl oDr bjkuh laxhr dk gekjs laxhr
ij izHkko iM+k] ij mldh 'kq:vkr /kkfeZd vkLFkk ls gh gqbZA bZjkuh] fo'ks"kdj
lwfQ;kuk xk;dh dk Hkkjr esa lw=ikr vtesj ls gh gqvk gS ,slk izrhr gksrk gSμ[oktk
eksbZuqÌhu fp'rh ds dkj.kA ;gha ls lw~Qh laxhr dk izpkj&izlkj izkjaHk gqvkA lwQh
xk;dksa esa dOokyh xkus okyksa dk dOoky&cPpksa dk ?kjkuk dk;e gqvkA blh ?kjkus
ls [;ky&xk;u ds Xokfy;j&vkxjk bR;kfn ?kjkus cus] bUgha ls VIik&Bqejh tSlh eu
yqHkkou xk;fd;ksa dk izknqHkkZo gqvk] muds Hkh cukjl&y[ku≈&iatkc ?kjkus cusA
12&14oha 'krh rd nsjkoj ds jkLrs ukFk&laiznk; ds vuq;k;h jktLFkku esa
vkus yxsA mUgksaus cykr~ /keZ&ifjorZu jksdus ds iz;kl rks fd;s gh gS ijUrq bl lanHkZ
esa egRoiw.kZ rF; ;g gS fd 14oha&15oha lnh esa ukFkksa dk HkfDr dh vksj >qdko gksus
yxk] dchj ls og vius ijoku p<+k vkSj fuxqZ.kh HkfDr&lk/kuk esa fQj laxhr us gh
vkLFkk cuk;s j[kus dk dke fd;k] jTtc] nknw] nfj;k] ykynkl] pj.knkl dbZ lUrksa
ds jktLFkku esa iaFk cusA ij dchj ls Hkh igys jkoy eYyhukFk vkSj jkuh :ikans us
ekjokM+ esa HkfDr dk lw=ikr fd;kA ckck jkenso izflº gSA buds ^tkxj.k* ;k
jkrhtksx ,drkjk&<ksyd ds fcuk dSls gksrs\ HkfDr vkUnksyu esa u tkus fdrus in
cus] jkx&rky esa fucº gq,] mlds 'kkL=h; Lo:i dks u;k vk;ke feykμHkfDr
laxhr dkA lxq.k HkfDr dHkh lekIr gks gh ugha ldrh FkhA ^ehjk dgs izHkq fxj/kj
24 32 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
ukxj*&ehjk ds Hktuksa dh xwat lkjs Hkkjro"kZ esa vc Hkh lqukbZ nsxhA
oYyHkkpk;Z ds izkdVÓ us iqf"VekxZ }kjk lxq.k HkfDr dh bl /kkjk dks lqn`<+
gh ugha fd;k] mlesa pkj pkan yxk fn;sA vkSjaxtsc dh uhfr ds dkj.k tc izHkq ds
foxzgksa dks LFkkukUrfjr djuk iM+k rc jktLFkku ds 'kkldksa us gh rks mu foxzgksa dks
tks/kiqj] dkadjksyh] ukFk}kjk] dksVk] Hkjriqj esa izfr"Bkfir fd;k] muesa oh.kkokndksa]
dhrZfu;ksa vksj i[kkot&okndksa dks fu;qDr fd;k] eafnjksa dks [kpZ ds fy;s xkao&tehusa
tkxhj esa nhaA tks/kiqj ds pkSikluh eafnj dks ekjokM+ ds gj xkao ij ,d #i;k ikus
dh lun nh x;h FkhA esokM+ esa izkphu@u;s cus eafnjksa esa fuR; dhrZu dh O;oLFkk Fkh
gh] jkeLusgh laiznk; ds eBksa esa Hkh egkjk.kkvksa us Hktu&xk;dksa dh fu;qfDr;ka dh
FkhaA tks/kiqj ds fot;flag vius flagklu ij ^Jhœ".kpj.k'kj.k* fy[krs Fks] mUgksaus
ckyfdluth dk eafnj cuk;kA ukFkkuq;k;h ekuflag us ukFk&eafnjksa esa fuR; dhrZu dh
O;oLFkk dh FkhA t;iqj ds Mkxj&xk;dksa dh lk/kuk jk/kkxksfoan th ds eafnj esa gksrh
jgh] mn;iqj ds txnh'k eafnj dh jFk ;k=k m- tkfd#Ìhu dh gkftjh ds fcuk ;k=k
iwjh gh ugha gksrh FkhA t;iqj ds izrkiflag us vius xzaFk dk uke gh jk/kkxksfoanlaxhrlkj
j[kkA eafnjksa ds xk;dksa ds mŸkjkf/kdkfj;ksa us fo'o& Hkj esa uke fd;kμt;iqj dk HkÍ
ifjokj ;k chdkusj dk xksLokeh ifjokj bl rF; dk mnkgj.k gSA
vc rd dh ppkZ laHkor% ;g ladsr djrh izrhr gksrh gS fd laxhr ds
laj{k.k vkSj fodkl esa rr~&rr~ dkyhu lŸkkf/kdkfj;ksa dk leFkZu izkIr gksrk jgk vr%
mu lŸkk/kh'kksa@muds vkfJrksa dh laxhr ds 'kkL=@iz;ksx ds izfr jgh vfHk#fp ds
n'kZu djkuk ;gka visf{kr gksxkA 'kq: ogha ls djuk gksxk tgka ls vfHkys[kh; lk{;
miyC/k gSaA
'kkldksa dh lkaxhfrd vfHk#fp
tks/kiqj ds fo- 894 ds vfHkys[k esa izrhgkj ckmd dks vU; fo'ks"krkvksa ds
lkFk dykfUor dgk x;k gS tcfd 918 fo- dk ?kfV;kyk vfHkys[k dDdqd ds
oh.kkoknu dk Hkh ladsr djrk gSμ
oYydh dkdyhxhra 'kjPpanz'p ekyrhA
fouhrk L=h lrka xks"Bh dDdqdL; fiz;kf.k "kV~AA
dDdqd dks oh.kk&oknu fiz; Fkk gh] og ml xhr dks lquuk ilUn djrk Fkk
ftlesa dkdyh fu"kkn dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA dkdyh dk iz;ksx eanzlIrd ds vkyki esa
vR;f/kd lq[kn yxrk FkkA bl izdkj ,d vU; Hkh ladsr miyC/k gSa ftuesa 1319
fo- ds lwa/kk ioZr vfHkys[k ds ,d 'yksd dks mn~/k`r djuk mfpr gksxk ftlesa
lejflag ds iq= pkgeku mn;flag dks HkjrukVÓ'kkL= tSls fo'kky xzaFk dk rŸoosŸkk
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 33
dgk x;k gSμ
/khjksnkŸk (L)rq#"dkf/kiennyuks xwtZjsUnzjS ts;%A
lsok;krf{krh'kksfprdj.kiVq% flU/kqjktkUrdks ;%AA
izkÌs ke U;k;gsrq% Hkjreq[kegkxzaFkrRokFkZoŸs kkA
JheTtkckfylaKkiqfj f'kolnu}U}drkZ œrK%AA6AA
bu ladsrksa ;k fo'ks"k.kksa dks dksbZ xq.kkuqokn dg ldrs gSa] ij ,slk ugha gSA
laxhr bu 'kkldksa ds thou dh nSfud izfÿ;kvksa ls tqM+k gqvk FkkA bl rjg dk ,d
lanHkZ ek?k ds f'k'kqikyo/k ls izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gSμ
Jqfrlef/kdeqPpS% iapea ihM;Ur%A
lrre`"kHkghua fHkUudhœR; "kM~te~AA
vfHktxnqjdkfd JkodfLuX/kd.Bk%A
ifj.kfrfefr jk=s% ekx/kk ek/kok;AA
&ek?kdkO;] lxZ 11
^Jqfrlef/kd ("kM~txzke esa prq%Jqfr)] iape dks ihfMr djrs gq,] Ω"kHkjfgr]
xs; nks"kksa ls eqDr] fLuX/kdaB ls fHkUu"kM~t jkx xkrs gq, ekx/kksa us ek/ko dks jkf=
dh lekfIr ls vxor djk;kA*
mudk fnu dk izkjaHk gh laxhr ls 'kq: gqvk djrk Fkk rks mudh vfHk#fp
tkx`r gksuh gh FkhA ;g fjokt jktLFkku dh izk;% lHkh fj;klrksa esa jgk gS] bl dke
dks ^lst jks <ksyh* fd;k djrk jgk gSA mn;iqj&tks/kiqj ds vfHkys[kksa ls blds dbZ
izek.k mifLFkr fd;s tk ldrs gSaA ,d ckr vkSj] fHkUu"kM~t esa vkt Hkh js&i dks
oftZr dj jkr ds rhljs izgj esa xkus dk izpyu gSA vr% mifj&lanfHkZr fo'ks"k.kksa dks
egt xq.kkuqokn ;k iz'kalk dguk mi;qDr ugha gksxkA jktLFkku ds dbZ 'kldksa us
Hkjr&'kk¬Znso dk vuq'khyu dj Lo;a xzaFkjpuk dh gS rFkk vU;ksa dks Hkh izsfjr fd;k
gSA vk'kk gS bldh ppkZ vkidks #fpdj izrhr gksxhA
j.kFkEHkkSj ds ;'kLoh 'kkld jk.kk gehjnso pkSgku (1282&1301 bZ-) us
laxzggkj ;k laxhrlaxzggkj uked ,d xzaFk fy[kk gS tks ^xkU/kokZ& e`rlkxj* ij
vk/kkfjr gSA gehjnso ds jktiafMr jk?koHkÍ Hkh laHkor% laxhrkpk;Z jgs gksA muds
ikS= 'kk¬Z/kj us ekulksYykl dh rjg 'kk¬Z/kj& iºfr fy[kh ftldk ,d Hkkx
rRdkyhu laxhr ds Lo:i dks mifLFkr djrk gSS tks Hkjr&laxhr ls gVdj gSA
v'kksdeYy ,d vkSj pgqvku& egh&egsanz 'kkld laxhrkpk;Z gq, gSaA ohjflag muds
firk FksA mUgksaus laxhrdYir# xzaFk fy[kk gS ftldk vc rd ,dek= u`R;k/;k;
miyC/k FkkA t;iqj esa miyC/k 7 v/;k;ksa ds xzaFk dh 1551 fo- dh izfrfyfi ls
vuqeku dj ldrs gSa fd gehj ds dqN gh le; ckn bldh jpuk gqbZ gSA xzaFk dh
25 34 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
miyC/k ,d gh izfrfyfi jktLFkku esa feyus ls Hkh 'kkld ds ,rÌs'kh; gksus dk
vuqeku fd;k tk ldrk gSA u`R;k/;k; dks ia- okpLifr xSjksyk us fgUnh vuqokn ds
lkFk foxr lnh ds 8osa n'kd esa izdkf'kr fd;k gSA
mn;iqj ds egkjk.kk dqEHkd.kZ dk laxhrjkt Hkkjr&izflº] cgqpfpZr] vf/
kdka'k izdkf'kr ,oa dbZ n`f"V;ksa ls lehf{kr xzaFkjkt gSA ok|jRudks"k] jljRudks"k Nis
ugha gSA jljRu dks'k ij ;gha t;iqj ls 'kks/k dk;Z gqvk FkkA dqEHkk us lHkh iwoZorhZ xzaFkksa
dk vkyksMu fd;k gS ftlls ;g ladyu&Lo:i dk gqvk gSA vusd vKkr xzaFkdkjksa]
Vhdkdkjksa vkSj laLœr&ys[kdksa ds blesa lanHkZ@mºj.k gksus ls bfrgkl&n`f"V ls ;g
cgqr ewY;oku~ gS] ijUrq ledkyhu mŸkjh Hkkjr esa ifjorZu'khy laxhr dh blesa dksbZ
ppkZ u gksuk rFkk 84 izca/kksa ds mnkgj.k ,dfy¬ekgkRE; esa feyuk ;s nksuksa rF;
xzaFkdr`ZRo dks iz'ukafdr rks djrs gh gSaA
dqEHkk ds ckn cgqr le; rd esokM+ esa dksbZ laxhr&xazFk ugah fy[kk x;kA
cusM+k ds 'kkld ljnkjflag us vius vkfJr xqfutuksa dh izkFkZuk ij ^lqjrjax* dh
jpuk dh gSμblesa jkx&oxhZdj.k vkSj mudk o.kZu jkxekyk ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k
gSA dkO; vPNk gS] ysfdu rc rd jkxLo:iksa esa dbZ ifjorZu gks x;s FksA
esokM+ ds nsox<+&enkfj;k fuoklh jkxlkxj œ".kkuan O;kl (1851& 1945
bZ-) cgqr cM+s laxhrkpk;Z gq, gSa ftuds ^laxhrjkxdYinqze* dks fo'o laxhr dks'k dh
ekU;rk izkIr gqbZ gSA dydŸkk vkSj y[ku≈ ls 1914 bZ- esa nks Hkkxksa esa izdkf'kr bl
xzaFk esa djhc lk<+s ckjg gtkj ls vf/kd jpukvksa dk laxzg gSA iwjs 32 o"kZ Hkkjr&Hkze.k
dj vusd laxhrKksa ls izkIr ;s jpuk,a vkt ds laxhr dh vewY; fuf/k gSμjpukvksa
dh n`f"V ls vkSj izca/k&izdkjksa dh n`f"V ls HkhA
esokM+ ds ukFk}kjk esa i[kkot&oknu ij fy[kk ,d vkSj xzaFk gSμe`naxlkxj
ftldk izkjaHk [kseyky us fd;k] ijUrq mls iwjk djuk iM+k muds iq= ?ku';kenkl
dksA t;iqj dh gh mudh i[kkot&'kSyh Fkh tks ukFk}kjk ?kjkus ds uke ls fo[;kr
gqbZA ?ku';kenkl ds iq= Louke/kU; ia- iq#"kksŸkenkl i[kkoth Hkkjr&fo[;kr i[kkot
oknd gq, gSa ftUgsa Hkkjr ljdkj us ^in~eJh* ls uoktk gSA
t;iqj&vyoj esa laxhr xzaFkksa dh jpuk dk izkjaHk izk;% eqxy lezkV~ vdcj
ds le; ls eku ldrs gSaA ekuflag vkSj ek/kksflag ds vkJ; esa iq.Mjhd@iq.Mjh@i.Mjh
foV~By uked laxhrkpk;Z jgs gSa ftUgsa esy iºfr dk mn~xkrk dgk tkrk gSA mUgksaus
ek/kksflag ds laj{k.k esa vkxjk esa jkxfu.kZ;] urZueatjh vkfn 6 xzaFk fy[ks gSa tks igys
xk;u lekt iq.ks ls vkSj ckn esa iqjkru xzaFkekyk esa tks/kiqj ls Nis gSaA bUgha ds f'k";
Jhd.B dk jldkSeqnh izflº xzaFk gSA lokbZ t;flag ds vkJ; esa lhrkjke HkÍ
ioZ.khdj us ukVÓ'kkL= ij fy[kh y{k.kpafnzdk ;k vyoj esa fo|kHkw"k.k d`".kkuan us
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 35
fy[kh lkfgR; dkSeqnh Vhdk dks izkphu laxhr'kkL= ds izfr #>ku ds :i esa ;gka
ladsfrr djuk mfpr izrhr gksrk gSA
t;iqj 'kkldksa ds vkSjaxkckn f'kfoj esa fdUgha Bk- jkeflag 'ks[kkor ds iq=
fd'kuflag ds v/;;u ds fy;s Bkdqj lkgc us laxhr&jRukdj ij jliznhi Vhdk
fy[kok;h Fkh] og Hkh ejkBh esa vkSj mlds Vhdkdkj dksbZ uwj[kka gS! laxhr jRukdj dk
u`R;k/;k; lfp= gS ftlesa fofHkUu eqnzkvksa esa urZfd;ksa dk vadu fd;k x;k gSA xzaFk
;gha ij t;iqj esa [kkleqgj laxzg esa gSA blh izdkj vyoj esa xaxkjke ekFkqj us fy[kh
laxhr&jRukdj dh cztHkk"kk dh ^lsrq* Vhdk gS tks yxHkx 800 i`"Bksa esa miyC/k gSA
fetkZ jktk t;flag ds iq= jkeflag dh lsok esa fu;qDr eksgujk; ikrqj&urZdh
us ^ÿhMkfouksn* fy[kk rks mf.k;kjk Bk- Hkheflag dh vkKk ls jk/kkd`".k laxhrkpk;Z us
jkxjRukdj uke ds fo'kky xzaFk dh jpuk dh gSA
t;iqj ds lokbZ izrkiflag laxhrkuqjkx vkSj jk/kkxksfoan dh HkfDr ds fy;s
izflº gSA os mLrkn pkan[kka ds f'k"; FksA izrkiflag us ^jk/kk& xksfoanlaxhrlkj* dh
lkr v/;k;ksa esa jpuk dh] jpuk esa t;iqj ds njckjh dfo;ksa uanfd'kksj frokM+h]
Jhd`".k rSyax] pquhyky HkÍ vkSj jkejk; feJ us lgk;rk dh FkhA bUgha izrkiflag
dh vkKk ls x.kifr Hkkjrh us (1791 bZ-) laxhr lkxj dh jpuk dhA t;iqj esa fy[ks
x;s vU; xzaFkksa esa u`R;fouksn] xhrizdk'k] flaxkjniZ.k vkSj jljkf'k jkeukjk;.k ds fy[ks
jkx ladsr] ‹k`axkjniZ.k dk ;gka mYys[k djuk lehphu gksxkA
'kkgtgka ds ledkyhu egkjktk xtflag us Hkh laHkor% ,d xzaFk dh jpuk
dh gSμukxsUnzlaxhr ftlds drkZ ukxsUnz gSA ukxsUnz xtflag dk i;kZ;okph dfo uke
gksus dh laHkkouk dh tk ldrh gSA tks/kiqj njckj dh nks urZfd;ksa dh u`R;&f'k{kk ds
fy; fy[kk ;g xzaFk dRFkd ds bfrgkl ds fy;s egRoiw.kZ flº gksxkA tks/kiqj ds
vU; 'kkldksa esa egkjktk ekuflag laxhrK dfo gq, gSa ftUgksaus vusd uohu iz;ksx
fd;s gSa ftldh ppkZ Hkk"k.k ds lekiu esa djuk mfpr gksxkA foxr lnh esa ia-
cqfºizdk'k vkpk;Z dk fy[kk ^laxhrkEcqt HkkLdj* vHkh vizdkf'kr gSA
chdkusj ds vuwiflag dks laxhr&u`R; ls yxko FkkA eqxy&lezkV~ vkSjaxtsc
dh lsok esa tukZnu HkÍ laxhrkpk;Z FksA vuwiflag bUgsa vius lkFk chdkusj fyok yk;s
FksA tukZnu HkÍ ds HkkoHkÍ vkSj laxhrjk; HkÍ nks iq= gq,A HkkoHkÍ ds Hkh nks iq=
Fksμegknso HkÍ vkSj j?kqukFk HkÍA HkkoHkÍ iz[kj fo}ku~ Fks] muds vuwilaxhrjRukdj o
vuwilaxhrfoykl xzaFkksa esa xhr&ok| ds vykok u`R; vkSj ukVÓ dk Hkh lekos'k gSA
laxhrjk; vkSj egknso HkÍ us vkykieatjh vkfn xzaFk la;qDr :i ls fy[ks gSaA j?kqukFk
HkÍ us vuwilaxhrkadq'k* fy[kkA fiNyh lnh esa pw# ds ia- t;panz 'kekZ us chdkusj esa
jgrs gq, dRFkd u`R; ij fofo/k xzaFk jpuk dh gSA
26 36 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
vkcw&panzkorh ds vklikl i{k/kj (1673 bZ-) us laxhrdYir# dh jpuk
dh ftl ij fdUgha ia- x.ks'knso us lqcksf/kuh Vhdk fy[kh gSA lwphi= cukus okys us
ys[kd ds :i esa #nznkl uke fn;k gSA laHkor% i{k/kj vkSj #nznkl esa ls fdlh ,d
us vU; ds fy, mls fy[kk gksA
djkSyh&ujs'k jktk xksikynkl dh jkxlewg uked y?kqdk; jpuk gSA /kkSyiqj
ds vk.kanjke us vkSjaxkckn esa eqxy f'kfoj esa jgrs gq, 1682 bZ-esa jkxeatjh fy[khA
blh rjg lhdj&>qa>uwa ds dk;e[kkuh dfo tku us laxhrxq.knhi dh czt Hkk"kk esa
jpuk dh gSA
mi;qZDr xzaFk vuwi laLœr ykbZcszjh] chdkusj] lokbZ ekuflag II laxzgky;]
t;iqj rFkk jktLFkku izkP; fo|k izfr"Bku] tks/kiqj ,oa mlds laHkkxh; dk;kZy;ksa esa
vki dHkh Hkh ns[k ldrs gSaA bl fooj.k ls 'kkld vkSj 'kkflrksa dh dykfHk#fp dk
vuqeku ge yxk ldrs gSa D;ksafd izk;ksfxd {kerk ds vHkko esa fdlh Hkh O;fDr dh
'kkL=k/;;u vFkok 'kkL=ys[ku dh izo`fŸk ugha gks ldrhA bl izdkj dh vfHk#fp ds
ifj.kke Lo:i gh jktLFkku dh izk;% lHkh iwoZ fj;klrksa esa xquhtu[+kkuksa dh 'kq:vkr
gqbZA fj;klrksa ds Lora= Hkkjr esa foy; gksus rd vusd fnXxt xquhtuksa us bu
xquhtu[+kkuksa dh 'kksHkk c<+kbZ] lk/kuk dh] viuh le`º f'k";&ijEijk,a cuk;h] vusd
xk;u'kSfy;ksa dk vorj.k fd;k vkSj fgUnqLrkuh laxhr dks vewY; vonku fn;kA vc
mldh ppkZ djuk mi;qDr gksxkA
xquhtu[+kkuk t;iqj
fetkZ jktk t;flag (1622&67 bZ-) dh lsok esa jgs [kku eqgEen] gqluS [kka]
futke [kka] vCnqYyk vkSj NÌw [kka izeq[k dykdkj ekus tkrs Fks ftUgsa ckjg ls chl
#i;s rd osru FkkA lokbZ t;flag ds dky esa] ftUgsa 36 dkj[kkuksa dh LFkkiuk dk
Js; gS] xquhtu[+kkuk dk;e fd;k x;kA muds le; esa cztHkw"k.k HkÍ] jked`".k]
lsokjke vkSj ukFkwjke frokM+h ds dykdkjksa ds :i esa mYys[k feyrs gSaA lokbZ
izrkiflag us] tks Lo;a pkan [kka ds f'k"; Fks] jk/kkxksfoUnlaxhrlkj dh jpuk dh FkhA
tqxuaw] Nktw [kka vkSj yYyw ;k yYyu [kka buds le; esa ukeh dykdkj FksA lokbZ
jkeflag dk dky dykvksa dk ^Lo.kZ;qx* dgk tkrk gS tc t;iqj esa 161 dykoar
vkSj uDdkj[kkus ds 38 dykdkj gqvk djrs FksA bUgksaus ?kklh[kka ds iq= leuq dks
v[ksiqj dk okl vkSj vehj c['k dks pko.M dk e.M xkao buk;r fd;k FkkA
t;iqj ds izflº dykdkjksa esa jTtc vyh [kka chudkj] /k`in xk;d cgjke
[kka] flrkj oknd jghelsu&ve`rlsu vkSj okXxs;dkj eqgEen vyh mQZ gjjax us
dkQh uke dek;kA t;iqj ds dqrqc vyh] eq'kjZQ [kka] eqlkfgc vyh] lkfnd vyh
rFkk vln vyh rkulsu ds lsfu;k ?kjkus ds izfrfuf/k dykdkj gq, gSaA xksgjtku rks
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 37
Hkkjrizflº jgh gSA rek'kk ds izflº dykdkj xksihpan&Qwypan HkÍ dks ijxuk
fuokbZ dk ^HkkrM~;k* xkao buk;r fd;k x;k FkkA
tks/kiqj dk rkyhe[+kkuk
t;iqj ds xquhtu[+kkus dh rjg tks/kiqj esa rkyhe[+kkuk cuk;k x;kA 1650 bZ-
ls iwoZ 'kkldksa dh lsok esa xku&u`R; ds fy;s xk;.k&xkf;dkvksa dks fu;qDr fd;s tkus
ds cgqr mYys[k miyC/k gSaA ;g rkyhe[+kkuk egkjk.kh ds fu;a=.k esa j[kk x;k FkkA
dykoarksa ds lanHkZ e- vthrflag ds le; ls feyus 'kq: gksrs gSaA
e- fot;flag (1750&93 bZ-) ds le; esa fdlux<+ ls tqxuwa] ?kklh[kka]
mlds iq= gDdkuh c['k vk;s FksA ckn esa vrjksyh ds ekurkSy [kka] Hkwir[kka]
vekuhc['k] fdlux<+ ds dOo+ky eqgEen iuk] fldUnjkckn ds jet+ku [kka] vkxjk
ds 'ksj[kka] iatkc ds jlwy csx&xqyke gqlSu] esokrh ?kjkus ds ?k??ks uthj[kka] dkyih
ds Bqejh xk;d glu[kka] Xokfy;j ds fgEer [kka tks/kiqj vk x;s FksA ekuflag Lo;a
laxhrK FksA buds le; esa 20 dOoky] 25&26 dykoar] 15&16 laxfrdkj tks/kiqj
esa fu;qDr FksA ;s lHkh dykdkj eghunkj&ekfld osru ikus okys FksA xk;dksa dks 30
#- rd vkSj okndksa dks 7&15 #- rd osru FkkA fcuk NqÍh fy;s vuqifLFkr jguk
laHko ugha FkkA dqN dykdkjksa dks ;Fkk ihjc['k] jet+ku [kka] beke c['k dks tukuk
MÓkS<+h esa tkus dh ^Egkyh NwV* FkhA jet+ku [kka dks vgeniqjk xkao buk;r fd;k x;k
FkkA dbZ dykdkjksa dks ikydh dk ^dqjc* fn;k gqvk FkkA
eqfLye dykdkjksa ds vykok 100 ds yxHkx iq"dj.kk vkSj nk/khp czk„.k
xkus okys FksA Fkkuoh cynso rkyhe[+kkus ds v/;{k FksA buesa ls dqN dh tks/kiqj vkSj
vklikl ds {ks= ds eafnjksa esa fu;qfDr FkhA Fkkuoh cynso ds vykok gjnso] t;nso]
tyrjax oknd ia- ohjenŸk] O;kl lusbZyky] iqjksfgr cPNjkt] frokM+h fj/kdj.k]
lqjrjke vkSj fdlujke vPNs xk;d FksA
tks/kiqj esa lk/k&Hkxr dykdkjksa dh cM+h la[;k esa mifLFkfr fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
bZljh fxj/kkjh] dhjrjke] dq'kkynkl] x.ks'knkl vkfn dbZ uke ;gka mnk‚r fd;s tk
ldrs gSaA fj;klr ds chu&jckc&lkjaxh okndksa esa lnkjke] cksgjk lStjke] ihrkacjnkl]
jetw vyh] euq[kka] jS>w fejklh] bZ'ojh izlkn tSls dykdkj egfQyksa esa dykoarksa dh
laxfr fd;k djrs FksA
tks/kiqj esa gqbZ egfQyksa esa ls dfri; dh leh{kk fy[kh xbZ gS ftls vkn'kZ
leh{kk dgk tk ldrk gS] og dksjh iz'kalk ugha gSA
mn;iqj
esokM+ ds egkjk.kk dqEHkd.kZ dh ckr ge igys dj vk;s gSaA esokM+ vkSj
27 38 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
laxhr ds lEcU/k esa ,d ckr Li"V gSS fd ;|fi esokM+ dk laxhr eqxy 'kklu dk
Ω.kh ugha gS rFkkfi jktlHkk esa dykoarksa dh mifLFkfr 18oha 'krh ls iwoZ dh ugha gS]
gkykafd dqEHkk ds i'pkr~ izrkidkyhu jkxekyk dk fp=kadu 'kkldksa dh dykfHk#fp
dk |ksrd ekuk tk ldrk gSA nLrkosth lk{; ds rkSj ij egkjk.kk txrflag dh
jktlHkk esa ^xk;uxuxa/koZ* vkSj ^okfnf=d* inksa dk ;gka mYys[k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
blh rjg ^Hkhefoykl* vkSj ^jktfoykl* esa laxhr dh vusd egfQyksa ds o.kZu ns[ks
tk ldrs gSaA
mŸkj e/;dky esa mn;iqj esa xquhtu[+kkus dh rtZ ij laxhrKksa ds iz'kklu ds
fy;s laxhr&izdk'k uked foHkkx dh LFkkiuk dh x;h Fkh ftlds v/;{k dks
Egklkuh dgk tkrk FkkA egfQyksa ds vk;kstu ds vykok laxhrKksa dh lsok ls lacº
dk;Z bUgha ds }kjk fd;s tkrsA 19oha 'krh eas laxhr&izdk'k dk vf/kdka'kr% ctV #-
11500 jgk gSA bl le; esokM+ ls gh mBs dykoar fnynkj [kka vkSj mlds iq= eku
[kka] lwjflaxkj oknd o.khokys uUgs [kka dk mYys[k ;gka ij djuk mfpr gksxkA
'kEHkwflagth ds dky esa flrkjoknd eaxyw [kka] xk;d [kktq [kka] d+kuwu&oknd
bykgh c['k vkSj mlds iq= vgen c[+'k] chudkj ia- vuarjke] nk;se[kka] t;yky
xkSM+] xqyke Hkh[kw vkSj nk;js [kka dh egfQyksa ds gdhdr cghM+s esa ckj&ckj mYys[k
miyC/k gksrs gSaA
ia- cgjke [kka dh f'k"; ijEijk ds izfrfuf/k;ksa us mn;iqj eas /kzqin& xk;u vkSj
oh.kkoknu dh cM+h lk/kuk dh gSA [kka lkgc ds iq= lÌw [kka rFkk ikS= vdcj [kka vkSj
bjknr [kka dqN le; rd mn;iqj jgsA cgjke[kka ds Hkrhts eqgEen tku ds iq=
tkfd#Ìhu] ikS= ft;kmÌhu vkSj izikS= ft;k eksbmÌhu laxhr&izdk'k ds lw;Z gh FksA
eqgEen vyh ds iq= vykcans [kka Hkh mn;iqj jgs ysfdu vYidky rdA muds iq=
bekeqÌhu us Hkwikyflag dh 40 o"kZ rd lsok dhA
mn;iqj ds i[kkot&okndksa esa nsok] tkQj vyh&vekuvyh] rcyk okndksa
esa gqlSu c['k] ihjk] bykgh c[+'k rFkk lkjaxh okndksa esa ckyw [kka] bjknr [kka vkSj panks
ds uke egRoiw.kZ gSA mn;iqj ds LFkkuh; lkjaxh okndksa esa fxj/kkjhyky] muds f'k";
y{e.kxa/koZ vkSj dkydkizlkn dh lqnh?kZ f'k";&ijaijk cuhA fny#ckoknd ukFkwth
ds iq= ia- jkeukjk;.k vkSj ia- prqjyky us Hkkjr gh ugha] lkjs fo'o esa viuh /kkd
tek;hA
ukFk}kjk&dkadjksyh ds eafnjksa esa laxhrKksa dks laj{k.k nsdj iqf"VekxhZ&laxhr
ds mRFkku ds fy;s esokM+ 'kkldksa ds }kjk fd;s x;s lr~ iz;klksa dh ftruh iz'kalk dh
tk,] de gksxhA
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 39
VkSad
VkSad dks 1817 bZ- esa fj;klr dk ntkZ feykA ;gka laxhr dh n`f"V ls bczkghe
[kka dk le; fo'ks"k egRoiw.kZ ekuk tkrk gSA buds dky esa vCnqy dkfnj [kka] vykgh
c['k vkSj uUgsa [kka cstksM+ lkjafx;s Fks] vgen tku [kka vkSj cqUnw [kka xk;d vkSj dYyw
gkfQt flrkjoknd FksA ;gka ds vyh c['k vkSj Qrg [kka us gh vkxs pydj
ifV;kyk ?kjkus dh LFkkiuk dhA
VkSad ds uokcksa us 'kkL=h; laxhr ds lkFk&lkFk dOokyh dks Hkh cgqr izJ;
fn;kA ;gka ds dOokyksa esa tgwj [kka] cqUnw [kka] vgen uwj vkSj eksgEen nhu [kka dks
dkQh izflfº feyhA
vyoj
vyoj esa izrkiflag ds le; esa xquhtu[+kkuk dk;e gqvkA buds iq= fou;flag
us bl foHkkx dks O;ofLFkr dj xquhtuksa dks izJ; nsuk izkjaHk fd;kA jghe lsu vkSj
fgEerlsu buds le; esa gh xquhtu[+kkus ls tqM+sA t;flag ds dky esa 70 dykoar]
22 xkf;dk,a vkSj csyk cSaM esa 45 dykdkj fu;qDr FksA jktLFkku dh vkSj fj;klrksa
dh rqyuk esa vyoj esa dykdkjksa dk osru vf/kd Fkkμdykoarksa dks ekfld
70&100] chudkjksa dks 50 vkSj laxr djus okyksa dks 30 #i;s osru fn;k tkrk jgkA
vyoj ds HkkjrHkj esa izflº gq, dykdkjksa esa /kzqin&xk;d vYyk cUns [kka]
flrkj oknd dkys[kka vkSj teh#Ìhu] oh.kkoknd lkfnd vyh [kka ds vykok /
kzqifn;s gqluS qÌhu] vkflQ vyh] vlxj vyh] eq'rkd vyh vkSj vCnqy cgko dk
mYys[k ;gka mi;qDr jgsxkA vyoj ds <ksyfd;s eqgEen tku us eafnj esa ctkus ds
fy;s <ksyd ij peM+s dh txg diM+s dh iqfM;ka p<kdj ctkus dk vfHkuo miÿe
fd;k FkkA
t;flag ds ckn VIikxk;d dqcMs mLrkn] xk;d ;klhe [kka rFkk yPNk
mLrkn lkjaxh oknd ds :i esa izflº jgs gSaA
Hkjriqj&/kkSyiqj
eqxyksa ls la?k"kZ dh lekfIr ij Hkjriqj ds 'kkldksa dks dyk&laj{k.k dh vksj
/;ku nsuk laHko gks ik;k Fkk] blh dkj.k tloarflag ds le; ls dykdkjksa dh ogka
mifLFkfr dks ge ns[k ldrs gSaA ^ljlfi;k* uke ls izflº gq, jpukdkj&xk;d
dkys [kka] /kzqifn;s vykc['k] vkxjk ds uUgsa [kka vkSj lyhe] lhdjh ds enkj c[+'k]
ufn;kokys dslj [kka vkSj /kUus [kka us fo'ks"k :i ls uke dek;kA cgknqj 'kkg tQj ds
njckjh xk;d rkujl [kka dh f'k"; ijEijk ds vgen [kka] iape [kka vkSj muds iq=
28 40 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
eLlw [kka /kkSyiqj dh jktlHkk ds Hkw"k.k FksA ia- eueksgu flrkj oknd ds lkFk /kkSyiqj
ds gh mLrkn foykl [kka] j.k/khj [kka vkSj gal/khj [kka us vf[ky Hkkjrh; lEesyuksa esa
dkQh iz'kalk izkIr dhA
djkSyh
djkSyh oSls cgqr gh NksVh&lh fj;klr Fkh fQj Hkh ;gka ds xquhtu[kkus esa
yxHkx 20 dykoar FksA ;gka ds Hkaojiky] Hkkseiky vkSj x.ks'kiky rhuksa gh 'kkldksa
dh laxhr ds izfr vfHk#fp jgh gSA djkSyh esa enueksgu th ds foxzg dh LFkkiuk ds
ckn eafnj esa xkus ctkus okyksa dh rknkn c<+ x;h FkhA
djkSyh ds /kzqin xk;d tEeu&lEeu] Xokfy;j ds /kzqifn;s ia- okeu cqok
QyV.kdj ns'kikaMs] ijekuUn] iwlkjke vkSj yVwjjke vkfn dykoarksa dk ;gka ij
mYys[k djuk lehphu gksxkA
enueksguth dk eafnj iqf"VekxhZ; ugha gS fQj Hkh ogka dh xk;d&okndksa
dh ijEijk O;kid jgh gSA
fdlux<+
dykdkjksa dk vkxjk&fnYyh ls fc[kjuk tc 'kq: gqvk rks igys os t;iqj
vk;s vkSj fQj fdlux<+A 1760 bZ- ds vklikl dykoar tqxuw vkSj ?kklh[kka ;gka
fu;qDr FksA ckn esa ;s tks/kiqj x;sA fQj 1790 bZ- rd teky [kka] yky[kka] tqEek]
dk;e c['k vkSj eqgEen [kka fdlux<+ jgsA os Hkh Hkheflag ds le; rd tks/kiqj
igqap x;s FksA
fdlux<+ ds ukxjhnkl Lo;a vPNs laxhrK FksA buds le; esa ogka ds eafnjksa
esa fxj/kkjh] nsohyky vkSj mlds iq= vejyky&ukFkwyky dhrZfu;s FksA e- i`Fohflag
vkSj dY;k.kflag dh lsok esa chfl;ksa xkf;dk,a jghaμ rkyizoh.k] rkydsljh] xq.k'kksHkk]
ljljk; vkfnA eksgdeflag ds le; esa egrkcjk;] xq.kizoh.k] rkuizoh.k fo'ks"k :i
ls izflº gqb± xkf;dk,a FkhaA fdlux<+ esa xquhtu[+kkus ds vykok ukSir[kkus esa dbZ
HkkV] HkkaM] uk;d vkSj <k<h dykdkj fu;qDr jgs gSaA
gkMkSrh
gkMkSrh ds dksVk] cwanh vkSj >kykokM+ fj;klrksa us Hkh dykdkjksa dks i;kZIr
izJ; fn;kA flrkjoknd ehjka c['k vkSj esgrkc [kka cwanh ujs'k ds vkJ; esa FksA cwanh
ds fp=dkjksa us 1625 bZ- esa cuk;h jkxekyk fo'oizflº gSA jaxhyk ?kjkus ds eqgEen
vyh cwanh jktlHkk ds vyadkj FksA
>kykokM+ ds Hkokuhflag ukVÓizseh Fks] mUgksaus Hkokuh ukVÓ'kkyk dk xBu
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 41
fd;k vkSj 1940 bZ- esa ,d laxhr fo|ky; Hkh dk;e fd;kA
bl {ks= ds izflº xquhtuksa esa jaxhyk QS;kt gqlSu] lqjS;k] bczkghe [kka] mLrkn
equhj[kka] urZdh dwdh] fl.kxkj ok| ctkus okys jkeukFk] m- Nhrj] ckjka ds jkeukjk;.k]
dkys HkS∏;k] VIik xkf;dk eqerkt oghnu vkSj i[kkoth x.kirth dk ;gka mYys[k
djuk vko';d gSA
chdkusj
1574 bZ- esa jkeflag ds le; esa dqN dykoarksa dh mifLFkfr ds lanHkZ feyrs
gSaA e- vuwiflag dh vfHk#fp ds dkj.k gh tuknZu HkÍ xksLokeh tSls iz[;kr&laxhrK
chdkusj esa LFkk;h gq, vkSj egknso HkÍ] j?kqukFk HkÍ] laxhrjk; vkSj HkkoHkÍ tSls mudh
ijEijk ds izfrfuf/k;ksa us ledkyhu izk;ksfxd laxhr dh ppkZ dks 'kkL=cº fd;kA
iwoZ ls pyh vk jgh chdkusj dh laxhr'kkyk esa e- xaxkflag ds le; esa 25
Nk= laxhr&f'k{kk xzg.k djrs jgsA chdkusj ds ukephu dykdkjksa esa 'kelqÌhu]
fejph [kka] yaxM+s gqluS c['k] dkfle [kka vkSj dkfnj [kka izflº gSaA buds vfrfjDr
d`".kHkÍ] f'koHkÍ] ykHkwth] tsBk egkjkt] vkldj.k vkSj <wa<k egkjkt dk mudh
laxhr lk/kuk ds fy;s ;gka mYys[k djuk vko';d gksxkA
'ks[kkokVh
lhdj vkSj >qa>uwa {ks= 'ks[kkokVh ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ;gka ls mBs rcyk
okndksa vkSj lkjaxh okndksa esa fejklh T;knk gSaA lhdj ds xk;d vCnqy [kka] rcyk
uokt eqckjd vyh] ?klhV [kk] fgnk;r [kka] 'kehe [kka vkSj lkjaxh oknd uthj [kkaa]
fgnk;r [kka] enkjh [kka] equhj [kka] lqyrku [kka vkSj egcwc [kka rFkk y{e.kx<+ ds
fo".kqjke] [kjknh ca/kw] eqdqUn vkSj jkeiky izflº dykdkj gq, gSaA
blh rjg >qa>uwa ds vUuq [kka] jgeku [kka&c'khj[kka] dknj[kka] Lokeh ukjk;.knkl
vkSj ckck Hkxokunkl yksdfiz; xk;d FksA fclk≈ ds laxhr&ikj[kh Bk- fo".kqflag ds
vkJ; esa jgdj eksgEen c['k] buk;r [kka] vehj [kka] ;kdwc [kka] feJhflag] banzpanz
vkSj tekyqÌhu Hkkjrh us viuk uke vej fd;k gSA gks u gks] fnYyh ?kjkus ds
laLFkkid flºkj [kka <k<h ;gh ds gksa\
dRFkdu`R;
jktLFkku dh lcls cM+h lkaLd`frd fojklr gksus ds ckotwn bldk bfrgkl
cgqr dqN vKkr gS vkSj tks Kkr gS og fc[kjko Hkjk] erHksnksa esa my>k gSA mls
lqy>kus ds iz;kl ia- t;pan 'kekZ vkSj ia- xkSjh'kadj us fd;s gSA
chnklj {ks= esa pw#] lqtkux<+] ykMuwa esa dbZ xkao dRFkdksa ds gh dgs tkrs
gSaμpkM+okl] Hkkysjh] xksikyiqjk] cksjkokVh] iykl] caMok] [kwMh+ ] duokjh] chdklj]
29 42 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
gjklj vkfn xkaoksa ls mBs pqUuhyky] tkudhizlkn] lq[knsoizlkn] 'kadjyky] x.ks'k]
Hkkuqth] prqjykyth vkSj nsohyky dh f'k"; ijEijk,a cgqr foLr`r gSaA fdlh ds er
esa cksjkokVh ds dRFkd t;iqj x;s rks fdlh ds er esa pkM+okl dsA
dRFkd dk t;iqj ?kjkuk ewyr% t;iqj {ks= ds dykdkjksa ls gh cukA ek;kjke
pkSgku vkSj muds iq= Qdhjpan dk uke ;gka igys ysuk gksxk tks vkesj ds gh gSaA
fxj/kkjh egkjkt ds iwoZt] dgk tkrk gS fd pkSew xkao ls gh t;iqj vk;s FksA t;iqj ds
xquhtu[+kkus esa xksfoanjke] rksrkjke] uUgk] guqeku vkSj mldk iq= nqysjke] xaxklgk;]
';keyky vkSj mlds iq= thou ds xquhtu[+kkus esa fu;qDr gksus ds izek.k feyrs gSaA
t;iqj dh nwljh 'kk[kk chnkokVh ds duokjh xkao ds pqUuhyky ds oa'kt
t;yky] lqanjizlkn] jkexksiky vkSj nsohyky ds iq= xkSjh'kadj dh gSA ;g t;yky
dk ?kjkuk dgykrk gSA dRFkd u`R; esa rcys dh cafn'kksa dk iz;ksx bUgksaus gh 'kq:
fd;k FkkA t;yky th gh os O;fDr Fks tks Lo;a viuh dU;k dks eap ij yk;s Fks tks
foy{k.k urZdh FkhA mlds ckn gh laHkzkar ?kj dh yM+fd;ka dRFkd dh vksj vkdf"kZr
gqb±A blh ?kjkus ds 'kksHkklj xkao ds dRFkdksa dh ijaijk t;iqj dh rhljh 'kk[kk gS
ftlesa jk/ksyky] jeuyky] eqdqUnyky vkfn dRFkd gq, gSaA
pw# uxj ds tkudhizlkn cukjl pys x;s Fks] mudk tkudh izlkn ?kjkuk ckn
esa cukjl ?kjkuk dgyk;k ftlesa eksrhjke] fcgkjhyky vkSj guqekuizlkn vkfn izflº
dRFkd gq, gSaA
y[ku≈ ?kjkus ds dkydk&fcUnknhu ds iwoZt tks/kiqj ds dksyw xkao ls x;s Fks
,slk mYys[k HkkV Lo:inku dh cgh esa feyk gSA bl ?kjkus ds izxklth vkSj gjth
Hkqt ds egkjko y[kirflag dh lHkk esa pys x;s FksA
t;iqj dh Hkkuqth vkSj pqUuhyky dh ijaijk,a oLrqr% lkaoynkl ds ?kjkus dh
ekuh tkrh gSaA chdkusj ds e- vuwiflag ds le; esa mRd`"V dRFkd ds :i esa
fo[;kr lkaoynklth dh u`R;lk/kuk ia- HkkoHkÍ ds lkfUu/; esa gqbZ FkhA chdkusj ds
e- Mwaxjflagth dh u:dk jkuh us jkl u`R; laca/kh 108 rksMk+ sa dh ,d jpuk rS;kj
djk;h tks chdkusj ds xksLokeh dksfV egkjkt ds ikl FkhA
buds vfrfjDr vtesj ds nqxkZizlkn vkSj mudh ijaijk nqxkZyky] nsohyky]
MkW- iq# nk/khp] mn;iqj ds eFkqjkizlkn] cnzhizlkn] txUukFk izlkn] HkhyokM+k ds
y{e.kizlkn oS".ko] tks/kiqj ds izdk'k vkSj vyoj ds fejpw izflº dRFkd gq, gSaA
eFkqjkizlkn th rks dRFkd lezkV~ dgs tkrs FksA
dRFkdksa ds uke ls muds ?kjkus pyrs jgs ftlesa dkQh vO;oLFkk gqbZA mls nwj
djus ds fy, t;iqj esa 1865 bZ- esa ,d lHkk vk;ksftr dj fcanknhu th dks cqyk;k
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 43 30 44 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

Fkk] blesa t;iqj vkSj y[ku≈ dk Li"V foHkktu gqvkA dRFkdkas us ,d nwljs dks xq# 3- nsohyky ?kjkuk
egkjkt] uk;d vkSj iafMr dh mikf/k;ka nh FkhaA 101 f'k"; rS;kj djus okys dks
egkjkt] ubZ 'kks/k djus okys dks uk;d vkSj ubZ jpuk djus okyksa dks iafMr dh dqanuyky lksguyky ia- xkSjh'kadj jkes'oj
mikf/k nh x;h FkhA fcanknhuth dk leFkZu djus okys dykdkjksa dks ia- xkSjh'kadj th
us vius ,d ys[k esa bl izdkj n'kkZ;k gSμ
y{ehukjk;.k txnh'k je.kyky czteksgu ;ksxs'k
1- Hkkuqth dk ?kjkuk
ekywth gjh'k jktw mes'k Hkaojyky

ykywth Hkhek'kadj n;k'kadj johanz'kadj iznhi'kadj

xh/kkth ftrsUnz'kadj ohjsUnz'kadj jktsUnz'kadj

4- x.ks'khyky ijaijk
nwYgkth gfjizlkn guqekuizlkn
f'koyky ghjkyky
ia- eksguykyth fpjathyky ia- ukjk;.kizlkn
dUgS;kyky
pj.k fxj/kj pkan rstizdk'k rqylh
gseizdk'k rstizdk'k jktw mes'k
ia- fcanknhu th dh bl ubZ O;oLFkk dk fojks/k tkudhizlkn] lq[knsoizlkn
2- prqjykyth dk ?kjkuk rFkk guqekuizlkn caMok okyksa us rFkk cynsoizlkn vkSj ia- 'kadjyky us fd;k FkkA
vLrqA bl fojks/k vkSj leFkZu ds }U} esa ijEijk ds izfr vknj vkSj ijLij lEeku dks
Mwaxjyky fdafpr~ Hkh Bsl ugha igqaph ;g lcls cM+h ckr gSA
jk;x<+ egkjktk pÿ/kjflag dh lHkk esa ia- t;yky vkSj ia- vPNu egkjkt
eksguyky fxj/kkjhyky ds chp izfrLi/kkZ esa y[ku≈ vkSj t;iqj dh lhekjs[kk r; gqbZμfodV y;dkjh vkSj
oSfp´;iw.kZ izn'kZu t;iqj dh fo'ks"krk gqbZA u`R; ds ykL; Lo:i dk utkdr Hkjk
foykl y[ku≈ dh fo'ks"krk gqbZ gkykafd t;iqj ds ia- xkSjh'kadj th us 1944 bZ- esa
x.ks'khyky nsohyky pqUuhyky lq[knsoizlkn nqxkZizlkn u`R;&ukfVdkvksa ds cEcbZ esa iz;ksx dj oSfp´; ds lkFk t;iqj 'kSyh esa vfHku; vax
tksM+ fn;k FkkA
ghjkyky fcgkjhyky NksVsyky ia- t;yky ia- lqanjizlkn ekywth vonku
jktLFkku us ns'k dks tSls Js"B dykdkj vkSj jpukdkj fn;s gSa] oSls dqN laxhr
jkexksiky 'kSfy;ka ;k ?kjkuksa dk mn~xe LFkku gksus dk Hkh bl izns'k dks xkSjo izkIr gSA fgUnqLrkuh
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 45
laxhr ds t;iqj] ifr;kyk vkSj esokrh ?kjkuksa dk fodkl ;gha ls gSA VkSad uokc
bczkghe [kka ds vkJ; esa jgs vyhc['k vkSj Qrg vyh us t;iqj esa jgdj ia- cgjke
[kka ls rkyhe yh vkSj og iwjh gksus ds i'pkr~ os tkdj ifr;kyk clsA
muds }kjk vkfo"d`r xk;dh vfy;k&QŸkw ?kjkuk dgyk;k tks ckn esa
ifr;kyk@iatkc ?kjkus ds uke ls izflº gqvkA varjkSyh ds vf/kla[; dykdkj
vkxjk&fnYyh&esjB NksMd + j t;iqj vk cls Fks lokbZ t;flag ds le; lsA /khjs&/khjs
budh 'kSyh t;iqj ?kjkuk dgyk;hA mf.k;kjk Bkdqj Hkheflag ds xk;d [oktk cxl
ds iq= vYykfn;k gq,A bUgksaus vius firk ds vykok fpEeu [kka&tgkaxhj [kka ls Hkh
rkyhe yh tks muds pkpk FksA ;s nksuksa HkkbZ tks/kiqj esa fu;qDr FksA t;iqj ?kjkus dh
rkyhe nsdj egkjk"V™ esa bl xk;dh dks is'k djus okys dykdkjksa vkSj lq/kh Jksrkvksa
dk ,d cM+k oxZ rS;kj djus dk Js; vYykfn;k [kka dks gSA xk;dh dh rhljh esokrh
'kSyh tks/kiqj ls gh mBh gSA tloUrflag f}rh; dh lsok esa ?k??ks uthj [kka (e`R;q
1910 bZ- vkxjk) cM+s ukeh xk;d esokr ls tks/kiqj vkdj jgsA mUgksaus ukFkwyky
uked ,dek= f'k"; dks rS;kj fd;kA mUgksaus eksrhjke& T;ksfrjke dks rkyhe nhA bu
nksuksa dh ef.kjke] tljkt] izrki vkSj iwj.kpanz ;s 4 larkusa gqb±A ;s pkjksa gh xkus okys
Fks] ij esokrh xk;dh dks u;s vUnkt esa is'k dj ia- tljkt us viuk vkSj ?kjkus dk
uke vej dj fn;kA
dRFkd dh y[ku≈&cukjl 'kSfy;ka fdl rjg jktLFkku dh Ω.kh gSa bldh
ppkZ ge igys dj vk;s gSaA buds vfrfjDr jktLFkku ds i[kkot&oknu ds nks ?kjkus
izflº jgs gSaμgkywdk ?kjkuk vkSj tkoyh ?kjkukA gkywdk t;iqj ls lacº gS vkSj
tkoyh ekjokM+ taD'ku ds ikl ,d xkao gSA gkywdk eryc dqEHkdkjA e- vHk;flag
ds le; esa gkywdk :ijke dks tks/kiqj cqyk;k x;kA viuh mŸkjkoLFkk esa gq, iq=
oYyHknkl dks tks/kiqj ds igkMflag] tokjflag uked i[kkot&okndksa ds laj{k.k esa
j[kdj :ijketh ukFk}kjk pys x;sA tkoyh ds i[kkot oknd ia- Hkokuhjke vkSjaxtsc
dh lsok esa Fks] mUgha dh ijaijk esa igkMflag FksA oYyHknkl dh tks/kiqj esa f'k{kk gksus
ij os Hkh ukFk}kjk pys x;sA bUgha dh ijaijk esa in~eJh iq#"kksŸkenkl i[kkoth gq, gSaA
bl izdkj i[kkot&oknu ds nks ?kjkuksa dk jktLFkku ls Ω.kkuqca/k jgk gSA
Lokra´;&iwoZ lEesyu
ia- fo".kq ukjk;.k Hkkr[k.Ms ds lRiz;klksa ls vf[ky Hkkjrh; laxhr lEesyuksa
dk vk;kstu 1916 bZ- ls 'kq: gqvk cM+kSnk esaA rRi'pkr~ 1918 bZ- (fnYyh)] 1919
bZ- (cukjl)] 1925 bZ- (y[ku≈)] 1936 bZ- (vtesj) vkSj 1946 bZ- (tks/kiqj) esa
lEesyu vk;ksftr gq,A buesa mn;iqj ds tkfd#Ìhu&vykcUns] t;iqj ds dYyu [kka]
flrkfj;s fugkylsu] >kykokM+ ds lkfnd [kka] /kkSyiqj ds eueksgu] vyoj ds
31 46 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
chudkj lkfnd vyh] ulh#Ìhu] ft;kmÌhu] mLrkn foykl [kka] j.k/khj&gal/khj [kka]
t;iqj ds djker [kka] fQnk gqluS ] uktw [kka vkfn ukeh dykdkjksa us f'kjdr dhA
fnYyh ds lEesyu esa tkfd#Ìhu dh izLrqfr ij vaxzsth v[kckjksa dh fjiksfV±x dk dqN
va'k bl rjg dk Fkkμ
Zakiruddin of Udaipur and his brother, Alla Bande Khan of Alwar
commenced together their slow and majestic Alap on Raga Kedar.
They sang alternately and their performance kept the audience spell-
bound for over an hour. Zakiruddin's art was distinct proof that an
artist was born, not made and that the human voice was indeed a
divine gift which few singers prossessed. Then they sang two lknjk
in fg.Mksy and ekydksl with a rich exhibition of their striking xed·.
The /kzqin style of music is becoming a rare acquisition, may
God bless these living exponents of the art with long life, for there is
no doubt that when those renowned artists pass away, they will leave
a void in Indian art, which it will be impossible to fill.
pkSFks v-Hkk- lEesyu esa uokclsu] ulh#Ìhu] fj;ktqÌhu] djker [kka vkSj
ft;kmÌhu dks ,d&,d Lo.kZ&ind rFkk vYyk cUns dks rhu Lo.kZ&indksa ls
foHkwf"kr fd;k x;k FkkA vtesj lEesyu esa oh.kkoknd fQnk gqluS vkSj ia- iq#"kksŸkenkl
i[kkoth dh eqDrdaB ls iz'kalk gqbZA ikaposa lEesyu dk tks/kiqj esa vyh vdcj [kka
lkgc us gh la;kstu fd;k FkkA blesa jktLFkku ds eq'rkd gqlSu] vyh vdcj] vyh
vgen vkSj xqyke lkchj us lQy f'kjdr dh FkhA
Lokra´;ksŸkj dykfo"dkjd
Hkkjr esa Lokra´;&lw;Z dh fdj.kksa ds lkFk dykvksa dh fj;klrh O;oLFkk
lekIr gqbZA t;iqj ds dqN dykdkj laxhr laLFkku ls tqM+ x;s] dqN dkcjkth ds
laxhr dyk dsUnz] tks/kiqj lsA laxhr ukVd vdkneh vkSj ckn esa tokgj dyk dsUnz
cukA laxhr dh vdknfed f'k{kk ds dbZ dsUnz [kqys] xq#&f'k"; ijaijk dks laj{k.k
ugah fey ldk] ifjokj fo'ks"k dh ijaijk,a cuhaA t;iqj esa eueksguth HkÍ] muds iq=
fo'oeksgu] 'kf'keksgu] panzeksgu vkSj eatq HkÍ esgrk] ikS= d`".keksgu] lyhy HkÍ
,d vksj] rks nwljh vksj y{e.k HkÍ] e/kq HkÍ vkfn us lk/kuk dj uke dek;kA tks/kiqj
ds nkeksnjyky dkcjk] cztHkw"k.k vkSj clUr dkcjk] ia- ch-,u- {khjlkxj vkSj muds
ikS= nhid {khjlkxj] chdkusj ds tldj.k xksLokeh vkSj muds iq= vflr&vfer
xksLokeh] HkhyokM+k ds ia- uanyky 'kekZ vkSj muds iq= izseukjk;.k&lR;ukjk;.k]
dqUnuyky xkaxkuh&lksguyky] mn;iqj ds dFkd lezkV~ eFkqjkizlkn& cnzhizlkn&
txUukFkizlkn] t;iqj vehj c['k] tks/kiqj ds jkeyky ekFkqj o muds iq= lq/khj ekFkqj
vkfn dqN uke vkSj Hkh fxuk;s tk ldrs gSa ftUgsa izns'k@ns'k esa yksx ilUn djrs gSaA
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 47 32
fQj Hkh bl ckr dks Lohdkjuk gksxk fd ?kjkusnkj rkyhe ds fcuk ijQksfe±x vkfVZLV
ugha cu ldrkA jgh ckr 'kks/k dh] rks tks/kiqj&mn;iqj dh fj;klrksa ij dke gks pqdk
gS] 'ks"k fj;klrksa ij dke djus@djkus dk ftEek vki mBk ysa] rks jktLFkku ds laxhr ÁksQslj vkj- ih- O;kl Le`fr O;k[;ku
dk lexz fp= js[kkafdr fd;k tk ldsxkA
lUnHkZ egkjk.kk Árki ,oa gYnh?kkVh dk ;qº %
1- tks/kiqj fj;klr ds njckjh laxhrK] MkW- Mh-ch- {khjlkxj] 1990 ,d iqulZU/kku
2- jktLFkku % laxhr o laxhrdkj] izrkiflag pkS/kjh] 1995
3- jax;ksx % l`tu'krkCnh fo'ks"kkad] 1997 ÁksQslj œ".kxksiky 'kekZ
4- jktLFkku ds njckjh laxhrK] dkSeqnh cMsZ] 2003
5- [kqljks] rkulsu rFkk vU; dykdkj] lqykspuk ;tqosZnh o vkpk;Z c`gLifr jktLFkku fgLV™h dkaxzsl ds 32osa l= esa izksQslj vkj-ih- O;kl Le`fr O;k[;ku
6. Indian History Congress 38th Session, 1977 izLrqr djrs gq, eq>s g"kZ ,oa xkSjo dh vuqHkwfr gks jgh gSA eSa jktLFkku fgLV™h dkaxszl
7- jktLFkku ds vfHkys[k] xksfoanyky Jhekyh] 2000 ds inkf/kdkfj;ksa ds izfr vkHkkj O;Dr djrk gwa fd ;g egRoiw.kZ volj mUgksaus eq>s
8. Epigraphia Indica, Vol. 11, 1981 (Reprint)
9- jktLFkku ds vfHkys[k] lq[khjflag xgyksr] lksgud`".k iqjksfgr ,oa uhydey 'kekZ] iznku fd;kA loZizFke eSa Jºs; izksQslj vkj-ih- O;kl dh iq.; Le`fr dks iz.kke
1988 djrk gwaA izksQslj vkj-ih O;kl ,d lefiZr f'k{kd ,oa l`tu'khy bfrgklfon~ FksA
10- jktLFkku dh laxhr ijEijk] MkW- eatqJh {khjlkxj] 2004 mUgksaus viuh d`fr;ksa ls u dsoy bfrgkl dks oSpkfjd vonku fn;k] cfYd jktLFkku
fgLV™h dkaxszl ds iqjks/kk iq#"k ds :i esa mls ,d laxBukRed 'kfDr&iqat Hkh iznku
fd;kA os ,d Js"B ekuo Fks] l‚n; ,oa ewY;fu"BA mudk O;fDrRo ,oa d`frRo ge
lHkh ds fy, izsj.kk dk lzksr gSA
bfrgkl dk vfHkKku Lor% flº ,oa vafre ugha gksrk gSA bfrgkl ds vusd
fo"k;&mifo"k; gSa ftuds iqujh{k.k dh vko';drk ,dkf/kd ugha] vusd ckj
eglwl dh tkrh gS] fo'ks"kdj lkef;d ftKklkvksa ds lUnHkZ esaA ,sls gh ,d fo"k;
ij vkt eSa viuk i= izLrqr dj jgk gwa & ^egkjk.kk izrki ,oa gYnh?kkVh dk ;qº %
,d iqulZU/kkuA* fiNys dqN vjls ls egkjk.kk Árki ds O;f‰Ro ,oa gYnh?kkVh ds
;qº ds ifj.kke ds lEcU/k esa iqufoZpkj fd, tkus dh ckr dh tk jgh gSA ;g Á'u
fdlh Hkh Lrj ls mBk gks] bldh otg dqN Hkh jgh gks] ysfdu bfrgkl dh LFkkfir
ekU;rkvksa dks pqukSrh nsuk vkSj mlds ÁR;qŸkj esa bfrgkldkjksa }kjk lEcfU/kr fo"k; ij
miyC/k ÁkFkfed ,oa vkuq"kafxd lk{;ksa dk iqu% ijh{k.k] LoLFk bfrgkl ys[ku dh
Áfÿ;k dk fgLlk gSA iqulZU/kku ds ÿe esa] bfrgkl dbZ ckj la'kksf/kr ;k ifjekftZr
Hkh gks tkrk gS] ;k ;g Hkh gks ldrk gS fd iwoZfofnr bfrgkl vf/kd Á[kjrk ls iqu%
LFkkfir gks tk,A nksuksa gh fLFkfr;ksa esa fot; bfrgkl dh gksrh gS A
e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ys[ku dh viw.kZrk dh vksj vusd bfrgkldkjksa
us /;ku vkd`"V fd;k gS] bl vFkZ esa fd bl dky dk bfrgkl Á/kkur% Qkjlh
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 49
rokjh[kksa ds vk/kkj ij fy[kk x;k tks fu"i{k ,oa nks"keq‰ ugha gSaA bl dky
ds bfrgkl ys[ku esa ns'kt lkfgR; ,oa lzksrksa dk Á;ksx cgqr de fd;k x;k gSA
e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds vusd i{kksa dk iquysZ[ku visf{kr gS] miyC/k
cgqfo/k lk{;ksa dh ifjiqf"V ds vk/kkj ijA
18 twu 1576 bZLoh ds fnu gYnh?kkVh dk ;qº yM+k x;kA ;g ;qº gYnh?kkVh
njsZ ds mŸkj&iwoZ esa rFkk cukl unh ds nf{k.k esa fLFkr [keuksj xk°o ds if'peh eSnku
esa gqvk Fkk tks ckn esa ^jDr&rky* ;k ^[kwu dh rykbZ* ds uke ls e'kgwj gks x;kA jk.kk
Árki ,oa vdcj ds e/; gq, ;qº dks vf/kdka'k ledkyhu ,oa vuqorhZ lk{;ksa esa
^[keuksj ;qº* ds uke ls vfHkfgr fd;k x;k gS ,oa [keuksj xk°o dks gYnh?kkVh ds
eqgkus ds ikj fLFkr crk;k x;k gSA gYnh?kkVh ml l°dM+s igkM+h njsZ dk uke gS tks
dqaHkyx<+ dh igkfM+;ksa esa nf{k.k esa cyhpk xk°o ls mŸkj&iwoZ fn'kk esa yxHkx nks
fdyksehVj ds rax jLrs ls [keuksj xk°o ds nf{k.k esa mrjrk gSA vc rks bl ekxZ dks
foLr`r djds ml ij iDdh lM+d cuk nh x;h gS] ysfdu ml le; ;g jkLrk bruk
l°dMk Fkk fd ml ekxZ ls ,d ?kksMk+ cM+h vlqfo/kk ls ys tk;k ldrk Fkk vkSj nks
lSfud lkFk&lkFk ugha py ldrs FksA [keuksj xk°o gYnh?kkVh njsZ ds mŸkj&iwoZ esa] ogk°
ls 4-2 fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij vofLFkr gS rFkk jDr&rykbZ] [keuksj xk°o ds if'pe
esa] gYnh?kkVh ls 3-6 fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij gSA cukl unh [keuksj xk°o ds mŸkj ,oa
if'pe esa ogk° ls yxHkx 1 fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij gSA
[keuksj (gYnh?kkVh) ;qº dk fooj.k rhu ledkyhu Qkjlh xzUFkksa esa feyrk
gSA ÁFker% vCnqy dkfnj cnk;w°uh d`r *eqUr[k+c&mr&rokjh[k* esa tks fd ,d ,sls
ÁR;{kn'khZ ys[kd dk vka[kkas ns[kk fooj.k gS ftlus vdcj dh lsuk esa Lo;a ,d
lSfud ds :i esa ;qº esa Hkkx fy;kA1 nwljk ledkyhu ys[kd gS vcqy Qty ftlus
viuh d`fr ^vdcjukek* esa ;qº dk o.kZu fd;k gSA2 vcqy Qty ;qº ds nkSjku
Lo;a mifLFkr ugha Fkk_ mlus viuk fooj.k ;qº {ks= ls eqxy lsukuk;d }kjk njckj esa
Hksts x, Áfrosnu ds vk/kkj ij fy[kk gSA rhljk ledkyhu fooj.k futkeqÌhu
vgen dh iqLrd ^rcdkr&,& vdcjh* esa feyrk gSA3 futkeqÌhu vgen eqxy
Á'kklu esa ehj cD'kh ds in ij dk;Zjr Fkk_ mlds }kjk fn;k x;k ;qº dk o.kZu Hkh
eqxy njckj esa ÁkIr lwpukvksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA
egkjk.kk Árki ds ledkyhu LFkkuh; lzksrksa esa dfo nqjlk vk<+k d`r jktLFkkuh
dkO; ^fcjn fNgŸkjh* dh x.kuk dh tk ldrh gS A nqjlk vk<+k] egkjk.kk Árki ds
LokfHkeku ,oa Lokra´;&Áse ls vR;f/kd ÁHkkfor Fks A egkjk.kk Árki dh Á'kfLr esa
mUgksaus ^fcjn fNgŸkjh* dkO; dh jpuk dhA egkjk.kk Árki Hkh nqjlk vk<+k ds iz'kald
FksA ysfdu egkjk.kk Árki ,oa nqjlk vk<+k dh ÁR;{k HksaV ugha gks ik;hA4 ^fcjn
33 50 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
fNgŸkjh* ds lksjBk la[;k 30 ls 33 ds e/; gYnh?kkVh ds ;qº dk o.kZu fd;k x;k
gSA5 ^[keuksj ;qº* dks ^gYnh?kkVh ;qº* dh laKk duZy tsEl VkWM us nh rFkk rnuqlkj
mldk o.kZu ^,uYl ,aM ,aVhfDoVht+ vkWQ jktLFkku* esa ÁLrqr fd;kA tsEl VkWM
vius dFku dks fdlh miek ls vyad`r djuk pkgrs FksA ;wuku dh igkM+h ?kkVh
FkeksZiYyh ds ;qº ls bl ;qº dh rqyuk djus ds mRlkg esa mUgksaus ^[keuksj ;qº* dks
^gYnh?kkVh ;qº* ds uke ls vfHkfgr fd;kA ckn esa vk/kqfud bfrgkldkj blh uke
dk Á;ksx djus yxs A
MkW- xksihukFk 'kekZ ds vuqlkj] ;qº nks LFkyksa ij] nks pj.kksa esa ?kfVr gqvkA
ÁFke LFky Fkk gYnh?kkVh ds mŸkjh eqgkus ij] [keuksj xk°o ds nf{k.k esa fLFkr Hkwfe dk
og fgLlk tks ijorhZ dky esa ^ckn'kkg ckx* ds :i esa tkuk tkus yxkA os fy[krs gSa
fd ^^eqxy lsuk pkj gtkj vknfe;ksa ds lkFk ckn'kkg ckx ds LFky rd vk igqaph
FkhA**6 blh LFky ij vkjaHk esa nksuksa ny ,d nwljs ls fHkM+ x, vkSj ?keklku ;qº
gqvkA ;qº ds bl pj.k esa jktiwrksa dh fot; gqbZA ^^jk.kk Árki ds dsaÊh; ny vkSj
vxzxkeh ny ds vkÿked rsoj ls eqxyksa ds oke ik'oZ vkSj gjkoy dh QkStsa] ftlesa
xkt+h[kk°] vklQ[kk° vkSj ekuflag ds jktiwr Fks] Hkkx [kM+h gqbZaA dqN ,d rks ,sls Hkkxs
fd os unh rV ls 10&12 ehy vkxs pys x,A**7 eqxyksa dh gkj yxHkx fuf'pr gks
x;h FkhA blh le; fegrj [kk° tks pankoy esa Fkk] vkxs dh vksj c<+k vkSj fpYyk;k
fd ckn'kkg lyker Lo;a vk igqaps gSaA bl ?kks"k.kk ls Hkkxrs gq, eqxy lSfudksa esa tks'k
vk x;k vkSj os ykSV iM+sA ^^iqu% eqxy vkSj jktiwrksa dk ;qº vkjaHk gqvk A bl ckj
fHkM+rs&fHkM+rs os ^jDr&rky* uked LFky ij tek gks x,A**8 ^jDr&rky* cukl unh
ds nf{k.k&iwoZ esa rFkk [keuksj xk°o ds mŸkj&if'peh {ks= esa fLFkr eSnkuh Hkkx gSA ;qº
dk f}rh; ,oa vafre pj.k ;gha ij lEiUu gqvk ftlds var esa Árki ,oa mldh lsuk,°
gYnh?kkVh ds {ks= esa okfil pyh xbZaA mYys[kuh; gS fd ;qº ds nksuksa dfFkr LFky
& ^ckn'kkg ckx* ,oa ^jDr&rky* ,d nwljs ls 2-4 fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij fLFkr gSa A
MkW- vk'khokZnhyky JhokLro us ckn'kkg ckx esa ;qº gksus dh laHkkouk ls
vlgefr O;‰ dh gSA9 os fy[krs gSa fd ^^ckn'kkg&ckx nksuksa lsukvksa dh la[;k dh
n`f"V ls cgqr NksVk ;qºLFky gSA nksuksa lsukvksa esa de ls de vkB gtkj iSny lSfud
rFkk mruh gh la[;k esa v'okjksfg;ksa rFkk gkfFk;ksa dh la[;k feykdj jgh gksxhA bl
lhfer {ks= esa lsuk dk oSlk fu;kstu ,oa lapj.k laHko ugha gS ftldk o.kZu cnk;w°uh
us fd;k gSA ;qº ds ÁR;{knz"Vk cnk;w°uh us Li"V fy[kk gS fd 'kkgh lsuk dk ck;k°
ik'oZ] njsZ ds eqgkus (nj nguk&,&?kkVh) ij rSukr Fkk tks [keuksj ls nks ls rhu ehy
nf{k.k&iwoZ esa gSA blls ,slk Árhr gksrk gS fd eqxy lsuk dk dsUÊh; Hkkx ,oa nk;k°
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 51
ik'oZ iwoZ esa njsZ ds Áos'k eq[k ls ysdj if'pe esa cukl unh rd foLrh.kZ FkkA**10
;qº&LFky ds lEcU/k esa MkW- vk'khokZnhyky JhokLro viuk fu"d"kZ izLrqr djrs gq,
fy[krs gSa fd ^^cnk;w°uh ds fooj.k ls Li"V gksrk gS fd ;qº gYnh?kkVh njsZ ds eqgkus
ds ckgj gqvk ,oa njsZ rFkk [keuksj xk°o ds e/; fLFkr eSnkuh Hkkx esa gqvkAfi11
vcqy Qty us fy[kk gS fd ^^nksuksa lsuk,° [keuksj xk°o esa feyh tks fd gYnh
njsZ dk eqgkuk gS ,oa xksxqank ds v/khuLFk gSA**12 cnk;w°uh us bls ^dksdUnk (xksxqUnk)
dh fot;* ds :i esa mfYyf[kr fd;k gSA13 ;qº dk o.kZu djrs gq, og fy[krk gS
fd ^^tc ekuflag ,oa vklQ [kku viuh lsukvksa ds lkFk njkZ ds dLcs esa vk, tks
fd dksdUnk ls lkr dksl dh nwjh ij Fkk] ml le; jk.kk mudk fojks/k djus lkeus
vk;kA**14 cnk;w°uh us bl Álax esa u njsZ ds uke dk mYys[k fd;k gS] u dLcs ds uke
dk A og vkxs fy[krk gS fd ^^jk.kk dhdk (Árki) njsZ ds ihNs ls 3000 ?kksMk+ sa dh
lsuk ds lkFk vkxs vk;k vkSj mlus vius vknfe;ksa dks nks VqdfM+;ksa esa ck°V fn;kA ,d
VqdM+h ftldk usrk gkfde lwj vQxku Fkk] lh/ks igkM+ksa dh fn'kk ls vkbZ vkSj mlus
gekjh vfxze iaf‰ ij vkÿe.k dj fn;kA**15 futkeqÌhu vgen ^rcdkr&,&vdcjh*
esa fy[krs gSa fd ^^tc dq°vj ekuflag dksdUnk (xksxqUnk) ds ikl vk;k] jk.kk dhdk
us fganqLrku ds lHkh jktkvksa dks viuh lgk;rk ds fy, cqyk;k ,oa vius 'k=qvksa dk
fojks/k djus ds fy, og ,d etcwr lsuk ds lkFk gYnh ?kkVh ls ckgj vk;kA dq°vj
ekuflag us] vius vehjksa dh lgefr ds lkFk] viuh lsuk dks O;wgcº fd;k rFkk
;qº{ks= dh vksj ÁLFkku fd;kA**16
;qº ds ?kVukÿe dk tks fooj.k cnk;w°uh ,ao vcqy Qty us izLrqr fd;k gS]
mlds vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd mUgksaus ;g nks Vwd 'kCnksa esa Lohdkj fd;k gS
fd ;qº dh vafre fLFkfr ls iwoZ jktiwrksa dh lsuk eqxyksa ij cgqr Hkkjh iM+h vkSj
eqxy lSfud eSnku NksM+ dj Hkkxrs jgsA cnk;wauh fy[krs gSa fd ^^jk.kk izrki dh lsuk
dh ,d VqdM+h us] ftldk usr`Ro gkfde [kku lwj dj jgs Fks] eqxyksa dh vfxze iafDr
ij vkÿe.k dj fn;kA Hkwfe dh HkXu ,oa fo"ke fLFkfr] dkaVksa dh la[;k] ,oa jkLrs ds
lihZys ?kqekoksa ds dkj.k] eqxyksa dh vfxze iafDr vkSj muds vxzuk;d my> x, vkSj
iwjh rjg ijkftr gq,A gekjh lsuk ds jktiwr] ftudk usr`Ro jktk yw.kdj.k dj jgs Fks]
vkSj ftuesa ls vf/kdka'k oke Hkkx esa Fks] HksM+ ds >q.Mksa dh rjg Hkkx fudys vkSj
gekjh vfxze iafDr ds chp esa ls fudydj nka;s ik'oZ dh vksj lqj{kk ds fy,
HkkxsA**17 ^^bl volj ij ys[kd (cnk;wauh) us] tks vfxze iafDr dh fof'k"V lSfud
VqdfM+;ksa ds lkFk Fkk] vklQ [kka ls iwNk fd ^ge bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fe= ,oa 'k=q
jktiwrksa esa dSls Hksn djsa\* vklQ[kka us mŸkj fn;k&^tks Hkh gks] os gekjs rhjksa dh
34 52 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
lulukgV dk lkeuk djsaxsA muesa ls fdlh Hkh i{k dk O;fDr ejs] bLyke ds fy,
rks Qk;nk gh gksxkA* vr% ge yksx xksykckjh djrs jgs] vkSj lkeus fo|eku lSfudksa
ds igkM+ tSls lewg esa] gekjk fu'kkuk dHkh [kkyh ugha x;kA**18
cnk;wauh vkxs fy[krs gSa fd ^^eqxyksa dh vksj ls lS;n vHkh Hkh eSnku esa MVs
gq, Fks vkSj ohjrk ds djrc fn[kk jgs FksA mlh le; jk.kk dhdk (izrki) dh nwljh
lSfud VqdM+h] ftldk usr`Ro Lo;a jk.kk dj jgs Fks] njsZ ls ckgj fudy dj vk;hA njsZ
ds eqgkus ij mldh eqBHksM+ dkth [kku (tks lhdjh ds 'ks[kksa ds csVksa ds ny ds lkFk
eqxy lsuk ds oke ik'oZ esa Fkk) ls gqbZ] vkSj dkth [kku ds lkeus gh jk.kk dh lsuk us
dkth [kku ds lSfudksa dk lQk;k dj fn;k vkSj vkxs c<+rs gq, os mlds dsUnz dks
Hksnus esa lQy jgsA ,sls esa lhdjh ds lHkh 'ks[kiq= ,d lkFk HkkxsA Hkkxrs gq, 'ks[k
ealwj ('ks[k bczkghe dk nkekn)] tks bl ny dk usrk Fkk] rhj ls ?kk;y gks x;k] vkSj
mls bl ?kko dks yEcs le; rd >syuk iM+kA dkth [kku eSnku esa MVk jgk ysfdu
dqN le; ckn mlds nka;s gkFk esa pksV yxh ftldh otg ls mldk vaxwBk t[eh gks
x;kA ,sls esa og vf/kd le; rd vdsyk eSnku esa ugha #d ik;k vkSj ;g dgrs gq,
fd ^lkeus Hkkjh foifŸk dks ns[kdj Hkkx tkuk elhgk dh 'kSfy;ksa esa ls ,d gS*] og
Hkh Hkkxrs gq, lSfudksa ds lkFk 'kkfey gks x;kA tks eqxy lSfud jk.kk ds izFke
vkÿe.k ds nkSjku Hkkx x, Fks] mUgksaus ml le; rd vius ?kksMk+ sa dh yxke ugha [khaph
tc rd fd os unh ds ikj] ikap ;k N% dksl nwj rd ugha pys x,A**19
vcqy Qty us Hkh fy[kk gS fd ^^jk.kk dh lsuk ds nkfgus ik'oZ us 'kkgh lsuk
ds oke ik'oZ dks Hkxk fn;k vkSj jk.kk dh lsuk dk vxz Hkkx Hkh eqxyksa ij gkoh gks
x;kA ,sls esa 'kkgh lSfudksa ds gkSalys iLr gks x,A 'k=qvksa (jk.kk) dk oke ik'oZ Hkh
'kkgh lsuk ds nkfgus ik'oZ ij Hkkjh iM+ x;kA ----nksuksa vksj ds yM+kdksa us viuh tku
xaok;h ,oa vius lEeku dh j{kk dhA**20
vcqy Qty vkxs fy[krk gS fd ^^tSls ;qº esa lSfudksa us deky fn[kk;k]
oSls gh gkfFk;ksa us Hkh pkeRdkfjd izn'kZu fd;kA**21 xt;qº dk o.kZu djrs gq, mlus
nksuksa i{kksa ds gkfFk;ksa&yksuk] xteqDr] jke izlkn] xtjkt vkSj jke enkj&}kjk fd,
x, 'kkS;Z&izn'kZu ,oa fo/oal dk mYys[k fd;k gSA og fy[krk gS fd ^^'kkgh lsuk dk
gkFkh ?kk;y gks x;k Fkk vkSj HkkXkus gh okyk Fkk] rc rdnhj ds [ksy ls 'k=q i{k ds
gkFkh dk egkor xksyh ls t+[eh gks x;k] vkSj 'kkgh gkFkh okfil ykSV vk;kA mlh
le;] jk.kk izrki dk lqizflº gkFkh jke izlkn lkeus vk;k vkSj mlus 'k=q i{k ds
vusd cgknqj ;ksºkvksa dks mBkdj Qsad fn;kA eqxyksa dh rdnhj tksj ij Fkh] vr%
jke izlkn dk egkor rhj ls ?kk;y gks x;k vkSj 'kkgh lsuk us jke izlkn dks idM+
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 53
fy;kA**22
blds ckn dk fooj.k nsrs gq, vcqy Qty fy[krs gSa fd ^^nksuksa i{kksa ds
;ksºk la?k"kZjr Fks ,oa grkgr gks jgs Fks_ ;qº {ks= esa jDr cg jgk FkkA blh nkSjku dqavj
ekuflag vkSj jk.kk ,d nwljs dh vksj c<+s vkSj mUgksaus cgknqjh ds vusd dk;Z fd,A
≈ij ls ns[kus ij 'k=q (jk.kk izrki) dk iyM+k Hkkjh Fkk ysfdu mlh le; ;dc;d
nSfod lgk;rk dh d`ik ls eqxyksa dh fot; dk jkLrk fn[kkbZ nsus yxkA bldk ,d
ck· dkj.k ;g Fkk fd ;qº esa vQjk&rQjh ds nkSjku eqxyksa dh lsuk dk vfxze Hkkx
iqu% l'kL= gksdj eSnku esa vk x;kA mlh le; ;g lekpkj Hkh QSy x;k fd fo'o
ds jktk (ckn'kkg) gok dh nqzr xfr ls vk x, gSa vkSj ;qº {ks= ij mudk izHkko
n`';eku gSA eqxy ;ksºkvksa dh vksj ls bl izdkj dk mn~?kks"k gksus yxk vkSj 'k=q
(jk.kk) tks fd vf/kd ls vf/kd izHkko'kkyh gksrk tk jgk Fkk] fgEer gkj x;kA
nSfod d`ik dk ,slk ;ksx gqvk fd fot; dh gok cgus yxhA 'k=qvksa ds fy, fouk'k
dh ?kM+h vk x;hA ;qº {ks= esa 150 xkt+h ekjs x,] rFkk 'k=qvksa ds 500 izeq[k O;fDr
/kwy&/kwlfjr gks x,A yXkHkx nksigj rd ;qº pykA jk.kk Hkkxdj igkM+h {ks= ds njsZ
esa pys x,A vR;f/kd xehZ ,oa ;qº dh Fkdku ds dkj.k 'kkgh lsuk us 'k=qvksa dk
ihNk ugha fd;kA m/kj ekuflag nwljs fnu xksxqUnk pys x, vkSj 'kkgh lsuk us ogk°
foJke fd;kA ogka ls eqxy njckj esa ;qº dk izfrosnu izsf"kr fd;k x;k ftlesa ;qº
ds uk;dksa dh lsokvksa ,oa 'k=qvksa ds ijkÿe dk mYys[k fd;k x;kA lkFk gh eqxy
njckj esa ;qº ds mijkar ywV esa izkIr lkexzh rFkk jk.kk ds gkFkh jke izlkn dks] vcqy
dkfnj cnk;wauh ds lkFk Hkst fn;k x;kA**23
cnk;wauh us Hkh ;qº ds vius iwoZ fooj.k dks vkxs c<+krs gq, fy[kk gS fd
^^jk.kk ds vkÿe.k ds i'pkr~ unh dh vksj Hkkxrs gq, eqxy lSfudksa dks ns[krs gq,]
eqxy lsuk ds i`"B Hkkx ls fegrj [kku eqxyksa dh lqjf{kr lsuk ds lkFk vkxs vk;k]
vkSj j.kHksjh ctkdj 'kkgh lsuk dks iqu% ,d= gksus ds fy, fpYyk&fpYYkkdj cqykus
yxkA blls Hkkxrs gq, eqxy lSfudksa esa dqN fgEer ca/kh vkSj os ykSVus yxsA Xokfy;j
ds jktk jke'kkg us] tks Lo;a dks jk.kk dh vfxze iafDr esa j[krs Fks] ekuflag ds jktiwrksa
ds fo#º ijkÿe dk ,slk vn~Hkqr dkS'ky iznf'kZr fd;k tks o.kZu ls ijs gSA Ekkuflag
dh lsuk ds jktiwr tks fd vfxze iafDr ds oke Hkkx esa Fks] eSnku NksM+dj Hkkxs] vkSj
mudh otg ls vkflQ [kku Hkh Hkkxk vkSj Hkkx dj mUgksaus lS;nksa ds ikl 'kj.k yh tks
lsuk ds nkfgus Hkkx esa FksA ;fn lS;n eSnku ij etcwrh ls [kM+s ugha jgrs rks eqxyksa dh
Hkkxrh gqbZ vfxze lsuk us ,slk dksgjke epk fn;k Fkk fd mldh ifj.kfr eqxyksa dh
'keZukd gkj esa fuf'pr FkhA**24
35 54 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
blds ckn cnk;wauh 'kkgh lsuk ,oa jk.kk dh lsuk ds gkfFk;ksa ds e/; gq, ;qº
dk o.kZu djrk gSA blh ÿe esa og fy[krk gS fd ^^ckn'kkg ds ,d futh gkFkh rFkk
jk.kk ds vR;f/kd etcwr dn&dkBh ds gkFkh jke izlkn ds e/; tksjnkj la?k"kZ dk nkSj
pyk_ rHkh jk.kk ds gkFkh jke izlkn ds egkor dks ,d ?kkrd rhj yxk vkSj mlds
vk?kkr ls og tehu ij fxj x;kA ckn'kkg ds gkFkh dk egkor ;g ns[kdj vR;f/kd
nqzr xfr ,oa dq'kyrk ls vius gkFkh ls dwn x;k rFkk jk.kk ds gkFkh ds ≈ij lokj gks
x;k vkSj mlus bl rjg ds djrc fd, tks dksbZ nwljk ugha dj ldrk FkkA bu
ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks ns[krs gq,] jk.kk vf/kd le; rd eSnku ij ugha #d ik;s ,oa ogka ls
HkkxsA jk.kk dh lsuk ds fy, ≈gkiksg dh fLFkfr mRiUu gks xbZA blds ckn ekuflag
dh vaxj{kd lsuk ds ;qok ;ksºkvksa us bl rjg dk izn'kZu fd;k tks fd vius vki esa
izfrekud FkkA mlds ckn fpŸkkSM+ ds t;ey dk iq=] ,oa Xokfy;j ds jke'kkg jktk
,oa mudk iq= lkyckgu] ftUgksaus eqxyksa dk Hk;adj izfrjks/k fd;k Fkk] /oLr gks x,A
jk.kk ij Hkh rhjksa dh ckSNkj gks xbZ tc og ek/kksflag ds eqdkfcy FkkA gkfde lwj]
tks lS;nksa ds lkeus Hkkx x;k Fkk] jk.kk ds ikl okfil vk x;k vkSj jk.kk dh nksuksa
lSfud VqdfM+;ka ,d gks xbZaA mlds ckn jk.kk foeq[k gksdj Hkkx x,s vkSj mUgksaus šps
igkM+ksa esa 'kj.k ys yhA ;|fi ekSle bruk vf/kd xje Fkk fd efLr"d] diky ds
Hkhrj rd mcy jgk Fkk] rFkkfi nksuksa vksj ds ;ksºk lqcg ls nksigj rd yM+rs jgsA
yxHkx 500 O;fDr ekjs x, ,oa ;qº{ks= esa <g x,] ftuesa ls 120 eqfLye Fks ,oa 'ks"k
fgUnwA ?kk;y eqlyekuksa dh la[;k rhu lkS ls vf/kd FkhA**25 cnk;wauh vkxs fy[krs gSa
fd ^^tc gok xje HkÍh dh rjg py jgh Fkh ,oa lSfudksa esa pyus&fQjus dh 'kfDr
ugha cph Fkh] ;g fopkj ml le; QSy x;k fd jk.kk us] xqipqi rjhds ls ,oa
dwVuhfr ls] Lo;a dks igkM+ksa ds ihNs Nqik j[kk gSA ;gh og dkj.k Fkk fd eqxy lsuk
us mudk dksbZ ihNk ugha fd;k] cfYd os vius f'kfoj esa ykSV x, ,oa ?kk;yksa ds
mipkj esa yx x,A**26 futkeqÌhu vgen us Hkh fy[kk gS fd jk.kk dhdk ≈°ph
igkfM+;ksa esa pyk x;k FkkA27
cnk;wauh ,oa vcqy Qty }kjk fd, x;s ;qº ds mi;qZDr fooj.k ls vusd
rF; cgqr iz[kjrk ls mHkj dj lkeus vkrs gSaA nksuksa ds fooj.k esa ;qº ds vusd ,sls
lR;ksa dk mYys[k gS tks ckn'kkg vdcj ,oa 'kkgh lsuk ds fy, dVq ,oa vuqYys[kuh;
jgs gksaxsA nksuksa gh ys[kdksa us jk.kk izrki ,oa muds lSfudksa ds ijkÿeh ,oa yxHkx
fot;h izn'kZu dk mYys[k fd;k gSA eqxy lSfudksa ds eSnku NksM+ dj Hkkx tkus ,oa
mudh ijkHkoiw.kZ ekufldrk dk mYys[k Hkh mUgksaus vusd ckj fd;k gSA os ;g Hkh
ekurs gSa fd ;qº ds vafre n`'; esa] iVk{ksi ds le;] nSfod d`ik ,oa HkkX; ds tksj
ls eqxyksa dh fLFkfr cny xbZA jk.kk izrki }kjk ;qº{ks= dks NksMd + j tkus ,oa ≈ij
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 55
igkfM+;ksa esa Nqi tkus dh fLFkfr esa eqxyksa us Lo;a dks fot;h eku fy;k FkkA
vcqy Qty us jk.kk izrki ds ;qº{ks= ls pys tkus ,oa ≈ij igkM+h {ks= esa
Nqi tkus ds iz;kstu dk [kqyklk ugha fd;k gS] ysfdu og ;g vo'; Lohdkj djrk
gS fd 'kkgh lsuk us jk.kk ,oa mlds lSfudksa dk ihNk ugha fd;kA ihNk u djus dh
eu%fLFkfr ds fy, og ekSle dh vR;f/kd xehZ rFkk lSfudksa dh Fkdku dk mYys[k
djrk gSA28
ysfdu cnk;wauh us Li"V fy[kk gS fd eqxyksa }kjk jk.kk ,oa mlds lSfudksa dk
ihNk u djus dk dkj.k ;g Fkk fd ;g fopkj QSy x;k Fkk fd jk.kk] xqipqi rjhds ls
,oa dwVuhfr ls] igkM+ksa ds ihNs fNi x;k FkkA29 blls ladsr feyrk gS fd jk.kk izrki
pkgrs Fks fd ekuflag ,oa muds lSfud mudk ihNk gYnh?kkVh ds njsZ esa djsa vkSj ogk°
jk.kk izrki rFkk muds lSfudksa ds fy, mUgsa ?ksj dj ekj nsuk laHkor% vklku gks tkrkA
,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd ekuflag ;g [krjk ugha mBkuk pkgrk Fkk] vr,o mlus jk.kk
izrki dk ihNk ugha fd;kA cnk;wauh us fy[kk gS fd ckn'kkg bl ckr ls ijs'kku Fkk fd
ekuflag us jk.kk dk ihNk D;ksa ugha fd;k vkSj mls thfor D;ksa tkus fn;kA30 ckn'kkg us
ekuflag ,oa vklQ [kku dks dqN le; ds fy, muds }kjk dh dbZ xyfr;ksa ds
dkj.k njckj ls cfg"d`r Hkh j[kkA31
egkjk.kk izrki ds ledkyhu dfo nqjlk vk<+k us ^fcjn fNgŸkjh* esa gYnh?kkVh
;qº dk o.kZu viuh lkfgfR;d 'kSyh esa bl izdkj izLrqr fd;k gS & ^gYnh?kkVh esa
;qº ds fy, vfMx jk.kk izrkiflag viuh gjkoy lsuk lfgr 'k=q lSU; ny dk ?ke.M
pwj djus ds fy, igq°p x;k (gynh?kkVh gjksy] ?keaM mrkj.k vfj&?kM+kA vkj.k dj.k
vMksy] igqaP;ks jk.k izrkilh)A*32 ^fgUnqLrku dh Js"B ijEijk ls fLFkj gq, jktk Hkh
vkt yksHk dk ekxZ viukdj iFk Hkz"V gks x;s gSa ijUrq jk.kk izrki flag fgUnqLrku dh
/kjrh dks viuh ekrk ekudj bldh iwtk djrs gS (fFkj u`i fganwFkku] ykrjxk ex
yksHk yxA ekrk Hkweh eku] iwtS jk.k izrkilh)A*33 ^/kkjk rhFkZ esa Hkkyksa dh uksd ls gq,
?kkoksa ls tks jDr /kkjk cgh] jDr izokg ds rhFkZ esa Luku djus ds fy, jk.kk izrki vius
ny lfgr vkxs c<+k vkSj /keZ ;qº esa nku djus ds fy, jk.kk izrki us viuk Lo.kZ tSls
'kjhj dks nku fd;k (lsyka v.kh fluku] /kkjk rhjFk esa /klsA ns.k /kje j.k nku] iqjV
'kjhj izrkilh)A*34 ^vdcj ds lSfud ny us jk.kk izrki dh lsuk ds fudV igqapdj
foJke fd;k vkSj fQj igkM+h&igkM+h ij vkil esa fHkM+sA izR;sd jkLrs esa jk.kk izrki
vdcj ds lSfud ny dks fey tkrk gS vkSj mudk ihNk djds mlus 'k=q lsuk ds eku
dks Hkax fd;k (f<x vdcj ny <k.k] vx vx >xMS vkFkMSA ex ex ikMS ek.k] ix
ix jk.k izrkilh)A*35 nqjlk vk<k ds bl fooj.k ls ;g ladsr feyrk gS fd jk.kk
36 56 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
izrki us ;qº esa vdcj dh lsuk dks ijs'kku fd;k vkSj mUgsa lQy ugha gksus fn;kA
gYnh?kkVh ds ledkyhu ys[kdksa ds mi;qZDr fooj.k ls ;qº ls lEcfU/kr
vusd rF; ,oa lR; Lo;a gh izdkf'kr gksrs gSaA ;qº ds lokZf/kd izkFkfed lk{; ;gh
gSaA ckn ds ys[kdksa us bUgha ds fooj.k rFkk yksd esa izpfyr Le`fr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij ;qº
dk o.kZu fd;k gSA
ledkyhu lk{;ksa ds vkyksd esa gYnh?kkVh ;qº ds lEcU/k esa fuEufyf[kr
fu"d"kZ izLrqr fd, tk ldrs gSa %
1- bl ;qº esa jk.kk izrki ,oa mudh lsukvksa us vn~Hkqr ijkÿe dk izn'kZu
fd;kA eqxy lsuk dks vusd ckj eSnku NksM+dj b/kj&m/kj Hkkxuk iM+kA eqxyksa dh
ijkt; yxHkx fuf'pr FkhA ;s rF; cnk;wauh ,oa vcqy Qty us izLrqr fd, gSa tks
eqxyksa ds izfrfuf/k Fks rFkk izR;{kr% ,oa vUreZu ls muds i{kdkj FksA vuqekur% jk.kk
ds ijkÿe dk lR; muds dFku dh Lohd`fr ls o`gŸkj jgk gksxkA blh izdkj] eqxyksa
dh nqnZ'kk vkSj grk'kk Hkh muds fp=.k ls xgurj jgh gksxhA
2- ;qº ds var esa jk.kk izrki vius lSfudksa ds lkFk ≈ij igkfM+;ksa esa pys x,
FksA cnk;wauh] vcqy Qty ,oa futkeqÌhu & rhuksa us bl rF; dk mYys[k fd;k gS]
;|fi os fy[krs gSa fd jk.kk izrki eSnku NksMd + j ≈ij igkfM+;ksa dh vksj Hkkx x,A
;qº LFky ds fudVre ,oa ≈ijh fgLls esa] gYnh?kkVh ds njsZ dh igkfM+;k° FkhaA tkfgj
gS] jk.kk izrki ogha x, gksaxsA
gYnh?kkVh dh igkfM+;ksa esa pys tkuk jk.kk izrki dh lksph&le>h j.kuhfr dk
fgLlk tku iM+rk gSA Lo;a cnk;awuah us bl ckr dk ladsr fn;k gSA mlus fy[kk gS fd
eqxy lSfudksa esa ;g fopkj QSy x;k Fkk fd jk.kk] xqipqi rjhds ls ,oa dwVuhfr ls]
igkM+ksa ds ihNs fNi x;k gSA cnk;wauh ;g Hkh fy[krk gS fd eqxy lSfudksa }kjk izrki
dk ihNk u djus dk ;gh dkj.k FkkA blls izrhr gksrk gS fd ekuflag Hk;Hkhr gks x;k
Fkk vkSj igkM+h {ks= esa jk.kk izrki ls ;qº djus dk [krjk og eksy ugha ysuk pkgrk FkkA
oSls Hkh eSnkuh ;qº esa ekuflag us jk.kk izrki ,oa mlds lSfudksa ds ijkÿe dk izrki
ns[kk Fkk ftldh otg ls mls lSfud grk'kk ls Hkj x, ,oa Fkd x,A eSnkuh ;qº rks
e/;k esa gh #d x;k Fkk] ,sls esa ekuflag ds ikl i;kZIr le; Fkk fd og gYnh?kkVh
esa jk.kk izrki dk ihNk djrkA ysfdu og vius f'kfoj okil ykSV x;k vkSj vxys
fnu xksxqUnk pyk x;kA ekuflag dh ?kcjkgV vkSj mldk ;qº{ks= ls iyk;u jk.kk
izrki dh dwVuhfrd fot; FkhA ;fn ekuflag gYnh?kkVh esa jk.kk izrki dk ihNk djrs
vkSj ogka dksbZ ;qº gksrk rks og okLro esa gYnh?kkVh dk ;qº gksrkA
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 57
dsljhflag us viuh iqLrd ^egkjk.kk izrki&n ghjks vkWQ gYnh?kkVh* esa ;g
fo'ys"k.k izLrqr fd;k gS fd jk.kk izrki dk ;qº {ks= ls pys tkuk jktiwrksa dh ijEijk
,oa uhfr ls laxfr ugha j[krk gSA mldk iyk;u ;qfDrewyd ,oa j.kuhfr dk fgLlk
Fkk vkSj lqfu;ksftr rjhds ls tkucw>dj fd;k x;k FkkA36
3- gYnh?kkVh dk ;qº ,d izdkj ls cjkcjh esa lekIr gqvk ,oa vfu.khZr jgk]
;|fi ekuflag ,oa eqxy lSfudksa us naHko'k Lo;a dks fot;h eku fy;kA lqcg ls
nksigj rd pys ;qº esa ijkÿe ,oa ;qº&dkS'ky dh n`f"V ls jk.kk izrki dk iyM+k
Hkkjh Fkk] ysfdu var esa] tSlk fd cnk;wauh ,oa vcqy Qty us fy[kk gS] nSfod d`ik
dk ,slk ;ksx gqvk fd jk.kk izrki ;qºLFky NksM+ dj pys x, vkSj eqxyksa us Lo;a dks
fot;h eku fy;kA ;g dfFkr ^fot;* eqxyksa dh vkRed`r ifjdYiuk Fkh tks mUgha
rd lhfer FkhA MkW- vk'khokZnhyky JhokLro us fy[kk gS fd eqxyksa dh ;g fot;
ck°> ;k [kks[kyh FkhA37 LFkkuh; yksdLe`fr ,oa ijaijk esa bl ;qº esa egkjk.kk izrki dh
vijkts;rk ,oa fot; dk mYys[k gksrk jgkA Lo;a cnk;wauh us bldk ladsr fn;k gSA
;qº ds ckn tc og xksxqUnk ls Qrsgiqj lhdjh ykSV jgk Fkk] tgk°&tgk° ls Hkh og
xqtjk] yksxksa us gYnh?kkVh ;qº esa eqxyksa dh fot; ,oa jk.kk izrki dh gkj ds lEcU/
k esa eqxyksa dh ?kks"k.kkvksa ij fo'okl ugha fd;kA38
4- jk.kk izrki ds Lokra´;&izse ,oa LokfHkeku dh n`f"V ls gYnh?kkVh dk ;qº
mudh uSfrd fot; dk izrhd gSA MkW- vk'khokZnhyky JhokLro ds vuqlkj ^^bl
;qº us jk.kk dks l'kDr cuk;k rFkk mlesa uo&fo'okl dk lapkj fd;kA ml le; ds
lcls 'kfDr'kkyh ,oa le`ºre jktk ds fo#º ;qº esa jk.kk dh lsukvksa ds ijkÿeh
O;ogkj us jk.kk dks viuh uSfrd 'kfDr ds izfr fo'oLr fd;k vkSj eqxyksa ds fo#º
vius la?k"kZ dks tkjh j[kus ds fu.kZ; dks n`<+rj fd;kA**39
MkW- pUnz'ks[kj 'kekZ40 us egkjk.kk izrki ij fd, foLr`r ,oa uoksUes"kh vuqla/kku
esa gYnh?kkVh ;qº ds fu.kZ; dks le>us ds fy, ;qº dks rhu n`f"V;ksa ls fo'ysf"kr
fd;k gS &^^;qº mÌs';ewyd n`f"V_ ;qº fÿ;kewyd n`f"V_ rFkk ;qº ifjn`';ewyd
n`f"VA** MkW- pUnz'ks[kj 'kekZ ds vuqlkj] ;qº ds mÌs'; esa vdcj foQy jgk] ;qº{ks=
esa izrki dk iyM+k Hkkjh Fkk] rFkk ;qº ds i'pkr~ ekuflag dh dfBukb;k° c<+ xbZ
Fkha&^^bu rhuksa gh n`f"V;ksa ls fu.kZ; izrki ds i{k esa tkrk gSA----;qº ds Bhd ckn bl
{ks= ds Hkwfenku gsrq tkjh fd, x;s rkezkuq'kklu izrki ds izHkkoh fu;U=.k dks flº
dj nsrs gSaA**41
5- gYnh?kkVh ds ;qº dks jk.kk izrki ds lEiw.kZ thou ds ifjizs{; esa ns[kk tk,
rks ;g ;qº 'kfDr'kkyh dsUnzh; lŸkk ds izfr Lokra´;&izseh jk.kk izrki dh 'kkS;Z xkFkk
37 58 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
dk izfrfcEc gSA mUgksaus thouHkj eqxy lŸkk ds le{k leiZ.k ugha fd;k vkSj vius
LokfHkeku dks cuk, j[kkA
vUr esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd gYnh?kkVh dk ;qº jk.kk izrki dh uSfrd fot;
,oa dwVuhfrd lQyrk dk izrhd gSA lSfud n`f"V ls ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd ;qº
vfu.khZr jgk ,oa cjkcjh esa lekIr gqvk] ysfdu ledkyhu lk{;ksa ds fooj.k ls ;qº
{ks= esa jk.kk izrki ,oa mudh lsuk ds ijkÿe dh rstfLork ,oa opZLo dk Li"V
izek.k feyrk gSA
lanHkZ %
1- ns[ksa] vCnqy dkfnj cnk;w°uh] eqUr[k+c&mr&rokjh[k+ (rhu [kaM) % (ÁFke [kaM)
Qkjlh ewy ls v°xzsth vuqokn ,oa lEiknu] tkWtZ ,l-,- jSafdax_ la'kks/ku ,oa ifjo/
kZu] cz„ns; Álkn vac"BÓ] ,dsMsfe;k ,fl;kfVdk] iVuk] 1973_ (f}rh; [kaM)
v°xzsth vuqokn ,oa lEiknu] MCY;w- ,p- yks;] la'kks/ku ,oa ifjo/kZu] cz„ns; Álkn
vac"BÓ] ,dsMsfe;k ,fl;fVdk] iVuk] 1973_ (r`rh; [kaM) lj owYTys gsx] la'kks/ku
,oa ifjo/kZu] cz„ns; Álkn vac"BÓ] ,dsMsfe;k ,fl;fVdk] iVuk] 1973A vCnqy
dkfnj cnk;wauh us gYnh?kkVh ;qº dk fooj.k eqUr[k+c&mr&rokjh[k+ ds f}rh; [kaM
(vaxzsth vuqokn) ds i`- 236&239 (Qkjlh ewy ds i`- 231&235) ds e/; fn;k gSA
2- ns[ksa] vcqy Qty] vdcjukek (rhu [kaM) % (ÁFke [kaM) Qkjlh ewy ls v°xzsth
vuqokn] ,p- csofjt] fcfCy;ksFksdk bafMdk] ,f'k,sfVd lkslkbVh vkWQ caxky]
dydŸkk] 1902] iqueqZÊ.k js;j cqDl] fnYyh] 1972_ (f}rh; [kaM) Qkjlh ewy ls
v°xzts h vuqokn] ,p- csofjt] fcfCy;ksFksdk bafMdk] ,f'k,sfVd lkslkbVh vkWQ caxky]
dydŸkk] 1902] iqueqZÊ.k js;j cqDl] fnYyh] 1972_ (r`rh; [kaM) Qkjlh ewy ls
v°xzts h vuqokn] ,p- csofjt] fcfCy;ksFksdk bafMdk] ,f'k,sfVd lkslkbVh vkWQ caxky]
dydŸkk] 1921] iqueqZÊ.k js;j cqDl] fnYyh] 1973A
3- ns[ksa] futkeqÌhu vgen] rcdkr&,&vdcjh] Qkjlh ls v°xzsth vuqokn ,oa lEiknu
(rhu [kaM)] cztsUÊukFk Ms ,oa fgnk;r gqlSu] fcfCy;ksFksdk bafMdk] dydŸkk]
1927&39_ ^rcdkr&,&vdcjh* (v°xzsth vuqokn)] bfy;V ,oa MkWlu] n fgLV™h
vkWQ bafM;k ,t VksYM ckbZ bV~l vksu fgLVksfj;Ul & n eqgEenu ihfj;M] [kaM 5]
yanu] 1873] i`- 177&476-
4- ns[ksa] ujsaÊ flag pkj.k] iqukjke iVsy] egkjk.kk Árki ,oa jk"V™dfo nqjlk vk<+k (fcjn
fNgŸkjh] HkkokFkZ lfgr)] jktLFkkuh xzaFkkxkj] tks/kiqj] 2015] i`- 68-
5- ns[ksa] ujsaÊ flag (^ujlk vk<+k*)] ^nqjlk vk<+k d`r fcjn fNgŸkjh dk fgUnh vuqokn*]
egkjk.kk Árki ,oa jk"V™dfo nqjlk vk<+k (fcjn fNgŸkjh] HkkokFkZ lfgr)] jktLFkkuh
xzaFkkxkj] tks/kiqj] 2015] i`- 114
6- xksihukFk 'kekZ] esokM+ eqxy laca/k] jktLFkku fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh] t;iqj] ÁFke
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 59 38 60 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

laLdj.k 1976] ÁFkeko`fŸk 1983] i`- 65 32- fcjn fNgŸkjh] lksjBk 30

7- ogh] i`- 66 33- fcjn fNgŸkjh] lksjBk 31
8- ogh 34- fcjn fNgŸkjh] lksjBk 32
9- vk'khokZnhyky JhokLro] vdcj n xzsV] [kaM 1 (ikWfyfVdy fgLV™h] 1542&1605)] 35- fcjn fNgŸkjh] lksjBk 33
f'koyky vxzoky ,aM daiuh] vkxjk] ÁFke laLdj.k] 1962] i`- 204&205 36- ns[ksa dsljhflag] egkjk.kk izrki&n ghjks vkWQ gYnh?kkVh] cqd V™stj] tks/kiqj] laLdj.k
10- ogh 2016] i`- 6] 85
11- ogh 37- ns[ksa] vk'khokZnhyky JhokLro] iwoksZDr] i`- 211
12- vdcjukek] r`rh; [kaM] Qkjlh ewy ls v°xzsth vuqokn] ,p- csofjt] fcfCy;ksFksdk 38- ns[ksa] cnk;wauh] iwoksZDr] i`- 211
bafMdk] ,f'k,sfVd lkslkbVh vkWQ caxky] dydŸkk] 1921] iqueqZÊ.k js;j cqDl] 39- ns[ksa] vk'khokZnhyky JhokLro] iwoksZDr] i`- 213
fnYyh] 1973] i`- 245- 40- ns[ksa] pUnz'ks[kj 'kekZ] jk"V™ jRu egkjk.kk izrki] vk;kZorZ laLd`fr laLFkku] fnYyh]
13- eqUr[k+c&mr&rokjh[k+] f}rh; [kaM] v°xzsth vuqokn ,oa lEiknu] MCY;w- ,p- yks;] r`rh; laLdj.k 2016_ ;qxU/kj izrki] vadqj izdk'ku] mn;iqj] laLdj.k 2011
la'kks/ku ,oa ifjo/kZu] cz„ns; Álkn vac"BÓ] ,dsMsfe;k ,f'k,sfVdk] iVuk] 1973] 41- pUnz'ks[kj 'kekZ] ;qxU/kj izrki] vadqj izdk'ku] mn;iqj] laLdj.k 2011] i`- 70&71
i`- 236
14- ogh
15- ogh
16- futkeqÌhu vgen] ^rcdkr&,&vdcjh* (v°xzsth vuqokn)] bfy;V ,oa MkWlu] n
fgLV™h vkWQ bafM;k ,t VksYM ckbZ bV~l vksu fgLVksfj;Ul & n eqgEenu ihfj;M] [kaM
5] yanu] 1873] i`- 318
17- eqUr[k+c&mr&rokjh[k+] f}rh; [kaM] i`- 236&37
18- ogh] i`- 237
19- ogh] i`- 237&38
20- vdcjukek] r`rh; [kaM] i`- 245
21- ogh
22- ogh] i`- 245&46
23- ogh] i`- 246&47
24- eqUr[k+c&mr&rokjh[k+] f}rh; [kaM] i`- 238
25- ogh] i`- 239
26- ogh
27- ns[ksa] futkeqÌhu vgen] ^rcdkr&,&vdcjh* (v°xt zs h vuqokn)] bfy;V ,oa MkWlu]
n fgLV™h vkWQ bafM;k ,t VksYM ckbZ bV~l vksu fgLVksfj;Ul & n eqgEenu ihfj;M]
[kaM 5] yanu] 1873] i`- 399
28- vdcjukek] r`rh; [kaM] i`- 247
29- eqUr[k+c&mr&rokjh[k+] f}rh; [kaM] i`- 239
30- ogh] i`- 241
31- ogh] i`- 247
 39
Buddhism and Urban Settlements in
Rajasthan, Gujarat up to 700 A.D.
Pooran Lal Meena
In Rajasthan, Bairth was a part of the Mauryan Empire. The
ruins of the Bijak Ki PahadiBuddhist Chaitya and Buddhist monastery
from the 3rd century BC Elocated in BairatViratnagar Tehsil in Jaipur
district of Rajasthan state are the oldest free standing Buddhist
structures in India.The city is also home to ruins of a Buddhist
monastery, a wood and timber shrine and rock-cut edict from Emperor
Ashoka. Though Buddhism appears to have entered Gujarat and
Rajasthan region shortly before and during the reign of King Ashoka,
its real intense nature became activated with the functioning of the
Silk Route. Initially this region does not appear to have been very
importance and one does not come across many important settlements
of Buddhist importance. But when international trade began in all
sincerity, this region became one of the most important regions of
Buddhist importance in the north western Indian subcontinent.
Existence of Buddhism in the present day Gujarat is attested by
the archaeological evidence in the shape of stapas, chaitiyas, rock cut
caves and material remains in the form of inscriptions, copper plates,
sealings, sculptures and many kinds and decorative motifs of
architectural components. Aaokan rock edicts at Girnar and Junagadh
bear evidence to the spread of Buddhism at a massive level during the
first-fourth century CE during which period most of the evidence has
been found. Settlements such as Vadnagar, Devnimori, Junagadhand
Bharukaccha felt on the trade routes and attained commercial success
due to their Buddhist networks. Main Buddhist centres of this region
were Bairat, Bhillamala (Barmer) Devnimoriadnagar, Bharuch etc.
Though urbanization instigated to decline in a big way by about the
end of the fourth century CE, yet some of the urban settlements in
this region continued to live till about to the seventh-eighth centuries. 1
Archaeological and literary indication together suggests that
urban settlements with Buddhist connections such as Kumbhavati
(Nasik) declined in the pre-Gupta period. Mahimata (Maheshwar)
during the Gupta period and Ujjan, Jetuttara (Nagari) and Bharukachha
62 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
(Bharuch) during the post-Gupta period.2 Hence, it appears that at
least a few monastic institutions began to decline from the post-
Kushana days. At the time of the visit of Xuanzang to Gujarat and
Rajasthan , the number of Brahmanical-Hindu temples appears to have
been far more than the Buddhist temples throughout this region. For
example, Bharukaccha (Bharuch), Bairat the number of Buddhist
viharas was just ten and there were about three hundred monks. There
is archaeological indication that suggests that the urban settlement of
Bharukachha began to decline after the end of the reign of the Guptas.3
At the time of the visit of Xuanzang, there were over ten
Samityaviharas with around one thousand monks in Anandapura, which
has been identified with the modern town of Vadnagar in the state of
Gujarat. This settlement is mentioned as being over twenty li in circuit.4
Conferring to Xuanzang, "it has a large population of wealthy
households. It has no independent lord and is under the jurisdiction of
the country of malava…. Monks… study the teachings of the
HanayanaSamitya School. Deva temples are calculated by scores, and
the heretics live together."5 It seems that from about the eighth century
CE onwards jainism instigated to have an upper hand over Buddhism
and finally the latter became assimilated into Jainism as well as
Brahmanical-Hinduism.
The earliest history of Anandapura goes to at least the fifth
century BCE. Also the various Buddhist texts, this settlement also
finds mention in the Mahabharata.It has been suggested that this
settlement was the earliest capital of the area that later became known
as Gujarat. The river Kapila used to flow by the side of this settlement
in the ancient time. A Bodhisattava descriptions dating back to the
third-fourth century CE was found by a farmer while ploughing his
fields in the locality of Vadnagar and this image appears to be associated
to the Mathura School of Art. During excavations conducted at
Vadnagar , remains of a stupa were discovered by the Archaeological
Department of Gujarat.
Barmer, at the time of Xuanzang, this urban settlement was
over thirty li (km) in circuit. It was the capital ( rajadhani) of the
country of Gurjara. There was one Sarvastivadavihara with more than
one hundred monks in Bhillam?la (Barmer, Rajasthan).6 Xuanzang
mentions that "the native products and social civilizations were the
same as those in the country of Surattha. It was thickly populated and
the people were rich and wealthy. Most of them were heretics."7
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 63 40 64 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

Baghukacchais the Sanskrit version of Bharukaccha which is certain and that is that the ship-building industries of this place as
means 'high coast land' and the city is exactly situated on a high coast well as its maritime networks of outside world go indeed to very early
land. Conferring to the Divyavadana, Bharukaccha is a corruption of times. This settlement absolutely was an important port linking the
Bharukaccha (Marsh of Bharu). This settlement was founded by Bhiru, Silk Road and the Spice Road through here to the Western world. The
one of the three persons who managed to get away from the kingdom Greeks knew this settlement as Barygaza or Barugaza. Later Arab
of Sikkhandi, the parricide king of Sauvara, when it was destroyed by sellers are also said to have used this settlement extensively for
a furious sandstorm, following the assassination of Rudrayana, head commercial purposes.14
of state of Roruka.8 The fame, prosperity, and wealth of Bh?rukaccha The urban settlement of Devni Mori, which is recognized with
were due almost completely to its extensive maritime commerce and Sabarkantha, was an important Buddhist place during the third-fourth
strategic location, providing an outlet for the settlements of both the century of the Common Era. A huge site consisting of remains of a
Deccan and northern part of India. stupa, a Chaityas, an a vihara have been found here near Shamli on
According to the early Pali texts, the pattana/pattanagama of the banks of the river Meshwo, Interestingly, a casket containing relics,
Bharukaccha was an important vanijja (trading hub) in the Bharu apparently of the Buddha, were found here in the excavations with an
country. In this area, we are told people totally worked for trade.9 inscription on the casket stating the name of the Buddha. Rajasthan
Later Buddhist sources call this settlement a city nagara10. We aratold apparently had well defined Buddhist monasteries or complexes at
in the texts that businessmen from this place toured from here by sea Bairathin Viratnagartehsil of Rajasthan. Kolvi, Bandarej ,Ramgaon
to the Land of Gold (Suvanabhumi).11 Bharukaccha has been well- discovered by ASI.
known with the modern city of Bharuch in Gujarat. Due to the extensive
References
maritime commercial activities and also its planned location, this
1. R.S. Sharma, urban Decay in India, New Delhi, 1987, p. 83
settlement appears to have become the most important place in the 2. Y.D. Sharma, 'Remains of Early Historical Cities,' A. Gosh (ed.),
area and hence attained to great heights in terms of affluence, fame Archaeological Remains, Monuments and Museums, Part I, New Delhi,
and wealth etc. This settlement provided a connection through sea 1964 : p.73; IAR, 1956-57 : p.27; 1957-58 : p.36; 1959-60: p.19; 1962-
and land to the different centres of commercial importance both in 63 : p.19; R.S. Sharma, Urban Decay in India.New Delhi 1987, p. 86
the Deccan and northern part of India. Interestingly, most of the 3. IAR, 1959-60 :p.19.
references in the PaliTipitaka to this settlement are of the Mauryan 4. Ibid.
period if not later. Conferring to Xuanzang, Bharukacchapa was over 5. Ibid.
twenty li (km) in circuit.12 He further points out that around this urban 6. Ibid., 344.
settlement the soil was saline and plants were sparse. "Salt is produced 7. Ibid.,346.
by steaming water, and the sea provides profitable careers. The climate 8. The Divyavadana, ed. P.L. Vaidya, Darbhanga :Mithila Institute of
is hot, with abrupt cyclones blowing violently. The people are stingy Post-Graduate Studies and Research in Sanskrit Learning, 1959 : 586.
by tradition and deceitful in disposition. They are ignorant of learning 9. J.iv.137;MNid.i.155.(The Jataka)
and arts and believe in both heterodox and orthodox principles. There 10. ThA.ii.141. (Theragatha-Atthakatha)
are over ten monasteries with more than three hundred monks, who 11. J. iii. 188.
learning the Mahayana and the Sthavira teachings. Deva-temples are 12. Li Rongxi (trans.), The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western
Regions, Berkelye; NumataCentre for Buddhist Translation and
more than ten in number, and the heretics live together."13 Of any kind
Research, 1996 : 337.
archaeological information is available about this settlement and its
13. Ibid., 338.
surrounding areas indicates that its beginnings could go as far back 14. Gazetteer of Bombay Presidency, vol. I, Pt.I : The History of Gujarat,
as antiquity. Some researchers have even suggested that this settlement Bombay; Govt. Central Press, 1986 : p.58.
had trade and cultural links to the Harappan and Egyptian civilizations
during the proto-historic age of ancient Indian history. But one thing
 41
Sculptural Evidence for the culture
of Rajasthan : C. 9th century A.D
to 12th century A.D.
Dr. Manu Jayas
Imperial kingdom of the northern India after the death of the
last paramount emperor Harsha in around seventh century, the regional
kingdoms such as, Gurajara – Prathiara and Chauhan of Rajasthan
emerged and occupied a prominent place in political, social, cultural
and economic life of the people. The rulers were great patron of art
and literature. Temples in India have been the most vivid representations
of Indian culture, mostly of religious and aesthetic aspirations. Temples
is extensively bejeweled with beautiful figures, decorative motifs and
various worldly forms of pleasure. Thus, sculptural art developed in
between c. ninth to the twelfth century have all distinguished by their
maturity in style and techniques.
Indian Sculptures are known for its excellence. The Indian
sculptors were found much skilled in creating sculptures with deep
feelings and, above all, they were portraying contemporary society
which can be considered as peculiar characteristic of Indian art.
Iconographical and aesthetical development in the context of Indian
sculptures cannot be investigated in isolation as both are interrelated.
Moreover Sculpture as an art form has also been surveyed and studied
for historical reconstruction. The scholars of the field earlier focused
either on aesthetic forms such, as structural decoration and sculptural
expression, or on clothes, ornaments etc. But sculptures have more
meaning as a source for reconstruction of the history as it also signifies
the social, cultural and economic development of the contemporary
society. The sculptures not only symbolize the culture of the exiting
society but also sometimes represent the neglected class i.e., working
class.
In the present paper an effort has been made to systematically
study the sculptures of early medieval Rajasthan from 9 th century A.D.
to 12 the century A.D. which represent the occupational activities of
the period. However the textual sources are found silent or giving
incidental information regarding activities of neglected group. A detailed
66 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
study on sculptural art with an analysis of the form and style as well
as theme and context needs to be done. Endeavour has also been
made to recognize the contemporary cultural current in the sculptural
art form and adequate treatment to the participation of entertainment
class in cultural history. Collection of six sculptures, so far, preserved
in the different Museums of Rajasthan and elsewhere would be the
basis of my present paper. However, these sculptures may be defined
as follows:
1. This sculptural panel that was discovered at Harsagiri, District
Sikar, Rajasthan belongs to Purana Mahadeo Temple. Presently, this
relief is preserved in the Sikar Museum Rajasthan. The sculptural
panel belongs to c. 961- 73 A.D. and oblong in shape with 19 inch in
vertical dimension. Although, panel has been destroyed from the upper
left corner. It depicts the high relief work done by sculptor. This
sculptural panel was a part of the Purana Mahadeo Temple where as
the theme of panel is of music and dance performance including both
men and women1.
2. Another sculptural panel which also belongs to Purana
MahadeoTemple, at Harsagiri in Sikar, Rajasthan. It is on display in
the Sikar Museum Rajasthan presently. The panel is 161/2 inch in height
with much elongated in length as 9 figures are portrayed in panel.
This sculpture can be dated roughly to c. 961- 73 A.D. i.e. Chauhan
period of Rajasthan. The figures in this panel are very artistically carved
as compare of the other panel of the same period. Although the subject
matter of this panel is dance and music consort consistig of both male
and female. Sculptor had beautifully carved out the stone with making
border around the figures. In the panel second figure of female from
the left had been distorted as the head of the lady with instrument is
totally faded away2.
3. The massive elongated stone sculptural panel belongs to
Purana Mahadeo Temple at Harsagiri, District Sikar, Rajasthan. As it
is a piece of architectural ornamentation of temple which was
constructed under the Gurjara- Pratihara period of c. 961 - 973 century
A.D. But this panel is found in Ganga- Yamuna valley at Soraon,
Allahabad. This sculptural panel is presently displayed in Allahabad
Museum. This panel is oblong in shape where horizontal dimension is
much more than vertical height. Although this panel has been little
damaged from the right hand side. This relief illustrates two groups
of orchestra giving dance and music performance. Both the groups
have men and women, but female are shown as dancer while male
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 67
members are playing different musical instruments3.
4. The Stone sculpture belongs of Pratihara period i.e.10 th
century of Rajasthan. Now this panel is kept in the National Museum
New Delhi for display. This stone panel is rectangular where length is
much more than its height. This sculptural relief is of much importance
as it portrays the practical training of music and dance by an
experienced and learned teacher. The guide is shown directing male
and female both irrespective of gender; few of them are shown playing
instruments and rest in dancing postures. This sculpture indicates the
significance of training in the entertainment class as they were
professionally guided by the experts4.
5. The sculptural panel relates to Chalukyan period of 12 th
century Rajasthan. This relief work has been done at Tejhpala temple
at Mount Abu and seems to be oblong in shape. This panel is part of
temple’s beautiful embellished ceiling with almost perfect finishing.
The theme of the panel is portraying the life events of twenty first
Jaina Saint Neminath. Besides, the sculpture depicts a numerous social
functions such as marriage, music and dance show and other activities
of daily life which primarily indulging women as artist5.
6. The sculptural panel belongs to the Temple of Neminath
situated in Dilwara, Mount Abu, South Rajasthan of 12th century A.D.
This entire panel is carved on white marble which has approximately
8 feet in width. However, only half of the panel could be seen in the
plate. The sculptural panel is of high relief as it has been deeply undercut
by the sculptor to give it perfection along with clarity. The sculpture
exemplifies the theme of marriage organized for Aristanemi, the twenty
second Trithakara of Jaina religion. It extensively gives importance to
dancers’ participation in marriage as illustrated in eight compartments6.
The magnificence of these temples is largely due to their rich
and fascinating sculpture. Atypical characteristic of Sculptural panel
at Rajasthan is that it represents the various aspects of the life of
men, women and all sections of society. The temples of Mount Abu
are famous for sophisticatedly carved decorative graceful sculptures.
Sometimes it overshadow the main character of the theme and shed
light on the much undervalued aspects of life such as aspects of the
daily life or common people and their working. Similarly, the sculptural
panels from the other temples of Rajasthan also depicted the
overlooked section of the society. But these less much celebrated
category of society were also an enthusiastic carrier of the cultural
42 68 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
norms. So, it can be said that these sculptural panels provides us with
valuable insight of the social cultural and economic norms of the
Rajasthan.
The participation of men and women in the entertainment sector
can be traced from ancient times. This entertainment sector is also
heterogeneous in nature. The religious text enlisted martial arts, dancing,
singing, and music as entertainment activities. On festive occasions
such performances have to be performed by the Sudra people 7.
Kavyamaminasa describes a special chamber in the court and dubbed
it as literary gallery. It further mentions the seating arrangements in
the chamber according to the status. However, after the king, the
place was allotted for poets and then descending order actors, dancers,
singers, musicians, bards and other were seated8. Dasarupa suggests
that in entertainment sector, the women entertainers were mainly
belonged to the sudra class9.
Sculptural panels are good source of information regarding the
contemporary costumes, ornaments for beautification, hair styles,
decorative head dresses of men and women. This classification of
attire and ornaments is of great significance as it indicates the class
distinction of the portrayed figures. Dress and ornaments are most
important components of culture as they reflects the people’s wishes
to fullfill their aestheticism. The sculptural panels from Rajasthan would
be the good example of cultural representation of the contemporary
society of early medieval period.
The costume of the male usually consisted of two garments of
long pieces of unstitched cloth. The upper garment, in the
contemporary sculptures, was generally across the chest, covering
the left shoulder with its end falling on the waist. Only one male figure
playing flute whose back has been carved turned is shown wearing a
robe type garment around the chest10. The upper bodies of other three
male are bare11.
The antariya (loin cloth), synonymous with the modern dhoti,
was worn by all men around their waist upto or above the knees. The
fabric of garment seems expensive with a fine semi transparent
finishing and well carved plates on it is visible beautifully12. The poor
generally wore only loin cloth with a thick fabric having not much
sophisticated finishing13.
The fashion and the dress of the women in the early medieval
period have three popular garments in style. The Uttariya was a piece
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 69
of cloth like a Dupatta (odhani), which covered the upper part of the
body. Few female in the sculptural panels have been depicted draping
a beautiful dupptta around their arms14. The Kanchuka or bodice was
specially designed to cover the breasts a usual fashion as shown in
selected Panels15. It could also be long enough to reach up to the toes
and also known as chola. The female dancers were also portrayed
wearing a high neck blouse or simply normal blouse 16 . In some
sculptures the band that is covering the upper body of female is less
visible due to fine transparent fabric 17.
The Chandataka a lower garment was worn as an undergarment
beneath the kanchuka (Dhoti or drapery). The female dancers in the
panels can be seen wearing the lower garment covering the body up
to knees. The cloth carved by the sculpturs seems to be of very thick
fabric and with no further decoration. It doesn’t seem expensive
because garments of thick fabric were mostly worn by people of
lower strata who could afford it which did not need any sort of special
manufacturing skill as well 18.
However, the dresses of the few females in the panel are much
expensive and of very fine fabric. All the female are covered with loin
cloth from waist to below the knees although the fabric seems to be
semi transparent which is an indication of a fine and expensive fabric19
and it further indicate the ranks of the woman among the artists.
The hair styles of the male and female in the sculpture panels
represent the contemporary fashion of society. The women used to
keep long hair, dressed them in various ways. The females in the
panels have a very simple hair styles. The hair of female is arranged
into very neatly combed and tied into a bun or juda of different types-
such as, round 20, elongated21, loosely tied 22 or coiled23; was tied at
back of the head. In one sculptural panel a female dancer has shown
with her hair decorated with some head dress but not clear24.
The hair style of the male is also similar to that of the female
having long hair up to the shoulders which are combed and tied at the
back25. In a stone panel two male figures are portrayed with extensive
hair style with high raised bun at back26. Males keeping moustaches
was also a trend depicted in the sculptural panels27.
These sculptural panels also represent the entertainment class
which can be demarcated into two categories on the basis of ornaments
worn by them. In some sculptural panels female and male are adorned
with extensive ornaments. Jewellary like long beads mala, necklace
43 70 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
around their neck, armlets (bahu- sandhi), earrings (kundala) and
bangles in their wrists, anklets (nupuras) and well embellished griddles
with hanging chains or beautiful beads horizontally as well as vertically
are visible in figures28. All the males are shown wearing two layered
beads chain in neck, armlets, earrings and bracelets in their wrists29.
One male playing in an orchestra is shown wearing sacred thread
(janeu)30.
However, there is another category of figures in sculptural panels
with the bare minimum ornaments or no ornaments. The female in the
panel is portrayed with two layered necklace (jala kanthi) or single
bead necklace around neck31, armlets and earrings32 same as of men.
It can be clearly seen that these figures which are not much adorned,
is an indication of their social status 33. The rest of the figures of
sculptures are not adorned with any jewellery34. Their dresses and
ornaments also throw light on their status in the society or a parameter
to understand their living standard and the hierarchy in existing within
the entertainment group.
Amarkosa mentions term for the women performers such as,
nati for dancing girl35. The women possessing (hela), feeling (bhava),
represents the (sattva), temperament, sweet mannered, physically
beautiful, soft in singing and thrilled in dancing and brilliant in
appearance were called dancers the ‘nartaki’36. In all the sculptural
panels the female dancer is the central figure of attraction due to their
sensuous figure, long nose, slender waist, full round breasts,
esthetically delicate and expressive gestures of hands and fingers 37.
Demonstration of practical training and rehearsal of dance before
the guru clearly ponders on the importance of professional training
and guidance which is well illustrated in panel38. The nrtya mudra
(dancing pose) of hands, legs and facial expression indicate that central
dancers were well versed in the art of dancing for which Indian
classical dancers are renowned39. In most of the sculptures one hand
of dancer is shown above the head folded from the elbow in dancing
mode and the other hand is below the shoulder showing the palm with
fingers making a classical gesture40. The legs of the dancer in the
panels are shown moving with the rhythm as one leg is above other
folded from knee or both the legs are moving on the toes41. In almost
all the panels the head of the dancer has been carved tilted at one side
with expression of joy and pleasure on the face42. Male and female
musician figures were also portrayed dancing on the rhythm of the
music as either they are on the toes; otherwise one leg is in the air
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 71 44 72 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

which indicates the movements of legs with the music43. 3. Mihir Mohan Mukhopadhyay, Sculptures of Ganga- Yamuna Valley,
All the sculptural panels from Rajasthan represent male and Abhinav Publicatios, New Delhi, 1984, p. 50; Brajesh Krishna, The Art
female both playing various musical instruments. The sculptural panel under the Gurjara- Pratihara, Harman Publishing House, New Delhi,
1989, p. 188
from Purana Mahadev Temple is very significant in the context as it
4. Brijendra Nath Sharma, Social and Cultural History of Northern India
shows that these people from the entertainment sector were not only
c. 1000- 1200 A.D., Abhinav Publications, New Delhi, 1972, p. 42
professional but also received systematic training 44 . The other
5. C. Sirvarmamurti, Indian Sculpture, Allied Publishers, New Delhi, 1961,
sculptures have depicting different occasions such as festive p. 112
celebration45, marriage46 and music consorts47. 6. Stella Kramrisch, The Art of India: Traditions of Indian Sculpture,
The sculptor has illustrated variety of musical instruments played Painting and Architecture, The Phaidan Press, Lodon, 1955, p. 211
by the entertainers devoid of gender. The stone panels portray different 7. Apastamba Dharmasurta, Ed. and Eng. Tr. Patrick Olivelle,
kind of instruments like flute48, dhlok49, vina50, cymbals51, damru52. In Dharmasurta: The Law of Codes of Apastamba, Gautma, Baudhayana
some sculptural panels musical instruments were also represented and Vasistha, Oxford University Press, New York, 1999, p. 186
keeping aesthetic sense in consideration53. The musical instrument 8. Rajasekhara, Kaviyamimansa, Ed. C.D. Dalal and R.A. Sastry, Baroda,
like vina symbolizes much sophistication, classical taste of music Oriental Institute, 3rd, Cambridge, 1934; Eng. Tr. Sadhana Parshar,
which is part and parcel of superior class entertainers only54. These Kavyamimansa of Rajasekhara, New Delhi, 2007, p. XXXVI.
instruments indicate entertainer’s association with the imperial or elite 9. Dhananjaya, Dasrup, Ed. A.V. Williams and Eng. Tr. George C. O.
Haas, The Dasarupa: A treatise on Hindi Daramaturgy, Columbia
class, entertaining in imperial functions 55 . However, the musical
University Press, New York, 1912, p. 195.
instruments like Dholak, Flute and Damru in other panels were carved
10. See Plate-I.
very simple with no decorations at all56. These entertainers seem to
11. See Plate-I.
belong to lower strata of society, probably of sudra caste, and deliver 12. See Plate -II, III & IV.
their services or performances on public gathering. The status of 13. See Plate-I & IV.
entertainers is also differentiated by the kind of musical instruments 14. See Plate –II, VI & V.
played by them. 15. See All Plates.
Symbolically, sculptural panels represent the difference in 16. See plate- IV.
existing hierarchy within the entertainment group. The sculptural panels 17. See plate-II, V & VI.
not only indicate the entertainment class and various instruments but 18. See Plate- I.
also the social, cultural and class demarcation exiting in the society. It 19. See Plate –II, III, IV, V & VI.
clearly point out the heterogeneous nature of the entertainment sector 20. See plate- V & VI.
of the contemporary society. The stone panels not only represent the 21. See plate- IV.
22. See plate- I & II.
imperial class but also shed light on the neglected classes, their work
23. See plate- III.
and livelihood or living standard. However, these sculptural panels
24. See plate-II.
have provided the glaring instances of the prevailing culture in Rajasthan
25. See Plate -II.
society during early medieval period. 26. See plate- IV.
References 27. See plate- I.
1. Stella Kramrisch, The Art of India: Traditions of Indian Sculpture, 28. See plate-II, III, IV, V & VI.
Painting and Architecture, The Phaidan Press, Lodon, 1955, p. 208 29. See Plate -II.
2. Idem; Brijendra Nath Sharma, Social and Cultural History of Northern 30. See plate- III.
India c. 1000- 1200 A.D., Abhinav Publications, New Delhi, 1972, p. 31. See plate- V.
170 32. See plate- IV.
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 73 45 74 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

33. See Plate- I.

34. See plate- IV.
35. Ibid., p. 134.
36. Bharata Muni, NatyaSastra, Eng. Tr. Manmohan Ghosh, The
Natyasastra- Bharata Muni: A treatise of Hindu Dramaturgy and
Histrionics, Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, 1951, p. 532.
37. See All Plates.
38. See Plate- IV.
39. See All Plates.
40. See Plate- II, IV & VI.
41. See All Plates.
42. See All Plates.
43. See All Plates. Plate II. Sculptural panel is on display in the Sikar Museum Rajasthan
44. See Plate- IV.
45. See Plate- I & III.
46. See Plate- V & VI.
47. See Plate- II & III.
48. See Plate- I, II, III & IV.
49. See Plate- I, II, III, IV & VI.
50. See Plate- II, III & VI.
51. See Plate- III & IV.
52. See Plate- I.
53. See Plate- II & III.
54. See Plate- II, III & VI.
55. See Plate- II & III.
56. See All Plates. Plate III. Sculptural panel is presently displayed in Allahabad Museum

Plate IV. Sculptural panel is kept in the National Museum New Delhi
Plate I. Sculptural panel is preserved in the Sikar Museum Rajasthan
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 75 46

Patronage Issues in Shakambhari under the

Cahamanas - A Brief Discussion Based on
Epigraphic Sources
Mrs. Raveena Meena

Inscriptions offer scope for reconstructing the various stages

of political patronage in early medieval Rajasthan. They clearly point
towards the emergence of new political centres, help profile the ruling
elite, and reveal the structure of early medieval society. Aspirant ruling
chieftains and their officials often built and controlled popular cultic
shrines and pilgrimage centres, and through this process automatically
become associated with the enshrined deity. Through this act, they
acquired the much needed religious sanction and popular backing for
their political power. As a source of study, temples provide a mosaic
of information and are a concrete source to have a proper understanding
of the cultural history of a region. They not only help in the
reconstruction of chronology but they also enable us to trace the
origin and development of political, social and religious formations.
This paper will explore what were the principal forms or nature of
patronage to S?iva temples, the identity of the principle patrons and
their motivation for patronage in Shakambhari region under the
Cahamanas. It will deal with the class of social groups figuring in the
inscriptions, their role in society and their services related to temples.
The origin of Rajputs is a much-debated question in the history
of northern India. James Todd regards the Rajputs as descendants of
Plate V. Sculptural panel is a part of ceiling from Mount Abu
the Scythic people of Central Asia, whereas V.A.Smith considered
some of the Rajput clans as indigenous in their origin and others as
Scythic.1 Some others explained their ks?atriya origin on the basis of
the Agnikula myth, as a purification myth. The question of the
indigenous origin of the Rajputs is a question that is taken up by
C.V.Vaidya, G.H. Ojha and others. B.D.Chattopadhyaya has seen the
origin of Rajputs as a result of various processes in the early medieval
period. He has studied three clans of early medieval Rajasthan the
Pratihara, the Guhilas and the Cahamana, and tried to see the various
stages in which these clans became politically dominant with the status
of Rajput. The different stages in the formulation of their genealogical
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 77
claim reveal a political process, and show an upward mobility from a
feudatory status. 2
Cahamana
The bardic tradition of the Rajputs regards the Cahamanas as
one of the four fire born races. Epigraphic evidence suggests that the
Cahamanas were divided into many branches. Some of them were
feudatories of the Pratiharas of Avanti and Kanauj. 3 During the period
c. 750 to 950 CE, most of the regions over which the Cahama?na
ruled, were included in the Pratihara dominions.
Cahamana of Shakambhari
The earliest inscription of this branch is the Harsha stone
inscription of the time of Vigraharaja II dated AD 973.4 It traces the
genealogy of the Cahamanas from Guvaka I to Vigraharaja II. It carries
back the genealogy of Cahamanas for six generation upto Guvaka I,
who was a feudatory of the Pratihara ruler Nagabhatta II (c. 815
AD). The pedigree mentioned is- Sri Guvaka I, his son was Sri
Chandraraja, his son Sri Guvaka II, his son Inabhupa (mighty monarch)
Chandanaraja, his son Maharaja Vakpatiraja, his son Maharajadhiraja
Simharaja and after this Vigraharaja, who was ruling at the time when
the inscription was composed. Harsha inscription called Vakpatiraja a
Maharaja. He was probably a Shaiva. He built at Pushkar a temple for
Vyomakesa, ‘which looked like Kailasa’.5 It mentions that Simharaja
piously gave abundant wealth to Hara for a temple (place is not
mentioned) and on Shiva’s dwelling he set a golden dome. 6 Then it
gives a glorious account of Vigraharaja, resembling Indra. The
inscription further records an account of a line of ascetics who were
in charge of the temple of Harshadeva. Shiva by the name of Harsha
deva was enshrined in the linga form, and was the family deity of the
Cahamanas of Sakambhari and through him the family is believed to
have become illustrious (v.27). It further said that the great kings of
this line had the origin of their virtues in devotion to Shambhu. The
patronage of Harshadeva by the Cahamanas must have added to their
prestige.
The Sakrai7 and Kinsariya8 inscriptions talk about the other ruler
of this branch. The Sakrai inscription calls Durlabhraja a
Maharajadhiraja. After him came Govindaraja III, Vakpatiraja
II,Viryarama, Chamundaraja and Simhata, Durlabharaja III, Vigraharaja
III. Prthviraja I was the son of Vigraharaja III. The Prthviraja-vijaya
mentions his free distribution of food on the way leading to Somanatha.9
47 78 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
Other rulers such as Ajayaraja, Arnoraja were Shaiva10 but they paid
respect to the followers of Vaishnava and Jaina sects too.
Vigraharaja IV, known as Bisaladeva, was an ardent follower of
Shiva. Ajmer stone inscription of Vigraharajadeva IV, dated AD 1153,11
contains portions of Harakeli-nataka, a drama composed by
Maharajadhiraja Parameshvara Vigraharajadeva of Shakambhari. The
drama in certain portions seems to have been imitated from the
Kiratarjuniya of Bharavi.12 It seems to be intended as a prashasti to
the god S?iva and his consort Gauri. The inscription opens with a
conversation held by Shiva, Gauri, the Vidushaka and a Pratihara in
which the worship rendered to Shiva by Ravana is spoken of with
approval. Further, it mentions that noticing some fragrant smell as of
some oblation presented to him, Shiva despatches his attendant Muka
to check the cause of it. Muka returns and reports that Arjuna is
preparing a sacrifice. Shiva told Muka to assume the form of a Kirata,
to go near Arjuna and await Shiva. Shiva then perceives that Muka
and Arjuna, who were enemies before, begin fighting with one another.
He therefore goes himself as a Kirata to assist his attendant, and after
that a terrible battle starts between Shiva and Arjuna, and which ends
with the god’s acknowledging the valour of his opponent. Shiva and
Gauri reveal their real nature and Arjuna asks their forgiveness for
whatever he may have done to offend them and praises Shiva as the
most supreme divine being. Shiva, pleased with Arjuna’s valour
presents him with a mystical weapon. After Arjuna’s departure, Sjiva
tells Gauri that the poet Vigraharaja has so delighted him with his
Harakeli-nataka that they must see him too. Vigraharaja then himself
enters in the play, and after having a short conversation expresses
great pleasure with the composition of the drama. Shiva tells the author
that “his fame as a poet is to last forever” and then he is sent home to
rule his kingdom of Shakambhari.
We can draw some points from this inscription that, first;
Vigraharaja IV was a fervent follower of Shiva with whose help he
had succeeded in beating his enemies. Second, by this time he became
a sovereign ruler of Shakambhari. Third, in this play, Vigraharaja is
portrayed as a great poet whose work delighted Shiva so much that
he himself came to see the poet. It indicates the powerful position of
Vigraharaja as a ruler, devotee and a poet.
Dhod stone inscription of Jahazpura district, dated AD 1169,13
records that during the reign of Parameshvara Paramabhattaraka
Prthvideva II, the lord of Shakambhari, and his feudatory Ahiraja
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 79
Kumarapala erected the temple of Nityapramoditadeva at Dhavagartta,
which was of Shiva. Prthvideva’s chief queen Suhava was like her
husband a devout Shaiva. The Shiva temple at Menal bears an
inscription dated 1168 AD bears the name Suhavesvara after her and
enjoyed from her the grant of 20 drammas14 a year. After Prthviraja II
demise, Somesvara became the ruler. He assumed the title,
Pratapalankesvara in Bijolia inscription dated 1170 to show his devotion
to Shiva as the Lankesvara.15 He is described as having attained sayujya
with Shiva.16 He erected temples dedicated to Tripurusa and another
to Vaidyanatha.17 Visalpura stone inscription dated 1187 AD18 records
some donations to the temple of the god Gokarnanatha at Vigrahapura,
in the Sapadalaksa country. The temple as well as the town is said to
have been founded by Bisaladeva (Vigraharaja IV). The early rulers
of Shakambhari called themselves Maharajas, but from the time of
Prthviraja I they are styled Paramabhattaraka-Maharajadhiraja-
Parameshvara. This new title reflects a great increase in their power.
Temple, Trade and Religious communities
The Harsha19 Stone inscription of AD 977 from Sikar in Rajasthan
mentions the corporations of horse dealers from Uttarapatha (the
northern country) and salt merchants from Shakambhari. It further
refers that Vigraharaja was served with many presents, with strings
of pure pearls, gay steeds, fine garments and weapons; with camphor,
quantities of betel, first rate sandal wood and endless quantities of
gold and with spirited rutting elephants with their mates.20 Some of
aforementioned things are not indigenous to Shakambhari area. Earlier
it was mentioned that traders of northern country were the donors to
the temple hence, we can assume that traders of various commodities
such as Pearl, and fine garments were frequent in this area due to its
increasing importance as a mandapika or exchange centre.21 The
Kiradu22 Stone inscription of AD 1153 and the Arthuna23 inscription of
AD 1080 from Banswara indicate the existence of trader’s guilds in
those regions. The gradual mercantile growth may have been partially
due to increase in commercial traffic along the routes through the
respective region. The major commercial centres of the period were
situated on the major route of communication. They ran via Jodhpur
to Ahmadabad via Sirohi. Another route ran from Udaipur to
Chittorgadh and Ajmer. 24 These routes included both main and link
routes.
It is interesting to note that the major trade routes of the time
were also studded with the wide range of Jaina, Saiva, Durga and
48 80 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
Surya temples. The incorporation of local gods and goddesses and
the patronage of their cults by the emerging political elite mark the
building of an ideological framework to support the process of state
formation. Considerable merchant activity gives rise to two potential
categories of donors, first the prosperous mercantile community and
the second category included ruling chiefs. It seems that the validatory
function of temple making and donation gained wide popularity in the
society. Temple making was a more direct instrument of gaining
religious validation for political power. 25
Patterns of patronage
Gifts and building of religious monuments were believed to bring
religious merit. This was of primary importance in the rise of
community investment in religious art and architecture. There was
the connection between the patronage of religious establishments, and
social and political legitimation. The grants given to existing temples
or newly constructed temples show the patronage extended by people
of different sections of the society.
Our analysis suggests that Shaiva ascetics were actively engaged
in the construction of Shaiva mathas and theirup keeping, with the
help of certain gosthis. It is quite clear that they possessed some
material wealth, and with the help of that they were doing these public
works. The source of this material wealth could be assigned to the
grants given to the temples which they were part of. Sometimes,
these religious communities emerged as main donors to the temple.
Harsha inscription of Cahamana Vigrahraja,26 1030 AD, gives
information about Lakulisa-Pasupata ascetics. It mentions that
Visvarupa whose hereditary doctrine was the Pancarthalas was a devout
worshipper of Uttareshvara (Shiva). His pupil was Prashasta, who
was a worshipper of Pashupati, his disciple was Bha?varakta, also
called Allata, a Brahman of Vargratika tribe. He caused to be built this
temple of Harsha. His disciple was Bhavadyota who completed the
work of temple building after the demise of Allata. It is further
mentioned that he was a true worshipper of Pashupati and constructed
an excellent well, a beautiful garden and a cistern for watering cattle.
These Saiva ascetics received enormous grant from the Cahamana
rulers in the form of land, traders also granted money to this temple.
It says that Bhavadyota had matted hair, ashes on body, a broad couch
formed by the earth, was naked in appearance, received food as alms
and used hand as a drinking cup. This shows the life of Pashupata
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 81
ascetics. The name of the village Ranapallika gives the idea that by
this time the area-surrounding Harsh Mountain were well developed
in a sense of trade.
V.S.Pathak has argued that Pancartha word is a synonym of
Pashupata cult, therefore Pancaratrik were the followers of Lakulisa.27
It suggests that by the 10th century Pashupata sect was blooming in
the Sikar area under the royal patronage of Cahamana kings. Another
Shaiva temple inscription of Dhod village, Jahazpur (1172 AD) records
Bhattaraka Prabhasarasi who built a monastery near the temple of
Nityapramoditadeva for the residence of Kapa?lika ascetics from
‘foreign countries’.28
Nature of the Gifts
Sometimes temple donations were given by the individual or by
community. They vary according to the social status: whether royal,
ascetic, layperson, artisan, traders etc. Collective patronage was also
responsible for the construction of the temples. However, kings
supported these temple complexes by granting villages for their upkeep.
The widespread community involvement during this period suggests
general economic prosperity. In our time of study, Purtadharma was
held in the highest regard. As temples became larger and more costly,
additional taxes were sometimes introduced to provide a further source
of revenue.
Donations from royal patrons and private individuals towards
the running of the temple and its upkeep were received in the form of
money, livestock or income from grants of land, including whole
villagers and their inhabitants. The wealth acquired by the temple served
not merely for its construction but also for the expanses of
administration, puja, festivals and payment of temple servants. The
cost of the festival and the expenses of daily worship were largely
borne by the temple from the income on land owned by it.
The Harsha stone inscription of AD 973 has given a list of
endowments received by the temple of Harsha. The maharajadhiraja
Simharaja, after having bathed at Pushkara-tirtha had given the villages
Simhagostha in the Tunakupaka-dvasasaka in the Pattabaddhaka
vishaya and Kanhapallika in the Sarahkotta vishaya, his brother
Vatsaraja gave the village of Kardamakhata in the Jayapura-vishaya,
king Vigraharaja, the villages of Chatradhara and Sankaranaka;
Simharaja’s other sons, Candraja and Govindaraja, two hamlets in the
Pattabaddhaka and Darbhakaksha-vishayas; Dandhuka, an official of
49 82 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
Simharaja, the village Mayurapadra in the Khattakupa vishaya and a
certain Jayanaraja, the village Kolikupaka. Besides these fields had
been given by various pious people at Madrapurika, Nimbadika,
Marupallika, Harsha and Kalavanapadra; and taxes on salt and horses
had been assigned for the benefit of the temple by traders at
Shakambhari and horse dealers of from the north.
The motivation for the donation, installation, and construction
of temples appears from our study to increase religious merit and
fame. Most of the temples were constructed with devotion and to
express their religious affiliation. The above mentioned patronage
extended by people of all classes in the society shows that temple
building and giving grants for its maintenance were considered
meritorious activities. Temple patronage was influenced by the political
changes and socio economic dynamism at different levels. Though
the highest patronage activity is supported by the royal power, the
study records the patronage of the merchants and traders second
highest.
Thus, we can say that inscriptions help us to look at the religious
preferences of a particular era and area, and guide us to see the major
features of different cults along with their practices. By the analysis
of inscriptions one would say that process of interaction and
assimilation between different groups and cults were taking place.
Royalty emerged as a major patron of the temples, and this gives
them the ideological framework to consolidate their rule. One shouldn’t
see temples as mere centre of worship as it is evident from inscriptions
that they played major role in the economic and social life. The close
proximity of temples and trade routes further strengthen our argument
in the context of early medieval Rajasthan.
References
1. Dasharatha Sharma, Rajasthan Through the Ages, Rajasthan State
Archives, Bikaner, 1966, p. 103.
2. B. D.Chattopadhyaya, The Making of Early Medieval India, Oxford
University Press, New Delhi, 2010, p. 72.
3. H. C. Ray, Dynastic History of Northern India, Munshiram Manoharlal
Publishers Pvt. Ltd., Delhi, 1973, vol. ii, p. 1058.
4. Epigraphia Indica,vol.ii, pp.116-130.
5. Ibid, p.1064, vs. 41-43.
6. Epigraphia Indica, vol. ii, v. 18.
7. Epigraphia Indica, vol, xxvii,pp. 27-33.
8. Epigraphia Indica,vol, xxii,pp. 56-61.
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 83 50
9. Dasharatha Sharma, Early Chauhan Dynasties, Orient Book
Distributers, Delhi, 1959, p.44.
10.
11.
Ibid,p. 47.
Indian Antiquary, vol. xx, p.201.
Sufistic traditions in Marwar
12. Ibid. prior to Rao Jodha
13. Annual Report of Rajputana Museum, Ajmer, 1923,p.2.
14. ASI, WC,1906,pp. 59-60.
Dr. Yaqub Ali Khan
15. Epigraphia Indica, vol. xxvi,pp. 84-112,v. 27.
16. Dasharatha Sharma, Early Chauhan Dynasties, Orient Book Rajasthan presented a very fetile soil for the growth and
Distributers, Delhi, 1959, p.78. expansion of the sufi movement. Sufism struck roots here much before
17. Annual Report of Rajputana Museum, 1922-23, p.8. the Muslim conquest of India. In fact political and military expansion
18. ASI,WC,1921,pp. 55-56. of the Muslim power had little to do with the expansion of Sufism as
19. Epigraphia Indica, vol. ii,p.124. the sufis aimed not at the conquest of the country, but the conquest
20. Ibid, verse 24. of the hearts by the way of pure morality, human fraternisation, the
21. Ravina Meena, “Temple, Trade and Religious communities: Saivism in cardinal realities of high ethical and spiritual values and the characteristic
Early Medieval Rajasthan”, Proceedings of Indian History Congress, essential of `Taat-i-Muatdi', that is service to God which consists of
75th session, 2014, pp.246- 252. service to humanity at large and that the artificial distinctions dividing
22. Epigraphia Indica,vol. xi,p.45.
mankind were to be rejected with disdain. There are certain sufis who
23. Epigraphia Indica,vol. xiv,p.302.
settled down here prior to its Turkish conquest. During the period of
24. V.K. Jain, Trade and Traders in Western India A.D 100-1300,
10th to 12th centuries there was great ups and downs and a
Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi, 1990, pp.118-121.
25. Ravina Meena, “Temple, Trade and Religious communities: Saivism in considerable number of Muslims mystics, men of letters and cultural
Early Medieval Rajasthan”, Proceedings of Indian History Congress, pursuits, royal family members and the men of social and cultural
75th session, 2014, pp.248. elits fled to India for safety and continuity of their intellectual and
26. Epigraphia Indica,vol. ii,pp.116-130. religious pursuits. India was guaranteeing peace and hospitality and
27. V.S.Pathak, History of S?aiva Cults in northern India, from inscriptions so the sufis found a new home and a lucrative soil for the spronting
700 a.d. to 1200 A.D., Abinash Prakashan, 1980, p.12. of the spiritual seeds their mission.
28. Annual Report of Rajputana Museum, 1923,p.2 Before the India's conquest by the Muslims except Khawja
Muinuddin Chishti we are not sure about the settlement of the sufi
saints in Rajasthan but we find some cursory references about some
sufis who made their abode it and began to work here. Among them
first of all we find the reference of Shaikh Hamiduddin Rehani,
popularly known as Dada Rehani, said to have come here almost one
hundred years prior to battle of Tarain. In those day it was very difficult
to work as a missionary so he lived there like a Jain saint as a guest of
the ancestors of Rajmal Chaudhary in the Mohalla of Kalipole which
is called nowadays as Naukoti-ka-usara. There is a story about last
days of the shaikh but it is fact that last prayer (zanaza) was led by
Qazi Hamiduddin Nagauri and was buried at Bakhatsagar, outside the
Mahigate.1 After his death sufistic tradions may be carried by some
sufis as Nagaur was a headquarter of suba of Marwar and a famous
trading centre. During the next few centuries it became a homeland
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 85
for the sufis of the various silsilahs among which Suhrawardia, Chishtia,
Maghrabia, Qadirias and other minor orders were most important to
note and they brought it to limelight which gained the second place
after Ajmer. Suhrawardi Silsilah :
Suhrawardi Silsilah -
The founder of this Silsilah was Shaikh Shihabuddin Umar
Suhrawardi2 who was a versatile writer and was the author of a large
number of works. Amongst them most famous and reputed work was
"Awarif-ul-Ma-arif' In India this branch of Sufism was brought by
his Khalifah Shaikh Bahauddin Zakaria who settled at Multan. 3 In
Rajasthan to establish this order credit goes to Qazi Hamiduddin
Nagauri, a Khalifah of Shaikh Shihabuddin, who was one of the most
learned scholars of his age.4 His full name was Shaikh Muhammad
Ibn-i-Atta and a son of Shaikh Ataudddin of Bukhara. He came to
India with his father during the regin of Sultan Muhammad Ghori. 5
Sultan appointed to Shaikh Muhammad Ata (Hamiduddin Nagauri) the
Chief Qazi of Nagaur. He was the first chief Qazi of Nagaur6. Since
he held the post of Qazi, he became to be known as Qazi Hamiduddin
Nagauri.
He was one of the best scholar of this times. He used to hold
sama gatherings day and night. He made Nagaur a centre of Suhrawardi
order of sufism and propagated its principles throughout Rajasthan7.
His works were respected in the highest academic circles of the
country. Qazi's works were studied enthusiastically by both Chishtia
and Suhrawardia Sufis. One of these Lawaih (Flashes of Light) no
longer exists but was a most important and advanced Sufi text book
at that time. Baba Farid lectured to his disciples on this work of Qazi.8
The manuscripts of three other works called the Isquiya, Tawali-al-
Shumus and Risala-i-minkalam, have survived. Qazi Hamidudin was
keeping his correspondence to another saints of the period. He wrote
letters to Baba Farid also. 9
When Maulana Raziuddin, a profound scholarof Hadiths who
compiled the Mashariq-ul-Anwar, reached to Nagaur, learned scholars
such as Qazi flocked around him and attended the Maulana's lectures
on the Hadiths. Maulana taught a book of Hadith to Qazi entitled as
Misbah-al-duja. 10 Qazi Hamiduddin Nagauri is reported to have
committed to memory the entire text of Ruh-al-Arwah. is mystical
ideology was mainly based on this work.11 The struggle between Qazi
and the Ulama was a protracted one. But Qazi's wit and knowledge of
51 86 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
Islamic laws generally frustrated the Ulama's efforts to defeat him on
legal issues. Though Qazi Hamiduddin was a Suhrawardi Saint but he
was a intimate friend and spiritual successor of Shaikh Qutubuddin
Bakhtiyar Kaki of the Chishti order and he was greatly influenced by
the Chishti saint who aroused him in a great interest in Sama. It is a
well known fact that sama was totally against the existing traditions
of the Suhrawardia order but he preferred to pass his time in mystic
songs and dances rather than attempt the arduous task of organizing a
spiritual order.12
Despite his eminence as a scholar and in the sufi movement, he
did not admit anyone to his discipline except a butcher of Delhi, a
rope maker of Badaun and Shaikh Ahmad of Naharwala.13
While holding the post of chief Qazi of Nagaur he propagated
the mystic ideology, strengthened his mystic order there and in
neighbouring areas very successfully. After the death of his patron
sultan Itutmish, he returned to Delhi and started living in the Khanqah
of his late friend Shaikh Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki but after some
time he died on 5th Ramzan, 644 AH/9th Nov., 1246 AD. He is buried
near the mazar of Khwaja Qutubuddin at Mahrauli.14
After the death of great Suhrawardi saint, his descendants and
followers continued his traditions of preaching the principles of sufism
in Rajasthan and surrounding areas. We come to across a grandson of
Qazi named as Maulana Zahiruddin. His Khanquah is locally known as
Mazar-i-Shahidan situated in the Loharpura locality of Nagaur. The
tomb of Maulana Zahiruddin is now the main centre of attraction for
the pilgrims but nothing of the old building of the khanqah has survived.
Another spiritual successor of Qazi Hamidduddin Nagauri was Shaikh-
ul-Mashaikh, Shaikh Sulaiman. He was the contemporary of Islam
Shah Sur and Akbar, the great.15 Shaikh Sulaiman was a man of justice
and religious tolerance too. It is said that a Jaina Poshal (religious
building) standing in the name of Bhattarak Kirat Chand which seems
to have been occupied either for public or private use. It was through
the intercession of Shaikh Sulaiman, the building was vacated and
handed over to its original owners under the order of Yusuf Daulat
Hussain Khan Sur, who was most probably the governor of Nagaur in
Feb. 1552 AD.16 This incident testifies on one hand to the broad out
look marked by high traditions of tolerance as practiced by Muslim
divines and on the other indicates the extent of respect in which the
Shaikh was held by the authorities and also by the non-Muslim residents
of the town. It is was Shaikh Sulaiman that the tomb of Qazi amiduddin
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 87
was constructed by him in AH 974 (1566&67 AD) Shaikh Sulaiman
died in the same year i.e. 974 AH (1566-67 AD).17
Chishti Sisilah
The mentle of vicegerency of Khawaja Muinuddin Chishti in
the region of Rajasthan fell upon his illustrious disciple sufi Hamiduddin
Nagauri who rendered conspicuous services to the cause of the
expansion and disemination of th silsilah and ideology of the Chishti
affiliation of the mystics of India. He established his khanqah in the
rural settings of Nagaur to work for the expansion of the silsilah and
passed his life in abject poverty. He was the first male child to have
been born in a Muslim family after the Muslim conquest of Northern
India.18 When Shaikh Hamiduddin enrolled himself as a disciple of
Khwaja, he became thoroughly disgusted with things material and
mundane and warned his visitors against discussing worldly affairs in
his mystic assemblies. Impressed by his devotion to mystic path and
ascetic life, Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti conferred on him the title of
"Sultan-ut-tarikin" (the King of Hermits).19
He dressed himself like a typical Indian peasant and used two
sheets of cloths to cover the upper and lower parts of his body. 20 His
wife was a virtuous lady characterised by fervent piety and strong
mystic temperament, spent her time in cooking and spinning like a
peasant worman. 21 Like the most villagers among whom he lived,
Shaikh was strict vegetarian and respected the animal life with the
principla of Ahimsa.22 He was a votary of pacifism and non-violence
and respected all forms of life-human and animal. His vegetarianism
approach whether due to spiritual or social consideration, was bound
to increase the area of the contact with the non-Muslims too.23
Shaikh passed his long life in extremely adverse circumstances
of indigence and poverty, clad himself in grimy and tattered cloths,
living in a tumbling mud-house, and he was proud of his poverty. He
earned his livelihood by cultivation of a single bigha of land.24 He kept
a cow and himself milched it.25 He lived a happy and contented life of
an Indian peasant at Suwal, a village nearby Nagaur.
Touched by his penitence and poverty, the Muqta of Nagaur
requested him to accept a gift in cash and a grant of rent-free land for
cultivation but the Shaikh declined the offer politely saying that none
of his elder saints had accepted the gifts of such type.
His amiable and accommodating nature and the principle of
identification witht he environment, Shaikh set a new traditions of
52 88 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
harmony of Islam and the mystic way of life with the predominantly
non-Islamic atmosphere and demonstrated in the most commendable
way as to how a great sufi upholder of the high ideals of the mystic
philsophy could adopt himself to the rural life pattern in the midst of
an overwhelming Hindu population with peace and equanimity and
produce a silent revolution in the social norms of rural Rajasthan
bedding to the widespread diffusion of mystic values and culture and
draw multitudes to the fold of the silsilah by presiding over the divine
Kingdom of kindered hearts. His success was doubly assured by is
simple and unassuming nature, widest tolerance and profusion of deep
senmtiments of sympathy, cooperation and goodwill towards the rural
population.27 The Shaikh abhorred the worldly pursuits and once he
warned his visitors against duscussion worldly affairs in the mystic
gatherings.28
Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya was full of praise for the
accomplishments of Shaikh Hamiduddin.29 He had long correspondence
with Shaikh Bahauddin Zakaria and the mediator of this was a merchant
who used to bring cotton from Multan and bought oilseeds from
Nagaur.30 Early Indo-Muslim mystics adopted an attitude of sympathy
and understanding towards all cults and creeds. It was his firm
conviction that spiritual greatness could be attained by Hindus in the
same way as it could be achieved by the Muslims.31 His greatness was
in loving hearts. He adopted the highest form of devotion which was
nothing but helping the poor, distressed and misery-stricken people as
the basic view point of great Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti.32|
Shaikh Hamiduddin Nagauri expired on 63 AH/1276 AD and
buried at Nagaur.33 His Khanquah is very big and one of the oldest in
Rajasthan. It is a popular sacred place among the masses.34
Shaikh Hamiduddin had two sons namely Shaikh Azizuddin and
Shaikh Mujibuddin and a daughter Meharbano but both his sons dies
during the lifetime of Shaikh Hamiduddin.35 So Shaikh Hamiduddin
nominated his grandson, Shaikh Fariduddin as his psiritual successor
and Khalifah. He exercised a considerable influence over the Kings,
officials and the nobles for the goodwill of the masses. He is considered
the compiler of the Mafuzat of his grandfather entitled as `Surur-us-
sudur'.36 He came to Delhi in the reign of Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq
where he died and buried near the mazar of Khwaja Qutubuddin
Bakhtiyar Kaki.37 The tomb of ShaikhFariduddin was erected by Sultan
Muhammad bin Tughlaq in 735 AH. Sultan granted a village named
`Deh', not far from Nagaur to Shaikh Fariduddin and his brother Shaikh
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 89
Najibuddin and sons of Shaikh Wajihuddin. Sultan also married her
daughter to Shaikh Fatahullah bin Shaikh Auhaduddin bin Shaikh
Fariduddin Mahmud Nagauri.38
Most of the credit for the re-establishment to Nagaur as a strong
centre of Sufism goes in reality Khwaja Makhdum Hussain Nagauri, a
descendant of Shaikh Hamiduddin and a disciple of Shaikh Kabir of
Gujarat.39 He lived like a local cultivator, driving a bullock cart and
carring for his animals himself. He lived both at Ajmer and Nagaur
and the money which he received from Sultan Ghayasuddin Khalji of
Mandu was spent in constructing the tomb of Khwaja Muinuddin
Chishti and the boundary for the khanquah of Shaikh Hamiduddin.40
At Nagaur he devoted himself to the religious and spiritual education
of others. He wrote a detailed commentary on the Holy uran, entitled
the `Nur-un-Nabi' and also compiled treatises on Sufism.41 Not only
this but at the same time he constructed a garden and a hauz named as
`Rasubari and Mustafa Sagar' respectively for welfare of the masses.42
During this period Marwar remained as the second great center of
sufism. Shaikh Hussan Nagaur died on 14th Muharram 901 AH/1495
AD and buried near the mazar of Sufi Hamiduddin Nagauri.43
Maghribia order -
Apart from Chishtia, Suhrawardia and otehr Silsilahas,
Maghribia order also entered into the fertile land of Rajputana. The
founder of this order was Shaikh Abu Madyan Shuaib-al-Hussain.44
He belonged to the western or African country. Baba Ishaq belonged
to this famous mystic order of Africa known as Silsilah-i-Maghribia.
On his mystic itinerary, Baba Ishaq reached to Kayam in Maghrib
where he met to a saint named as Hazi Muhammad Kayam known for
his piety and devotion. Baba Ishaq laid his head at the feet of such a
master.45 He became his disciple and Khalifah. He remained for several
years in the company of his master and learned the doctrines of sufism.
Although Baba Ishaq was enrolled into Maghribiya order of North
Africa, he was so enamoured of India that he decided to settle
permanently in his native country. He came back to Delhi. He had a
great love and affection for Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti so from Delhi
he moved towards Ajmer where he served the shrine of Khwaja for
several years. He received a spiritual order from Khwaja to settle down
permanently at Khattu.46 Here Baba Ishaq got much popularity and he
was highly esteemed by the masses. The men of different
temperaments flocked to his Khanquah. The muqta of Khattu had
53 90 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
great attachment to shaikh and used to pay visits frequently, even he
was present in his khanquah on the day of his death.47 Baba maintained
the tradition of langer (open kitchen) and fed to hundreds of people
every day.
Baba Ishaq was highly respected by Sultan Muhammad bin
Tughlaq but no saint could be sure of the Sultan's favour and regard
for him who demanded active participation from the saints in the
administration.48 But the shaikh was always conscious of his matter
so he did not look towards the sultan with a high level of aspirations
and adopted and attitude of aloofness. Shaikh did not participate in
any programme arranged by the governing class. Sultan Firoz Tughlaq
also had great faith and affection for the shaikh.49 During the reign of
Firoz Shah, he gained considerable fame and many nobles became his
disciples including Razi-ul-Mulk, the Deputy Prime Ministerof the
Sultan. Due to Raziduddin's attachment to him, many soldiers of the
army also joined his discipline.50
Once Baba asked his spiritual successor, Shaikh Ahmad to enroll
himself as a disciple of Shaikh Jalaluddin Bukhari, Shaikh Ahmad
expressed his firm resolve to remain attached to Baba despite his
poverty. The reply of Shaikh Ahmad immensely pleased and said `Baba!
who predicted a bright future and it was due to his blessings that
Princes and rulers actually thronged his Khanqah'. 51 Once Shaikh
Ahmad was on a visit of Didwana, Baba fell ill, a messenger was sent
to bring him back. Baba was on his bed when he arrived. He asked to
his Khalifah to recite something. He recited a couplets which the dying
saint interpreted as a happy augury for his blissful life after death.52
He asked Shaikh Ahmad to dig the grave in his life. Baba died on 17th
Shaban 776 AH (1374-75 AD)53 and he was buried in the same grave
which was dug during his illness under his own supervision. HIs
Khanqah attracted people from for and wide. He extended his moral
and spiritual support to people of all castes and creeds.54
In Khattu the compound of the shrine of Baba Ishaq is still
pilgrimage center. In the compound there is a Khanqah, the tomb of
the Shaikh and a number of tombs and other buildings, including a
mosque and colonnades for the temporary residence of pilgrims.55
Qadiriya order
Another important order which was established in Rajasthan
was Qadriya. Qadiri silisilah was established by Shaikh Abdul Qadir
Jilani (1077-1166 AD), one of the outstanding figures in the annals of
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 91 54 92 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

Islamic mysticism. He was born at Jilan. Later on, he became the References
Khalifah of al-Mukharrimi. Finally he settled down at Baghdad.56 Shaikh 1. Sufiya-i-Nagaur may Salatin-i-waqt. M. Ayyub (urder) P. 74
Jilani had many khalifahs who extended the sphere of Qadiri order 2. For biographical accounts, see-Ibn Khallikan, II no. 95, Nafahat-ul-
through out the world including India. Generally it is considered that Unus P. 472 Misbahul-Hidaya, pp. 26-27
this silsilah reached in India during the fifteenth century. But few of 3. For biographical details, see Fawaid-ul-Fuad, pp. 5-10, Khair-ul-
khanqahs of this order were established in Sultanate period also. Majalis pp. 131-137-283, Siyar-ul-Auliya pp. 60-70. Siyar ul-Arifin,
A khanquah at Nagaur was established by a saint of Qadiriya pp. 102-128, Akhbar-ul-Akhyar, p. 241
order who claimed his direct relation with Shaikh Abdul Qadir Jilani. 4. Fawaid-ul-Fuad p. 241
5. A history of Sufism in India S.A.A. Rizvi, Vol.-I, p. 96
It is said that a grandson of great Shaikh Jilani came towards India
6. Islamic culture, Vol. 53, No. 4, p. 217
and settled down at Nagaur where he flourished the doctrines of Islam
7. Ibid, p. 217-218
and teachings of Shaikh Jilani. There is a dargah known as the khanqah
8. A history of Sufism, Vol.-I, p. 197
of Bare Pir Sahib. It is said that this Khanqah belongs to Shaikh Syed
9. Fawaid-ul-fuad, p. 164-65
Abdul Wahab.57 A tomb is situated in this khanquah which dates 1307
10. A collection of the traditions of the prophet Muhammad. Its full title
AD and attributes the tomb to Shams Khan I whose full name is given was Misah-al-duja Min Sihah Ahadith-al-Mustafa.
as Abdul Wahab Shamsudddin Khan bin Ghausi-Azam. It seems that 11. Fawaid-ul-Fuad, p. 89
Shaikh Abudl Wahab was there during the reign of Shams Khan I and 12. Religion and Politics, p. 221
the scriber of the inscription gave a wrong date instead of 1407-8 AD. 13. Ibid
It may be correct that this Shaikh died some time in 1407-9 AD and 14. Siyar-ul-Arifin, p. 151, 152, Akhbar-ul-Akhyar, p. 46
buried there. Later on Shams khan constructed a tomb over his grave.58 15. Ain-i-Akbari, vol. III, p. 367
It is true that this khanqah was constructed during the reign of 16. Eigraphia Indica-Arabic and Persian Supplement, 1955-56, p. 34
Firoz Khan II of Nagaur which is confirmed by an inscription found 17. Ibid
in that Khanqah. Another Qadiri shaikh was Yatim Darvesh at Nagaur, 18. Surur-us-sudur, (MS), p. 11
A disciple of Shaikh Taj Muhammad Abbassi Qadiri Nagauri, who 19. Akhbar-ul-Akhyar, p. 30
constructed a mosque named Arnali Masjid in Nagaur.59 From this 20. Siyar-ul-Auliya, p. 82
evidence it is clear that he was a Qadiri saint and was working for the 21. Surur-us-sudur, (MS), p. 9; Shajarat-ul-Anwar, (MS), p. 196
development of Qadiriya order as well as sufism in the Nagaur region. 22. Surur-us-sudur, (MS), p. 10, 23;
23. Sufi movement in Rajasthan during the medieval period, p. 66
From the above pages it is clear that the sufism was very well
24. Akhbar-ul-Akhyar, p. 30; Safinat-ul-Auliya, p. 129; Nagaur-A forgotten
rooted in the desert land of Marwar. It was a place where Muslim
Kingdom, MA Chaghtai, Bulletin of Deccan College of Research
population inhabited prior to the conquest of Northern India by the
Institute, Poona, Nov. 1940, pp. 166-183
Muslims. There were certain Muslim colonies in India prior to battle 25. Surur-us-sudur, (MS), p. 14
of Tarain and among them Nagaur was one. Systematic sufi movement 26. Siyar-ul-Auliya, p. 156
was launched by Qazi Hamiduddin Nagauri and later on a chain of 27. Fawaid-ul-Fuad, p. 70
continuity became its feature at Marwar and particularly in Nagaur. 28. Surur-us-sudur, (MS), p. 5
They looked upon social services as the supreme object of all their 29. Siyar-ul-Auliya, p. 81
spritual exercises and their eagerness to establish cordial relations 30. Surur-us-sudur, (MS), p. 87; Siyar-ul-Auliya, p. 81; Akhbar-ul-Akhyar,
with the non-Muslims and understand their religious life and thought p. 30
facilitated the evolution of common cultural outlook. The popularity 31. Fawaid-ul-Fuad, p. 70
and success of these sufi saints was due to their understanding of the 32. Siyar-ul-Auliya, p. 168; Fawaid-ul-Fuad, p. 70
Indian conditions and the religious attitude and aspiration of the Indian 33. Ain-i-Akbari, vol. III, p. 367
people. 34. Imperial Gazetteer of India. Vol. XVII, p. 298
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 93 55
35. Surur-us-sudur, (MS), p. 14-15; Akhbar-ul-Akhyar, p. 74; Khazinat-ul-
Asfiya, Vol.-I, p.
36. Akhbar-ul-Akhyar, p. 74 Professor Pema Ram Prize Paper
37. Ibid, 74; Surur-us-sudur, (MS), p. 28
38. Surur-us-sudur, (MS), p. 24-25
39. Akhbar-ul-Akhyar, p. 174 Recruitment, Role and Hierarchy of Khojas-
40. Ibid, 174; Tabqat-i-Shahjahani, p. 181 Nadars in the Amber-Jaipur State:
41. Uttar Taimur Kalin Bharat, SAA, Rizvi, Vol. II, p. 136-137; The Indian
Muslims, M. Mujeeb, p. 294 A study of the rise of eunuchs
42. Aftab-i-Nagaur, MA Farooqi, p. 94-96; Uttar-Taimur-Kalin Bharat,
Dr. Manisha Choudhary
SAA, Rizvi, Vol. II, p. 136-137
43. Tazkirah-i-Sultan-t-Tarikin, p. 26
44. The sufi order of Islam, pp. 46-47 For understanding the dynamics of human society one requires
45. Ibid at least a basic understanding of history which will lead to creation of
46. Gulzar-i-Abrar, p. 82; Mirat-ul-Asrar (MS) p. 324; Rajputana Gazetteer, a positive helpful alternative and more creative ways to explore human
Vol. III, p. 115; Ain-i-Akbari, Vol.II, p. 212 pasts. The unilateral approach in history writings has chained the hope
47. Tuhfat-ul-Majalish, p. 13 of alternate histories. The expansion of subject on new themes came
48. Salatin-i-Delhi key mazhabi rujhanat, K.A. Nizami, p. 336-337; with the contribution of the Annals school and it is a forward welcome.
Comprehensive history of India, vol. V, pp. 495-496 But still a sad situation is prevailing as certain groups and communities
49. Tuhfat-ul-Majalis, p. 60 have been willing ignored, because their demographic number is very
50. Ibid
less and have no voice in history. Similar is the need to understand
51. Ibid, p. 62
and explore the contribution of the eunuchs and third gender in the
52. Ibid, p. 13
53. Mirat-l-Asrar, (MS) p. 328; Tuhfut-ul-Majalis, pp. 16-18
making of our societies and more essentially the vast empires and
54. Nagaur-A forgotten kingdom, MA Chaghtai, Bulletin of Deccan College popular kingdoms. Socially, a eunuch and a hijra are understood as
of Research institute, Poona, Nov. 1940, pp. 166-183; Mirat-ul0-Asrar one and the same construct. But originally they are not. How can the
(MS) p. 328 difference be drawn? Diference lies in the fact that the former is
55. Nagaur, Shookohi, p. 121 made through castration (mainly three types) and the later is a biological
56. A history of Sufism Vol. I, p. 54 category (a deformity as science defines, because it is a shift from
57. Nagaur, Shokoohy, p. 45 the perfect bodies of either male or female). The later cannot be helped
58. Ibid P. 46 as it’s a natural creation but what about the former? Apparently so far
59. The Research Vol. 10-11, 1970-71 P. 121, 140 the history of eunuchs’ and their contribution has not seen the light of
the dawn. Scholz, has provided an insight to understand the historical
dimensions of the third sex through analysis of the castration and
religious ascetism in Christianity, eunuchism in Imperial China and
Muslim world and emasculation in Western Europe. 1 Scholz has
categorized the Hijras, Heaven’s gate religious sect and transgender
as several forms of eunuchism around the world. This categorization
in one group dilutes the subject completely. Seminal works have been
carried on the role of the eunuchs in the Byzantine Empire,2 Ottamon
Empire,3 Greco-Roman state,4 Chinese dynasties,5 Mamluk Sultanates6
and Mughal Empire. 7 An insight in aforesaid dynasties helps to
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 95
understand that imitation of the tradition (employing eunuchs) was a
regular visible feature. The significance of eunuchs in the empires,
important official assignments and official designations continued to
exist due to nature of created social surroundings which made them
socially dead, unacceptable and at times nataly alienated. The influence
of eunuch in the imperial setup can be analyzed through the ninth
century invention of eunuch Euphrates, who in first place can be
credited to persuade the emperor Constantine I (r.306-37) to become
a Christian and later to found the famous Constantinople.8 The survival
of the eunuch lied in the assurance of his loyalty and honesty towards
the sultan or king, who in return rewarded him with status, money,
power and most importantly recognition in empire. The general
recruitments and appointments of the eunuchs were mainly to perform
a service of ‘the loyal guard’ who will not be given to any affection
towards the other normal humans (man and women), as the castration
has made him undesirable for both the biological creation and
subsequently, fixed him as a ‘Perfect Servant’ with manly capacities.
The eunuchs were employed and preferably appointed to guard the
women palaces and to carry out the tasks assigned by the king/emperor
over the centuries. The eunuchs exclusively preserved and ensured
their loyalties only towards the king. Due to unaltered honesty and
loyalty the eunuchs acquired and enjoyed all the favors of the king
and climbed to the highest offices and were followed by the prestige,
status and wealth. Leaving the king or acting against him for a eunuch
was to enter a society hostile to their sex and ethnicity or barging into
humiliation and self-immolation. Unless an assurance of a value and
pride is approaching because they had no natural allies in society.
Hopkins puts forward that the eunuchs were also serving as a buffer
for any kind of criticism that emerged from below. 9 The king depended
and needed them as they were the most loyal lot in the kingdom and
were performing the service of news collector and will convey the
message without any alteration alike angels. ‘At first glance, no
characters in the early Byzantine empire were as dissimilar as angles
and court eunuchs. The first were heavenly creatures,…“good tidings,
of great joy”…the second were in popular opinion…, “monsters” and
were depicted in art as demons; however iconography of angels and
eunuchs became inextricably linked, as a result of their similar
occupation’. 10 Similarly the eunuchs who were subjected to isolation,
mockery and alienation have helped in defining the Hellenistic idea of
beauty. Traditionally, in Christian art the angles were depicted bodiless,
56 96 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
who will take up a body (neither male nor female); only when required
and were transmitting messages. Depiction of body and the similar
nature of profession (as a messenger) in church and society have
closely linked the iconography of angles and eunuchs in the early
Byzantine Empire. The iconography used by artists to paint the ‘angle
draws’ was inspired and very close to the physical appearance, role,
dresses, robes and ceremonial functions of the eunuch in Byzantine
society.11 It must have been due to the idea that ‘the artist perceived
that their image were only one possible means of depicting the
imageless’.12
Historically, the French society was serving as a model for entire
Europe and even today it continues to hold the same stature. The
structure and dynamics of court society made the elites to compete
under the strong pressure for securing position in different hierarchical
layers of the social prestige. Elias’s work narrates a detailed
understanding of the King, court, its members, structures, physical
arenas and most significantly the etiquette and ceremonies.13 Further
it notes that ‘the office of grand chambellan or lord chamberlain is
one of the great court offices. Its occupant has supervision over all
officers of the king’s chamber’.14 The term literally means ‘the one
who lies beside’ or ‘keep watch beside’.15 This clearly places the eunuch
in top trusted office and in most close and loyal association with the
king. Renner has extensively used Norbert Elias’s work The Court
Society, to understand a eunuch and the emperor and further analyze
relationship between them during pre-revolutionary France and draws
on the similarities between French court in 17th century and the Roman
court of 4th-6th centuries.16 But the idea of a ‘Roman eunuch’ was so
hated by Domitian, that he outlawed castration of Romans.17 The
cupbearer of Domitian was a eunuch but the presence of eunuchs in
court and political structure was not so visible. The number of eunuchs
grew up with the Dicoletian reforms and the presence of the same
with great influence at the Roman court became extremely common.18
Later, under Dominate it became normal to use emasculated men for
the position of chamberlain.19
As described above the ‘castration became an important
expression of human transcendence’.20 The castration was used as a
penal code to punish the rape criminals, political crimes, war losers,
treating medical conditions etc.21 Besides, it the Egyptians, Greeks,
Romans 22 and Chinese societies have permitted the self-inflicted
castration as a devotional and sacrificial rite for underpinning the
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 97
eroticism and promote the connection between the divine and the
human. 23 Besides facilitating religious and penal elements, castration
also became a means to secure job in imperial services.24 The close
study of the eunuchs in Mamluk sultanates of Egypt and Syria helps
to distinguish between the Byzantine eunuch and a eunuch in Islamic
harem. The former was content with partial castration whereas the
later was totally mutilated “leveled flat” (majbub or mamsuh) to avoid
any possibility of sexual congress between eunuch and women folk.25
David Aylon suggests enthusiastically about the “great triangle” formed
between the Mamluks, women folk and eunuchs. The confidential
functions of the state such as postal and intelligence services were
also executed by eunuchs. The Mamluk eunuch military commanders’
(whether Black or White) had an important and direct role to play as
military educator in the sultanate. Noteworthy is the antiquity of use
of eunuch in Islam since Umayyad times, the large scale systematic
recruitment began with Abbasid caliph al-Mu‘tasim (r. 833-42 A.D).
Ringrose, concludes that the castration has deprived eunuchs
of full masculine status without making them feminine. It has also
freed them from reproduction, family obligations and their distinct
physiology and appearance shaped in the distinct specialized
environment made them “Perfect servants” who became altruistic aids,
counselors and mediators.26 The eunuchs who lived connected to their
biological relatives did extended the imperial favors into their families.
So much so that in 11th century Byzantine empire, eunuch John the
Orphanotrophos, got his younger brother to the throne as emperor
Michael IV (r. 1034-41) by forming a wedlock between the widowed
empress Zoe. Before accession to the emperor-hood his young brother
was serving at court. ‘Because of their special gender status they
were associated with preternatural realms. This made them fascinating,
dangerous and desirable in ways that are hard for the modern reader
to grasp’. 27 Interestingly, throughout the histories the eunuchs had
controlled all the prime nerves of the empire.
The efficiency, fascination and desirability for eunuch made
the sultans and kings to take up eunuchs in their respective empires.
The Sultans and Mughals of India were also imitating the cultures
present across the boundaries. On similar pattern initially, the
employment of eunuchs was taken up to guard the women palaces.
Later, some eunuchs became very popular but no eunuch in India was
lucky as eunuch John. The major dynasties and empires always served
bench marks for the peripheral kingdoms to look upon and adopt
57 98 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
certain practices. The Ottoman empire served as a model for the
Mughals of India and so was the case with the employment of eunuchs
in imperial harem. The Mughal empire was a phase of transition in the
employment of eunuchs (eunuchism) and its absorption by the
peripheral kingdoms. In the eighteenth century the Jaipur state was
formed as an autonomous state who in past has always worked in
close co-ordination with the Mughal Empire. The imitation of eunuch
employment in the state is clearly visible from the archival documents
which spread from late 17th century onwards to early 19th century.
Contemporary medieval states such as Jodhpur state, Jaisalmer state
and Bharatpur state did not entertain any exception to this imitation
and employed eunuchs indiscriminately. The tradition of employing
eunuchs did not impress Udaipur and Bundi State and the recruitment
of eunuchs as guards of Zenani-Deodhi (female apartments) was denied
on pretext of the male face.28 Renner notes that in Roman state the
‘state eunuchs were seen as women instead of men’.29 This formula
seems to fail completely in context of Udaipur and Bundi. Hence, the
imitation in employing the eunuchs by the aforesaid states, due to
their eligibility to move freely between human (women) and divine
spheres (King), and ability to perform their jobs with peaceful
efficiency made them a desirable commodity. In context of Mughal
Empire, Bernier notes that a eunuch was privileged to enter anywhere.30
This study is an effort to understand the methods and
mechanisms of recruitment, role and hierarchy of the eunuchs in the
Jaipur court. The eunuchs filled valuable and influential positions at
the Jaipur court. They were appointed to these positions much in the
same way as the king would appoint the nobles to various positions as
a sign of prestige. They mediated between the palace, court, barracks
and women apartments to carry out the orders of the king. The eunuchs
at Jaipur court were called with title of Khoja (eunuch) and senior
eunuchs were known by the title of Nadar. The high demand and the
constant need of the eunuchs in the court and the household; popularly
known as Rajlok 31 (Royal Household), convinced the state to allot a
physical space to the eunuchs next to the City Palace of Jaipur located
in present city of Jaipur in order to use the service effectively and
eliminate any kind of lapses. This area was known as Mauhalla Nadran
and the Khojas lived there along with their mandalis (teams). Even
today this area is known by the same name but eunuchs no more live
here. In the archival documents of Jaipur state namely Dastur Komwar
(rules applicable caste-wise) the eunuchs were referred as Khoja and
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 99
when they were promoted to guard-ship of the women palaces (rawlas)
their prefix was changed to Nadar. 32 According to K.S.Lal, in the
Mughal empire the senior eunuch assigned to guard the women’s palace
was called Nazir and had number of eunuchs working under him. 33
Contrary to it Manucci gives a list of 38 eunuchs and all of them were
adorned with title of Nazir.34 So, it is evident that title of Nazir was
bestowed upon senior eunuchs who have served up to the satisfaction
of emperor and was synonym of superintendentship. The similar type
of hierarchy prevailed in the recruitment and appointments of the
eunuchs at the Jaipur court as it depicts through the usage of the title
‘Khoja’ on appointment who was later promoted to the ‘Nadar’ on
fulfilling the desired code of conduct along with the responsibilities.35
Only a Nadar was entitled for position of Nazri to Zenani-Deodhi.
Besides these two (Khoja/Nadar-Nazari) there was no other
classification of eunuchs at work in Jaipur court. Whereas, at Mughal
court the first categorization classified eunuchs on basis of the seniority
and under second type of classification the eunuchs were identified
on basis of looks and skin colour as Kafuri (camphor color), Sandali
(sandal wood colur) and Badami (almond colour).36 In the variants
dialects of Marwari language such as Jaipur-Dhundhari, Jodhpur-
Marwari, Kota-Hadoti; the eunuchs were invariably called as Khojas
and Nadar/Nazir.37 They served in different capacities as spiritual
hooks, administrators, governors, political mediators, envoys, spies,
news collectors, guards, superintendents, personal attendants and
carried out the imperial civil and military commands. They were
complete men for all practical purposes. The similar duties were
performed by the eunuchs at the Mughal court.38 The fascination for
eunuchs and desirable imitation of the practice was widely visible
across the successor, rebellious, autonomous states and invading
forces39 of the eighteenth century.
This work also aims to examine and analyze the contribution of
eunuchs at the Jaipur court and will provide an interesting insight in
the working of Khojas at the palace and household while serving in
different offices. The association with the king and kingdom facilitated
Khojas to make fortunes and accumulate wealth, power and prestige.
Some took up eunuchism for making fortunes40 while for some it was
a curse out of poverty and a way to waive off the imperial wrath
about to inflict upon them due to non-payment of the taxes. 41
Interestingly, in epic literature eunuchism was a method of punishment
for the unmanly conduct. The story says ‘Urvashi approached Arjun,
58 100 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
offering him all the pleasure that apsara (women angle with upmost
beauty) are known for, including and especially her body. But Arjun
rejects her, claiming that he is descended from Pururavas and as such
he thinks of her as a mother in much the way he thinks of Kunti.
Urvashi was outraged-she was never been rejected before. For his
unmanly conduct, Urvashi curses Arjuna to become a eunuch.’ 42
Luckily, our sources don’t indicate to eunuchisms as an infliction of
punishment. The court records indicate that it was always voluntary.
Though, the parents were parting away from the male child to pay the
revenues. Was it really a willing choice for the male children who
were taken against the non-payment of the revenue? The practice of
converting men in eunuch by emasculation was very common in
Bengal.43 In Sylhet (a dependency of Bengal), it became a common
practice for the people to castrate a few of their sons and pay the
revenue (mal-wajib) in that kind to the governor.44 Similar suit was
adopted and followed by many other states ‘and every year some
children are thus ruined and cut-off from procreation’.45 For many
besides paying revenue through sons, it was also a route for procuring
some finances to manage the mandates of life. Manucci notes that
‘the poor and miserable progenitors, who out of absolute hunger have
sold their sons’.46 The need for money forced many people to give
away their children to the Khwajasaras to make them eunuch and
enroll them as chela.47 In return, the Khwajasaras paid hefty amounts
to the parents. Were those male children given the right to exercise
will especially regarding their inclusion or enrollment in the alienated
world of eunuchs? Was the right to dignity in any case exercised by
male children who were taken in exchange of the revenue? The question
goes unanswered as the Khwajasaras and Khojas never maintained
the records of day to day or the occasional happenings in the mandalis.
‘men in thousands were emasculated simply to serve as domestics or
guards in their female apartments’.48 The silence in documents and
absence of records regarding eunuchs and their social organization
and activities are the greatest unbreakable blocks before any researcher.
At Jaipur court, eunuch was no synonym of punishment under the
veil of voluntariness.
The wide employability of eunuchs made them expensive and
they were serving status symbols. The effective utilization of ‘a made
eligibility’ (castration), service necessity and high cost made the eunuch
‘alive’ gift of utility.49 Many times the visitors at court gifted eunuch
to the king which was happily accepted by later and appreciated with
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reciprocation. Gulab Khoja was brought to Jaipur court by Manji
Dhabai from Udaipur and was presented to Sawai Jai Singh.50 The
political significance of the Thikanedars helped them to acquire these
‘alive’ gifts. In 1719 AD Sawai Jai Singh gifted Moti Ram Khoja to
Kawar Pal Jadam of Karauli and a siropav was bestowed (upon Khoja)
and while seeing-off him a pair of pearl earring was gifted.51 On another
event in 1763 AD, as per the custom Himat Ram Nadar (Deodhi-ka-
Daroga) was presented to Khush Pal Bohra.52 He served in court for
eight years. The employment in imperial services allowed them to
acquire some social status and recognition. Further, it allowed them
to have some real connect with regular society. From Bharatpur
Kingdom Gumani Khan Khoja came to Jaipur as an envoy and was
popular for his dancing. A lot of praise was heard about his credentials
so he was called in court to perform. Shreeji (King) and Maji Sahib
(Mother Queen) were present to see the performance along with
Sanghi Hukum Chand and Sanghi Jhutha Ram. Throughout the night
he danced on sword, with kalash (pots) on head and thaali (plate) in
hand. 53 The popularity of his dance allowed him to fix an invite for
weeding at a nobles’ palace and was asked to give a performance in
the same marriage.54 The King was present at weeding and presented
him Rs.100 of Inam (reward) and 2-thaans (bundle) of thurma-pasmi-
butadaar (a woolen floral print cloth).55 The value of eunuch was
appropriated on basis of his qualification. The qualification and skills
allowed them to be in royal arenas and being decorated with titles and
gifts.
The Jaipur state took much of its administrative structure and
offices from the Mughals without any alteration. At times even the
titles were adopted in defacto. In 1717 AD, Aitbar Khoja was recruited
for service at Jaipur court.56 His recruitment was very close on pattern
with the Mughal recruitments where the chief Nazir had title of Aitbar
Khan or Aitimad Khan. 57 The adoption of similar title depicts the
fascination and admiration of Sawai Jai Singh for the Mughal
administrative posts and titles. The initial years of Jaipur state were
marked with these adoptions in titles. Lately, the same went missing
and didn’t occur. A less known 15th century cemetery in Mehrauli is
Hijro ki Khanqah is the final resting place of 50 eunuchs. It was
gifted by Sufi mystic Khwaja Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki to Miyan
Saheb, a eunuch who was sworn as his sister. Out of 50 graves, one
grave is of Miyan Saheb and rests are of 49 Chelas. It has rooms on
one side and a courtyard with graves on the other. Eunuch from North
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India visit this khanqah especially during Shab-e-barat, Chhadiyon-
ka-Mela and Muharram. The eunuchs from Jaipur also visit this
khanqah and have acquired much of the cultural practices. The
recruitment at Jaipur was very close to the Mughal employability and
identification of eunuchs as women was also taken up. The swearing
in of Miyan Saheb as a sister by Sufi Shaykh was the formula for
setting in the equation that a eunuch is equal of a female; at imperial
courts.
A close perusal of the archival documents helps to bring forth
that the recruitment of the eunuchs at Jaipur court was not unilateral.
Three types of recruitments processes were followed at Jaipur to
procure, admit and enroll the eunuchs. Firstly, the eunuchs who were
already in service of court recruited their sons for making a close
team of their own. It was mainly for executing the tasks given to a
respective Khoja in upmost secrecy and with efficiency. Some Khojas
who worked in higher capacities and were always in need of a closely
associated team to carry out the state orders effectively. For making
a cohesive, desirable, abiding and a close harmony-sharing team some
Khojas recruited their sons under their leadership after castration.
Those recruited sons were referred as bachkan (child of) of that
particular Khoja. Mohan Ram Nadar Tiwari and his two sons namely
Lal Sukh 58 and Shankar Lal59 were in service. In 1819 AD, Mohan
Nadar Tiwari died so his bachkana Lal Sukh was called in Zenani-
Deodhi for instructions and a Matmi-paag (condolence head gear)
was given.60 In another event Kisan Das Nadar died. So, for Sog-
bandhai (registering grief) Shankar Lal bachkana of Mohan Ram Nadar
Tiwari was called and a paag-rangeen (colored head-gear) was
presented to him61 and three sons of Kisan Das namely Baldev,62 Govind
Ram and Ganga Baksh were also presented paag-rangeen for closing
condolence.63 The difference between both the events is twenty one
years. The reason for shifting from one team to the other (Shankar
Lal s/o Mohan Ram Tiwari) was either due to the change of chief
leader, the erupting differences amongst the equals or might be a
canvassing for better fortunes under guidance and in team of some
other unbiased Khoja. Many instances of training and enrollment of
males of a particular family, as a team appear in our documents. In
1747 AD Baldev was made Darogah of Khwaas Chelaki on request of
Rai Hari Singh Paliwal. Baldev was bachkano of Nand Ram Nadar64
and grandson of Kisan Ram Nadar.65 Consecutively three generations
have been serving. Similarly, in 1758 AD, Khush Pal Khoja was
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recruited being bachkana of Daulat Ram.66 Rup Ram was bachkano
of Khush Pal and he was appointed as Nazir.67 Further, Gopal68 and
Hira Lal69 were taken in service and were sons of Khush Pal Nadar.
Hence, father and three sons were acting in different offices of the
state. Later, Salegram S/o Gopal was taken up in state service. Here a
consistent engagement of male members hailing from same family is
visible over four generations in the service of state. On similar lines,
Sehajram bachkana of Himat ram was also appointed and Rs.100 was
allotted to him for pearls.70 Later, Kisan Ram was bachkano of Jai
Ram Das and was appointed for Nazari of Zenani-Deodhi.71 The above
evidences clearly indicate that the family associations were very much
at work for recruitments to the Khojahood (eunuch-hood) and it was
a respectable and lucrative carrier. Secondly, the admission in the
eunuchism to the general citizens was provided by the Khwajaswars
as discussed above. The Khwajaswars gave away the castrated males
of mandali to the senior Khojas/Nadars on demand by the later. The
Khojas who came in service of the state enrolled under the Khoja/
Nadar who bought him. The only condition while acquiring a eunuch
for a particular team was that he should not have any previous alliances
with any of in-service Khojas/Nadars and shall solely work in solidarity
with the Khoja who has acquired him by paying a price. The buyer
will secure him enrollment for the newly purchased Khoja in the state
service under his own existing unit. The eunuchs who were purchased
and recruited by a senior Khoja/Nadar were referred as ka-nazar (of
purchaser) and beta (son of). The relationship between the recruiter
and recruited was that of father and son. The team was always called
after the name of the chief. A team of Nadar Fitur was in service at
Sawai Jai-garh (now popularly known as Jai Garh Fort) under
leadership of Khoja Raghu nath Singh. The items for the entire unit
were sent to fort as per custom on request of Pem Singh with Likhma
Meena. 72 Another team of Nadar Fitur was working in palace under
leadership of Jagat Singh Khoja. To collect the allotted items, his
team came thrice spreading from year 1755 AD to 1764 AD and each
year a lot of items along with clothes were given. 73 Lastly, a small
number was taken in service who were totally afresh appointments
and were not connect to anyone in the kingdom. They were independent
appointments free of both empathy and sympathy. They were
supposed to build up an independent identity and were expected to
prove a firm loyalty towards the king. The afresh individual enrollments
were accommodated at court by allotting the necessary items of the
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household and day to day utility. Through it, the Khoja was expected
to run his own independent establishment and maintain himself as per
the standards of a court fraternity. In 1717 AD, Manula Khoja was
taken in sarkar (state) and throughout the month of his appointment
different items were bestowed up on him74 and the utensils (2-daikcha;
cooking pot made of copper and rakabi-tamba-ki; spatula of copper)
were given next year.75 Later in the year, Aitbar Khoja was a new
recruit and in total 8-thaans were presented to him on appointment.
The details are 2-chira-chikan-dozi, 2-faita-chikan-dozi, 2-jama-bafta
and 2-ijaar-narma.76 Similarly, in year 1718 AD, Johar Khan Khoja
was recruited in service and large numbers of items were given to
him throughout the year.77 In another instance of 1718 AD, Aitbar
Khoja was taken in service he came along with Inayat Khoja. A sum
of Rs.7.3anna.2paisa was allotted to him for making clothes and 2-
sod (bed linen), 3-jamma-chit-ka, 1-kalash-pital (brass pot) and 1-
katori-pital (brass bowl) were issued from Kirkira-Khana (utensil
store).79 Khush Pal Khoja joined service in year 1758 AD, and the
items allotted to him were 1-thaali-pital-ki (a brass plate), 1-kalai (a
spatula for fire-oven), 1-lauta-pital-ka (water-keeper of brass), 1-
chari-pital-ki (brass water container in shape of pot), 1-tavo (cast
iron round griddle), 1-kacholo-pital-ko (a small plate made of brass
with raised edges).79 Later, only regular items were given such as
clothes.80 Some men joined the fraternity of Khojas voluntarily while
their fathers were serving in different offices of state but were not in
the direct association with the court. The aspiration for employment
in court made them to attain eunchism. In 1755 AD, Shri Ram Khoja
was given pashmi-butadaar costing Rs.15. He was bachkana of Taaliq
Chokh Chand.81 All the above evidences indicate to the different modes
of intake which were employed for hiring, recruiting and enrolling
eunuchs in service of the Jaipur state.
All the eunuchs who were employed were expected to fulfill
certain duties. The duties were allotted as per serving trust and
affiliation bonds. Bakhtawar Khan (1698 AD) a eunuch superintendent
held rank of 1000 and turned out to be a historian and wrote Mirat-ul-
Alam and Mirat-ul-Jahan Numa.82 He also prepared an abridgment of
Tarikh-i-Alfi and Akhbar-ul-Akhiyar.83 The above instances do clearly
establish the importance and the social acceptability of the eunuchs in
different capacities during Mughal India. According to Manucci, ‘the
principal (Nazir) is highly esteemed by king. He had large allowances,
has charge of treasury, is master of wardrobe, decides on the details
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and the patterns of the saropas (robes) to be prepared; in short it is he
who has charge of all the Mahal expenditures of the clothes, the
linen, and the precious stones, of the jewellery, of everything that
goes into or comes out of palace’.84 The exercise of power and prestige
enjoyed by Niyamt Khan, Hoshiyar Khan, I’tbar Khan and eunuch
Daulat during the reign of Mughal emperor Akbar, Jahangir and
Shahjahan respectively was significantly loud and hints a lot. The
eunuchs surrounded the entire world of king while serving in as
governors, messengers, reporters, spies etc. At Jaipur state, the official
designations for Khojas/Nadars were mainly Darogai, Nazari and at
times envoy-hood. The Khojas were entrusted with the duty to keep
the Zenani-Deodhi under strict surveillance. The Darogah of Zenani-
Deodhi was necessarily a Khoja. The senior Khoja was called Nadar/
Nazar. They were serving as superintendents of the women palace
(Zenani-Deodhi). Nazari was an exclusive duty at the women
apartments of which a Nazar was whole sole in-charge. In 1822 AD,
Kisan Ram Khoja was appointed to Nazari of Zenani-Deodhi.85 Nand
Ram Nadar died while he was serving as Nazir. On his death his son
Khoja Baldev was promoted to Nazari who contemporarily was serving
as Daroga.86 On assignment of Nazari at Zenani-Deodhi, Khoja Roop
Ram was given 1-pair of pearl earrings, 1-pair of bangles, 2-thaans of
thurma-pashmi-butadaar and 1-jarib (chain). 87 In 1819 AD, Brij Bhan
Nadar was in-charge of Bada-Rawala (women apartments) of Sawai
Jagat Singh.88 In another instance Hirlal Khoja was appointed Nazir in
place of Nand Ram Nadar.89 A few Khojas rose upto Nazari due to
their conduct, loyalty and administrative efficiency. All the movements
in and around the Zenani-Deodhi were strictly guided by his
instructions. The Zenani-Deodhi (women apartments) accommodated
mother queen, chief queen, princes, princesses, ancillary aunts, other
royal ladies, cousins, concubines, ladies-in-waiting along with pattars
(dancers), daughters, maids, slave girls and women guards. The Nazir
had full charge over the Zenana. Even a single deviation from his
instructions could lead to bizarre. This office entrusted the Nadar/
Nazar in direct contact with the King, queen and the court members.
In 1772 AD, Daulat Ram Nadar was appointed in charge of the King’s
treasury after signing a promissory note and an Inam amounting of
Rs.500/- was presented to him.90 The ability of the Khoja and official
succession were recognized by the inam.
Next to Nazari in hierarchy was Darogai (in-chargeship).
Darogai was in-chargeship of a particular office and area. At times it
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was a temporary duty such as Drogai for movement of queen. Darogai
assigned to the Khojas were mainly limited to treasury, Khwaas chela
(apartments of servants), Khabri (news collectors). In 1847 AD,
Khwaas-Chela-ki-Darogai was assigned to Baldev instead of Hari Sing
Paliwal.91 After six days Khabari-ki-Darogai was also assigned to him
and was instructed to move immediately for Khabari-ki-chowki and
collect news being there.92 Later, due to suggestion of Sarup Narayan
the duty to deliver the news for king was also clubbed as his
responsibility in the same office. 93 Nearly after a month to celebrate
the rise in office and responsibility Khoja distributed sweets at
chowki.94 After transfer of Khoja Baldev, Darogai-Khabari (office of
new collection) was also assigned to Khoja Mana Lal.95 After a year in
1848 AD, the Khoja ki Khabari ki darogai (in-chargeship for news
collection of eunuchs) was also assigned to him.96 Approximately,
after two months the Chela Khwaas ki Darogai was also entrusted
upon him.97 Bakhat Ram Khoja was given inam for depositing the
amount of Nazar in Royal treasury. Due to his loyalty in matters of
finance he became an eligible candidate for holding post in the
treasury. 98 In 1848 AD, Khoja Hira Lal was appointed for Darogai of
Jantar (popular as Jantar-Manter) instead of Bhopal Singh Rajawat of
Jhilai. It was due to the fact that Khoja Hira Lal was already serving
in the community of panch-musahibas and sweets were distributed to
celebrate the entry in aforesaid office.99 Similarly, Khoja Sehaj Ram
joined the state service in year 1767 and in 1794 AD; he celebrated the
third anniversary of Darogai-Deodhi.100 This loudly puts up that after
a constant serving carrier of 24 years he was able to come up in the
office of Drogai-Deodhi. The duties of a Daroga were limited to the
office in which he is appointed. Besides it certain temporary duties
were also assigned to them. The arrangements and protocol around
the movement of the queen were responsibility of Khojas. Certain
amount of money was allotted for setting the protocol in order. In
year 1717 AD, the procession of queen was supposed to reach dera
(halting station) after going around the city. For making arrangements
of the procession money was allotted to Lachi Ram Khoja, 101 Lal
(?)Khoja,102 Himat Ram Khoja103 and Daulat Ram Khoja104 amounting
to Rs. 104/-, Rs. 101/-, Rs. 70/- and Rs.65/- respectively.
A few Khojas were educated, clever, well-versed in the art of
speech and polity. These qualifications made them to qualify as
ambassadors to represent the state. The representatives from Jaipur
state were sent to Mughal court and Deccan. Kisan Ram was a popular
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Khoja, who was promoted to Nazari and later he was appointed as
representative of Jaipur state to Delhi105 and Agra.106 In 1746 AD, a
Khoja of Raja Ayamal,107 Gulab Chand Khoja108 and Baisem Jai Kisan
Khoja109 were sent to court of Raja Sahuji in Deccan and many gifts
were bestowed upon them such as pearl earrings and gold bangles.
The amount of gifts indicates to the political significance of that
particular Khoja to whom the items have been allotted. Similarly, the
Jaipur state also received envoys from the contemporary kingdoms.
In 1750 AD, Khoja Deva came from Rampura and 11-thaans were
presented to him.110 Gumani Khan Khoja arrived twice at Jaipur court
from Bharatpur. 111 The recruitment and appointment of Khojas by
Jaipur state and other contemporary kingdoms and Thikanedars was
a well established practice till beginning of the nineteenth century.
The popularity, control and influence gained by the eunuchs
over the affairs of kingdom and Rajlok can be well understood. All
this was due to the nature of services rendered by Khojas-Nadars
towards the state and the efficiency by which they executed the orders
of the king. The influence of a few Khojas did reflect from the titles
allotted to them by the state. The title of Baisem was bestowed upon
the members of court. The word Baisem stands as a synonym of
honorable and respectable. A few Khojas were decorated by the
aforesaid title. The Khoja of Aiyamalji was nominated for court of
Raja Sahuji and due to his expertise on the political matters he was
honored with the title of Baisem. 112 Jai Kisan Khoja 113 and Mano
Khoja114 were also bestowed with the title of Baisem. Khoja Panna
also had title of Baisem being an able administrator of village Dodh
Hadi of tappa Ramgarh in pargana Amber.115 The titles were means
for the state to create a class amongst the court society and were
serving symbols of prestige for the recipient. Through titles the state
was also acknowledging the special qualifications and abilities of the
receiver.
Scholz mentions, the only rank a eunuch cannot achieve was
that of emperor, but the court full of eunuchs would be safer than a
court of patrician, senator and equestrian ranked citizen.116 The isolation
and dependence on the king, coupled with the traits of education and
trustworthiness made the eunuchs the best choice for the court and
were most eligible to be around the king. Khwaja (Khoja) Farast Diwan
and Nazir Harkaran exercised immense influence in the court of
Jodhpur state during the reign of Jaswant Singh and Takhat Singh
respectively. Apparently, the influence of Nazir Harkaran led to coining
62 108 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
of a famous saying in Rajasthan “Bahar nachey Badariyo, maai nachey
Nazariyo (the cloud is dancing outside and the Nadar is dancing
inside)”.117 Dancing in this saying represents the imagery effect and
influence of cloud’s noise in the geographically arid area of Jodhpur
where rainfall is scanty but the sky is always pre-dominated by the
dry clouds and efficaciousness of a eunuch (neither fully male nor a
complete female) in the affairs of Jodhpur kingdom respectively. Both
the titles Nazar and Nadar were used interchangeably and both were
used to represent a eunuch who was in service of the state as officer-
in-charge of Zenani-Deodhi.
Besides, the special assignments the eunuchs were also
performing regular duties identified with their offices. The Khojas-
Nadars who were performing well in the assigned office and regular
duties were rewarded by the state. The rewards for services rendered
and to acknowledge the special act were a custom to keep the loyalty
in place and make the alienated feel bound and very much inducted in
the kings world. The balance at work needed participation from both
the parties. It could not be one way traffic, where only the eunuchs/
Khojas were working for the king and executing his orders. The king
also reciprocated with affection and care for the loyal retinue of perfect
servants by bestowing Inams. The Jaipur kings granted inams to the
Khojas as special rewards. Inayat Khoja was presented Rs. 200/- as
dolthai-inam in year 1717 and 1718 consecutively.118 Lachi Ram Khoja
also received Rs. 200/- as inam for dol-thaipawa but only in 1717
AD.119 Khoja Jai Kisan was presented Rs.150/- of inam for making
pakki jawga (garden of temple) in 1754 AD.120 Next year again Rs.300/
- of inam was given to him as per promise for making saakli-sona
(gold chain).121 In year c.1755 and 1756 AD, Himat Ram Nadar received
inams both amounting of Rs.200/-. First inam consisted of motiyo-
ko-chokadao (a square pendent of pearls) and mailalwa-kada-sona (a
pair of gold bangles) 122 and later was combination of motiya-ka-
chokada and mailal-kana-ka (a pair of earrings).123 Sanib Ram Khoja
was given Rs.100/- as inam collected through contributions made by
the members of court.124 In 1772 AD, Rs.500/- of inam was granted
to Daulat Ram Nadar while he was taking-over the charge of king’s
treasury. 125 A haveli (palace style house) was presented to Bakhat
Ram Khoja in inam.126 Such instances are rare but these rare evidences
speak aloud about the importance of a particular recipient. Bakhtawar
Nadar was given two thirma-pashmi-butadaar in inam. 127 Four times
in year 1827 AD, Kisan Ram Khoja was given Rs. 70.2anna.1paisa,128
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 109
2-paags (costing Rs.28.2anna), 129 Rs.10 cash 130 and rumaal-haso
amounting Rs.28.3anna in sequence as inam.131 These inams allowed
the eunuch to associate with the king and members of court. The
amount of inam and items varied as per the degree of expression set
in for acknowledgement. For the recipient (Khoja) an inam was a
means to feel accommodated and at par in the court society.
The special inams were rare and were meant for accomplishing
the twin tasks of acknowledgement and reward. The rarity of inams
was maintained to distinguish the special efforts and the regular
activities. At times the regular activities performed by the Khojas were
also acknowledged, only if; it has been carried out with a distinct art
or feature. The occasional acknowledgements for the Khojas in service
were done by bestowing gift items, cloth, and money. Under special
circumstances a siropavs (robes of honour) was bestowed. The various
kinds of siropav were given off from the Jaipur court.132 The occasions
for acknowledging the Khojas/Nadars were birth, marriage, death,
certain festivals and at times rituals associated with birth and death.
The minor festivals and certain days of hindu calendar on which
clothes, gifts and money were presented to Khojas were aakha-teej133
and bakka-posh.134 The paah-posh was a slipper without heel. A few
Khojas received gifts and some money for offering paah-posh,135 to
the king. Interestingly, all items and gifts granted for paah-posh were
presented in year 1717 and 1718 AD only, which were beginning years
of the newly found Jaipur city. Might be it was part of the efforts and
innovations made by Sawai Jai Singh to instill loyalty amongst the
court members as well as populace towards the newly found Jaipur
state after distancing from the Mughals. The celebrations at palace
were occasions for recognizing the special ones and were means to
make Khoja feel very much part of the king’s world. The festivities
and rituals for adorning and gifting clothes to Khojas were janaiu136
(sacred thread ceremony) jadawal137 (Shaving-off head) and unhala138
(the celebrations after child-birth). At times the king also extended
favors to the Khojas in form of cash. The money was given mainly
for making arrangements of marriage to be held in the family of Khoja/
Nadar. This amount was called segai-puniya (religious charity). In
year 1744 AD, Rs. 50/- was given to Khoja Chokh Chand as segai-
puniya on marriage of his niece.139 An amount of Rs.200/- was granted
as segai-puniya to Khoja Rukonhi for marriage of his sister.140 These
gestures were extended by the king towards the Khojas for keeping
them loyal, alert and vigilant.
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The moments of grief and sadness were also occasions to
register mutual care and concerns. Whenever there was a death in
first family of Khoja specially a male the condolence was expressed
by the state. The death of women in family of Khoja finds no mention
in the documents. A complete silence is loud enough to understand
the contemporary social set-up and acceptabilities. The analysis of
archival documents helps to classify the measures of grief expression
in three broad categories. Primary, whenever the father of a Khoja
died the state gave maatmi-paag (registering grief). In 1825 AD, Khush
Pal Khoja expired and maatmi-paag was given to Gopal (s/o Khush
Pal).141 In 1819 AD, maatmi-paag was given to Khoja Lal Sukh on
death of Mohan Ram Nadar Tiwari at Mathura.142 A paag was also
given from Zenani-Deodhi.143 In 1825 AD, Khush Pal Nadar expired
and maatami-paag was presented to Khoja Hira Lal (s/o Khush Pal). 144
It was for expressing grief only beyond it the state did not entertain.
Secondly, if the deceased was in service of state maatmi-paag was
followed by paag-rangeen (colored head-gear) for marking the soog-
bandhai (end of condolence). Paag-rangeen was presented to Khoja
Nand Ram, Khoja Baldev, Khoja Mana Lal and Khoja Shankar Lal to
end condolence.145 The former was called to take-up Nazari falling
vacant due to death of his father. Kisan Das Nadar died so; paag-
rangeen was presented to Khush Pal Khoja (s/o Kisan Das).146 At
times tokenism was practiced. In 1755 AD, Father of Khoja Jai Kisan
died, Rs.100/- was given.147 Lastly, very few siropav-maatmi (robe of
honor for registering grief) were given depending upon the twin
influence and importance of the deceased and the successor Khoja.
In 1839 AD, Kisan Das Nadar died so; Siropav-maatmi was bestowed
upon his son Khoja Nand Ram.148 When Nand Ram Nadar expired a
siropav-maatami was presented to Baldev (s/o Nand Ram).149 Thus, it
can be said that very few Khojas were able to maintain an unaltered
and constantly smooth coordination with the state and in return the
state rewarded and honoured their services by bestowing the siropav.
Besides, acknowledging the occasions of happiness and grief,
the state also extended gesture of care on regular basis through
expression of maharbangi (kindness). Money, items and clothes were
regularly given under categoria of maharbangi (kindness). Under the
category of maharbangi the highest adorn was siropav-maharbangi
followed by maharbangi-thirma-butadaar-pashmina, maharbangi-
thirma-butadaar, maharbangi-thirma in sequence. The siropav was
most respectable, expressive and effective device to mark the
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 111
ascending order amongst the honorable and desirables in the court.
The Thikanedars and the other members of court were adorned with
siropavs’ on major Hindu festivals falling annually such as Diwali,
Holi, Dusharrra and on different occasions to mark importance of the
receiver and to signify an important political event.150 The Khojas
were not presented siropavs’ on the major festivals. The siropav-
maharbangi stands for the robes given out of kindness. In an instance
of 1718 AD, Aamut Khoja received a Siropav-maharbangi costing in
total Rs.48 and 2anna. 151 In 1719 AD, a siropav-maharbangi was
bestowed upon Chokh Chand Khoja for conveying the message that
‘Solanki Khawaas has given birth to a boy child’.152 Khoja Mubarak
Khan was presented a maharbangi-siropav costing Rs.27/- in total.153
After few days Khoja Ram Kisan, Khoja Tara Chand and Daulat Ram
Khoja received siropav-maharbangi of the equal cost on a particular
day. 154 A maharbangi-siropav amounting Rs. 323 and 3anna was
bestowed upon Sewa Ram Khoja.155 Bakhat Ram Khoja was adorned
with a siropav-maharbangi costing Rs. 27 and 2anna.156 All these six
above mentioned siropav-maharbangi were given in the last reign year
of Sawai Jai Singh.
On regular basis the affection and kindness was expressed
through the items of lower value specially cloths like chadar, chira,
aalam-jari, chit, 157 faito-gujrati, 158 kudti-chit, 159 jaama-bafta and
neema-momani,160 dupatta-kor-palla-jari, 161 dhoti and angocha.162 Sri
Ram Khoja bachkana of Talik Chokh Chand was adorned with thirma-
pashmi-butaadar totally amounting to Rs.15.163 At times costly items
of gift were also presented to mark the events. In 1717 AD, Ganga
Ram Khoja received 40 pearls, 3-precious stones and 2-tola gold.164
Next year in 1718 AD, he was given gold bangles.165 Bakhat Ram
Khoja was presented gold bangles studded with precious stones.166
On same day along with Bakhat Ram Khoja, Sewa Ram Khoja was
adorned with Sarpaich-jadau (a jewel piece to decorate head-gear)
and gold bangles from Rattan-Grah (gems store).167 Khoja Sehaj Ram
was given Rs.100/- for pearls and cash of 4-mohars.168 On different
occasions Akhai Ram Nadar was presented with Alam-rangeen and
Turo-badilatilai. 169 A rare Siropav titled Musav-khi-mukhatwari
Siropav was bestowed on Mohan Ram Nadar Tiwari rewarding his
spy services.170 In true sense all the rewarding efforts were means of
the state, to keep the loyalty and affiliations in place and to eliminate
the diversions encountered by the Khojas. Indirectly, these exchanges
made eunuchs closely connected loyal unit of the king and kingdom.
64 112 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
In long run it allowed the Khojas to secure social space for themselves
in the kingdom, which further facilitated accumulation of wealth,
enhanced prestige and allowed uninterrupted exercise of power.
In medieval India many eunuchs became popular because of
their binding loyalty to the emperor and subsequently enjoyed many
favor. The most popular amongst them was Khwaja Niamat who saved
Emperor Akbar from an attempted assassination.171 Similar was loyalty
of Khwaja Basant towards Prince Dara at fortress of Bhakkar, who
was made eunuch by Shahjahan, because he was son of a rebelling
Mewati chief.172 In Jaipur court during the reign of Sawai Jai Singh
and Jagat Singh, Panna Miyan and Mohan Nazir did enjoyed immense
power and influence respectively. The efficiency and control of Panna
Miyan on the matters of state and court influenced Sawai Jai Singh to
the extent that he ordered for designing a Mohar (the royal seal) on
which name of Panna Miya was to be inscribed on the top and the
kings name (Jai Singh) at the bottom. After much thought; an inscribe
on the royal seal was made, saying “Gulamast Panna Basid kosafai,
Maharajadhiraj Jai Singh Sawai”.173 At times affection between king
and the Khoja reached to great levels of intimacy and serves’ much
humor to the reader. This was due to the dependence and close
affiliation amongst both with which the two souls worked together in
a binding association. Brij Bhan Nadar Brahman has lost consciousness
on death of Sawai Jagat Singh and regained his senses only after one
year 5 months and 9 days in total. On same day Rs. 100/- was allotted
to him for making puniya-dan (charitable donations).174 As discussed
above, it was a mutual arrangement, where the king extended the
favors and in return the eunuchs remained exclusively loyal in state
service especially towards the king. The delicate balance needed to be
maintained in order to keep the structure of work in place at the court
and to carry out the functions of state smoothly. Due to the unalterable
loyalty Khojas of Jaipur court were able to secure good political
positions for themselves such as envoy hood, court functionary etc.
The state allowed the Khojas to celebrate their appointments and
promotions. It was meant for recognizing the Khojas as part and parcel
of the court. Silently, in reverse it motivated them for positive and
constructive actions. In 1839 AD, Khoja Nand Ram was appointed as
Nazari. He was carried to Zenani-Deodhi in palanquin, followed by a
few nobles. 175 Khoja Baldev distributed shirni (sweets) on his
appointment as a direct reporter to the king. 176 Khoja Hira lal was
appointed Daroga of Jantar so; he distributed sweets.177 In year 1794
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 113
AD, Khoja Sehaj Ram completed three years of his service as Daroga-
Deodhi. The third anniversary was celebrated by giving him Salaam
and Nazar from court. Two Darogas of his team who were posted in
women apartments came along with him from Deodhi to distribute
sweets at the court.178
The state not only accommodated, appreciated and rewarded
the Khojas for services performed. At times the state also did certain
gestures as a reaction to punish and mark unacceptable acts and
behavior of the Khojas. Aurangzeb removed the head eunuch from
Zenana Mahal because the later killed a man by throwing him from
the garden wall to vengeance his conviction of carelessness.179 Mohan
Ram Nadar Tiwari was an appointee (Nazir) at Sawai Jai Garh as
independent charge. Under punishment (dand) his appointment at
Sawai-Jai Garh Qila was cancelled and he was brought in the palace.
The independent charge was also taken away.180 After some time he
was ordered to write name of Ram on a piece of paper repeatedly.181
It is an exercise to make a person feel guilty and repent and further
give a binding assurance not to repeat the mistake anytime in future.
Later, in 1818 AD, Mohan Ram Nadar along with Misr Ganesh Narayan
left service of Jaipur state (Darbar bisar kar gava) and accompanied
General Luni Akhtar Firangi for joining service at Delhi.182 Later, he
went to Mathuraji (pilgrimage visit) and fell ill. He was unable to
recover so the poison was administered and he died. To show anger
towards the unacceptable behavior of Mohan Ram Nadar (leaving
state service), the state denied expanse of khurch (miscellaneous
expenses for cremation) and kanu (post death feasts). 183 Allocation of
grant for kanu (cash allocation to meet expanse of the cremation
ceremony) was a well-established norm at Jaipur court.
The religion affiliation and practices of the Khojas and Nazirs
has never been highlighted. The religious association of Khoja
community needs to be discussed to understand the cosmopolitan
nature of the eunuch community. The community of Khojas serving
at Jaipur state was heterogeneous in its composition. Both Hindus and
Muslims were members of it irrespective of the caste hierarchies.184
The names and surnames are a help to understand the religion of a
Khojas.185 For example Ajab Ram, Akhai Ram, Kisan Ram, Ganga Ram,
Gobind Ram, Jai Kisan, Daulat Ram, Bakhat Ram, Bakhat Ram Khoja,
Brij Bhan, Mana Lal, Mohan Ram Tiwari, Mani Ram Nadar, Moti
Ram, Ram Kisan, Ramanand, Ram Chand, Roop Ram, Lachi Ram,
Sewa Ram, Salegram, Sanib Ram, Sri Ram, Sehaij Ram, Himat Ram,
65 114 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
Shree Kisan were hindus and Khuda Baksh, Inayat Khoja, Panna Miya,
Bhaktawar Nadar, Khoja Mubar Khan were professing Islam. The
suffix of Ram to names appears as a regular feature in archival
documents dedicated to Khojas. The Jaipur state was follower of
Rama-nandi sect before shifting to the blessings of Govinddevji. It
could be a hangover of the same and was a popular method for making
the religious association clear. Many high caste individuals enrolled in
the Khoja community. The celebrations around the event of enrollment
during and after castration were never in public view. The primary
purpose that oriented the high caste to admit in the Khojahood was
the aim for accumulation of wealth. For poor populace, the inability
to pay the revenue determined by the state did not know any of the
religious associations or caste hierarchies and was an effective
mechanism for settling the tax accounts through single stroke. Usually,
high caste people voluntarily enrolled in the community to make
fortunes after fulfilling the social obligations like marriage, child-birth
etc. The voluntariness of poor to give away a male child (who in
future would have been a bread winner for family) is little doubtful
and troublesome. The famous Nazir Harkarn was a Shrimali Brahman,
a highly placed group amongst the hierarchy of Brahmin community.186
The religion and caste was no bar for accepting any male in the
heterogeneous community of Khojas. After enrollment, the conversion
to Islam, at a later stage was at work during the reign of Mughals,
due to influence of state polity. The practice of conversion was not
appreciated in the Jaipur court and the eunuchs continued to practice
and profess their natal religions. In 1832 AD, Khoja Kisan Ram went
for Ganga-sanaan so; gifts were presented to him from king’s side
and Zenani-Deodhi.187 Daulat Ram Nadar and Sanib Ram Khoja went
to Jagannath-raiji (Jagannath Puri) after visiting Gayaji (Gaya) for
snan (a ritualistic bath) and returned to court so; a siropav was
bestowed upon them.188 Both the cities (Jagannath Puri in Orissa and
Gaya at Bihar) are famous pilgrim sites for hindus. Gaya is also
popularly associated with Buddhism because Buddha attained
enlightenment in this holy city. Mohan Ram Nadar visited Mathuraji
and Vrindavanji for pilgrimage.189 Both the towns are pilgrimage centers
for Vishnava sect followers. When Mohan Ram Nadar died at Mathura
his son was called in Zenani-Deodhi and was told to go for the ritual
snan (bath for purification on death of a family member).190 Along
with religion, the caste ties also continued and were used by eunuchs
to show their affiliations. The famous eunuch of Jaipur court was
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Mohan Ram Nadar Tiwari who came in Khojaship from a reputed
Brahmin family of Jaipur and made immense wealth. 191 His earliest
appointment was made at Sawai-Jaigarh (Jai-Garh Fort) as Nadar (in
charge of Zenani-Deodhi) but in 1817 AD, he was transferred to the
palace from Qila.192 Similar was the case of Brij Bhan Brahman Nadar,
who was a Brahman and he continued to use ‘Brahman’ word in his
name. 193 The Khojas from high castes didn’t shun off their family
names and native community associations. This continuance depicts
the acceptability of the caste and community ties in eunuchism at
Jaipur state.
Eunuchs around the globe have contributed to culture, economy
and society immensely. The most significant are contributions made
by the Chinese eunuchs such as paper was invented by eunuch Cai
Lun, eunuch Zheng He connected China with Southeast Asia, India,
Arabia, Persia and East Africa through trade and the credit for
introduction of western classical music in China is also in account of
a unknown eunuch. 194 Later, a full band of eunuchs was assembled
for royal orchestra of the China. During Mughals the eunuchs collected
wealth and riches and spend the same on building spacious villas,
water-tanks, tombs and towns.195 Many Khojas in Jaipur court were
able to collect large amount of money and did used it for construction
of temples and public works like well, hauz (water reservoir) etc. The
eunuchs of Jaipur court did contributed for the public building but
mainly the Thakurdwaras. The Thakurdwarsa are temples dedicated
to different incarnations of lord Vishnu. Bakhat Ram and Daulat Ram
were presented cash inam of Rs. 300/- and Rs.300/- respectively for
constructing temples of Thakurji (Lord Krishna).196 Khoja Kisan Ram
was twice given inam amount of Rs. 987. 2anna, and Rs.1000/- from
the court for building a temple in year 1828 and 1829 A.D
respectively.197 In 1754 AD, Khoja Jai Kisan built a jawga (garden of
temple).198 The participation of Khojas in the activities of building the
public works was a regular feature in Jaipur state.
Along with all the state functions and responsibilities a few
courteous eunuchs were also engaged for education of the prince in
liberal and military art along with the other learned tutors and
matrons.199 The eunuchs were portrayed as strict, clever, manipulative
and effeminate. The The credential of eunuchs and the training imparted
by them were much doubted by Bernier200 and Manucci also concluded
the same.201 The Jaipur state was also looking forward for educated
and militarily efficient eunuchs and left no chance to procure a qualified
66 116 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
one. In year 1837 AD, Khuda Baksh who was Nazar of Kisan Das
was kept as Chakar at court due to his eloquence and Rs. 20/- were
given for making new clothes.202 Another Nadar of Kisan Das named
Baldev was also at court and was given a paag-rangeen as per promise
for sog-bandhai (closing the condolence) on his father’s death.203 The
eunuchs who became famous being in service of Jaipur state were
Panna Khoja,204 Khoja Bhaktawar,205 Mohan Ram Nadar Tiwari,206
Brij Bhan Nadar Brahman,207 Khoja Anopa Banduk Sajusta (a rifle
expert)208 and Khoja Kisan Ram.209 Khoja Anopa Banduk Sajusta gave
rifle as Nazar and later after 2 months made a shoot as Nazar. In first
episode the king reciprocated with a Siropav and at later gave Rs.
25/-. 210
The Khoja-Nadars were most trusted beings in kingdom because
they had no family ties to serve because the eligibility for securing
Khojahood i.e castration has alienated them from all sexually normal
beings. This classification of natal alienation fails at many instances
in case of Jaipur state. As discussed above the eunuchs employed
their biological sons for serving effectively and to maintain secrecy
of actions. Till admission in eunuchism they had very well-served the
family ties and had heirs. The depersonalization worked only for the
eunuchs who were given away by the parents at a young age. At
times the castration made some eunuchs very bitter as visible in cases
of I’tbar Khan 211 and Gulam Qadir.212 The irony of fate made them to
work with women folks lanced with full senses and cruelty of man,
who were denied pleasure of sex. The forced denial to enjoy their
lives as male made some of the eunuchs corrupt, ruthless and scheming
individuals. They engaged in illicit and unnatural sex activities. The
emasculation had different effect upon the brute creation given to
viciousness, arrogance and cruelty. 213 The castration at a young age
made certain skeletal changes in the developing male body such as
failure of ossification of the vocal chords, elongation of limbs, barrel
chest and a beard free face. 214 The males who were castrated at a
mature age were always male in full sense but had enforced inability
to establish conjugal relationships. The sense of being male and the
desire for pleasure made them to get in homosexual activities and
licentiousness with women. In Mughal India also the love affairs of
eunuchs were not uncommon. 215 In case of eunuchs, firstly the
sexuality was created through surgical process and later a social role
was constructed for ‘a him’. Sexually, eunuchs were active human
beings but they were expected to follow asceticism.
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 117
The outrage and jealously at work made them entrusted with
the attraction and repulsion at the same time. The eunuchs rarely vied
for power and prestige amongst themselves, but held intrigues and
bribes against aristocrats, bishops and governors. 216 The affinity
amongst the khojas was very strong. Often Nazir Harkaran use to
bless by uttering “ki parmeshwar apko bhav-bhav Najar kare (may
god make you Nazir again and again)”.217 Grand chamberlain became
the sole intermediary between the two sides those who want to meet
and the emperor.218 Similar was the duty entrusted upon a Nazir and
they knew no exception to bribes for securing audience of the officials
before the king. Dastur Komwar is an imperial record which only
highlights the happenings of the court along with the events and the
exchange of gifts to mark the event. So, it just doesn’t whispers,
even the slightest corruption of Khojas. Besides, it so far I have not
seem success in terms of locating any other state or private document
which narrates about the Khojas and their role in the Jaipur state.
To conclude, in greek ‘eune’ means ‘bed’ and ‘ekhein’ stands
for ‘to hold’. The word eunuch is derived from the greek word
‘eunoukhos’ which literally means a ‘bed chamber attendant/bed-room
guard’. The employment of eunuchs in medieval kingdoms doesn’t
seem to be limited to the bed chambers due to their loyalty, affinity
and clever moves. They did their jobs in peaceful efficiency. The
eunuchs filled valuable and influential positions at court acquired
through display of faithfulness, generosity and bravery. Many eunuchs
rose to powerful positions and exerted immense influence in the
functioning of the state. Truly, Khoja-Nadars had voice to reckon on
and reckon with. The imperial services ensured some acceptability
for them in their surrounding societies. Through it the accumulation
of immense wealth and extension of influence was also a cake walk.
Usually, the methods innovated for extracting money were corrupt
but the utilization of money was always for some good constructive
causes, specially for public utility works. The idea working at base of
it was ‘to be remembered’ because eunuchs had no one to carry
forwards their legacy and write their historical accounts. It was due
to the alienation created by the understanding of a perfect human
body and its emotions. As per popular belief and understanding both
were not clear in case of eunuchs. Interestingly, these appointments
became devalued over time. Gradually, this huge community shifted
elsewhere. On decline of Mughal empire after raids of Nadir shah the
eunuchs took to singing and dancing as bhands.219 In 1767 AD Khoja
67 118 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
Kurnan Ujaw dressed up and mocked as a firangi (British) so; Rs.100/
- were presented for gold bangles to him.220 The Nazar from Bharatpur
also performed dance.221 So these activities for Khojas were part of
entertainment and a means to collect some money. Presently, the hijras
and eunuch are understood as one and same. By clubbing both under
one category of trans-genders who engage in singing and dancing
along with various other types of performances for livelihood is
disturbing. Putting Hijras in same category is a matter of objection to
my limited understanding of the subject. The aspiration to attain equal
level and say in the historical narratives deserves and demands a better
treatment in comparison of the one offered presently. Subsequently, it
will undermine the role of eunuchs (Khojas-Nadars) who were working
with twine personality in the events of past and were unconsciously
making blocks of history.
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2. Ringrose, Katherine M., The Perfect Servant: Eunuchs and the Social
Construction of Gender in Byzantine, (Chicago: University of Chicago
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506467/Painting_the_Bodiless_Angels_and_Eunuchs_in_Byzantine_
Art_and_Culture?; Tougher, Shaun, The Eunuch in Byzantine History
and Society, (Abingdon-New York: Routledge, 2008).
3. Dikici, A.Ezgi., “The Making of Ottoman Court Eunuchs: Origin,
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4. Stevenson, Walter, ‘The Rise of Eunuchs in Greco-Roman Antiquity’,
Journal of the History of Sexuality, Vol. 5, No. 4 (1995), pp. 495-511;
Kuefler, Mathew, The Manly Eunuch: Masculinity, Gender Ambiguity,
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Chicago Press, 2001).
5. Dhwty, ‘The Fascinating life of a Chinese Eunuch in the Forbidden
City of China’, 3 January 2015 (http://www.ancient-origins.net/history/
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7. Lal, K.S, The Mughal Harem, (New Delhi: Aditya Parkashan, 1988), Kings of Jaipur”, IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science
56-60; Mishra, Rekha, Women in Mughal India 1526-1748 AD, (Delhi: (JHSS), Vol.6, Issue 3, (2013): pp. 17-24.
Munshiram Manoharlal Oriental Publishers and Booksellers, 1967), 32. DK-K (rules applicable caste wise) preserved at Rajasthan State
pp. 78-80. Archives, Bikaner (cited hereafter DK-K).
8. Ringrose, The Perfect Servant, 2003. 33. Lal, The Mughal Harem, p. 56.
9. Hopkins, Keith, Conquerors and Slaves, (Cambridge: Cambridge 34. Manucci, Niccolao, Mogul India or Storia Do Mogor, William Irvine
University Press, 1978), pp. 173-174. (trans.), 4 vols. (Delhi: Low Price Publication, First Published 1907-8,
10. Brown, “Painting the bodiless” p. 1. reprint 2005), vol. 2, p. 327.
11. Brown, “Painting the bodiless”, p. 4. 35. DK-K, Raghuram S/o Khushyal was given Nazari of Zenani-Deodhi.
12. Brown, “Painting the bodiless” , p. 5. Event dated Miti Fagun Sudi 7, Saniswaar (Saturday) VS 1874/1817
13. Elias, Norbert, The Court Society, translated by Edmund Jephcott, AD, pp. 266-7.
(England: Basil Blackwell Publisher Limited, 1983). 36. Hardayal Singh, Report Mardumshumari Raj Marwar 1891 AD (Marwar
14. Elias, Norbert, The Court Society, (footnote no 15), p. 83. census Report-1891), p. 386; Kidwai, Salim Sultan, “Eunuchs and
15. Tougher, Shaun, ‘Byzantine Empire: An Overview’, in Women, Men Domestics in Medieval India”, in Chains of Servitude, (ed.) U. Patnaik
and Eunuch, ed. Liz James, (New York: Routledge, 1997), p. 171. and M. Dingwaney, (New Delhi: Sangam Parkashan, 1985).
16. Renner, Adam, ‘The functional role of eunuch in Late Imperial Roman 37. DK-K of Jaipur State, Dastur Bahi of Jodhpur State, Dastur Bahis of
Court: with reference to Norbert Elias’, Approaches to Ancient History Jaisalmer State. All these documents refer to the eunuch with prefix of
Research II, A9921699. Khoja to his name.
17. John Rolfe (trans.), Ammianus Marcellinus, History Vol. 1, Loeb (ed.), 38. Manucci, Mogul India or Storia Do Mogor, vol. 2, p. 79; Lal, The
1963, 18.4.5, cf. Renner, Adam, “The functional role of eunuch”, p. 1. Mughal Harem, pp. 57-8.
18. Renner, “The functional role of eunuch”, pp. 1-2. 39. Nadir Shah took a hundred eunuchs with him after conducting raids at
19. Miller, Fergus, The Emperor in Roman World, (London: Duckworth, Delhi and Agra along with other wealth.
1977), pp. 74-79. 40. DK-K, Manohar ram Tiwari voluntarily became Nadar for securing
20. Brooks, Pam, Journal of World History, vol. 14, No.2, June 2003, imperial service. Miti Sawan Sudi 7 VS 1876/ 1819 AD, p. 275.
University of Hawai’i Press, p. 247. 41. DK-K, Miti Jaith Budi 3 VS 1889/1832 AD, pp. 196-7. A child was
21. Scholz, Eunuchs and Castrati, 2001. presented to the king by the parents to be admitted as eunuch in the
22. Kuefler, The Manly Eunuch, 2001. court. Custodianship of child was given to a senior Khoja.
23. Scholz, Eunuchs and Castrati, 2001. 42. Sattar, Arshia, “Of Sexual desires and women Scorned: Multiple liaisons
24. Dhwty, http://www.ancient-origins.net/history/fascinating-life- reach past the human world to that of the gods”, The Hindu-Feminine
chinese-eunuch-forbidden-city-china-002524?page=0%2C1 Mythique-Friday Review, 26 May 2017, p. 4.
25. Ayalon, Eunuch, Caliphs and Sultans, 1999. 43. Abul Fazal, Ain-i-Akbari, Henery Beveridge (trans.) 3 vols. (New Delhi:
26. Ringrose, The Perfect Servant , pp. 5-7. Low Price Publication, first published in 1902-39, reprint 2011), vol.
27. Ibid., p. 83. 2, p. 136: Manucci, Mogul India or Storia Do Mogor, vol. 2, p. 79.
28. Rai Bahadur Munshi Hardayal Singh, Report Mardumshumari Raj 44. Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri or Memoirs of Jahangir, Alexander Rogers (Trans.)
Marwar 1891 AD (Marwar census Report-1891):Rajasthan ki Jtiyo ka and Henry Beveridge (ed.), 2 vols. (Delhi: Low Price Publication, first
Ithihaas aiwam Riti-riwaaj, (Jodhpur: Maharaja Man Singh Pustak published in 1909, reprint 2006), vol. 1, p. 150.
Prakash Sodh Kendra, 2010), p. 386. 45. Ibid., vol. 1, pp. 150-151; Hardayal Singh, Report Mardumshumari Raj
29. Renner, “The functional role of eunuch”, p. 3. Marwar 1891 AD (Marwar census Report-1891), p. 387.
30. Bernier, Francois, Travels in the Mogul Empire AD 1656-1668, second 46. Manucci, Mogul India or Storia Do Mogor, vol. 2, p. 73.
Edition revised by Vincent A.Smith, (Delhi: Low Price Publication, 47. Hardayal Singh, Report Mardumshumari Raj Marwar 1891 AD (Marwar
first published in 1934, reprint 2005), p. 131. census Report-1891), p. 387
31. Choudhary, Manisha, “The Royal Household (Rajlok) of Kachhawa 48. Lal, The Mughal Harem, p. 59.
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 121 69 122 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

49. Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri or Memoirs of Jahangir, vol. 1, pp. 247. 50 eunuchs 77. DK-K, Miti Mah Budi 1, Miti Mah Sudi 1, Miti Fagu Budi 1 & 8 VS
were sent by Islam Khan to Jahangir as offering; DK-K, Miti Jaith 1775/1718 AD, pp. 204-6.
Budi 3 VS 1889/1832 AD, pp. 196-7. Here a Jat gave his son against 78. DK-K, Miti Mangsir Sudi 8 VS 1775/1718 AD, pp. 171-2.
non-payment of revenue to be included in service of state as a eunuch 79. DK-K, Miti Mangsir Sudi 12 & 13 VS 1815/1758 AD, pp. 181-183.
because of the high value ascribed to them. The task of castration was 80. DK-K, Miti Mah Budi 3 VS 1815/1758 AD; Miti Posh Budi 3 VS 1823/
left with the state. 1766 AD; Miti Pratham Chait Sudi 2 Saniswaar (Saturday), 14
50. DK-K, Miti Sawan Sudi 3 VS 1774/1717 AD, p. 189. Shukarwaar (Friday), VS 1841/1784 AD, pp. 182-3.
51. DK-K, Miti Pratham Asoj Sudi 8 VS 1776/1719 AD, pp. 259-60. 81. DK-K, Miti Mah Budi 1 VS 1812/1755 AD, p. 279.
52. DK-K, Miti Mah Sudi 4 VS 1820/1763 AD, p. 292. 82. Lal, The Mughal Harem, p. 58.
53. DK-K, Miti Fagun Sudi 2 VS 1885/1828 AD, pp. 193-4. 83. Ibid.
54. DK-K, Miti Fagun Sudi 5 Ditwaar (Sunday) VS 1889/1833 AD, p. 194. 84. Manucci, Mogul India or Storia Do Mogor, pp. 326-328.
55. DK-K, Miti Fagun Sudi 5 Ditwaar (Sunday) VS 1889/1833 AD, p. 194. 85. DK-K, Miti Baishak Sudi 12 VS 1812/1755 AD, p. 173.
56. DK-K, Miti Mangsir Sudi 14 VS 1775/1718 AD, p. 163. 86. DK-K, Miti Baishakh Budi 2 Budhwaar (Wednesday) VS 1924/1867
57. Lal, The Mughal Harem, p. 56. AD, pp. 243-45.
58. DK-K, Miti Sawan Sudi 7 Budhwaar (Wednesday) VS 1876/1819 AD, 87. DK-K, Miti Fagun Sudi 7 VS 1875/1818 AD, p. 266.
pp. 252-3; DK-K, Miti Sawan Sudi 7 Budhwaar (Wednesday) VS 1876/ 88. DK-K, Miti Pratham Jaith Sudi 3 Somwaar (Monday) VS 1876/1819
1819 AD, p. 271. AD, p. 247.
59. DK-K, Miti Posh Sudi 11 Shukarwaar (Friday) VS 1896/1839 AD, p. 89. DK-K, Miti Asadh Budi 8 Budhwaar (Wednesday) VS 1905/1848 AD,
277. pp. 287-88.
60. DK-K, Miti Sawan Sudi 7 Budhwaar (Wednesday) VS 1876/1819 AD, 90. DK-K, Miti Kati Budi 11 VS 1829/1772 AD, pp. 228-9.
pp. 252- 253. 91. DK-K, Miti Posh Sudi 3 Ditiwaar (Sunday) VS 1904/1847 AD, p. 243.
61. DK-K, Miti Posh Sudi 11 Sukarwaar (Friday) VS 1896/1839 AD, p. 277. 92. DK-K, Miti Posh Sudi 9 Shukarwaar (Friday) VS 1904/1847 AD, p. 243.
62. DK-K, Miti Posh Sudi 11 Sukarwaar (Friday) VS 1896/1839 AD, p. 243. 93. DK-K, Miti Posh Sudi 9 Shukrwaar (Friday) VS 1904/1847 AD, p. 244.
63. DK-K, Miti Posh Sudi 11 Sukarwaar (Friday) VS 1896/1839 AD, p. 185. 94. DK-K, Miti Mah Budi 8 Shukrwaar (Friday) VS 1904/1847 AD, p. 244.
64. DK-K, Miti Posh Budi 13 Bhrashpatiwaar (Thrusday) VS 1896/1839 95. DK-K, Miti Bhadwa Budi Somwaar (Monday) VS 1904/1847 AD, p.
AD, p. 233. 249.
65. DK-K, Miti Posh Sudi 3 Ditwaar (Sunday) VS 1804/1747 AD, p. 243. 96. DK-K, Miti Asoj Sudi 10 VS 1905/1848 AD, p. 249.
66. DK-K, Miti Mangsir Sudi 12 & 13 VS 1815/1758 AD, p. 181. 97. DK-K, Miti Mangsir Sudi 3 Mangalwaar (Tuesday) VS 1905/1848 AD,
67. DK-K, Miti Fgaun Sudi 7 Sanisarwaar (Saturday) VS 1875/1818 AD, p. p. 250.
266. 98. DK-K, Miti Asoj Budi 3 VS 1819/1762 AD, p. 246.
68. DK-K, Miti Bhadwa Sudi 6 VS 1882/1825 AD, p. 193. 99. DK-K, Miti Mangsir Sudi 3 Mangalwaar (Tuesday) VS 1905/1848 AD,
69. DK-K, Miti Bhadwa Sudi 6 VS 1882/1825 AD, p. 287. p. 287.
70. DK-K, Miti Kati Budi 7 VS 1824/1767 AD, p. 281. 100. DK-K, Miti Mangsir Sudi 10 VS 1851/1794 AD, pp. 281-282.
71. DK-K, Miti Baisakh Sudi 12 VS 1879/1822 AD, p. 273. 101. DK-K, Miti Asadh Sudi 10 VS 1774/1717 AD, p. 273.
72. DK-K, Miti Chait Sudi 4 VS 1807/1750 AD & Miti Kati Budi 9, Miti 102. DK-K, Miti Asadh Sudi 10 VS 1774/1717 AD, p. 274.
Mah Sudi 9, Miti Chait Budi 11 VS 1808/1751 AD, pp. 267-270. 103. DK-K, Miti Asadh Sudi 10 VS 1774/1717 AD, p. 295.
73. DK-K, Miti Fagun Budi 10, Miti Sawan Budi 1, Miti Bhadwa Budi 7 & 104. DK-K, Miti Asadh Sudi 10 VS 1774/1717 AD, p. 223.
Miti Bhadwa Sudi 1, Miti Posh Sudi 11 VS 1812/1755 AD, VS 1819/ 105. DK-K, Miti Asadh Sudi 6 VS 1884/1827 AD, p. 174.
1762 AD and VS 1821/1764 AD, pp. 206- 217. 106. DK-K, Miti Posh Sudi 2 VS 1889/1832 AD, p. 176-77.
74. DK-K, Miti Sawan Sudi 13, Miti Sawan Budi 3, Miti Sawan Sudi 7 & 8 107. DK-K, Miti Posh Budi 5 VS 1803/1746 AD, p. 179.
VS 1774/1717 AD, pp. 255-6. A pair of pearl earrings was also given. 108. DK-K, Miti Posh Budi 5 VS 1803/1746 AD, p. 190.
75. DK-K, Miti Kati Sudi 15 VS 1775/1718 AD, p. 257. 109. DK-K, Miti Posh Budi 5 VS 1803/1746 AD, p. 203.
76. DK-K, Miti Mangsir Sudi 14 VS 1774/1717 AD, p. 165. 110. DK-K, Miti Jaith Budi 9 VS 1807/1750 AD, p. 227.
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 123
111. DK-K, Miti Fagun Sudi 2 VS 1885/1828 AD & Miti Fagun Sudi 5 VS
1889/1833 AD, p. 193-4.
112. DK-K, Miti Posh Budi 5 VS 1803/1746 AD, p. 179.
113. DK-K, Miti Posh Budi 5VS 1803/1746 AD, p. 203.
114. DK-K, Miti Mangsir Sudi 10 VS 1799/1742 AD, p. 255.
115. DK-K, Miti Mangsir Budi 9 VS 1784/1727 AD, pp. 237-38.
116. Scholz, Eunuchs and Castrait, introduction, ix.
117. Hardayal Singh, Report Mardumshumari Raj Marwar 1891 AD (Marwar
census Report-1891), p. 386.
118. DK-K, Miti Sawan Sudi 3 VS 1774/1717 AD, p. 172 and Miti Jaith Budi
12 VS 1771/1718 AD.
119. DK-K, Miti Sawan Sudi 3 VS 1774/1717 AD, p. 273.
120. DK-K, Miti Mah Sudi 14 VS 1811/1754 AD, p. 218.
121. DK-K, Miti Chait Budi 11 VS 1812/1755 AD, p. 218.
122. DK-K, Miti Baisakh Sudi 12 VS 1812/1755 AD, p. 288
123. DK-K, Miti Baisakh Sudi 4 VS 1814/1757 AD, pp. 288-289.
124. DK-K, Miti Bhadwa Sudi 2 VS 1828/1771 AD, p. 279.
125. DK-K, Miti Kati Budi 11 VS 1829/1772 AD, p. 228.
126. DK-K, Miti Asoj Budi 3 VS 1819/1762 AD, p. 246.
127. DK-K, (date missing) VS 1875/1818 AD, p. 245.
128. DK-K, Miti Jaith Sudi 1, Budhwaar (Wednesday) VS 1884/1827 AD, p.
173.
129. DK-K, Miti Asadh Sudi 6, VS 1884/1827 AD, p. 174.
130. DK-K, Miti Bhadwa Budi 3 Budhwaar (Wednesday), VS 1884/1827
AD, p. 174.
131. DK-K, Miti Maha Budi 1 Budhwaar (Wednesday), VS 1884/1827 AD,
p. 175.
132. Choudhary, Manisha, “The Court Protocol and Social Ordering in
Jaipur State”, International Journal of History and Cultural Studies,
vol. I, Issue-I, (2014): pp. 4-26 and Choudhary, “The Royal Household
(Rajlok)”, pp. 17-24.
133. DK-K, Miti Baisakh Sudi 3 VS 1855/1758 AD, p. 175.
134. DK-K, Miti Fagun Budi 10 VS 1812/1755 AD, p. 207.
135. DK-K, Miti Asoj Sudi 14 & Miti Asadh Sudi 6 VS 1774/1717 AD, pp.
186 & 188 (Ganga Ram Khoja); Miti Fagun Budi 8 VS 1775/1718 AD,
pp. 204-205 (Johar Khoja-nawa); Miti Asoj Sudi 14 VS 1775/1718
AD, p. 224 (Daulat Ram Khoja); Miti Cahit Sudi 7, Miti Baisakh Sudi
8 & Miti Asadh Sudi 12 VS 1775/1718 AD, pp. 258-259 (Moti Ram
Khoja); Miti Chait Sudi 8 VS 1775/1718 AD, p. 261 (Ratan Chand
Khoja); Miti Asoj Sudi 14 VS 1775/1718 AD, p. 296 (Himat Ram Khoja).
136. DK-K, Miti Chait Sudi 15 VS 1783/1726 AD, p. 188; Miti Fagun Budi
9 & Miti Baisakh Sudi 10 VS 1815/1758 AD, p. 279 & 283.
70 124 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
137. DK-K, Miti Kati Sudi 1 VS 1774/1717 AD, p. 186 & pp. 296-7 & Miti
Fagun Sudi 7 VS 1874/1817 AD, p. 250.
138. DK-K, Miti Asadh Budi 10 VS 1774/1717 AD, p. 295 & Miti Pratham
Chait Sudi 15 Shukarwaar (Friday) VS 1841/1784 AD, p. 284.
139. DK-K, Miti Mangsir Budi 13 VS 1811/1754 AD, p. 199.
140. DK-K, Miti Posh Budi 8 VS 1836/1779 AD, p. 284.
141. DK-K, Miti Bhadwa Sudi 6 VS 1882/1825 AD, p. 193.
142. DK-K, Miti Sawan Sudi 7 Budhwaar (Wednesday) VS 1876/1819 AD, p.
253.
143. DK-K, Miti Sawan Sudi 7 Budhwaar (Wednesday) VS 1876/1819 AD, p.
271.
144. DK-K, Miti Bhadwa Sudi 6 VS 1882/1825 AD, p. 287.
145. DK-K, Miti Posh Sudi 11 Shukarwaar (Friday) VS 1896/1839 AD, pp.
233-34, 243, 249 & 277.
146. DK-K, Miti Posh Sudi 11VS 1815/1758 AD, p. 184.
147. DK-K, Miti Chait Sudi 4 VS 1812/1755 AD, pp. 218-219.
148. DK-K, Miti Posh Budi 13 VS 1896/1839 AD, p. 233.
149. DK-K, Miti Duvtik (2nd) Baisakh Budi 2 Budhwaar (Wednesday) VS
1924/1867 AD, p. 244.
150. Choudhary, “Contesting and Negotiating Power: The multi-faceted
dynamics of the Jat Uprising during late 17th and early 18th Century”
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, vol.2,
Issue 1, (2013), pp. 23-26; Choudhary, “The Court Protocol and Social
Ordering”.
151. DK-K, Miti Chait Sudi 3 VS 1775/1718 AD, p. 168.
152. DK-K, Miti Sawan Budi 2 VS 1776/1719 AD, p. 201.
153. DK-K, Miti Baisakh Sudi 14 VS 1799/1742 AD, p. 255.
154. DK-K, Miti Baisakh Sudi 4 VS 1799/1742 AD, pp. 263, 221 & 225.
155. DK-K, Miti Baisakh Sudi 11VS 1799/1742 AD, p. 275.
156. DK-K, Miti Baisakh Budi 11 VS 1799/1742 AD, p. 241.
157. DK-K, Miti Baisakh Budi 11 VS 1774/1717 AD, pp. 261-62.
158. DK-K, Miti Posh Sudi 2 VS 1816/1759 AD, p. 280.
159. DK-K, Miti Chait Sudi 2 VS 1818/1761 AD, p. 290.
160. DK-K, Miti Katik Budi 6 VS 1774/1717 AD, p. 296.
161. DK-K, Miti Pratham Chait Sudi 2, Miti Pratham Chait Sudi 14 & Miti
Pratham Chait Sudi 2, Miti Pratham Chait Sudi 14 (Sewa Ram Nadar
received on both days) VS 1841/1784 AD, pp. 182, 265 & 280-281
respectively.
162. DK-K, Miti Asadh Budi 5 VS 1774/1717 AD, p. 296.
163. DK-K, Miti Mah Budi 1 & Bakai Mangsir Budi 10 VS 1812/1755 AD,
p. 258.
164. DK-K, Miti Bhadwa Budi 1 VS 1774/1717 AD, p. 185.
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 125 71 126 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

165. DK-K, Miti Katik Sudi 5 VS 1775/1718 AD, pp. 186-7. 197. DK-K, Miti Chait Sudi 7 VS 1885/1828 AD & Miti Mangsir Budi 2 VS
166. DK-K, Miti Baisakh Budi 11 VS 1799/1742 AD, p. 241. 1886/1829 AD, pp. 174-175.
167. DK-K, Miti Baisakh Budi 11 VS 1799/1742 AD, p. 275. 198. DK-K, Miti Mah Sudi 14, VS 1811/1754 AD, p. 218.
168. DK-K, Miti Kati Budi 7 VS 1824/1767 AD, p. 281; Miti Bhadwa Sudi 2 199. Manucci, Mogul India or Storia Do Mogor, vol. 2, pp. 323-324.
VS 1825/1768 AD, p. 282. 200. Bernier, Travels in the Mogul Empire AD 1656-1668, pp. 144-6. He
169. DK-K, Miti Jaith Sudi 1 & 10 VS 1827/1770 AD, p. 169. also notes “eunuch, persons who posses no enlarged and liberal views
170. DK-K, Miti Bhadwa Budi 5 & 6, Shukarwaar (Friday) VS 1874/1817 of policy, and who employed their time in barbarous intrigues,
AD, pp. 250-251. banishing, imprisoning and strangling each other.” (p. 146)
171. Abul Fazal, Ain-i-Akbari, Vol. 2, p. 270. 201. Manucci, Mogul India or Storia Do Mogor, Vol. 2. pp. 74-75. “this sort
172. Manucci, Mogul India or Storia Do Mogor, Vol. 2, p. 430. of animal….afraid to spend…fond of receiving….tounge and hand of
173. Hardayal Singh, Report Mardumshumari Raj Marwar 1891 AD (Marwar these baboons act together….foul in speech…found of wine…aware
census Report-1891), p. 386. of character of these monsters, did not allowed such to be employed in
174. DK-K, Miti Jaith Sudi 3, Somwaar (Monday) VS 1876/1819 AD, p. 247. his house. Thus suffices for a brief notice of what eunuchs are.”
175. DK-K, Miti Mah Sudi 5, VS 1896/1839 AD, p. 234. 202. DK-K, Miti Posh Sudi 4 Mangalwaar (Tuesday) VS 1894/1837 AD, p.
176. DK-K, Miti Mah Budi 8 VS 1904/1847 AD, p. 244. 183.
177. DK-K, Miti Mangsir Sudi 3 VS 1905/1848 AD, p. 287. 203. DK-K, Miti Posh Sudi 11 Shukarwaar (Friday) VS 1896/1839 AD, p.
178. DK-K, Miti Mangsir Sudi 10 VS 1851/1794 AD, p. 282. 243.
179. Manucci, Mogul India or Storia Do Mogor, Vol. 2, p. 31; Bernier, Travels 204. DK-K, pp. 237-9.
in the Mogul Empire AD 1656-1668, pp. 132-133. 205. DK-K, p. 245.
180. DK-K, Miti Asoj Budi 13 VS 1874/1817 AD, p. 250. 206. DK-K, pp. 250-254.
181. DK-K, Miti Jaith Sudi 7 VS 1874/1817 AD, p. 251. 207. DK-K, p. 247.
182. DK-K, Miti Asadh Budi 8 Mangalwaar (Tuesday) VS 1875/1818 AD, p. 208. DK-K, p. 299.
252. 209. DK-K, pp. 173-177.
183. DK-K, Miti Sawan Sudi 7 VS 1876/1819 AD, p. 253. 210. DK-K, Miti Chait Sudi 13 & Miti Jaith Sudi 13 VS 1808/1751 AD, p.
184. Hardayal Singh, Report Mardumshumari Raj Marwar 1891 AD (Marwar 299.
census Report-1891), p. 387. 211. Manucci, Mogul India or Storia Do Mogor, vol. 2, pp. 72-75.
185. DK-K. 212. Lal, The Mughal Harem, p. 59.
186. Hardayal Singh, Report Mardumshumari Raj Marwar 1891 AD (Marwar 213. Bernier, Travels in the Mogul Empire AD 1656-1668, pp. 131-132.
census Report-1891), p. 387. 214. Reusch, Kathryn, “Eunuch and Castrait: Effects of Androgen
187. DK-K, Miti Posh Sudi 2 Somwaar (Monday) VS 1889/1832 AD, p. 177. Deprivation on Male Skeletal Development”, Durhan University.
188. DK-K, Miti Jaith Sudi 3 VS 1828/1771 AD, pp. 228 & 277-279. 215. Bernier, Travels in the Mogul Empire AD 1656-1668, pp. 131-132
189. DK-K, Miti Sawan Sudi 7 VS 1876/1819 AD, pp. 252-253. (Didar Khan); Lal, The Mughal Harem, p. 189.
190. DK-K, Miti Sawan Sudi 7 VS 1876/1819 AD, p. 253. 216. Hopkins, Conquerors and Slaves, p. 188.
191. DK-K, Miti Fagun Sudi 7, Saniswaar (Saturday) VS 1874/1817 AD, pp. 217. Hardayal Singh, Report Mardumshumari Raj Marwar 1891 AD (Marwar
250-252. census Report-1891), p. 387.
192. DK-K, Miti Asoj Budi 13, Budhwaar (Wednesday) VS 1874/1817 AD, 218. Renner, “The functional role of eunuch”, p. 2.
p. 250. 219. Lal, The Mughal Harem, p. 198.
193. DK-K, Miti Jaith Sudi 3, Somwaar (Monday) VS 1876/1819 AD, p. 247. 220. DK-K, Miti Kati Budi 7 VS 1824/1767 AD, p. 301.
194. Dhwty, http://www.ancient-origins.net/history/fascinating-life- 221. DK-K, Miti Fagun Sudi 2 VS 1885/1828 AD & Miti Fagun Sudi 5 VS
chinese-eunuch-forbidden-city-china-002524?page=0%2C1 1889/1833 AD, pp. 193-95.
195. Lal, The Mughal Harem, p. 189.
196. DK-K, Miti Fagun Budi 8, VS 1821/1754 AD, p. 247 & Miti Asadh Sudi
3 VS 1815/1758 AD, p. 228.
 72
Economic Condition of Darazi (Tailor)
in the 18th Century Rajasthan
Dr. Sumit
This paper aims to trace the historical background of darzi and
their activities under the Jodhpur state in the eighteenth century. A
study of this nature would reveal various aspects of their working
conditions, wage patterns and the social status of darzi, among other
revelations.For Jodhpur State, Sanad Parwana Bahis and bahis of
Ranivas, Hakikat bahis, Patta bahis are replete with information
pertaining to darzi classes. These documents throw interesting light
on the economic status of the darzi, their social status, conflicts within
and outside the community, the role of their nyat panchayats, problems
faced by them as a group vice-versa individuals and how these problems
were addressed at different levels. The focal point of discussion would
be on state’s response towards the grievances raised by different
sections of artisanal classes, varied types of concessions granted to
them by the state and the nature of crime and punishment for the
artisans during the 18th century.
Historical Background Darzi (Tailors)
The darzi was a community of tailors. Though, presence of
needle could be trace as early as Indus Valley Civilization, caste appears
to have emerged in this profession in the medieval period. The word
darzi is from Persian word darz meaning sewed up.1 Clearly suggestive
of the fact that darzi as a distinct profession recognized in India with
the coming of the Turks. Mardum Shumari Raj Marwar and
MunshiHardyal Singh mention that in Rajasthan they are divided into
two sections Pipavanshiand Namdeovanshi.2 Munshi Hardayal Singh
mention that ‘Pipavanshi take their name from Pipaji, a Khichi Rajput
who said to have abandoned the secular world about the Samvat year
1475 and to have induced his Rajput servants and followers to adopt
the profession of tailors. They are also known as Maru Darzis. The
Rajput clans chiefly found among them are – Parihar, Punwar, Chohan,
Solankhi, Tanwar, Sisodia, Dabi, Bhati, Rakecha, Tak, Daiya,
Sinkhlicha, Makwan, Kachhwaha, and Ghelot.’ 3 About the
Namdeovanshis, it is said that they ‘are the followers of Namdeo,
128 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
who was a saint of the Tak clan. They declare themselves to have
been originally Rajputs, who adopted the profession of Chhipas or
maker of chintz and other fabrics at the time of Parasu Ram, but
subsequently became Darzis. They are distinguished by the name of
Chhipas, Darzis and some of their members still work as dyers.’ 4
They are largely Hindus in Marwar.MardumShumarirecords that out
of total 17077 darzis only 121 were Muslims.5
Economical status
While some darzi worked independently, others took
employment with the state. For many the two categories overlapped
rather than being mutually exclusive. They set up shops and catered
to the demand that arose in the market and on attaining exceptional
skills and fame; they were sometimes commissioned by the state or
its agents to work for them. 6
Majorly, artisans darzi could be classified as common and royal
artisans. On the one hand there were the bazardarzi or common darzi
who were nominally independent workers and were not employees of
the rich and powerful merchants. Usually they were perpetually poor,
unskilled and subject to all kinds of arbitrary exploitation by rich
merchants or agents. On the other hand, there were royal darzi, the
elite among the artisans, who were the skilled darzi and necessarily
employees of the karkhana.
Artisanal Wages
Very little information is available on the prevalent artisanal wages
in the Mughal Empire. Abul Fazl in the Ain-i Akbari provides a detailed
list of wages paid to the artisans in the karkhana of Imarat. 7 However,
actual wages paid in other Mughal karkhana shardly survive. Apparently
it is extremely difficult to work out average wage structure of the
artisans employed in the textile karkhanas as rightly pointed out by
Shrieen Moosvi in the context of the Mughal Empire.8 However, in the
context of Jodhpur we are fortunate to get comparatively more detailed
information year-wise. Which is of immense helpfulin getting the wage
structure of artisans employed in the Jodhpur karkhanas. Here, unlike
the Mughal Empire we get more authentic information about what
wages exactly artisans were receiving and what types of deductions
they were doing.
Analyzing the wage pattern of the skilled and unskilled workers
given in the Ain Shireen Moosvi argues that, ‘The majority of servants,
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especially those tending animals (and birds), or otherwise employed
in the animal stables, drew monthly salaries, but for most of the skilled
jobs the wages quoted are piece wages. Daily wages were sanctioned
only in the building establishment and for some unskilled, low paid
workers such as grass-cutters and boy helpers in the stables.’ 9
(emphasismine) Tapan Ray Choudhari mentions that artisans were paid
either monthly, daily or in the form of piece wages. Tapan
Raychaudhuri argues that, ‘Payments in cash and kind for additional
work, or entirely on a piece-work basis, co-existed with the more
widespread practice of allocating fixed shares of the rural produce
and/or land to the artisan families.’ 10 (emphasis mine) .Artisans were
paid in cash and kind for additional work, or entirely on a piece-work
basis. 11 Piece wages were the ones which were given in lieu of an
assignment with particular task assigned therein. These wages were a
different class apart from the ones received by monthly and daily
wage artisans.
Verma also finds similar pattern with regard to Mughal
karkhanas. 12 She writes that, ‘The remuneration of the wage workers
differed from workshop to workshop. In some workshops wages
were paid in cash; in others the labourers received a share of finished
product for their work. Labourers in workshops were paid in
accordance with their role in production. The payments in kind, when
reduced to monetary terms generally coincided with cash wages. This
demonstrates that the distribution of shares of the output did not
essentially differ from remuneration in cash. In some workshops for
example, in Velater, remuneration was mixed, in money and in grain.13
(emphasis mine). On the other hand, R.K. Saxena’s analysis on the
karkhanasin Rajputana suggests that three types of wages were paid
in these karkhanas: Mahinadars, (monthly wages), Alutedars (artisans
who were allotted jagir in lieu of wages) and Rozinadars (daily worker).
He further states that the wage or salary received by the artisans were
either ‘piece wages’ or ‘time wages’.14 Shireen Moosvi has critised
this view held by R K Saxena and according to her piece wages cannot
be compared to time wages.15 Thus R.K. Saxena is also in agreement
with Tapan Raychaudhuri and Shireen Moosvi that ‘payment in some
karkhanas was cash oriented while in other a mixed agendum was
adopted - a minor part of it being paid in cash and major one in kind.’16
Here, it is interesting that Saxena does not mention wages paid per
piece or according to assignment basis as evident from our record. In
73 130 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
Jodhpur karkhanas artisanal wages were paid in cash, with not a
single mention of land in lieu of wage. Their wage disparity, from
karkhanato karkhana, depended upon their duty. In each karkhana,
the wage pattern was different. Some karkhanas paid cash and adopted
policy of part payment of wages in cash and the other half in kind.
R.K. Saxena17 gives account of wages like month scales.18 However,
no instance of wage payment on monthly scale pattern in Jodhpur
karkhanas is found during the research. In the state run karkhanas of
the Jodhpur rulers artisans seem to have paid in the form of cash
wages. However, the wage structure of different artisans varied. They
were subject to different modes of payment. Some artisans were paid
monthly (mahipane); while others were recruited on daily (azuradar)
basis; while some were paid as per the completion of their assignments.
This does not appear to be the fact once we look at the day to day
records of the working of the Jodhpur karkhanas. Jodhpur records
mentions pertaining to wages paid in kind comes entirely.
Records of the textile karkhanas (kapdho ka kothar) clearly
suggest that artisans received both monthly wages as well as
assignment based payments. At times they were even employed and
paid on daily basis.
An analysis of the wage structure of artisans working in the
kapdro ka kothar of Jodhpur suggests that it is difficult to compare
the wage pattern of various artisans in absolute terms. There appears
to be no set pattern of payment made to be artisans. There seems
wide variations in wages paid to various artisans for the same kind of
work done. For example, mashru ghaghra stitching daily wages varied
from 4 annans 2 paisasto 6 annas 2paisas, to the extreme of Rs. 1 per
day. Similarly, for making bafta ghagharavariations seem quite
negligible (4-5 annas). Since karkhanas cater to ‘elites’ material
produced was of ‘high’ quality and expensive, so highly skilled artisans
were employed to do the jobs. Here, an interesting pattern is emerging
that artisans hired on daily basis were paid at much higher rate as
compared to artisans employed on monthly basis to perform the same
task. The trend can only be explained in view of the fact that probably
the wages depended upon the quality and skills of the work done.
Therefore, wages varied and it was not possible to standardise wages
in absolute terms. Thus, the type of ‘standard’ wages are mentioned
in the Ain in the context of karkhanaImarat pertaining to various
artisans, are not reflected in the wage structure for artisans in Jodhpur
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 131
textile karkhanaand we do not come across any such ‘standardise’
wage structure for artisans in Jodhpur textile karkhanas.19
Monthly Wages
Textile artisans were also paid on monthly basis. Shireen Moosvi
believes that ‘for most of the skilled jobs the wages quoted are piece
wages.’ 20 Stitching was a highly skilled job. In the kapdro ka kothar
records many times darzi was seen employed on monthly wages.
However, again, one finds that there seems no ‘standard’ wages as
per the task performed. Wages probably were determined on the basis
of nature of skills involved.
In kapdro re kothar for stitching khasposhak two darzi,
LaluLichhamno and Ladho, were paid different wages. When
Lichhamno darzi, assigned the task, he was paid Rs. 8 per mahipane
(monthly) for stitching khasposahak (special dress); while for the
same task ladhodarzi was paid a monthly wage of Rs. 6.5 only
(mahipane).21 This indicates a huge disparity in the wage structure of
workers performing the same task. Probably, time taken and skills
required more precision thats why variations in their wages is apparently
more glaring. It is also suggestive of the presence of greater hierarchy
among the artisans involved in the stitching profession.
However, artisans who were on regular employment and paid
monthly wages often paid much later, particularly inkapdho ka kothar.
Either they were paid after two months and at times even after four
months. For example, Sita Ram Giga darzi was engaged in the
kaprorakotharon monthly salary. He received his wages after a period
of four months. 22 In the same year when Tikam darzi was employed
in kaprorakothar he received his salary after two months. 23 Tripta
Verma argues that the wages paid in the state karkhanas were very
low. 24 In contrast, our records speak of the artisans being paid
handsomely. While wages given in the Ain for karkhana imarati ranges
from 60 - 210 dams; a month wages paid to the artisan in textile
karkhana range of Jaipur Rs. 7½ to 10 per months.
Assignment Based Wages
Largely in the Jodhpur textile karkhanas artisans were employed
for specific assignments and paid as per assignment basis. Suggestive
of the fact that artisans were properably employed to perform the
task as per assignment basis. The amount paid per assignment appear
74 132 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
to be higher than wages paid as per monthly and daily basis. Another
interesting feature which is apparently evident from the data is wages
paid as per assignment basis are normally paid immediately after
finishing the task. For instance, in 1720 CE Panodarzi stitching jama.
He got 2 rupees 4 aanas after finishing the task. 25 In 1802 CE
Amrodarzigot 8 nag of jama for stitching, for which he was paid 3
rupees and 3 annas.26 In 1836 CE, a darzi stitched four nag of kacnhali.
He got 6 rupees and 12 annas after finishing the work.27 In 1720 CE
Hari mina stitchedtwo nagof angrakha.28 He was paid 2 rupees and
also 8 annasseparatey for raw materials for printing two thans.29
Moreland, while discussing the facts and figures given by Abu
Fazl, talks about the sanctioned rate of wages to different departments.
A portion of these sanctioned wages, according to him, were to be
paid to the superior officers in the Court.30 But, our documents are
silent on these counts. Neither do we come across any sanctioned
rate of wages to be paid to the artisans nor do they mention about
share being paid to the superior officers. Rather one-sixth portion of
the total monthly-wage is seen deducted as some form of taxation. As
evident from the records , not a single instance of monthly or daily
wage is available in the kapro re kothar. Only assignment based wages
were seen being distributed among the artisans. These assignment
based wages per than appear to be on a quite higher side.
Deductions
According to Moreland though ‘there are general assertions that
[under the Mughals] all classes of the people paid taxes according to
their means. While, therefore, there is no evidence to prove that artisans
were heavily taxed in the latter years of Akbar ’s region, the
circumstances of the period render it probable that they had to
contribute to the revenue.31 However, Moreland does not specifically
mention the actual deductions. Nonetheless, he acknowledges that
employees of the ‘Imperial Household’ ‘had to pay a portion of their
wages to their superior officers.’ 32 However, our record does not
speak of any ‘portion’ of their salary being paid by the artisans to
their superior officials (we do not get a single instance of this nature).
What our record speaks about is of deductions which were taken by
the state in the form of ‘tax’. We do not find any cases of deductions
recorded in the Jodhpur records. This absence of dedication can well,
be explained considering the fact that ‘deductions’ were applicable
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 133
only in case of ‘monthly’ wages. However, kaprorakothar and
hakikatbahi’s do not record ‘monthly wages’ paid to the artisan, with
the exception of two solitary instance in the textile karkhana.
Pelsaert argues that ‘wages are paid by the Moguls only after
large deductions, for most of the great lords reckon 40 days to the
month, and pay from 3 to 4 rupees for that period;while wages are
often left several months in arrears, and then paid in worn-out clothes
or other things.’ 33 Our record is however silent on this type of
deductions ever made from artisans’ salary. However R.K. Saxena in
the context of Rajasthan does mention that in the karkhanas artisans
were subject to various types of deductions. They were not paid for
Adhikmas.34 Similarly, he also speaks about the artisans paid as per
month’s schedules. He argues that ‘there were monthly schedules
prevalent at every capital against which they were paid for 8 to 10
months.’35 Another type of deductions mentioned by R.K. Saxena is
tisa-Guntisa. In this one days wage was paid less after every two
months. As per lunar calendar one month was of 29 days and another
of 30 days accordingly every alternate months one days wages was
deducted.36 Similarly, his records suggest that artisans in the karkhanas
were not paid for the gyaras (ekadashi: the eleventh day in each paksha
Sudi and Budi) in each month worker were paid two days less in
addition to Tisa-Guntisa.37 Artisans were also subject to Batta Bidotra.38
Further artisans were also subject to penalty (kasur) in case of
faultering in performing their requisite task. 39 Besides, the above
mentioned deduction’s a standard deduction of 1/6 th was made from
the monthly wages of each artisans.40
We do not find any instance of the above mentioned deductions.
Expectto the 1/6 part of their total salary, In 1720 CE, Sitadan Darzi
was engaged in the kapro re kothar of Jodhpur at the monthly wage
of Rs. 10. But when was paid after two months; instead of paying Rs
20 (for two months) he was given a sum of Rs 16, Annas 10 (after 1/
6th deductions). This is clearly indicative of the fact that 1/6th was the
standard from the monthly salaries of artisans.41 In 1803 CE pasaram
darzi, received only 33 rupees and 8 annas instead of Rs. 40 after 1/
6 th deduction from his monthly wages. 42 Similarly, Poonamchand
darziwhen appointed for stitching khasposahak (special dress) he was
to be paid monthly wage of Rs. 7 and 8 annas (mahipane). Going by
the calculation, he should get Rs. 15 for two months of his work. But
he was given 12 rupees 8 annas for two months instead. 43 Wheareas,
75 134 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
dano darzi had stitched khasposak (unique dress) in the kaprorakothar
of Jodhpur. He was appointed on a salary of 7 rupees 8 annas mahipane
(per months) where he should have been paid a sum of fifteen rupees
for the duration of two months, but he was paid 12 rupees 8 annas
with 2 rupees 8 annas being deducted from his wages. 44 Thus our
sources confirm that uniformly 1/6th was deducted from the total salary
of the artisans. Tripta Verma without any substantial data just quote
Pelsaert; however our data does not mention any such type of
deduction. Artisans were even not paid regularly. Eugenia Vanina
mentions that ‘the karkhana state officials cheated the artisans, paid
them their wages with much delay or appropriated parts of it.’45 R.K.
Saxena also in the context of Rajputana points out such type of delayed
and irregular payments.46
Though we do not get any direct reference about the officials
cheating upon artisans as such but some misappropriation or delays
are evident in our sources. Probably, it was a general practice to keep
their dues pending on two counts. One, the darzi would not think of
leaving the job unfinished or in the middle of it. Or secondly, it might
involve some sort of procedural delays. Interestingly, these deduction
exclusively related monthly wages a daily wage earner received in
cash the sum according to the work performed without any deduction.
In 1740 CE Ramgai performed the task of stitching for cotton masnad
(long pillow) for the kaprorakotharof Jodhpur . He got 8 aanasfor a
single day of work,without anydeduction.47 In 1803 CE, Nandlal, who
stitched twoalam ‘nag’ (a bundle of cloth), of kurtiand he got Rs.
2.5 for his work. There was no deduction made in his pay.48
Sanad parwanabahi is important source which throw important
light on the darzis. The reference comes in the context of remunerations
granted to various members of the caste for their excellent services
or when they excelled in skills. At times they were being given special
assistance for the marriage of their daughters. In one instance Nathu
tailor stitched chira (truban) for which he got 1 Rupees and 15 Annas
as wages and extra Rs. 25 in the shape of reward for marriage of her
daughter.49 In another case Tikam darzi stitched clothes for shree gavar
mata (statues of goddess of parbati) for occasion of gangor and in
return as reward he got Rs 1000. 50 Mostly, wages were given on
assignment basis. But tailors were given wages on monthly basis about
which we find information in the bahis. 51 Sometime state give the
extra eminent of our artisans who give the good works. We get some
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 135
instance in ruka hakikatbahi when state gave the privilege to a Darji.
In one instance golu son of mala darji of Jodhpur made the khasposak.
And state presented the jagir of vabhor village with a rekh of Rs. 600
as a privilege.52 In another instance Mahesh son of kushaladarji of
Jodhpur made the khasposak. And state give the jagir of Madhlibika
village, in Jodhpur, this vaillage’srekh was Rs. 625,as a privilege.53
Differential wages
Moreland argues that during Akbar’s artisanal wages were paid
on the basis of their classification as skilled and unskilled. Skilled
workers used to get higher wages and ordinary workers used to get
lower wages.54 Nandita Prasad Sahai also mentions that ‘artisans who
had acquired greater expertise were naturally entitled to a higher
remuneration in consonance with the superior skill and talent they
possessed. Specialization and internal differentiation among craft castes
residing in urban centers led to the emergence of a nebulous sort of
hierarchy among them. In general range of wages from Rs. 2 to Rs. 7
per month.’ She speaks about ordinary khatis get Rs. 3 per month and
skilled artisan got Rs. 4 per month. Chiteras wages range from Rs. 4
to Rs. 7 per month.55 However, kapro ra kothar records speak about
wage differential for the same task assigned to two darzi. The wages
seems to be different and no standard format seems to have followed.
It appears that wages depended upon the skill of the individual artisans.
When Sitadandarzi, was assigned the task of sttiching khasposahak
he was paid Rs. 10 per mahipane (monthly).56 While pano darzi when
appointed for stitching khas posahak (special dress) was paid monthly
only Rs. 7.5 (mahipane).57 This indicates a huge disparity in wages
between two workers performing the same task. This wage disparity
possibly indicates the presence of hierarchy in the profession. Though
sources are silent on hierarchy within the profession as such. Probably
skilled worker got higher wages as compared to less skilled and
unskilled workers.
Ramu got only 8 aanasfor a single days work;58 Nandlal received
Rs. 2.5 for his assignments 59 and Ramdas was paid Rs. 1 for his
stitching assignments.60 1803 CE darzi dano etc, were paid the wage
(azura) Rs. 18 and 10 annas for masnad (a kind of round pillow)
stitching assignment. 61 The royal karkhana artisans worked on
hereditary base, and if some worked died; then the darbar send
themdastur. If the father is working in royal karkhana and he died
76 136 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
during his working period. Similarly his son also died that time grandson
got the opportunity to work in royal karkhana through kurab dastur,
we get many instance regarding it. For example darzi Gordha was
working in royal textile karkhana after his death his grandson got
dastur 85 rupees with pearls from the royal treasury. It is due the
reason that his son Ramnaryan was also expired. This happened in his
life time, so grandson got the job in royal karkhana.62
Conclusion
Thus, our documents clearly suggest that The high quality
stitching work appears to be a craze with the Rajput rulers as well as
among the people of Rajasthan. It appears that so much importance
was given to stitching that separatekarkhana (kapro ra kothar) was
established for stitching and other textile regarding work. Textile
karkhanas (kapdho ka kothar) clearly suggest that artisans received
both monthly wages as well as assignment based payments. At times
they were even employed and paid on daily basis. Largely in the Jodhpur
textile karkhanas artisans were employed for specific assignments
and paid as per assignment basis. The royal karkhana artisans worked
on hereditary base.
References
1. Steingass. F.,(1981). Comprehensive Persian English Dictionary, New
Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, p. 511.
2. Singh. Hardayal, (1997) [1970]. Report Mardum Shumari Raj Marwar
(1891): Rajasthan ki Jatiyon ka Itihas evam Unke Riti Rivaj, Jodhpur:
Shri Jagdish Singh Gehlot Shodh Sansthan, p.480; Komal
Kothari(1995) [1894]. 3. Castes of Marwar, ed., Jodhpur: Book
Treasure, p. 171.
3. Kothari, (1995) [1894]. p. 171.
4. Singh, (1989). p. 148.
5. Hardayal, (1997). pp. 479-481.
6. Nandita.
7. Abul Fazl. (CE 1595), Ain-i Akbari, Vol. I, tr. Blochmann, H. Second
edition revised and edited by D.S. Phillott, (1977 [1927]), New Delhi:
Atlantic Publisher & Distributors, p. 170.
8. Moosvi. Shireen, (1987). The Economy Of The Mughal Empire, Delhi:
Oxford University Press, p. 333.
9. Ibid. p. 332.
10. Raychaudhuri. Tapan and Irfan Habib, (1982). The Cambridge
Economic History of India, Vol. 1, Britain: Cambridge press, p.280.
11. Ibid.
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 137 77 138 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

12. Verma. Tripta, (1994). Karkhanas under the Mughals, Delhi: Pragati 45. Vanina, (2004). p.97.
Publication, pp. 144-146. 46. Sexena, (2004). p. 120.
13. Ibid. 47. Kapro re kothar ri bhai no. 1, f. 155b.
14. Saxena, (2004). p. 137. 48. Ibid.
15. Moosvi, (1987). p. 333. 49. Hakikat rajistar,no. 52.
16. Saxena, (2004). pp. 119-120. 50. Jodhpur daftar hajuri bahi no. 46. Image 15.
17. Saxena, (2004). pp 119-120. 51. Zanana talake ki bahi, No. 148, V.S. 1826. F, 11.
18. Month scales system a mode of payment stated by Shahjahan to balance 52. Siga hakikat bahi No. 4, V.S. 1857, image 116.
the jama-hasil gap. Athar Ali mentions (see Athar Ali page 47), that 53. Siga hakikat bahi No. 4, V.S. 1845, image 111.
though month seek was applicable in case of tankhwah nagdi as well 54. Moreland.(1987), p.178.
but it was never fixed above ‘eight monthly’ or below ‘four monthly’. 55. Nandita, (2006). pp. 194-195.
56. Jodhpur daftar hajuri bahi no. 46. Image 15.
However, R.K. Saxena mentions tankhwah paid to the artisan, in the
57. Ibid, f 1.
karkhans ‘two-month’ as well as ‘ten months’. (R.K Saxena, p.137).
58. Kapro re kothar ri bahi no. 35, V.S. 1859.
19. Fazl, (1977)[1927]. p. 235.
59. Ibid. bahi no. 2, V.S. 1893.
20. Moosvi, (1987). p.332.
60. Ibid. bahi no. 35,V.S. 1818.
21. Darziyon ki hajari ri bahi no. 40, V.S. 1811, image 15. 61. Ibid, bahi no 144, V.S. 1859.
22. Ibid, image 21. 62. Hakikat bahi no. 38, image no. 277.
23. Ibid, image 22.
24. Verma,( 1994). p. 146.
25. Kapro re kothar ri bahi no. 1, f. V.S. 1777, 154b.
26. Ibid, Bahi no. 144, f. 11a.
27. Ibid, bahi no.2. f. 91a.
28. Man’s robe with a fitted, long-sleeved shirt attached to a flared skirt.
29. Darziyon ki hajari ri bahi no. 40, image 25.
30. Moreland. W.H., (1989). India at the Death of Akbar, Delhi: Sunita
Publication, p.178.
31. Ibid, pp. 176-177.
32. Ibid. p. 178.
33. Pelsaert, Francisco, (1989). Jahangir’s India, Cambridge: W. Heffer &
Sons Ltd, Publication, p.62.
34. Saxena, (2004). p. 120
35. Ibid, p. 136, f. 5a.
36. Ibid, p. 136, f.6.
37. Ibid, p 136, f.6
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid.
41. Kapro ra kothar ri bahi no. 35,V.S. 1818.
42. Ibid, Bahi no. 144, V.S. 1859.
43. Ibid, bahi no.2, V.S.1893.
44. Ibid, bahi no. 35, V.S. 1818.
 78
Narratives of the Lives of Sants in Medieval
Rajathani Higiography
Rameshwar Prasad Bahuguna
An attempt has been made in the present article to study the
representations of the lives and deeds of nirguni sants, particularly
Kabir and Dadu, in hagiographic texts that were composed in Rajathan
during the seventeenth century. The hagiographic narratives on which
this paper is based include Nabhadas’s Bhaktamal (composed at the
Galta monastery near Jaipur in early seventeenth century). Anantadas’s
Parachais (composed during the late sixteenth or early seventeenth
century at Raiwasa monastery of the Ramananadis) and Dadu Janmalila
Parachi of Dedupanthi Jangopal in the third decade of the seventeenth
century.
Kabir’s anti-Bramanical acts of religious transgression and his
subversion of the religious position of the Brahmans and qazis of
Kashi outraged the antagonistic religious elites who went to Sultan
Sikandar Lodi. Wishing long life to the Sultan and calling him their
‘father’, they requested him to punish Kabir for his subversive activities
and for denigrading them. Sultan Sikandar Lodi arrested Kabir and
put him on trial for his unorthodox views. When Kabir refused to
recant his teachings, Sikandar Lodi ordered that Kabir be bound hand
and foot and trampled to death by an enraged elephant. The enraged
elephant, however, trembled in fear before the saint. Infuriated by
this, the Sultan himself mounted the howdah and goaded the elephant
forward to where the sant lay. The elephant however, refused to
advance and peering down on the sant, the Sultan saw that Kabir had
turned himself into a lion. Sikandar Lodi dismounted from the elephant
and prostrated himself before the great ascetic. The king holds the
power of life and death over his subjects, but he finds himself powerless
in dealing with the sant who holds power his own life and death.1
While the Brahmans and qazis are depicted as wishing long life
to the Sultan and addressing him as ‘fathre’ and ‘mother’, the legend
shows Kabir refusing to offer obeisance (salam) to him. When the
qazi ordered Kabir to offer salam to the king, the sant’s reply was that
he would offer obeisance only to God. Jan Gopal’s Dadu Jama Lila –
140 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
the earliest legendary account of Dadu’s life, written a few years
after his death, gives a similar description of the sant’s encounter
with the Qazi and faujdar of Sambhar. 2 The work also contains a
legendary account of the acceptance of Dadu’s spiritual greatness by
emperor Akbar, his courtiers and various chiefs of Rajasthan. Dadu
as a sant in shown superior to all of them. When he is persuaded to
visit Fatehpur Sikari and enlighten Akbar on spiritual matters, he
establishes complete spiritual dominance over the Emperor, his
courtiers and Brahman ideologues. When a Brahman advisor of Akbar
named Tulsi (different from Tulsidas, the author of Ramacharimanas)
said “Hail to the King.” Dadu ignored his greeting and instead said
“Hail to God”. He made it clear that he would bow only before God
and none else. He also refused to accept the theory that the Emperor
was an incarnation of God. 3 Jan Gopal writes that in his discussions
with Akbar which lasted for forty days, Dadu “spoke with the firmness
of Prahlad and with the wisdom of Kabir.”4
Needless to say, the entire account is legendary and there is no
documentary evidence to show that Dadu ever visited Fatehpur Sikari
and met Akbar. This fact, however, does not detract from the value of
this account as it and other hagiographic account on the lives of sants
reveal the non-Brahmanical perception of the qualities of a sant. The
hagiographers often use the phrase “victory’ victory” whenever the
Brahmans and rulers are made to bite the dust and surrender before
the sant. Clearly, in symbolic terms at least, the sant-hero becomes
the new authority figure. What is significant about such a perception
of snathood is that it reveals the political expectations of the ordinary
people who by imputing certain qualities to the sants imagined the
overturning of existing hierarchies. The harsh reality that the relations
of domination and subordination remained intact did not prevent the
lower-caste groups to at least culturally and symbolical offer resistance
to the dominant groups. Marc Bloch, the famous French historian,
noted long ago in his study of ‘royal touch’ that the tendency to believe
something which never happened in reality or was contradicted by
experience is an essential features of the so-called ‘primitive’ mentality.5
There is a legend about the literary encounter between the famous
bard Durasa Adha, who had been patronized by both Rana Pratap and
Akbar and who composed poems in praise of his royal patrons, and
sant Rajjab. The legend, as narrated by Raghodas in his Bhakramal,
depicts how Durasa Adha had become arrogant due to his literary
achievements and due to his links with the rulers and how he was
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 141
ultimately vanquished in a literary duel by an ordinary follower of
Dadu. 6 At a time when the bards and Brahman courtiers were
presenting their Rajput patrons as heroic figures, unorthodox religious
communities developed a different perception of valour and heroism.
The leading sants were beging regarded as sang-shoormas and sant-
sipahis. Along with the cult of local and folk deities, the culture of
sant-heroes formed an important part of the socio-religious life of the
common people in many parts of northern India.
The santic perception of past and history was an important
element of their social and political consciousness. The sants rejected
Brahmanical scheme of Yugas and the Brahmanical system of
manipulative calculation of years, months and days. The sants
emphasized continuity of time rather than its circularity. Like the
Brahmans and Vaishnavites, the sants also invoked the past but their
attitude towards the Puranic myths was radically different from that
of the Brahmans and even Vaishnavites. The Puranic myths were
source of legitimation not only for the Brahmans and Vaishnavites but
also for the sants. It is generally believed that the sants rejected the
Puranic myths. However, the Puranic stories did enter the religious
consciousness of the sants through the process of ‘appropriation’.
The tendency to praise Puranic heroes such as Prahlad, Dhruv,
Ambrish, Harishchandra and others can be traced back to the early
sants such as Kabir and Raidas. While the Brahmans traced back the
lineages of the contemporary rulers to the Puranic solar and lunar
dynasties, and Vaishnavites sang the glory of various incarnations of
Vishnu described in the Puranas, the sants, on the other hand, traced
their own history to the oppressed heroes of the Puranic past. Santic
perception of history clearly distinguished between oppressors and
the oppressed.
While the Brahmanical perception of Kaliyuga was transitory,
to the sants it represented a continuous and unending conflict between
the forces of evil and those who were true devotees of God. Far from
glorifying gods and rulers, whether mythical or historical, the santic
perception of history depicted them as helpless victims of Kal (Time).7
If we draw a comparison between the Vaishnavite perception
of history and that of the sants, it becomes evident that the former
was concerned mainly with the incarnations of Vishnu. Puranic figures
such as Prahlad are glorified by the Vaishnavite hagiographers and
poets but they are not represented as victims of the combined
oppression of Brahmans and rulers. The Vaishnavite sants and
79 142 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
hagiographers were so much obsessed with incarnation theory that
the prominent devotees of the medieval period were seen as incarnations
of various Puranic bhaktas. Thus Namdev was the incarnation of
Uddhava, Kabir was looked upon as the incarnation of Shukdev and
Tulasidas that of Valmiki, Mahipati writes that “The bhaktas who
descended dto the earth during the Krita, Treta, and Dvapara Yugas,
they are the very ones who in the Kaliyuga have become manifest as
saviors of manking.”8 The Vaishnavites were also observed with the
characters and places mentioned in the Bhagavat Purana, in particular
with the places connected with Krishna in the Braj region. They
considered the Puranic past real (as did the sants) and their behavior
and actions to some extent were influenced by their vew of the Puranic
past. Vaishnavites of various hues literally tried to discover the past-
the so-called lost sites of the Braj region.9 Vaishnavite habiographers
exalted those pioneering leaders who were believed to have discovered
the lost sites. 10 Some Vaishnavite devotees like Tulsidas sought
legitimation even from non-Puranic sources of Brahmanic religion such
as Vedas to validate their religious innovations.
In the santic perception of history, past and present are joined
together through a process of ‘condensation’ of time. The heroic deeds
of Prahlad, Dhruv, Harischandra, Ambrish on the one hand, and those
of historical figures such as Mansur al-Hallaj, Baba Farid, Kabir, Raidas,
Dadu etc., on the other, are described in such a way that chronology
becomes unimportant.11 The description of the historical villains follows
similar pattern. The lineage of heroes and villains of the sants were
continuous and unbroken. These was also a constant updating of the
sant history. As time passed, the list of heroes became long and included
the sant figures of later medieval India. By the late medieval period,
even Sarmad, an orthodox sufi saint executed dby Aurangzeb, had
been included in the list of persecuted sants.12 Prahlad was definitely
the most popular figure among the sants of medieval India. References
to his greatness and suffering can be found in the poetry of sants
ranging from Kabir to Tulsi Sahib of Hathras. Many Prahlad Charitas
came to be composed both by the sants and Vaishnavas in the later
medieval period. The composition of one of them has been attributed
to Raidas.13 The santic image of Prahlad as described in this ‘Prahlad
Charita’ is different from the Vaishnavite perception in which he is
depicted as a devotee of Vishnu. In the santic version – as mentioned
in the medieval sant poetry and in this text – following aspects have
been particularly stressed:
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 143
(a) Prahlad was constantly remembering the name of Ram for
which he was prosecuted by his father, King Hiranyakashyap. Prahlad’s
initiation into name of God (Ram Nam) is highlighted.
(b) Complains by the Brahmana teachers to the king that Prahlad
was indulging in the rememberance of Ram Nam rather than learning
demonology. His Brahman teachers, Shund and Amark, were
Shukracharya’s sons.
(c) The perception of quthority as expressed in santic poetry
and hagiography was political in many ways. The people considered
the rulers and religious elites integral part of the same order. Opposition
of Brahmans and qazis in sant writings and in hagiographic biographical
narratives is a political opposition because these religious elites
ideologically justified domination by those who governed. In this sense,
opposition to Brahmans and qazis implies non-acceptance of
Brahmanical legigimacy of exesting socio-political system. It is
interesting that some of the peasant revolts against the Mughal state
such as the Satnami uprising, were also anti-Brahmanical in their
character. The popular sant legends and miracle stories of later
medieval period clearly indicate that the subordinate groups perceived
rulers, Brahmans and qazis as constituting a single oppressive system
of rule. They were aware that Brahmans and qazis sought to enforce
social control and religious norms with the help of the rulers. They
did not understand state in abstract or institutional terms. It was to
them an oppressive alliance of fulers, Brahmans and qazis. The
consciousness that rulers considered religious conformism necessary
for political stability is present in the legendry representations of the
lives of the sants. These episodes also testify to popular fear that
religious transgression or subversion might bring quick retribution
from the authorities.
To the people, the atrocities perpetrated by authorities on ‘sants’
such as Prahlad and historical figures such as Mansur al-Hallaj, Kabir,
Dadu, Sarmad etc. were reminder of the oppressive poser of the rulers
and intolerance of the Brahmans and qazis. What the Brahmans
considered noble virtues were regarded as worst social evils by the
sants. The sants in their vanis persistently condemned plunder, greed
and licentiousness. Both the donors and receipients of dan are
condemned. Dan itself find no sanction in sant ideology. No amount
of dana – not even dana of the whole earth – could bring salvation to
the donor if he is not devoted to the name of Ram. Brahmanical greed
for dan is ridiculed. Brahmans were criticized for legitimizing acts of
80 144 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
violence and plunder. The sants clearly drew a distinction between
the ‘desh’ of the brahmanas and rulers and the ‘desh’ of the sants.
The Brahmanical land is characterized by Vedas. Nigamas, caste-based
discriminations, religious sects, Mughals, Pathans, Sayyids and
Shaikhs, old age, death] pain and doubts.14 The land of the sants, on
the other hand, contained none of these evils. It was Begumpur (withour
any sorrow). No taxes (khiraj) were imposed on the people there.
There was no fear, no crime and no scarcity. The God was the Eternal
Emperor of their kingdom and sants were his courtiers.
The existing socio-political order is represented as an evil by
the sants and political choice is clearly made. The Brahmans regarded
Vedas and other scriptures ad sacred and held that the rulers must
uphold the values enshrined in them. On the other hand, to the sants
they were just ‘pothis’ and weapons of Brahmanical domination.
Rejection of the concept of incarnations by the sants was not
just a matter of the theological choice. It had political undertones.
Since the existing rulers were legitimized as incarnations of gods by
the Brahmans, acceptance of the incarnation theory would have
amounted to accepting the divine status of these rulers. It was a
compromise which the sants were determined not to make. The kings
were ordinary mortals. While Kabir, and his contemporary sants
considered ancient mythical ‘sants’ superior to gods and kings, their
later follower went on extending the list of sant-heroes who were
then placed at an even higher pedestal.
References
1. Dadu’s contemporary and disciple sant Bakhna briefly mentions the
Sikandar Lodi’s unsuccessful to punish Kabir for his denunciation of
both the Brahmans and Islamic religious elites, see Parashuram
Chaturvedi For different detailed versions see, Anantdas, Kabir
Parachai, sections 6-9; Priyadas, Bhaktirasabodhini, Kavittas 277-
279; Raghodas, Bhakramal, pad 127, p. 54; Chaturdas, Tika, padas
111-112; p. 54 and Brahmadas, Bhagatmal, second section, pada 8, p.
22
2. Jan Gopal, Dadu Janma Lila, ch- 3, 1-17. The account can also be
found later hagiographies such as Raghodas’s Bhakatmal.
3. Ibid, chs. 5 and 6
4. Ibid, ch. 7, 1
5. Marc Bloch, The Royal Touch, Eng. Trans., London, 1973 (originally
published in French in 1924)
6. Raghodas, Bhakramal, Rajjab ji Kau Barnan, 381-82, pp. 188. See
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 145
also Vrajlal Varma, Sant Kavi Rajjab, Jodhpur, Rajasthan Oriental
Research Institute, 1965
7.
8.
Rajjab Vani, Kal Ka Ang, 84, p. 523
See Mahipati, Bhakavijaya, ch- 1, verses 16, 65-86, 87-111
9. See, for example, the influential paper of Charlotte Vaudeville, ‘Braj,
Lost and Found’, in her Myths, Saints and Legends in Medeival India,
Delhi, 1996, pp. 47-71
10. As illustrations, see the anecdotes relating to Narayan Bhatt (Nabhadas,
Bhaktmal, Mool Chhappaya 87, p. 589) and Roop Sanatan (Priyadas,
Bhaktirasbodhini, Kavitta 358, p. 593)
11. References to the mixed glorification of the persecuted figures
mentioned in the Puranas and historical figures such as Kabir occur
recurrently in the sant poetry from Rajjab in the seventeeth century to
Tulsi Sahib in the nineteenth. As an illustration, we may refer here to
some references in Rajjab Vani, Bhajan Pratap Ka Ang, verse 18, p.
172; Sayam Kasauti Ka Ang, verses 38-40, p. 685; verse 3, p. 1353
12. See the verse of Tulsi Sahib of Hathras in J.R. Puri and V.K. Sethi, Tulsi
Sahib : Saint of Hathras, Radhasoami Satsang Beas, 1981, p. 96
13. For the printed version of the Prahlad Charit, believed to have been
composed by Raidas, see B.P. Sharma, Sant Ravidas Vani (Hindi), Delhi,
1978
14. Verse attributed to Kabir in Chandrika Prasad Jijnashu, Sant Pravar
Raidas Sahab, Licknow, 1984, pp. 147-48
81
Bhakti and Gender in Medieval Rajasthan:
Vaishnava and Santic Representations of
Mirabai during the Seventeenth and
Eighteenth Centuries
Renu Bahuguna
In recent decades, many historians, scholars of the history of
religions and feminist scholars have explored the poetry of Mirabai
and hagiographic narratives about her from the perspective of women’s
bhakti and gender relations. John Stratton Hawley was the first scholar
to observe that “Mira’s special, even divide, status among bhakti saints
has directly to do with her sex”.1 Hawlay further points out that the
“drama of Mira’s defiance of the expectations of ordinary womanhood
is still at the core of her legend” and that “Motherhood and Mira don’t
mix.”2 Later many feminist contributors to the special issue of Manushi
on women devotees of the medieval period also stressed the need to
examine the life and poetry of Mirabai from the perspective of the
woman devotee’s protest against and resistance to the patriarchal socio-
political order of the medieval Rajput society. They highlighted the
social content of Mira’s bhakti and deciphered its gendered character. 3
In a seminal article, Kumkum Sangari drew contrast between the male
and female voices in medieval bhakti by comparing the gendered nature
of bhakti in Kabir and Mira. She also highlighted the elements of both
conformism and protest in Mira’s bhakti.4 In a path-breaking work
on the ways in which Mira, her life and poetry was sought to be
remembered and preserved by lower caste communities of Rajasthan,
Parita Mukta brought to light a whole range of hagiographic materials
to explore the differing images of Mirabai in different traditions with
different concerns and agenda. 5 Other scholar such as Nancy M.
Martin6 Lindsey Harlan7, Frances Taft8 and John Stralton Hawley (in
another work)9 have made significant contribution to the understanding
of different dimensions of ‘historical’ and ‘legendary’ Mira.
An attempt has been made in this paper to examine the varying
images of Mirabai in the Vaishnava and santic hagiographic traditions.
It has been argued here that the liberal-minded vaishnavas, Dadupanthis
and Raidasis largely followed the lead given by Nabhadas, the author
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 147
of the famous Bhaktamal in the early seventeenth century, in celebrating
the defiance and courage of Mirabai. The Pushtimargi vaishnavas, on
the other hand, followed a sectarian approach and tried to portray a
rather negative image of the great woman bhakti saint. The Pushtimargi
hagiographers, particularly Hari Raya, the author of the famous
Chaurasi Vaishnavan Ki Varta10 and Do Sau Bavan Vaishnavan Ki
Varta,11 were deeply aware of the influential position enjoyed by Mira
among ordinary Vaishnava devotees and sought to counter her influence
by building the cults of Vallabacharya and his son Vithalnath.
Most of the legends about Mirabai have been analysed by many
scholars in the last few decades. However, despite a recent surge in
the historical writings on the issue of social aspects of Mira’s bhakti,
there are still many hitherto unexplored dimensions of her position in
the Vaishnava bhakti of the Mughal period which must be studied by
historians. Moving beyond such issues as deciphering the elements of
conformism and non- conformism in the poems attributed to Mirabai
or engaging in the never- ending exercise of separating legendary
Mirabai from the historical one, an attempt has been made in this
chapter to focus on the tension that existed between the sectarian
interests of the male elites of the dominant vaishnava sampradayas
and the posthumous popularity of Mirabai among ordinary Vaishnava
men and women. With the possible exception of Kabir, it is difficult
to think of a medieval devotional figure other than Mirabai whose
memory is an integral part of widely differing religious traditions.
While non-vaishnava communities like the followers of Nanak and
Raidas appropriated her memory, fellow vaishnavas such as the
Gaudiyas and the Pushtimargis felt uneasy with her legacy. It has
been argued in this article that although the vaishnava preachers and
propagandists thought it necessary to co- opt women in large number
into the vaishnava system of worship, temple rituals and organizational
setup, violation of existing social norms based on notions of
Brahmanical patriarchy did not find favour with them. The legends
about Mirabai clearly show that an independent woman devotee like
Mirabai was regarded as a threat not only by the Rajput patriarchs of
Mewar but also by the patriarchs of the vaishnava establishments.
There are clearly two trends regarding the attitudes of vaishnava
and santic propogandists and ideologues towards Mirabai. The first
is represented by Nabhadas, Raghodas and Priyadas and the second
by Pushtimargi vaishnava hagiographers. Whereas the Bhaktamal
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tradition eulogizes Mirabai and portrays her as a defiant and socially
subversive figure, the Vallabhite Varta literature follows a sectarian
perspective and disapproves the independent status of Mirabai as a
vaishnava bhakti devotee. The contrast between these two hagiographic
approaches to the historical memory of Mirabai has been underlined
in this paper.
The earliest hagiographic statement about Mirabai in vaishnava
literature appeared in Nabhadas’s Bhaktamal, composed at the
beginning of the seventeenth century. 12 Nabhadas belonged to the
vaishnava tradition established by Ramanand in the fifteenth century
and composed his text at the Galta monastery near Jaipur. He was
broadminded, liberal Vaishnava who went beyond his sectarian
affiliations to sing the praise of devotees cutting across caste, creed
and gender.13
Nabhadas in his Bhaktamal does not place Mirabai in any
sectarian vaishnava tradition and highlights the salient features of Mira’s
devotion which are as follows:
i. Mira gave up norms of social decorum and notions of family
honour to commit herself to the devotion of Krishna.
ii. In Kaliyug (Age of degeneration), she exhibited the devotional
traits of a gopi.
iii. She expressed the glory of (God) in songs without fear and
restriction.
iv. Evil minded people regarded these actions of Mira as fault and
tried to kill her.
v. However, they could not cause any harm to her and the poison
was turned into nectar in her throat.
vi. She loudly upheld the doctrine of bhakti and did not feel shy in
doing so.14
It is clear from this description that early vaishnava portrayal
of Mirabai was sympathetic and in line with general vaishnava
representation of persecuted vaishnava heroes like the mythological
Prahlad and historical Kabir. Her devotion was equated to that of the
gopis and she was depicted as a heroic figure who overcame fear
social restrictions and persecutions to fully dedicate herself to singing
the precise of God. From Nabhadas’s early seventeenth century
narrative, it is also evident that although various legends about Mira
had not yet developed in their full-fledged form, many vaishnavas did
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 149
believe that attempts were made by ‘evil-minded’ people to kill her
due to her violation of gender and social norms.
Dadupanthi tradition began to appropriate the historical memory
of Mirabai from the late seventeenth century, as is evident from the
hagiographic account given by Raghodas in his Bhagatmal. Raghodas,
a Dadupanthi hagiographer who wrote his Bhakatamal in the second
half of the 17th century, virtually reaffirms the opinion expressed by
Nabhadas on Mirabai. He adds that Mira gave up the vedic path and
worldly pleasure to devote herself to Hari. Raghodas clearly mentions
that it was ‘Rana’ who had tried to kill Mira by administering poison
to her. She regarded ‘Giridhar’ (Krishna) as her husband and she
sang praise of god in the midst of sants. Raghodas includes Mira and
Pushtimargi preachers including Vallabhacharya, vithalnath and
Gokulnath among the followers of Vishnuswami sampradya.15
In the beginning of the eighteenth century, Priyadas, a Vrindavan-
based vaishnava hagiographer belonging to the Chaitanya sect (Gaudiya
samoradya) added a detailed commentary called Bhakti-rasa-bodhini
Tika to Nabhadas’s Bhaktamal. 16 It appears that many legends
developed about Mirabai during the course of the seventeenth century
and all of them are narrated by Priyadas in his Tika. The story of the
attempt by ‘Rana’ to kill Mira, which finds a fleeting mention in
Raghodas’s Bhagatmal, is produced in full detail by Priyadas.
Priyadas’s treatment of the life of Mirabai is sympathetic and he
portrays her as an ideal vaisnava devotee. It is interesting to note here
that although Priyadas had sectarian vaishnava affiliations, yet, like
Nabhadas and Rghodas before him, he followed a liberal approach
and was not concerned with Mira’s non-association with the Gaudiya
sampradaya. In addition to the story of Mira’s persecution by her
dead husband’s family, there are also accounts of the meeting between
her and emperor Akbar. By the end of the seventeenth century, the
popularity of Mirabai grew to such an extent that accounts of her
legendary encounters and interactions with various authority figures
including Akbar and celebrated vaishnava preachers found their way
into Priyadas’s narrative.
Among these legends, one particularly deserves mention and
detailed analysis. This is Priyadas’s account of the encounter between
Mira and the famous Gaudiya vaishnava leader, Jiva Goswami of
Vrindavan. According to this legend, Mira during her travels in which
she frequently interacted with male vaishnava devotees visited
Vrindavan and expressed the desire to see Jiva Goswami. The vaishnava
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preacher, however, refused to meet her on the ground that being a
male preacher, he had taken the pledge not to see the face of a women.
Mira communicated to him that the only ‘man’ present in Vrindavan
was Lord Krishna and all other were ‘gopis’. When Jiva Goswami
received this message, he broke his pledge happily met her and entered
into religious interaction with her.17 What is important in this passage
in Bhaktirasabodhini Tika is that its author, Priyadas, despite being a
follower of the Gaudiya sampradaya (to which Jiva Goswami belonged)
took delight in narrating the story of Mira’s spiritual conquest over
Jiva Goswami. This is in sharp contrast to the attitude of the
Pushtimargi hagiographers towards Mirabai.
Pushtimargi hagiography contains numerous references to
vaishnava women. However, most of these women were followers of
either Vallabhacharya or his son Vithalnath. In the accounts of
Pushtimargi vaishnava women in the Chaurasi Vaishnavan Ki Varta
and Do Sau Vaishnavan Ki Varta, we come across frequent instances
of glorification of the deeds of these women. They are idolised as
ideal devotees of Krishna and praised as exemplary disciples of
Vallabhacharya and Vithalnath. Paradoxically, however, Mira is virtually
condemned and humiliated. There are four vartas relating to Mirabai
in the Pushtimargi hagiographies- three in Chaurasi Vaishnavan Ki
Varta and one in Do Sau Vaishnavan Ki Varta.
In none of these accounts do we find a sympathetic and positive
depiction of the devotional deeds of Mirabai. The Pushtimargi
hagiographer in these vartas grudgingly acknowledges the influential
and patronising portion among the vaishnavas but express his hostility
to her for her not being a follower of either Vallabhacharya or his son
Vithalnath. In Pushtimargi perception, Mirabai is not represented as a
fearless and persecuted woman vaishnava who suffered at the hands
of powerful anti-vaishnava figure of ‘Rana’ but as a cunning ,
manipulative, independent and influential non- Pushtimargi women who
was trying to win over the followers of Vallabhacharya to her own
side. To demonstrate the ways in which the Pushtimargi hagiographer
of the two vartas sought to portray a negative image of Mirabai, it is
important to narrate the contents of the four episodes that throw sight
on the encounters between her and the Pushtimargi vaishnavas..
First episode relating to the encounter between Mirabai and a
Pushtimargi follower of Vallabhacharya is found in Govinda Dube
Sanchora Ki Varta. 18 The narrative may be summarised as follows:
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 151
Govind Dube was Pushtimargi vaishnava and a follower of
Vallabhacharya. Once, Govinda Dube stopped to see the vaishnava
saint, Mira Bai. He stayed there for a few days and enjoyed her
association. When Shri Gusainji heard that Shri Mahaorabhu’s disciple,
Govinda Dube, had gone to Mira Bai, Shri Gusainji, with the intent of
teaching him so others would not follow his example, wrote him one
‘shloka’ and sent it with one of his disciples. Shri Gusainji wrote:
“For those who have taken the shelter of the pollen of the Lord’s
lotus feet, what se are other shelters? They will withstand pain until
death. Those who have ridden an elephant will never ride an ass”.19
When Govinda Dube received Shri Gusainji’s letter, he
immediately got up and left , despite Mirabai’s humble request for him
to remain. Arriving at Gokul, he bowed to shri Gusainji, who
enlightened him, “you should never reveal the inner pastimes of the
Path of Grace to outsiders.” 20
Second episode involving Mirabai appears in Ramdas Mewara
Brahman ki Varta in Chaurasi Vaishnavan Ki Varta. 21 Ramdas had
become a follower of Vallabhacharya at a young age and, living in
Mewar, he had also become the family priest of Mirabai. Mirabai had
composed many devotional verses in praise of Lord Krishna which in
their theological content were very different from those composed by
Vallabhacharya and the Pushtimargis. The episode may be summarized
as follows:
Once, before her Krishan Deity, Ramdas was singing Shri
Mahaprabhu’s praises when Mira Bai commented “Why do you sing
those songs? Sing something about the Lord.” 22 Ramdas became
enraged to hear those unwelcome words. He told her, “Do you think
the poems I am singing refer to some worldly man? From today, I
never wish to see you again.”23 Mira Bai tried to console him, but
Ramdas left her home never to return. From that experience, Ramdas
learned that he should not heedlessly reveal Shri Mahaprabhu and his
Path of Grace in devotional song to outsiders.24
The third episode in Chaurasi Vaishnavan Ki Varta featuring
Mirabai is contained in Krishnadas Adikari Ki Varta.25 Krishnadas was
among the leading disciples of Vallabhacharya and belonged to a lower
-caste social group. He was the manager of the Srinathji temple at
Gokul and was very close to Vallabhacharya. A brief summary of this
episode is given below:
84 152 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
Once, as Krishnadas was returning from Dwarka, where he
had gone to collect offering for Shri Nathji, he stopped at the home of
the Rajasthani saint, Mirabai. Many other people were staying there,
with the expectation of receiving some gifts from her. Within a short
time, Krishnadas told Mirabai, “I must head on my way.” Mirabai
requested, “Why don’t you stay here for a while?” Krishnadas replied,
“I stay only in those places where I can have the association of Shri
Mahaprabhu’s disciples.” When Mirabai tried to give him 11 gold coins
as a offering to Shri Nathji, Krishnadas refused them saying, “Because
you are not Shri Mahaprabhu’s disciple I can not accept your offerings”
and left. The vaishnavas accompanying Krishnadas asked, “Why did
you refuse her coins?” Krishandas explained, “Vaishnavas will offer
Shri Nathji plenty of gifts. There is no lack of funds. I wanted to put
all the people there in their place by showing them that I, a low class
‘Shudra’, could elicit a gift from her immediately, and moreover refuse
it, while the Brahmins have been waiting greedily for days without
receiving anything. Now they will consider, “If Shri Mahaprabhu’s
follower is so righteous, just imagine how great the guru himself must
be,” Krishnadas concluded explaining, “We should not accept gifts
from outsiders.”26
The fourth episode in which we find the mention of Mirabai in
the Vallabhite hagiography is found in Do Sau Bavan Vaishnavan ki
Varta.27 Here, the focus of the varta is not on Mirabai herself but on
another woman named Ajab Kunwarbai. The hagiographer informs us
that Ajab Kunwar Bai was a child-widow and a sister-in-law (devarani)
of Mirabai. She used to live in the house of Mirabai but, unlike her,
became a follower of Vithalnath, the son and successor of
Vallabhacharya. According to the varta, both Mirabai and Ajab Kunwar
Bai went to see Vithalnath when he had come to Singhad village in
Mewar. Vithalnath refused to accept any gifts from Mirabai as she
was not his follower. When Ajab Kunwar Bai expressed the desire to
become a follower of Pushtimarg and give offering to Vithalnath,
Mirabai declined to permit her to do so. Suddenly Ajab Kunwar Bai
fell seriously ill and suffered from high fever. Mirabai asked her the
cause of this sudden illness. Ajab Kunwar Bai replied that she would
be cured only if she was allowed to become a disciple of Vithalnath.
Mirabai relented and asked her to do what she wished. Ajab Kunwar
Bai had her way and was initiated into the Pushtimarg by Vithalnath.
Rest of the legend is about the glorious deeds of Ajab Kunwar Bai as
a Pushtimargi follower of Vithalnath. 28
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It may be concluded from the analysis of these four vartas that
the Pushtimargi hagiographers devised various strategies to counter
the growing influence of Mirabai among the ordinary vaishnavas. As
she maintained her reputation as an independent vaishnava devotee
and freely interacted with other vaishnavas despite being a woman
and a widow, the sectarian Pushtimargi religious preachers and
ideologues disapproved of her conduct and presented her devotion as
being of inferior quality to their own. In these vartas, Mirabai is
presented to us not as a sincere, fearless and socially subversive
vaishnava devotee who was at the receiving end of the powerful rulers
but as a ruthless, independent-minded, influential woman whose
company was undesirable.
References
1. John Statton Hawley and Marc Juergensmeyer, Songs of the Saints of
India, New York: Oxford University Press, 1988 (reprint, 2004). P. 122.
2. Ibid., p. 128.
3. Manushi, Tenth Anniversary Issue: Women Bhakti Poets, Nos. 50-51-
52, January – June 1989.
4. Kumkum Sangari, “Mirabai and the Spiritual Economy of Bhakti”,
Economic abd Political Weekly, Vol. XXV, No. 27, July 1990, pp.
1464-75, and No. 28, 14 July 1990, pp. 1537-52.
5. Parita Mukta, Upholding the Common life: The Community of Mirabai,
Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1994.
6. Nancy Martic, “Mirabai: Inscribed in Text, Embodied in life” in Steven
J. Roser, ed., Vaishnavi: Women and the Worship of Krishna, Delhi:
Motilal Banarasidas, pp. 7-46. See also her “Mira Janma Patri: A Tale
of Resistance and Appropriation” in N. K. Singh and Rajendra Joshi,
eds., Religion, Ritual and Royalty, Jaipur and New Delhi: Rawat
Publications, 1999, pp. 227-61, and “Mirabai in the Academy and
Politics of Identity” in Mandakranta Bose, ed., Faces of the Feminine in
Ancient Medieval and Modern India, Delhi: Oxford University Press,
2000, pp. 162-82.
7. Lindsey Harlam, Religion and Rajput Women: The Ethics of Protection
in Contemporary Narratives, Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal
Publications, 1994, pp. 205-22.
8. Frances Taft, “The Elusive Historical Mirabai: A Note in Lawrence A.
Babb, Varsha Joshi, and Michael Meister, eds., Multiple Histories:
Culture and Society in the Study of Rajasthan, Jaipur: Rawat
Publications, 2002, pp. 313-35.
9. John Stratton Hawley, Three Bhakti Voices: Mirabai, Surdas and Kabir
85 154 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
in Their Times and Ours, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. 89-
116.
10. There are many printed versions of the Chaurasi Vaishnavan ki Varta.
This paper draws upon Brajbhushan Lalji Mahraj and Dwarkadas
Pareekh eds., Chaursai Vaishnavan ki Varta, reprint, Indore: Vaishnava
Mitra Mandal Sarvajanik Nyas, 2011. This text will be referred to as
CVKV in this paper. There are three Vartas relating to Mirabai in
Chaursai Vaishnavan ki Varta. See Govind Dube Sanchora ki Varta,
Varta no. 34, Prasang 3, pp. 228-29; Ramdas Mewada, Mirabai Ke
Purohit ki Varta, Varta no. 47, Prasang 1, pp. 285-87, and Krishnadas
Adhikari ki Varta, Varta no. 84, Prasang 1, pp. 571-73.
11. This text is also found in the different printed versions. Information for
this articles has been taken from Brajbhushan Lalji Mahraj and
Dwarkadas Pareekh eds., Do Sau Bhavan Vaishnavan Ki Varta, reprint,
Indore, Vaishnava Mitra Mandal Sarvajanik Nyas, 3 vols., n.d. This
text will be referred to as DSBVKV in this paper. The episode that
pertains to Mirabai in the Do Sau Bhavan Vaishnavan Ki Varta, is not
directly about her but relates to Ajab Kunwari Bai who was perhaps
initially influenced by Mirabai but later became of follower of
Vithalnath, the son and successor of Vallabhacharya in Pushtimarg.
See Ajab Kunwari Bai ki Varta, Varta no 98, Prasang 1, Do Sau Bhavan
Vaishnavan Ki Varta, Vol. 2, pp. 75-79.
12. For Nabhadas’s Bhakatamal, see Sitaramsharan Bhagwan Prasad
Roop Kala, ed., Goswami Shri Nabhajikrit Shri Bhaktamal (Hindi),
with commentary (Tika) titled Bhaktirasabodhini (Hindi) by Priyadas,
seventh print, Lucknow: Tejkumar Book Depot (Pvt) Limited, 1993.
Henceforth this text will be referred to as Nabhadas’s Bhaktamal. For
the verse on Mirabai in this text, see Chhappay 115, pp. 712-13.
13. This account of Nabahdas and his Bhaktamal is based on William R.
Pinch, “History, Devotion and the Search for Nabhadas of Galta” in
Daud Ali, ed., Invoking the Past: The Uses of History in South Asia,
New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 19999, pp.366-99.
14. Nabhadas, Bhaktamal, Chhappay 115, pp. 712-13.
15. See Agarchand Nahata, ed., Raghavadaskrit Bhaktamal: (Hindi) with
a commentary (Tika) by Chaturdas (Chaturdas Krit Tika), Granthank
78, Jodhpur: Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute, 1965, Chappy
214-15, p.99.
16. Priyadas, Bhaktirasabodhini Tika, Kavitts 471 -480, pp. 714-23 in
Sitaramsharan Bhagwan Prasad Roop Kala, ed., Goswami Shri
Nabhajikrit Shri Bhaktamal (Hindi), with commentary (Tika) titled
Bhaktirasabodhini (Hindi) by Priyadas, seventh print, Lucknow:
Tejkumar Book Depot (Pvt) Limited, 1993.
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 155 86
17. Priyadas, Bhaktirasabodhini Tika, Kavitt 479, p. 721.
18. Govind Dube Sanchora ki Varta in CVKV, Varta no. 34, Prasang 3, pp.
228-29. Bishnois – The Eco-Warriors of Rajasthan
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
Mamta Yadav
21. Ramdas Mewada, Mirabai ke Purohit ki Varta in CVKV, Varta no. 47,
Prasang 1, pp. 285-87. The Bishnois of Rajasthan are given the lofty epithet of the first
22. Ibid. eco-warriors of the world. Their ecological worldview is amply
23. Ibid. manifested in practices of daily lives and collective solidarity for
24. Ibid. environmental cause. The sustenance of the sustainable livelihood is
25. Krishnadas Adhikari ki Varta in CVKV, Varta no. 84, Prasang 1, pp. tied firmly with the twin threads of Dharma and Community. The
571-73. guiding worldview of the Bishnois can be termed as religious ecology.
26. Ibid. In the conservation discourse, for quite some time the role of
27. Ajab Kunwar Bai ki Varta in DSBVKV, vol.2, Prasang 1, pp. 75-78. community was viewed with suspicion, human agents being the
28. Ibid. despoilers of the environment. The negative view of human intervention
also implied that even if people have successfully managed resources
in some harmonious past, that past was long gone. While some of
these beliefs continued to persist, most of the current ideas about the
community's role in conservation have changed radically. Several
current writings on management of resources champion the role of
community in bringing about decentralization, meaningful participation,
cultural autonomy, and conservation. (Agrawal and Gibson: 629).
(Ascher (1995), Fairhead and Leach (1994), and Gibson and Marks
(1995)) As communities are now the locus of conservationist thinking
(An enormous outpouring of literature bears witness. (See Bhatt
(1990), Ghai (1993), Gurung (1992), and Lowry and Donahue (1994).
Bishnois stand out for their commitment to ethics of conservation
sustained by their faith. Faith in the context of Bishnois is a set of 29
principles, ecology being the central theme.
If humans have shaped and used their environments in
sustainable ways for thousands of years, it may be possible to establish
partnerships that accomplish the same results today. Indeed, as
anthropologists begin to pay greater attention to the historical
experiences of ``people without history'' (Wolf, 1982), it has become
increasingly obvious that if local communities in the past had used
resources without destroying them, they had done so even as they
remained in contact with other peoples. In the case of Bishnois, the
origin of the community is based on managing conflicts and scarcity
through an uncompromising conservation ethics.
A study of the Bishnois can be used to highlight the important
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time- and place-specific knowledge that members of local communities
possess and the institutional arrangements they forge to achieve
successful, local level resource management. The vision of Bishnois
as a small, integrated community using locally-evolved norms and
rules to manage resources sustainably and equitably is a powerful
conservation narrative.
Heeralal Maheshwari (1970:17) expressed that the cultural
foundations of Bishnois differs from other religious communities as
they have transformed religious beliefs and ideological tradition into a
life practice, which also makes them unique. The sermons of Jambhoji
are compiled as Sabad (JambhSagar) and many poets of the community
have compiled sakhis. Most of these compositions are in marubhasha,
some in pingal and khadi boli as well. Various Gazetteers, Census,
Land settlement and administrative reports identify Bishnoi community
and compile a few details about them. Their practices can be observed
in Bishnoi villages and traditions are recounted readily by the members.
These different approaches and delving into the variety of sources
helps in decoding the strong roots of the worldview of the Bishnois.
The relatively recent environmental challenges have brought
renewed attention to the Bishnois as an example of an ecologically
aware people who for generations have been practicing environmental
conservation, holistic science, and what today would be termed wise
resource management.” (Lal: 2003) But the story of the Bishnois is
more dramatic and began much before terms like global warming gained
currency or it became fashionable to be an environmentalist.
In the fifteenth century, in north India, in the middle of Thar
Desert and plains of Rajasthan, in the arid region of Marwar, this
community was devising ways to combat the topographic challenges.
Marupradesh meand land of the dead alluding the frequent droughts
in the region. The scarcity of water is the leitmotif of the regional folk
songs too. For instance:
Khen, kodh, khansi, dusi, do hathan kirtar
Maran marag mokla, mah bina mat mar
(TB, leprosy, cough and cold, you may give us with both hands,
We can be killed in many ways, but don’t kill us without rain)
Sau sanaiya, sau karahala, puta, niputi hoye
Mehadla to buthan hi bhala, honi ho so oye
(A hundred she-camels, a hundred camels, all left childless,
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What is destined to be will be, even so a few drops of rain
would be a blessing)
( Detha n.d. cited in Bharucha 2003:81)
Guru Jambheshwar realized that the popular perception of
drought is a revenge of the god is a fallacy. It is the result of ill-
treating and abusing the kindness of nature. With some men and women
of good sense, he founded a community that allows the survival of all
through the implementation of twenty nine simple principles.
Veneration of trees is the pillar of this community, whose
followers took the name "29" in Hindi (20+bis/Bish and 9+nau/noi) :
the Bishnoi. Though some scholars trace the origin of the tribe and its
name to the worship of the prominent Hindu deity Vishnu (Maheshwari
1970), the Bishnois and their adherence to twenty nine principles is
sacrosanct. These 29 principles have not lost their sheen and every
Bishnoi, even now, pledges allegiance to them. They go back to the
very origin and are associated with the founder himself. Jambho ji or
Guru Jambeshwar is the guiding light of the ecological foundations of
the Bishnoi community.
Born around 1451-1452 CE (Samvat 1508) to a Panwar Rajput
family in the village of Pipasar, Nagaur in the Marwar area of Rajasthan,
Jambho ji (as he is popularly known) had an uncommon attachment
to nature according to local tradition and vernacular literature. The
stages of his life have been summarized in a Sakhi by Vilhoji. This
verse is considered very important for his life-sketch.
Varas saat sansari bal lila nirhaari
Varas paanch baawees, Paal eta din chaari
Gyare aur chalees, sabad kathiya avanasi
Baal guwaal gur gyan, mass teen vras pachyasi
Panaras ‘r terranawe vadi mnagasar noonvi aaglai
Paalte roop rahiyo ridhu, idag joti samrathale (copy no. 38)
1. Seven years of childhood – 1450- 1457
2. From the age of 8-34 (27 years) – Pal-charan – 1457- 1484
3. At the age of 34 founded the Bishnoi Dharma - 1484
4. Spreading the faith for next 51 years – 1484- 1535
The legend attributes his birth to the divine blessings of a saint
to Lohat Ji Panwar was and Hansa Devi. Owing to the blessings of
saint and on account of his miraculous powers Guru Jambheswar is
regarded as an incarnation of Vishnu. It is fabled that as an infant, he
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did not drink milk from his mother's breast and did not speak in early
childhood. As a child, he manifested evident thoughtfulness which
attracted people towards him. He also displayed a deeply affectionate
bond with animals. He told first shabad (Guru chinho guru chinh
purohit…..or recognise the guide, teacher….) to a teacher who had
been called to cure his dumbness. Shabad (literal meaning is word or
utterances) are the collection of couplets composed by him which
contain the essence of his teachings.
The young Jambhdev is portrayed as simple but genius and
kind. He liked loneliness and performed many miracles. He did not
marry and used to graze cows. At the age of 34, he left his home and
belongings and started preaching at a sand dune called Samrathal
Dhora. He was very keen in social welfare and helping others.
In year 1485 there was a worst drought in western Rajasthan
area and people started migrating to Malwa (Madhya Pradesh region
of India) with their animals. The kind-hearted Jambho ji was sad to
see people’s pain. He then offered his help to the drought affected
people to hold them back. People agreed and Jambho ji helped them
with grain, food, fodder, seed, agriculture accessories, etc. To alleviate
the suffering of the people, Guru Jambheswar founded Bishnoi
community in year 1485 (Vikram samwat 1542, Krishna 8th of Kartik
month) on the sand dune (Samrathal Dhora) after performing havan
or a fire ritual. Bishnoism was based on main twenty nine principles
and best practices taken from Hinduism and Islam. Followers from
various professions and different classes accepted Bishnoi faith by
taking pahal (sacred water). Many of his teachings surpass religious
categories and address Muslims and Hindus. “Some say that he was
disenchanted by the struggles over political power between Hindus
and Muslims, and sought ways not only to reconcile them but also to
put before them an example of a heightened moral sensibility; others
say that a long period of drought moved him to seek protection for all
animals and plants.” (Lal 2003) In addition to these 29 rules, the
teachings of Guru Jambeshwar are preserved in 120 statements.
(Acharya 2012; Jain 2011:135-164) Many of these statements address
sectarian strife in a subtle manner by gearing all communities, Hindu
or Muslim, towards environmental concerns. In one place the listeners
are urged to refrain from killing of animals else they shall suffer from
cries of slain animals at their deathbed. At many places the followers
are inspired to protect trees. He referred to the trees as gateways of
happiness. He invoked compassion for animals through an appeal to
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their religious Muslims. He states that the prophet did not kill animals
and appealed for raham (compassion) in the hearts of the followers of
Rahman. (Shabad X) He criticized the tantric practitioners for indulging
in animal sacrifice. He said that Ram, the popular Hindu deity, never
asked anyone to kill animals. “People will not be able to justify their
violence when questioned by their deities.” (Shabad XI)
His way was "jiya ne jukti aur mariya ne mukti" which means a
meaningful way of living and then liberation after death. He travelled a
lot to help and teach people and done many welfare works. He was a
true & visionary guru, social reformer, follower of non violence, great
environmentalist and believed in love and harmony among not only
human beings but also among nature. His teachings are covered by 29
principles, 120 shabads and sandhya mantra. Many kings and reputed
persons came in his contact and admired his teachings. He also helped
many of them with his blessings.
Jambho ji passed away in Mukam in Bikaner district, most likely
around 1537 AD. His profound humanity, spiritual sincerity, and
dedication are believed to have earned him a large following; temples
in his honor sprouted over large parts of western Rajasthan. The
teachings were very simple, logical, practical and effective. He believed
in one god and did not believe in statue worshiping or man worshiping
or leaving social responsibilities to achieve god. Therefore, the
teachings were pertaining to everyday living and demanded consistent
action and allegiance to the broad environmental concerns that he
addresses.
Ecological Teachings - Survival of the Wisest
Sar jaye rukh rahe to bhi sasto jan
(If one is able to save a tree even by offering one’s own head,
it is not a too high a price to pay.)
(A saying attributed to Guru Jambeshwar in the Shabad
compilation)
The teachings of Bishnois emerged in the wake of a severe
drought. Jambeshwar decided to stay and contemplated deeply about
the disaster and came up with a new philosophy. The guiding principle
of his teaching was that survival is possible only through a wise and
respectful balance of human and nature. He took it as a mission to
spread his teachings that were soon compiled as couplets and songs
in local dialect called in collections called shabads.
The teachings of this innovative seer (contained in the 29 rules
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and collection of couplets) are based on social codes of conduct shaped
by compassion, simplicity, self-discipline and non-violence. This path
of peace is charted out through the core twenty nine tenets of the
Bishnois, whose numeric significance has lent the name Bishnoi. Out
of these twenty nine commandments, eight aim to preserve biodiversity
and encourage good animal husbandry. Seven commandments provide
directions for healthy social behavior. Ten of these commandments
are directed towards personal hygiene and maintaining basic good
health. The other four rules are guidelines for worshipping daily.
(Bishnoi 2011:120-122) A descriptive list of these rules is included
here as it more or less provides the core of ecological teachings of the
Bishnois that enabled their survival in the harsh desert conditions.
Holistic – need a certain mental make up to take care of
environment and adopt sustainable lifestyle.
Twenty Nine Commandments
Unatis dharma ki ankdi hridaya dhariyo joye
Jambhoja kripa kari naam Bishnoi hoye
(One who embraces the twenty nine ethics by heart becomes a
Bishnoi by the blessings of Jambho ji)
1. Sutak - To observe segregation of the mother and newborn for
thirty days after delivery. This is followed for preventing of
infection to mother and the new-born who are both at a
vulnerable stage. The Bishnoi people in informal interviews also
say that this is to provide rest to the woman from domestic
chores.
2. Rajaswala – To keep a woman away from all activities for five
days during her menstrual periods. This again is explained as a
means of arranging compulsory rest for the women and was
also in consideration with poor hygiene facilities for women in
those days or even now in rural pockets.
Tali chhoti kahi jagadees, ruti paanch, jape din tees
Jaaan. Jaan, kaya rahe asudh, tan tan thanan na duhiye dudh
(Katha Vigatavali 228)
3. Snan – To take early morning bath daily. When we visited some
of the sacred Bishnoi sites no questions were raised about our
non-Bishnoi identities, whether we were Hindus, Muslim or
Christian, we were asked only two questions. First we had to
vouch that we had taken a bath before we came and that we
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had not consumed anything non-vegetarian that day.
4. Pavitrata – To maintain both internal and external cleanliness.
Internal cleanliness is achieved through good intentions, humble
behavior, keeping jealousy at bay etc.
5. Dhyan – To meditate twice a day. Morning meditation to ponder
over the proposed activities of the day and to reflect over their
harmony with larger life values. Evening meditation is done to
take stock of day’s activities, to contemplate on the mistakes
and shortcomings.
6. Arati – To sing the Lord’s glory and his virtues every evening.
7. Havan – To offer daily oblation to the holy fire with a heart
filled with feelings of welfare, love and devotion – welfare of all
living beings, love for nature and whole world, and devotion to
the Lord.
8. Chhan-Indhan - Use filtered water, milk and carefully cleaned
fuel/firewood to make the water and milk bacteria free and to
ensure that insects don’t get burnt with fire wood. The sabad
(112:2) only indicate but other poets indicate that one should
filter words, water and firewood.
Indhan Paani Bolno, Kahyo jagat gur jaan
Dev daya kari daakhve, aie teenyo tat Chaani (Vigatavali 108.
Also 102 103)
9. Vani – Filter your speech! Think before you speak.
10. Khama – to be forgiving. Forgiveness can lead one to greatness.
Guru Jambeshvar said “If someone comes to you shouting,
become cool like water.”
11. Daya – to be compassionate as it purifies the heart. In
forgiveness we keep our hearts and mind cool against some
external stimuli, whereas in compassion, we imbibe the feelings
of the helpless and garner empathy.
12. Non-stealing (chori ka Tyag) – Not to steal, cheat or try to own
or usurp something that rightfully belongs to another. Theft and
deceit are surest means to gather dust on soul and character.
13. Ninda – Not to revile or condemn others as it is an act of a
coward. This is opposed to constructive criticism, more on the
lines of malicious gossip, to be avoided completely.
Asatuti nandya irasho, donyo diragh rog
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Jatan kari kari thak rhaya, kaha bhog kaha jog
Jati sati jogi tapi, sidh sadh sanyasi shesh
Gino kaha is rog ki, mitai na man ka resh (Sakhi Parmanand ji
Vaniyal10 )
14. Truth – not to tell lies. A liar can never attain respect of others.
It is insult to the gift of speech. There was a time when even
the courts used to accept the testimony of Bishnois as hard
evidence.
15. Vad-vivad – Not to indulge in opprobrium and wasteful debates.
Though Bishnois have been variously linked to Jainism on
account of practice of non-violence, it is in Buddhism that we
find a ban on sectarian debates as they lead to wastage of time
and effort, (Drishtivad)
Bharami bhoola vaad vivaad, achar vichar na jaanat swad
(Sabadvani, Sabad 28, verses 66-67)
16. Fasting – To observe fast and meditate on no-moon night (and
the same day i.e. Amavasya) to provide rest to the body and its
internal system. Amavasya is considered a very auspicious day
when Bishnoi men, women, and children observe many rituals
of conservation and community service. They say that this day
of the month has special significance from the point of view of
astronomy and planetary position. Further, the regular fading of
the moon’s appearance is also symbolic of the perishable nature
of life. So, one should charge energy level and ponder over
collective welfare.
17. Bhajan – To recite the holy name of Lord Vishnu
18. Jeev daya palani - To be compassionate to all living being - An
all-encompassing re-emphasis on caring for all life forms.
Ek roop sab roop maa, sab ma rahya samaay
Jeev seev sab ek hain, jyon pohap vaas pasraya
19. Not to fell green trees.
20. Ajar - To kill the non-perishables. To overcome the non-
perishable enemies of human beings – lust, anger, envy, greed,
and attachment.
21. That Amar Rakhwana – To provide a common shelter that for
goat/sheep to prevent their killing. The Bishnois have maintained
these shelters for animals past their use. I was very touched by
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visiting a shelter devoted entirely to the upkeep of blind cows.
The maintenance of these shelters is through community
contribution of both money and labour.
22. To consume food cooked by self or take meticulous care that
food is prepared in conjunction with Bishnoi tenets. I met a few
Bishnoi men who were serving in the army, where the mess
also serves non-vegetarian food. They told me that they kept
their utensils separate and were negotiating that their ration of
eggs be replaced with milk.
23. Badhiya – Not to castrate a bull. In rural India bulls are castrated
before they are used as bullocks for agricultural purpose. The
underlying feeling is that the bovines are like one’s children and
one cannot commit such cruelty towards one’s children.
24. Amal – Not to take opium or any of its products
25. Not to use tobacco and its products
26. Not to partake cannabis/bhang
Tamakoo, sharab, afeem , bhang – The relevant sabad is not
found in the avaialbale version but quoted in works of keso ji
godara (Maheshwari 1970:751)
Lehe Tamakoo aafoo jaani, malya powat jal peeve chhaani
Varji bhang liye je bura, sanhans jooni hoyasyai sukara (Katha
Vigatavali 171)
27. Mad Not to drink liquor. The Bishnois abhor the use of
intoxicants. In India tea is offered to all the visitors but the
Bishnois prefer milk over tea, even for the visitors.
28. Not to eat meat or non-vegetarian dishes.
29. Not to use blue colour clothes. In Jambho ji’s times blue colour
used to be obtained from a wild shrub, indigo, that adversely
affected soil-fertility. This rule was laid out to support cultivation
of other life-supporting crops.
These rules and teachings are the foundation of the eco-religion
of the Bishnois which is further demonstrated by how they implement
these. Not only have they integrated these into their daily life practices
but have also led them to take concrete action. These measures include
positive steps to conserve flora and fauna, construct and preserve
water bodies while negative measures include persistent, strong
protests against poacher and hunters. Thus, their activism brings to
fore Bishnoi environmentalism as a lived reality.
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“In the face of environmental crisis, we need all the help we
can get. And, as this is perhaps the greatest crisis that the human
civilization has ever faced, virtually all forms of contemporary culture,
economics, politics, and spirituality, will have to make profound
changes.” (Gottlieb 2011: ix)
Bishnois are a valuable resource for environmental awareness
and concerns. Not only do they provide philosophical foundations for
a symbiotic relationship with nature but amply manifest it through
their actions. The practice of conservation and protection of
environment originated with Guru Jambeshwar. He would put into
practice what he preached by paving the way for a tradition of protected
groves, animal care, sustainable living. His followers, being fiercely
attached to nature, from very early times took action against those
who were harming nature. Bishnoi activists spare no one, be it the
Maharajas or the reigning superstars of the Indian film industry.
Therefore, the journey of the Bishnois shows continuity of ecological
activities.
Early Ecological Activities
Life and deeds of the founder, Jambho ji, are a testimony to a
commitment to ecological actions. We are already acquainted with
how he saved his people from the ravages of drought and gave them
a philosophy to survive and prosper against the alternatives of perishing
or migration. Wherever he appeared, houses of meditation were built,
some of which still exist as temples. What stands out is the fact that
in the course of his numerous journeys, he created protected groves
called Ora?.some of them like the flowering Khejri plantation in Rotu
atill exists. He planted many trees and the one still preserved in Lodipur
is deeply revered by his followers even today. He is attributed with
planting many Khejri trees at the behest of the villagers.
Khejri (Prosopis cineraria) occupies a significant place for desert
inhabitants for its many uses. It is beneficial for both animals and
humans. Its roots harbour nitrogen-producing bacteria and hence they
make the soil fertile. They have become a core component of the
culture of Thar region|
Historical Tradition of Activism
More than five hundred years ago, it could hardly be visualized
that a community could rise to protect trees or wild deer by risking
their lives. Jambho ji’s humanitarian and pragmatic philosophy earned
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him a large band of dedicated followers. The Bishnois soon grew in
numbers and strength. Stories of their relentless dedication to the
preservation of animals and trees were widely circulated. The famous
Chipko movement in contemporary India, where women hugged the
trees to resist the depredations of loggers and contractors is said to
be rooted in the Bishnoi tradition.
Evidence in Bishnoi literature
1. Sakhis that mention sacrificing lives for trees
i. Vilho ji’s Tilvaasani ki Sakhi
ii. Vilho ji ‘s Karama aur Gora ki Sakhi
iii.Keso ji’s Bucho ji echara ki sakhi
iv.Nanigdas’s Ramada ski sakhi
v. Gokal ji’s Khejadli ki sakhi
2. For protection of animals
i. Vilho ji’s Jambholav ke mele ki sakhi
ii. To get the oxen and bulls released by Bishnois of villages of
sadalpur, Cheenwad etc. (Jambha saar, 28th Prakaran)
Negotiating the State Machinery
Never a state religion or royal patronage but Many rulers showed
reverence to the strict adherence to ecological tenets by the Bishnois
and offered relaxation in land revenue and other taxes. Sabadvani and
sakhis are replete with such examples but evidence can be culled from
official documents as well. Many kings issued orders that Bishnois
shall be taxed as per tradition and shall be exempted from beggar.
Jodhpur ruler Maharaja Vijaysingh ji (samvat 1821), Mansingh ji
(Samvat 1860), Bheem singh ji (Samvat 1874) parwanas can be cited
as evidence. Similar orders were issued by Bishnois of Pur by Udaipur
Maharana Bheem singh (Samvat 1874) and Jawan singh ( Samvat
1885) to “parampara anusar maan maryada rakhne aur kar lagane”.
Bikaner ruler Anoop Singh ji’s Parwana (samvat 1752 at Mukam
Bandhu) issued order to prohibit felling of green trees. Jodhpur ruler
Mansingh ji (Samvat 1878) issued orders to prohibit cutting of khejri
trees while Takhtsingh ji (Samvat 1900) issued a Parwana to ban
hunting in Bishnoi villages. (Sahabram, copy no. 193, Jambha saar,
24th Prakaran). Even during the British rule, orders were issued to
ban hunting in the listed Bishnoi villages in Hissar and Ferozepur
districts. ( Reference by deputy Commisioner, ferozepur, 8th march
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 167
1899 of the letter Letter from Chief Secretary to Government Punjab,
dated 3rd February, 1896 mantions “affrays with the villagers”; Punjab
Government’s orders contained in their circular no. 1-115 dated 3rd
February 1898 “The shooting of Black buck is also prohibited within
the lands cultivated or uncultivated belonging to the following Bishnoi
villages. On suspicion of killing of animals, the animal were taken
away from their owners A parwana of mehkama council raj shee
Bikaner Samvat 1930, place of accession thapan bandhu, Mukam) “
Mukam ke thapnon ne deene naam ke vyakti se medha chheen liya
tha” This princely state issued orders that no kasai would pass through
a Bishnoi village carrying a bakra. (Samvat 1901, Parwana Bikaner
Adalat ka, Thapan Bandhu, Mukam))
Reigious syncretism and a reinterpretation of rituals is also a
positive trait of Bishnoi tradition. “Some say that he [Jambho ji] was
disenchanted by the struggles over political power between Hindus
and Muslims, and sought ways not only to reconcile them but also to
put before them an example of a heightened moral sensibility.” (Lal:
2003) Lal (2003) further elaborates upon the context of the times of
Jambho ji, “Moreover, the customs of the Bishnoi point to an attempt
on the part of Jambaji to forge a more syncretic movement,
characteristic of the wave of bhakti (devotion) sweeping India at that
time: thus, though the Bishnois worshipped Vishnu, they adopted the
Muslim practice of burial of the dead. Jambaji,[sic.] evidently, could
not countenance the idea of felling a tree to obtain wood for the funeral
pyre. His near contemporaries in north India would have been Kabir,
Tulsidas, and Mirabai, among other famous exponents of bhakti, and
one has only to recall Kabir’s disdain for customary practices (such
as circumcision among Muslims, and the thread ceremony among
savarna [high-caste] Hindus) to realize that Jambaji’s own iconoclasm,
whatever its distinct features, was perhaps in some respects part of
the wider ethos.” The Bishnois strongly uphold harmony with nature
but they also seek harmony in the society.
The life-hostile dreariness of Thar Desert in western Rajasthan
is jotted with green belts here and there. This is entirely due to human
effort. The wise strategies of local communities can be attributed to
working out this miracle, of which, the Bishnois seem to be particularly
pro-active. Guru Jambeshwar had said that he does not cross the land
where green trees are not present.
Jathe hoiye nahi lilo banth
Bathe par nahi meri chhant
92 168 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
References
1. Acharya, Krishnand 2012 Shri Guru Jambheshwarji dwara uchcharit
Shabdvani – Jambhsagar - Hindi Teeka (The words utthered by the
teacher Jambheshwar – Ocean of Jambha, Hindi Commentary), Mukam:
Akhil Bharatiya Bishnoi Mahasabha
2- Agrawal, Arun and Gibson, Clark C. 1999 ‘Enchantment and
Disenchantment: The Role of Community in Natural Resource
Conservation’ in World Development, vol. 27, 4: 629-649
3- Ascher , William, 1995 Communities and Sustainable Forestry in
Developing Countries San Francisco: ICS Press
4- Bharucha, R. 2003 Rajasthan - An Oral History New Delhi: Penguin
5. Bhatt Chandi Prasad 1990 ‘The Chipko Andolan: Forest Conservation
based on people’s Power ’in Environment and Urbanization 2: 7-18
6. Bishnoi , Rai Sahib 2011 ‘Twenty Nine Rules of Bishnoi’s’ in Rajant
Jayanti Smarika (Silver Jubilee Souvenir) Mukam: Akhil Bharatiya
Bishnoi Mahasabha
7. Brockmann, Herma and Pichle, Renato 2004 Paving the Way for Peace
– Living Philosophies of Bishnois and Jains New Delhi: D K Publishers
8. Chapple, Christopher Key 2011 ‘Indic Traditions and Animals:
Imitation Reincarnation and Compassion’ in Kemmerrer, Lisa and
Nocell II Anthony J. (eds.) 2011 Compassion – Reflections on Animal
Advocacy in World Religions New York: Lantern Books
9. Chaurvedi, Neekee 2018 Cultural Tourism and Bishnois of Rajasthan
Jodhpur: Rajasthani Granthagar
10. Fairhead, James and Leach, Mellissa 1994 ‘Contested Forests: Modern
Conservation and Historical land Use in Guinea’s Ziama Reserve’ in
African Affairs 93: 481-512, and Gibson and Marks (1995) for
discussions of examples and brief reviews of the relevant literature
11. Ghai, Dharami 1993 Conservation, ‘Livelihood and Democracy: Social
Dynamics of Environmental Change in Africa’ in Osterreichische
Zeitschrift fur Soziologie 18:56-75
12. Gottlieb, Roger S. 2011 ‘Foreword’ in Jain, Pankaj, Dharma and
Ecology of Hindu Communities UK: Ashgate
13. Gottlieb, Roger S., 1996 The Sacred Earth: Religion, Nature and
Environment New York: Routledge
14. Jain, Bhuvanesh 2007 Registan ka lok Vigyan (Folk Science of Desert)
Badmer: SURE
15. Jain, Pankaj 2011 Dharma and Ecology of Hindu Communities –
Sustenance and Sustainability UK: Ashgate
16. Kalland, A. and Persoon, G. (eds.) 1998 Environmental Movements in
Asia Surrey: Curzon Press
17. Katha Vigatavali Kesoji Godara in Maheshwari, Heeralal 1970
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 169 93
Jambhoji, Vishnoi Sampradaya aur Sahitya Calcutta: B R Publications,
2: 726-728
18. Kheenchad, Tarachand 2012 Jambhvani (Shabdavani) Mukam: Akhil
Bharatiya Bishnoi Mahasabha
Travels of Guru Gobind Singh in Rajputana
19. Lal, Vinay 2003 ‘Bishnoi’ in Taylor, Bron et al (eds.) Encyclopaedia Kulbeer Singh Badal
on Religion and Nature London: Continuum
20. Landry, Elizabeth 1990 An Introduction to the Fifteenth Century
The social order in which Guru Gobind Singh1 was born and
Rajasthani Saint J?mbho and His V??? A Thesis for Master of Arts,
swells his memorandum was in the unbending grasp of caste
University of Washington
21. Maheshwari, Heeralal 1970 Jambhoji, Bishnoi Sampradaya aur chauvinism, feudalistic tendencies, economic inequalities, disparity
Sahitya (Jambhoji, Bishnoi Community and Literature) Calcutta: B. R. based on gender, obscurantism and authoritarianism. Hardly any strive
Publications have been made in times gone by to scrutinize the travels of Guru
22. Maheshwari, Heeralal 1973 Jambhoji ki Sabadvani (Mool aur Teeka) Gobind Singh, principally, his visit to Rajputana. After departure from
Calcutta: B R Publications Anandpur in 1705, he budged into the core parts of Malwa on the
23. Misra, Kartikeya and Chaturvedi, Neekee 2014 ‘Traditional Water road to the closing stages of 1706. Furthermore, he set forth for the
Harvesting Structures and Community Participation in Western Deccan in order to make contact with Mughal Emperor, Aurangzeb.
Rajasthan’ in SAARC Culture, Volume 5, 2014 Colombo: SAARC Apart from this, during the period 1706-1707, Guru Gobind Singh
Cultural Centre, pp. 94-110 twice visited Rajputana. In the light of this, the present paper is an
24. Mukhopadhyaya, Durgadas 2008 Indigenous Knowledge and endeavour to draw attention to the significance of the journeys of
Sustainable Resource Management in the Indian Desert in Lee, Cathy Guru Gobind Singh to Rajputana.
and Scaff, Thomas (eds.) 2008 The Future of Drylands – International
Subsequent to the battle of Chamkaur on December 6, 1704,
Scientific Conference on Desertification and Drylands Research, Tunis,
Guru Gobind Singh advanced to a place named Deena, from where,
Tunisia, 19-21 June 2006, Paris: UNESCO and Springer pp.161-170
25. Sakhi Parmanand ji Vaniyal in Maheshari Heeralal 1970 Jambhoji, he wrote Zafarnama (Epistle of Victory) to the Mughal ruler,
Vishnoi Sampradaya aur Sahitya Calcutta: B R Publications, 2: 863- Aurangzeb. According to Sainapat, In a little while, following the clash
864 of Khidrana, the Guru made up his mind that the moment in time has
26. Shiva, Vandana 2002 Staying Alive – Women, Ecology and come up to report Aurangzeb with the accurate depiction of all the
Development UK: Zed Books way through which Punjab was going in addition about the sins that
27. Singh, Hardayal 1990 The Castes of Marwar being Census Report of his administration had committed underneath his headship. He,
1891 Jodhpur: Books Treasure additionally, jotted down that in this letter; Guru specified how he
28. Vilhoji ki Vani compiled by Bishnoi, Krishan Lal1993 Sirsa: was attacked while he was at Anandpur Sahib by a pervasive mishmash
Sambhrathal Prakashan of the hill chiefs2, furthermore, how regal officials sided with them. 3
29. Western, David and Wright,R. Michael (eds.)1994 Natural Guru, supplementary, asked in the letter whether he well thought-out
Connections: Perspectives in Community-based Conservation this as just and reasonable. He, in addition, put down, a true man of
Washington DC: Island Press principle and nobility forever carry on his words even when he loses
30. Wisner, Ben 1990 ‘Harvest of Sustainability: Recent Books on his existence, other than this, a deceitful man says one thing and does
Environmental Management’ in Journal of Development Studies 26: another. Consequently, the emperor officials acted reminiscent like
335-341 the perfidious man and in due course, broke the pledges.4 Sainapat,
31. Wolf, Eric 1982 Europe and the People without History Berkley:
further, makes an attention-grabbing statement on the entire state of
University of California
affairs and mark down that Guru auxiliary states the conscientiousness
for this, the Emperor was bound to bear. Moreover, Guru asks Emperor
religiously that what reply he would bestow in front of Allah. Sainapat,
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 171
finally, pen down that Guru had sent this letter with an intention to
meet up Aurangzeb face-to-face with an entourage of one thousand
horsemen.
For that reason, in the middle of December 1705, Bhai Daya
Singh left Dina with Guru’s Zafarnama and in due course, reached
Ahmednagar by the end of January 1706 where he met Mughal ruler,
Aurangzeb. 5 After the appraisal of Guru’s letter, the psyche of
Aurangzeb got thoroughly transformed. He, then, wrote a letter to his
Prime Minster, Monmin Kham in which he concentrated to do away
with all precincts forced on Guru Gobind Singh. Beside this, the
Emperor too wrote a letter to Guru Gobind Singh in which he pleaded
Guru to pay a visit to South India. He, furthermore, summoned him
for a dialogue as well as guaranteed him that righteousness would be
done. On the Guru Gobind Singh’s part, he, too, had articulated his
yearning in Zafarnama to meet Aurangzeb in the following words, “If
Almighty commands me, I will go to you with all my heart”. Noted
historian, Hari Ram Gupta comments that ‘Aurangzeb appealed the
Guru to come’. Correspondingly, Inayatullah in his Akham-e-Alamgiri
mentions that Guru Gobind Singh wanted a consultation with the
emperor. He further informs ‘Aurangzeb nominated Sheikh Mohammad
Yar Mansabdar and Mohammad Beg Gurzbardar to soothe Gobind
Rai, a Nanak Prastan and bring him to the court. Moreover, the Prime
Minister, Mouium Khan was directed to endow him with convoy on
the boundary of every province along with the payment of travelling
expenses, if demanded’.
However Guru Gobind Singh started his journey from Damdama
Sahib, Punjab on 30 October, 1706 towards Southern India via
Rajputana to meet the emperor. Although the accurate figure of the
Sikhs accompanying Guru Gobind Singh towards South, as well as
all through his journey in Rajputana is not available however according
to the accessible information, Man Singh, Ram Singh, Fateh Singh,
Dharm Singh, Ram Pram Singh, the grand sons of Bhai Rupa along
with Bhai Dalla accompanied Guru Gobind Singh.6 Commencing from
Sirsa and halting in the villages of Kowal and Jhorar, they went to
Rajputana. In Rajputana, Guru Gobind Singh and his companions
foremost stay was at Suhevai, also called Suhava at Churu, and from
there, they proceeded to Bahaduran. Thereafter, they went to Pushkar,
a place of Hindu pilgrimage. Prior to him, this place was formerly
visited by Guru Nanak during his Udasis. At the time of Guru Gobind
Singh’s visit, Pandit Chetan Misar was guardian of this place. He
94 172 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
narrated the inclusive facets of Guru Nanak’s visit to this place. He
too had an elongated conversation with Guru Gobind Singh that
incorporated discussions on state, society in addition to spirituality.
Subsequent to this conversation, he took Khanda-ki-Pahul as well as
joined the Khalsa brotherhood. 7 In the vicinity of Pushkar, countless 8
devotees came to disburse their reverence to Guru. One amongst them
asked a question concerning the outfit of Guru and said, Your (Guru
Gobind Singh) dress neither looks like a Hindu Saint nor like a Muslim
saint. On hearing this, Guru answered, his undertaking was both for
the Hindus as well as for the Muslims. Moreover, he has surpassed all
types of Particularism. For that reason, his dress debarred
distinctiveness of its own.9
From Pushkar, he went to Narayana, where the tomb of a
renowned Hindu saint, Dadu is located.10 At Dadudwar Guru had a
discussion with Mahant Jait Ram who was the guardian of the place
of pilgrimage at the time of Guru’s visit. Mahant Jait Ram was
flabbergasted at the clothing and behaviour of the Guru, thus remarked
in revelation, ‘Lord, no doubt, you have saved Hindus but your mode
of thinking and style of living were not appropriate’.11 He further went
on quoting Saint Dadu, ‘Surrender thy claim to every worldly thing
and pass the days without claims’.12 On listening this, Guru said, ‘Assert
thy claim the world, extirpate the wicked who doeth the evil’. On
listening this, Jait Ram understood the importation of the Guru’s
undertaking, moreover, articulated his concurrence with him. 13 On
the other hand, with regard to this, there is a oral tradition supported
by Giani Gian Singh that at this time, after carrying out Ardas (Sikh
Sacred Prayer), ‘Guru had saluted the grave of Dadu by lifting an
arrow to his head and Sikhs had objected his action’. One among
them was Man Singh who quoted the Guru’s own verse, “Ghaur Marhi
Mat Phul Na Maano” (Worship not even by mistake cemeteries or
places of cremation) and imposed a fine of five hundred rupees on
Guru. On hearing this, Guru replied, “I am in high spirits that my
Khalsa is completely attentive and conscious. I was presently revealing
your consciousness and alertness; however, I am all set to shell out
fine.” Ultimately, he did so. From Narayana, the Guru and others
proceeded all the way through Lali, Ghamroda. After passing through
numeral other villages, they reached Kolayat where he met Bhai Daya
Singh in February, 1707 who had arrived back from South India after
meeting with Mughal Emperor, Aurangzeb.
Leaving behind Kolayat Guru Gobind Singh and his
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 173
companions crossed the Aravali Mountains and reached Bhagaur. 14
Here they were affectionately received by the Rajput ruler of the area
named Shiv Partap and received the information about the passing
away of Emperor Aurangzeb. Conversely, after the bereavement of
Aurangzeb, a war of succession started amid his sons whilst Guru
was in Bhagaur. 15 In the mean time, the ambassador of Bhadur Shah
came to Bhagaur along with letter from Bhadur Shah in which he had
asked for blessings in addition to help in the war of succession from
the Guru. According to Gur Sobha, “The emissaries gave a written
letter from Bhadur Shah seeking the Guru’s help in the impending war
with his brother, Azam. Bhadur Shah largely beseeched the blessings
of the Guru as the Man of Almighty”.16 According to the writer of the
Mulakat da Parsang, Bhadur Shah in person called upon him in his
difficulties. The Guru agreed and deputed Kuldepak Singh as a liaison
officer who remained with the Emperor leading the battle of Jajau
(June, 1707).17 Beside this, he had also determined to dispatch two or
three hundred Sikhs under the command of Bhai Dharm Singh to side
with Bhadur Shah as an indication of moral support.18 However, on
June, 1707, a scuffle took at place, Jajau amid Bhadur Shah and Azam
in which Bhadur Shah was triumphant.
Subsequent to the battle of Jajau, Bhadur Shah sought to express
gratitude to Guru and on the latter’s request, Guru decided to meet
him at Agra. The Emperor received the Guru with immense
courteousness and affection. The Guru was offered with a rich robe
of admiration and jewelled scarf along with a sword (Saif) that
originally belonged to Hazrat Ali but was gifted to Aurangzeb by the
chief priest of Mecca, during his visit to Mecca.
After becoming the Emperor of India, Bhadur Shah determined
to go to southern India in order to settle its associations with his
younger brother, Kam Baksh. The Emperor requested Guru to
accompany him. As a result, Guru decided to visit southern India.19
According to M.A. Macauliffe, They both visited Jodhpur and
Chitaurgarh. Each Raja sent his envoy to resolve differences and
reimburse reverence to the Guru. At Chitaurgarh, there arose a
squabble amid the Sikhs and Rajputs on the account of some grass
that the former had taken for their horses. On the other hand, Ganda
Singh states that when the two camps passed near the town of
Chitaurgarh, 20 a Sikh named Zorawar Singh along with some other
Sikhs went to see the city of Chitaurgarh and the fort. There was a
beat of the drum. Conversely, on hearing the reverberation of the
95 174 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
drum, the people of Chitaurgarh considered that the town had been
invaded by the robbers and the dacoits. They all came rushing out and
saw the Sikhs purchasing grass. Nevertheless, there arose some
conversation amid them which turned into tussle. In this encounter, a
Sikh named Zorawar Singh was martyred/killed.
It is, nonetheless, noteworthy to reveal here that the Guru and
the emperor were moving toward southern India quite detach from
each other with their respective armed forces. The Guru, under no
circumstances, had stayed in the regal camp as erroneously stated by
some historians. As Khafi Khan says, The Guru was proceeding on
the way to Southern India with Emperor Bhadur Shah at the head of
two or three hundred horsemen along with infantry men armed with
spears. Fauja Singh also agrees in his work that Guru Gobind Singh
proceed from Chitaurgarh to south India. According to Ganda Singh,
The Guru while proceeding to Southern India predominantly engaged
himself in visiting the country side preaching Sikhism to the people.
To conclude it can be said that the travels of Guru Gobind Singh
made a strong impact on the socio religious thought of Rajputs, in
addition, strengthened relationship between Sikhs and Rajputs.
Conversely by helping Bhadur Shah to became ruler of Mughal India
Guru Gobind Singh practically shown that he had no ill will against
any religion or clan, and set an ideal of secularism for upcoming
generations.
References
1. Guru Gobind Singh was born in Patna in 1723 BK viz, 1666 CE; Karm
Singh, Gurpuray Nirnay , Amritsar, 1912, p. 172.
2. A. C. Banerji observes that the difference between the Guru Gobind
Singh and hill chiefs were sharpened by the creation of Khalsaji, as it
emphasis on the abolition of caste system and discrimination based on
caste system and it was challenge to the social exclusiveness of the hill
society.
3. Guru Gobind Singh, Zafarnama,ed. Bhai Vir Singh, Delhi, 2017, Stanza
20.
4. For details see Zafarnama.
5. After protected fruitless fighting with the Maharathas for long six
years he returned to Ahmednagar on January 30, 1706.
6. Swarup Singh Kaushish, Guru Kian Sakhian, ed. Pyara Singh Padam,
Patiala, 1986 p. 187.
7. For details see M.A. Macauliffe, The Sikh Religion, Vol V, Oxford
University Press, 1909, p. 224.
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 175 96
8. Swarup Singh Kaushish, Guru Kian Sakhian, p. 187.
9. Ibid.
10. Giani Gian SinghTwarikh Guru Khalsa, ed. K.S.Raju, Language
Department, Patiala, 2011, p. 1093; for details see Nanak Singh, Sri
Khatu : A Heritage Town of Marwar
Tirath Darshan. Jibraeil
11. Bahi Sarup Singh Kaushik Guru Kian Sakhian, p. 181.
12. For details see Bahi Santokh Singh, Guru Partap Suraj Granth; Gyani Khatu is one of the earliest heritage towns of Rajasthan1. It is
Gyan Singh, Tawarikh-e-Guru Khalsa.
an important socio-religious and economic satellite centres of district
13. Sainapat Gur Sobha ed. Ganda Singh, Patialla, 1967, p. 143; Swarup
Nagaur (see Map-1). It was situated on the medieval route from Multan
Singh Kaushish, Guru Kian Sakhian, p. 120; Bhai Santokh Singh,Guru
Partap Suraj Granth, ed. Bahi Vir Singh, Patiala, 2011, p. 6150; Also to Bayana 2 (see Map-2). This route was also connected Delhi to
see Gaini Gain Singh, Tawarikh-e-Guru Khalsa. Daulatabad at Bayana3 (see Table-1 and Map-3). The old name of
14. Bhai Santokh Singh, Gurpratp Suraj Granth, Patiala, 2011,p. 6162. Khatu was Shatkup (six wells) which shows its significance regarding
15. Giani Gian Singh, Twarikh Guru Khalsa, Languages Department, water management4. Shak rulers came to India and they brought two
Punjab, 1999, p. 1096; Bhai Saroop 16. Singh Kaushik, Guru Kian new wells with them which were called Shakandhu (Step-well/Baoli) 5
Sakhian, p.189, and Kalandh (Rahat) 6. The town was also renowned for its pale yellow
16. Sri Gurupartap Suraj Granth, P. 6167-6168 ;Sainapat, Gur Sobha, , p. sand stone, much valued in the Sultanate and Mughal period 7, and still
143. exported to other parts of India. Khatu once had a stone fort, which,
17. Swarup Singh Kaushish, Guru Kian Sakhian, 183. according to a local legend was constructed by Mahmud of Ghazna,
18. Ganda Singh “Guru Gobind the Last” in Punjab Past and Present, Vol at the time of his campaign to Somnath. But there is no historical
XVII-I, 1983, p 17. evidences that Mahmud himself was ever visited in the region, but the
19. Koer Singh, Gurblias Patshahi X, ed. Shamshear Singh Ashok, Patiala, legend may reflect that the Ghaznavi territory of Nagaur was extended
1968, p. 403. to as Far East as Khatu8. An inscription is also reported by Chaghtai to
20. Saroop Singh Kaushia, Guru kia sakhian, p.181; Koear Singh, Gurblias
have once existed there, dated AH 484/AD 1091-2, which falls in the
Patshahi X, ed. Shamsher Singh Ashok, Patiala, 1968, p. 270.
time of the Ghaznavid Sultan Abrahim Shah. Chaghtai did not see the
inscription itself, local inscriptions have been found in Khatu 9,
confirming that from the beginning of the domination of Islam in India,
Khatu was in Muslim hands and that is why Muslim constructed so
many religious and non-religious or secular monuments in and around
qasba Khatu10.
The earliest existing inscription in Khatu is found in a ruinous
mosque within the private property (haveli) of Thakur Dhonkal Singh11.
The inscription records the construction of a mosque on 4th February
1203 (20th Jumada I, 599) which falls into the Ghurid conquest of
India12. Through other inscription the names of a number of Muslim
governors of Khatu have come to us. Among the earlier ones are
Iltutmish’s governor Masood-b-Ahmad-b-Umar-al-Khalj and Balban’s
governor Said-al-din-Husain-al-Sultani13. According to Prithviraj Raso,
Khatu’s old name was Khatwan, while old Khatu is almost destroyed.
Now there are two towns (big villages), one is Chhoti Khatu and
other is called Bari Khatu (see Choti Khatu and Bari Khatu on Map-4).
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 177 97 178 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

Both of these sites are presently known for its rich culture and
prosperity and considered as the heritage town of Marwar. In an
exhaustive physical survey, our team explored many heritage
monuments of both of the Khatu including temples, dargahs 14 and
water structures 15.

Map-2: Khatu on Multan to Bayana Route

Map-1: Khatu: A Satellite Centre of District Nagaur on Map

Table-1
Multan to Bayana via Khatu
1. Multan to Bayana Via Khatu Multan-Nagaur-Khatu-Ajmer-
Bayana (Map-2) \
2. Multan to Daulatabad Multan-Delhi-Bayana-Ajmer-
Daulatabad (Map-3)
3. Multan to Daulatabad Multan-Nagaur-Khatu-Ajmer-
Bayana-Burhanpur-Daulatabad
(Map-3)

Map-3: Khatu on Multan to Daulatabad via Bayana Route

ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 179
Map-4: Choti Khatu and Bari Khatu on Map
Chhoti Khatu
It is a small town in Nagaur district of Rajasthan and is around
65 Kms away from Nagaur and about 30 Kms away from Didwana 16.
It is an archaeological site with many water-bodies and other
monuments related to different sects and saints. Following are the
main water bodies and monuments are situated in Chhoti Khatu:
(i) Kumbhar Khania Talab: It is situated in the east of Choti
Khatu. An old temple of Jagdamba faith is situated on the bank of the
tank, and another temple was constructed probably in 100 years back
by the locals. The length and the breadth of this tank are measured
and are about 400X300 mtrs respectively. According to the locals, it
is very old and initially was only talab, for the use of the people of the
town 17.
(ii) Doodh Talai: It is more than 200 years old tank considered
as a talai18. Water of this tank was always very sweet and was being
used by the people of the town for the purpose of only drinking. Its
measurement is 1000X1000 mtrs. in its length and breadth.
There are more than six wells and two baolis/ baoris in the
town such as Keshoram Meghwal Kuwan, Four wells near Primary
School, Lohiya Kuwan, and Hanuman Sagar Kuwan. Two baoris such
as Maliyon Ka Dhada and Phool Baori19. Details are mentioned below:
(i) Kesoramji Meghawal Kuwan: It is situated in the south of
the Kumbhar Khania talab and is very close to it. It is not in operation
while specifically water of this well was being used for drinking of
98 180 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
marginalized sections of the town20.
(ii) Primar School Ke Kuven: There are four wells inside the
boundary of the primary school. According to the locals all four wells
were situated near a small talab which now has been covered and
filled up by the silts and sands21.
(iii) Hanuman Sagar: This is still in operation. It was very old
well which was renovated in VS 2009/AD1952 while being used by
the traders passing this town for their trade. It was constructed by a
bajaj, a baniya caste, and therefore it is called as Bajajon Ka Kuwan22.
(iv) Two Baoris/Baolis: It is very interesting to note that both
of the baoris were being used for drinking as well as for irrigation to
raise the vegetables around in 15 bighas of lands.
(a) Gaon Ka Kuwan: According to the locals a baori called as
‘Gaon Ka Kuwan’ was very significance because Malis were using
water of it for irrigation while rest of the people of the town for
drinking purpose. It is also called as Maliyon Ka Dhada. It is looks
like a baori, containing steps to reach inside the well. Presently it is
not in use and it is more than 160 fts deep 23.
(b) Phool Baori: Another baori of Chhoti Khatu is called ‘Phool
Baori’ has almost the same impression and the present condition of it
is very good. But it is also not in operation. Water of this well was
very sweet. It is very true to say that the water of this well was being
used for irrigation, particularly to raise the vegetables 24. Due to
modernization and urbanization, the lands were being used for the
production of vegetables now has been confiscated by the people
living in the region. This “L” shape step-well runs from north to south
with the entry lying towards the east at the northern end. This step-
well is artistic in its style of architecture. It is sadly neglected, even is
mal treated monuments located 39 kms. East of Kuchaman. It is the
repository of some of the finest specimens of decorative and figural
sculpture that one can hope to see in Rajasthan. It is believed that it
was constructed in the early period of Gurjara Pratiharas which show
four landings, the second and the third being the most decorated ones.
The second landing shows one deep and elaborate niche, on either
side. The niche properly framed by a border carrying Valli and inset
within, is a mini Trishakha door frame with Ganga and Yamuna at the
bases of the Jambs, underscoring the niches being conceived as a
mini shrine the Pediments of these niches are things of beauty in
themselves. Each Pediment rests over a Kapotapali and features a
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 181 99 182 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

projected Tri-sectioned Rathika in the centre adjoined by mini Dvi- Gopaldas succeeded to the gaddi and became the ruler of Pali in
ange shrines copped by Ekandaka- latina pinnacles. The third level is Marwar. During Delhi Sultanate many Muslim Sufi saints settled down
essentially similar but with some differences. The pediments of one in the town29 such as Maghribi Shah (Dargah of Maghribi Shah) 30,
of the confronting niches here show another top level and consisting Samman Shah (Dargah of Samman Shah) 31, etc. Many inscriptions
of a Shimhakarna or large Chamber Shala placed at the back near the are also available in Persian, which are providing immense information
wall. The step-well is about 9 fts wide, 200fts deep and more than regarding Sufi saints of Khatu (see Table-3 and 4). Many other
110 fts in length along its axis25. monuments and water structures are exist in the town32.
Phool Baori, Chhoti Khatu Table-3 : Inscription on Dargah of Maghribi Shah
(c) Two dargah and two old mosques are also situated in Chhoti Place Dargah of Maghribi Shah, into the wall of the Verandah
Khatu. Khatu was among the towns of Rajasthan which was revisited on the West
by Mir Muhammad Masum Nami on his journey from Iran26. One Date AH 629, Ramadhan, June-July 1232 AD
very old mosque is now in very bad condition. According to the locals,
Dynasty Mamluk
the Muslims were offering five times prayer (namaaz) in this mosque
since its construction in 13th century. But the people who were residing King Iltutmish
near this mosque has been permanently migrated and shifted near the Contents Records the construction of a tank by Masud son of
dargah of Chhoti Khatu27. There is a dargah inside the second old Ahmad, son of Umar al- Khilji
mosque called as Nizamuddin Bukhari Dargah or Sayyid Shah Nizam Source EIAPS, 1966, pp. 6-7, pl. Ib, ARIE, 1958-59, No. D.
Bukhari Dargah in Chhoti Khatu. It has an inscription (see Table-2) 170, PAIOC, Mysore, pp.632-34
inscribed on the wall of the dargah 28.
Table-4 : Inscription on Dargah of Samman Shah
Table-2
Place Dargah of Samman Shah, Over the main entrance
Inscription on Dargah of Chhoti Khatu
Date AH 802, 1399-1400 AD
Place On the Dargah of Sayyid Shah Nizam Bukhari
Dynasty Not Known
Date AH 1080, Dhul Hijja 26, Sunday, May 7, 1670 AD
King Not Known
Dynasty Not Known
Contents Records the construction of the tomb of Shah
King Not Known Shamman and gives AH 648 (1250-51 AD) as the date
Contents States that Sayyid Nizam Bukhari who came from of his death
Lahore died at the age of one hundred years after a Source ARIE, 1958-59, No. D. 177
sojourn of forty years at this place
After a cursary survey, it is observed that the qasba Khatu was
Source ARIE, 1962-63, No. D. 193
an important place in Marwar during Medieval period, which was
Bari Khatu known for its richness regarding the socio-religious and cultural
The Thikana is the head seat of Chanpawat (Champawat) clan history. It has its own significance and contributed much for the
of Rathore dynasty and is also known as Bari-Khatu (Khatu Badi), or making of the composite culture and still maintained its popularity
Khatu Kalan and the Chief were enjoying single Tazim and Kurab Banh due to existence of many heritage monuments either on the banks of
in the Jodhpur Durbar. Founder of the family was Rao Champaji of the talabs or in the boundary wall of the qasba. The town therefore is
Kaparda in Jodhpur, who became the ancestor of the founders of an example of communal harmony and peace. Hindu, Jain and Muslims
Khatu, Daspan, Ransigaon etc. He was succeeded by Rao Bherodasji are the majority of population and are very loving and cooperative to
of Kaparda, Rao Jaisaji, and then Rao Mandanji, whose son Rao each other.
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 183 100 184 / Rajasthan History Congress
References 7.
1. According to Yaqub Ali Khan, Khatu was the earliest Islamic sites of 8.
Rajasthan. For details see Yaqub Ali Khan, Muslim Monuments of 9.
Rajasthan, B.R.Publishing Corporation, Delhi,2011, p. 108. With the
accession of Chunda as the ruler of Marwar in about 1383 AD the
history of the Rathore principality centres a new phase of increasing 10.
expansion of its domain, which was made possible due to weak 11.
successors of Firoz Tughlaq as the Sultan of Delhi (Biram Died in the 12.
year of 1383 AD fighting against the Johyas in a village (Lakhbara)
near Gajner in Bikaner, vide, The Gajner Inscription of the year of
1383 AD; Vir Vinod, p. 802). According to the sources Chunda’s career 13.
opens with varied conquests and of great significance. Thus, he finally 14.
brought under his rule all the territories round about Mandor (Bahi,
f. 16 b; Nainsi, II, p.89, Jodhpur Khyat, I, p. 30, Vir Vinod, p.803), and
Nagor (Bahi f. 17a; Nansi, II, p.90;). Chunda also subdued Khatu,
Didwana, Sambhar and Ajmer, while all of which were then under the
Muslim rule (Bahi, f.17b; Jodpur Khyat, I, p. 31; Kaviraj Khyat, II,
p.29). For more details see Visheshwar S.Bhargava, Marwar and The 15.
Mughal Emperors (AD 1526-1748), Munshiram Manoharlal, Delhi,
1966, p.7.[ During my work, I felt that Immense evidences are available
in the archival records regarding the monuments of Khatu but still 16.
there is no much works has been done on it. It needs more wore work]. 17.
2. Map on ‘Medieval Roads to the Deccan’, prepared by Zahoor Ali Khan, 18.
available in the Cartography Lab, Centre of Advanced Study,
Department of History, Aligarh Muslim University; Irfan Habib, An
Atlas of the Mughal Empire, Delhi, 1982, p. 0B; The Times Reference 19.
Atlas of the World, Times Books, London, 1995, pp. 143-153. 20.
3. Map on ‘The Mughal Empire Economic’, prepared by Faiz Habib, 21.
available in the Cartography Lab, Centre of Advanced Study, 22.
Department of History, Aligarh Muslim University; Irfan Habib, An 23.
Atlas of the Mughal Empire, Delhi, 1982, p. 0B; The Times Reference 24.
Atlas of the World, Times Books, London, 1995, pp. 143-153.
4. This information is available in the records of Survey Report of the
Archaeology and the area surveyed and verified by our survey team
after conducting many interviews with the locals and knowledgeable
persons of the town.
5. The baoli/baori is still alive but not in operation. Presently it is under 25.
the custody of the Archaeological Survey of India and popularly known 26.
as Phool Baori. 27.
6. The Kaland/Rahat operated well is still alive but not in operation.
Presently it is surrounded by huts and is not possible to survey the 28.
wells. Presently it is known as Maliyon Ka Dhada or Gaon Ka Kuwan.
ISSN 2321-1288
Yaqub Ali Khan, Muslim Monuments of Rajasthan, op. cit., p. 108
Ain-I-Akbari, Vol. I, p.512.
Z.A. Desai, Muslim Inscriptions of Rajasthan , published by The
Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Rajasthan,
Jaipur, 1971, pp.28-42.
Yaqub Ali Khan, Muslim Monuments of Rajasthan, op. cit., p. 108.
Ibid.
ARIE, 1962-63, p.200. [Our team deliberates plenty to decipher the
inscription with the help of the Persian knowing scholars and few
others who engaged especially on the Mughal Architecture].
EIAPS, 1966, pp.5-6, and 13.
In Indo-Persian literature, the term dargah is used both for the royal
court and the tomb of a pious man. For it see Iqtidar Husain Siddiqui,
‘The Early Chishti Dargahs’, published in Muslim Shrines in India,
edited by Christian W. Troll, OUP, New Delhi, 1989, p.1. Cf. Ziauddin
Barani, Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi, Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, 1862,
pp. 494,499 (In Urdu dargah means only the tomb of a Muslim saint).
We have surveyed important monuments which are associated with
water structures of Khatu. The tenure of our survey tour was on 26 to
29 March, 2017.
Inch map of the area.
Physical survey and interview at the site.
The difference between talab and talai is basically related to their size
and the slope to their size. The slope of talab is on the corner while that
of talai is kept in the centre of the water body.
Physical survey and interview at the site.
Ibid.
Ibid
Ibid.
Ibid
In an interview, an old man of Mali caste explained us that due to
sweetness of water of this baori, almost all the produced vegetables
were fresh and carrot was sweet in taste. A step-well in Rajasthan
called baoli or baori or bavadi. See Dying Wisdom (Traditional Water
Harvesting System), ed. Anil Agarwal and Sunita Narain, CSE, p.389
(Glossary).
Exhaustive physical survey and interview at the site.
ARIE, 1958, pp.172-4.
Physical survey and interview with the knowledgeable persons at the
site.
The Researcher (A Bulletin of Rajasthan’s Archaeology & Museums),
published by The Directorate of Archaeology and Museums,
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 185
Government of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 1971, Vol. X-XI, Year 1970-71 (List
of Published Muslim Inscriptions of Rajasthan by Z.A. Desai), No. 168,
29.
pp. 53-54.
Samandiyan Baba Dargah, (It is more than 800 years old dargah of
Chishti Silsila). It is situated in the parkota boundary of the old fort of
Khatu. According to some sources fort was situated in Chhoti Khatu
but through our survey it is proved that it exists in Badi Khatu.
30. The Researcher (A Bulletin of Rajasthan’s Archaeology & Museums),
published by The Directorate of Archaeology and Museums,
Government of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 1971, Vol. X-XI, Year 1970-71 (List
of Published Muslim Inscriptions of Rajasthan by Z.A. Desai), No. 86,
p. 28.
31. The Researcher (A Bulletin of Rajasthan’s Archaeology & Museums),
published by The Directorate of Archaeology and Museums,
Government of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 1971, Vol. X-XI, Year 1970-71 (List
of Published Muslim Inscriptions of Rajasthan by Z.A. Desai), No. 105,
p. 34.
32. Water bodies such as Shiv Talab, Mulukpur Talab, Dharagar Talab
and other three wells which are not in operation.
101
Emergence and Growth of Ladnun as
an Urban Centre (13th–17th c. A.D.)
Ms. S.S. Arif
Ladnun is a town located in the Nagaur district of the Indian
state of Rajasthan. Ladnun was earlier known as Chanderi Nagari. It
is located 225 km northwest of Jaipur. It is situated 329 metres above
sea level. In historic point of view this city was witness to the culture
between Ganeshwar and Indus. Stone objects found at areas around
Nagaur, Parbatsar and Didwana proves the presence of pre historic
man. The emergence of chalcolithic civilization of Sikar Jodhpura
side by side with Ladnun makes it important in historical point of
view. Ladnun is mentioned in Mahabharata by the name of Gandharvana
under asharam of Acharya Bharadwaja. 1 In medieval times, this area
was under the Pratiharas prior to the Chauhans. After the Turkish
invasion, the rule of Rajputs was scattered and power of Pratiharas
and Chauhans remained limited to small regions.
A number of inscriptions are found in Ladnun containing names
of Delhi Sultans like Alauddin Khilji, Firoz Shah Tughlaq, etc showing
that the city had some connections with the Delhi Sultanate.2 It is also
noticeable that the said town was very rich and prosperous during the
reign of Akbar3 and his successor as well. It can be seen through a
table ( Table I) showing collection of revenue from Ladnun belonging
to the Sarkar of Nagor. Out of total revenue collected from Nagor,
2.33% belonged to Ladnun and ranking 14 among the 28 mahals.
My present paper on Ladnun is based on the survey conducted
by a survey team under Prof. Yaqub Ali Khan and Dr. Jibraeil, in March
2017, of which I was also a member.
The city of Ladnun was under the Mohil Rajputs from 12th to
th
16 century, A.D. The Ladnun fort which is presently in ruined
condition is said to have been built by Chauhans. The earliest surviving
inscription found in the fort belong to the 1010 V.S. (953 A.D).4It
seems that there is only one surviving wall of the fort containing
bastions. (Plate I) Presently the fort is survived by a number of Jain
and Hindu temples and mosques.
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 187
Shahi Jama Masjid:
This is one of the surviving mosque situated very near to the
main gateway of the fort. It was surveyed with the help of Janab
Murad Khan. The entrance of the mosque contains an inscription
beginning with the first Kalima of Islam (Plate II). There are several
other inscriptions containing Quranic verses. The surviving pillars of
the mosque poses striking similarity with the Quwwat ul Islam mosque
and Adhai din ka Jhonpdha belonging to the late years of the 12 th
century, A.D. and early years of 13th century, A.D. respectively (Plate
III). It seems that the technique adopted in the construction is by
dismantling neighboring temples and then re-erecting them in the form
of a mosque. The Shahi Jama Masjid is said to have been constructed
some 400 years after the fort, during the time of Shams Khan Dandani.5
From the survey profound information could not be gathered regarding
the authenticity of the time period of the mosque as the area is now
been confiscated by the local population.
Bhairon Ji ka Mandir:
Further moving inside the the fort a temple is found called
Bhairon Ji ka Mandir, surveyd by the help of Shri Ramdayal. Presently
the temple has been renovated and is located at the corner of the fort.
(Plate IV).
Dargah of Ghazi Umar Rao:
Few steps away from the Ladnun fort is the dargah of Ghazi
Umar Rao. The dargah is in well preserved condition containing a
mosque. (Plate V). Sufi Hameeduddin Suwali of Nagaur who belonged
to the thirteenth century has mentioned about his visit to Ladnun and
to the shrine of Ghazi Umar Rao.6
Dargah baoli:
Pushpa Prasad in her work Sanskrit Inscriptions of Delhi
Sultanate 1191- 15267, explains the areas under Dihli as Bang, Tilang,
Gurjar, Karnataka, Gauda and Pandayan associated with Ladnun in
the 14 th century, A.D. She is also giving information in a list called
Ladnun inscription of 1316 A,D. regarding the same. It is also
significant that a baoli/ stepwell being explained by same author but
there is no adequate information regarding the exact location of the
baoli. In our survey we also explored a baoli. The baoli or stepwell is
situated right infront of the dargah. It contains a big graveyard
containing many inscriptions.It is evident through these inscriptions
102 188 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
that the people of various caste were living together in the area. (Plate
VI and Other notable sites of the cities are bees khamba chhatri,
Kalushah Pir Baba ki dargah, manjhsa talab, panchpiron ka maza, etc.
Conclusion:
The historical importance of Ladnun could well understand by
the fact that the city finds its mention the Mahabharata. In medieval
times this city had all the contents required for it to be an emerging
urban centre. The city had a fort, a number of dargah, ancient Jain
and Hindu temples, baoli, etc. Unfortunately, it failed to gather attention
of the historians to trace its contribution to history. Ladnun has been
known as the centre of Jain. The Jain monks must have travelled
extentively throughout the area to promote their religion. The Jains
generally practice trade which leds to the coming of more and more
people. The urs held at the dargah of Ghazi Umar Rao Pir have
promoted the notion of composite culture in the city.
References:
1. Surajmal Rao, Itihas ke paripeksh me Ladnun Nagar, cyclostyle.
2. Z. A. Desai, Published Muslims Inscriptions on Rajasthan, Govt of
Rajasthan, Jaipur, 1971, pp 98- 101, K. K. Sehgal , Rajasthan District
Gazetteers, Govt of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 1975, p-26
3. Abul Fazl Allami, Ain i Akbari, Vol II, translated into English by H. S.
Jarret, Low Price Publications, Delhi 2011, p 282
4. Goving Agarawal, Churumandal ka Shodhpurn Itihaas, Lok Sanskriti
Shodh Sansthan, 1974, p-61
5. Shams Khan Dandani was the founder of the Khanzada Dynasty
belonging to the first half of 15th century
6. M. H. Siddiqi, Madhyakaleen Nagaur ka Itihas, Rajasthani Granthagar,
Jodhpur, 2001, p- 227- 236
7. Pushpa Prasad, Sanskrit Inscriptions of Delhi Sultanate 1191- 1526,
Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1990, p- 6
 103
Water Reservoirs in Jaipur during
18th-19th Centuries
Ritika Meena
Water is life – these words really make sense for the people of
Rajasthan. This hot and arid land has lack of perennial rivers though
has a short rainy season and few substantial rivers and most of them
dry up completely during the hot season. This initiated people of
Rajasthan to have large water reservoirs, such as – wells, shallow-
tanks, deep stepped basins (kunds), step-wells, artificial lakes and
ornamented pools in palaces which accumulate water during the rainy
season and act as water reserves for the local communities. From
ancient times water is considered as a sacred element in India as well
as many of the ancient literary texts have also elaborated on the
significance of water. Sanskrit text Brhatsanhita alluded that the God
or our deities would like to reside near at water, such as at the shores
of ponds, lakes, and rivers with plentiful surroundings of greenery
and mountains.1 Consequently, Indians grew up in a world laced with
images of water. In one classical tale, or purana, a lake that never
dries up is sited where the world connects to heaven, near Mount
Meru. The lake’s pure water is filled with lotuses, the flower symbol
of the mother goddess who takes the form of water and lives in water.2
Subsequently, the belief in water gradually increased; from dawn
to dusk it is used as a main element in performing rituals either in
Hinduism or in Muslims. Hindus beliefs in three elemental ideas such
as- water gives life, a daily bath cleans us of sin, and a bath replicates
a moment when one is closest to heaven. 3 However, Hindus also
expressed it as “tirthas”, means “watering hole” and a spot or expanse
of water that gives merit to anyone who baths in it, “owing to its own
nature”.4 The tirthas (centres of pilgrimage) are, almost invariably,
situated on the bank of a river, sea-shore, lake or stream, pond, step-
wells, step-ponds, etc., particularly the Ganga River in North India
has its own significance which has a direct link between water and
the sacredness; Hindus anxiously prefer to have a bath on its shores
as a pilgrimage.
Apart from this, due to the largely arid climatic conditions in
Rajasthan, the provision of artificial lakes, ponds, step-wells or baoris,
190 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
tanakas, stepped ponds have played an important role for the people
of this region. The Emperors of this arid land were also involved in
erection of artificial lakes, ponds, step-wells and stepped ponds, which
has been also representing a long period of their water architecture.
Kachhwahas, the rulers of Amber adorned this region with many
beautiful architectural jewels; and the step-wells, stepped ponds, lakes,
tanakas, kunds were among them.
Water Reservoirs in Jaipur
Talkatora-It is a small lake situated behind the Jai Niwas garden
and Govindadeva temple, which can be reached through a way passing
through Chougan. This was laid by Sawai Jai Singh in A.D. 1713
adjoined to a hunting lodge and a pleasure garden Jai Niwas situated
at the northern-western corner of the Mansagar and Manbagh. 5
According to Girdhari’s Bhojansara of 1739, Sawai Jai Singh specified
that ‘Jai Niwas should come within the city, this is my wish’.6 Later,
the Govindadeva temple was also shifted to Jai Niwas garden at Surya
Mahal; and Badal Mahal, a retreat palace was also built by Jai Singh at
the shores of Talkatora in A.D. 1729. Earlier, it was known as Shikar
Odi,7 which served as a hunting lodge for the chiefs and later after
alterations made in 1729, it named Badal Mahal. But now at present,
the Badal Mahal holds more attractive scenes to be witnessed.
As H.L. Showers describes it in his ‘Notes on Jaipur’ “the
Talkatora, or as visitors called it Alligator tank, lies immediately beyond
the Badal Mahal was crowded with Alligators. They are regularly fed
at the durbar expanses. They are quite tame and come up the steps of
the tank to receive food from the hands of the attendants. A pastime
occasionally indulged in is the feeding of the Alligators with bait tied
to a long rope. This is thrown into the tank and there is soon a battle
royal for its possession. The successful combatant having bolted the
bait, rope and all, a tug- of- war ensues between him and the men
holding the rope. It takes many men to haul the monster on shore.
Finally, he bites the rope through and escapes.”8
The narrative scene, mentioned in the description of H. L.
Showers closely resembles to a painting of Mewar (A. D.1720), in
which the Maharana Sangram Singh and his nobles stand in an open
hall overlooking the (much exaggerated) landing ghat, where the wildly
thrashing lake alligators are being ceremoniously fed.9 Perhaps, Sawai
Jai Singh had been influenced by the Pichola Lake with alligators; and
borrowed that idea from Mewar. Later, he infused that idea here in his
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 191
ancestral land in the form Talkatora with alligators, which were also
fed at the durbar expanses.
It was not enough from him, like inMewar at Gangaur ghat of
Pichola Lake here at Talkatora at Jaipur, the Sawai Jai Singh and his
successor’s holds durbars on the occasion of Gangaur and Teej
festivals, and it is here that the processions met to its end. These
ceremonial occasions would enhance the beauty of this Talkatora, but
now there are no alligators in the tank.
As it has been already mentioned that the water reservoirs and
water management systems are the primary requirements for the
establishment of any city, this was not negotiated in the planning of
Sawai Jaipur. Infact, scarcity of water in Amber was one another
reason including overcrowding of Amber. Thus Sawai Jai Singh chose
this site for the establishment of his new capital because of its proximity
to water resources like Mansagar, Talkatora and Dravyavati River in
the north-west. Simultaneously, he built Jaisagar adjacent to Talkatora.
Jaisagar-The papers of Siayah – Imarati, Jama-Kharach reveals
that the construction of Jaisagar was commenced in V. S. 1784-8510
by Sawai Jai Singh just adjacent to Talkatora towards the north-east
of the city. This was also known as Raja Ayamal ka talab because it is
said that water from Jaisagar came up to the steps of his haveli during
monsoon. It was also built to resolve the problem of water as well as
enhance the beauty of his city. Water flowed from the northern part
of the city and the hillocks of Nahargarh. The water way from the
temple of Balanandji to the lake was called ‘Nandi’ which used to
flow near the Fatehram’s Tibba through twelve openings called ‘moris’
finally reaching Jaisagar. When the lake was full, the extra water used
to overflow from the west side of Madho Vilas (V.S. 1757) into the
lake of Mansagar or Jal Mahal.
Paintings at City palace, Jaipur are also evident of the fact of
existence of Jaisagar, in which Sawai Jai Singh with his ranis is
standing in the Badal Mahal and having a view of Talkatora and Jaisagar
from here. The magnificent beauty of these lakes is particularly depicted
in this painting. The Sanskrit literary texts Ishavarvilaskavaym and
Jaipur vaibhavam were also alluded about these lakes and also
mentioned that this lake was filled up and it was converted into
brahmapuri i.e. reserve residential site for Brahmins in a city. Later,
they remained half portion of the Jaisagar adjacent to the brahmapuri
was named SantoshSagar which align to the northern-eastern
boundaries of city.
104 192 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
Dravyavati Canal-To resolve the problem of scarcity of water
Sawai Jai Singh had commenced a canal to bring water from the
Dravyavati River or Jhotwara River to his new city in A.D. 1727.11
But the arzdasht letters from Anand Ram to Jai Singh, of Shravana
Badi 13, V.S. 1783 (A. D.1726) reveals that a canal from Bandi River,
about nine kos from JaiNiwas, would prove a more difficult and costly
undertaking than one from the Jhotwara River, which was about 2
kms from the palace, and intervening sand dunes were also not very
high.12
A map plan at pothikhana, city palace also reveals that a large
canal was planned to be built from Bhavasagar dam at Ramgarh to the
Dravyavati Lake near Jaipur, to bring water to the new capital of
Sawai Jai Singh. It was never built, but the detailed plans for it depicted
how far the project was developed. Three thousand pillars were to be
erected to carry the channel at a regular height, and the distance
between the pillars is given in a textual note. Pillars at 1000 gaz intervals
are shown in red, and at 100 gaz intervals in yellow. Each pillar is
numbered, and the height needed to raise the water is given, mostly
between four and eight gaz. Villages on either side of the canal have
been shown and named, and also the hills between which the canal
must pass.13
Apart from this map, recently excavations under the Metro
Railway Project Work at Chhoti Choupar in Jaipur have revealed a
canal which brought water to Jaipur from Dravyavati River which
flow to the north-west of the city. Apparently, Sawai Jai Singh
borrowed this idea of a canal passes through intersecting the main
market, from Mughals. In Shahjahanabad, Shah Jahan had also laid a
canal which passes through the main avenue of Faiz bazaar adjacent
to Lahore gate;14 later it was buried by the British in nineteenth century.
Besides it, Sawai Jai Singh had also excavated wells in city to facilitate
the localities of Jaipur.
Mansagar-Mansagar, an artificial lake popularly known as Jal
Mahal, created by Raja Man Singh at north-east of the way to Jaipur
from Amber, just next to the Kanak Ghati. He had also erected a dam
named bandh Mansagar adjoined to the Mansagar at the foot of the
hills to north-east of it.15 Besides it, he also constructed a garden,
named Manbagh just at the front of Mansagar. In fact, the Manbagh
and the Mansagar both are flanked on the edges of the way which
lead to the Sanganer16 from Amber. This was a main road, linking
Amber, the capital with Sanganer.
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 193
Man Singh laid this lake to fulfil the requirements of water which
was a practical necessity as well as a form of pleasure resort where
they could relax at Manbagh placed just opposite to it. But
unfortunately, at present this garden does not exist.
Impact of Mughal architecture on the water reservoirs of
Jaipur-Akbar was deeply interested in architectural practices though
his innovative ideas are very new in Indian patronage; he infused
prominent Mughal architectural practices with Indian architecture.
The resulted outcome was more accurate with mathematical approach
and adorned with their buildings with beautiful decorative patterns.
Kachhwahas who were closely associated to the Mughals, also
adopted their water building architectural practices and infused them
to their own constructions. Apparently, it is clear that Amber has a
very number of baoris like Nakki, Shila and Panna Mian which carried
Mughal influence on their architecture. Besides, the Hindus baori which
only carries the religious and social objects for their establishment,
the baoris at Amber were produced with secular purposes. The
magnificent water pool has shaded and warmed two or three terraced-
wing pavilions based on cusped arches and fluted columns, has essence
of ShahJahani’s architectural taste. Subsequently, their walls are
decorated by dados which furnished with motifs. The floors and the
terraced open platforms of these step-wells were furnished by knotted
carpets, bolsters and cushions where the chiefs and nobles had their
retreat parties; particularly during summers these baoris or so called
Mughal hammam were really very helpful in combating the heat of
this arid land.
Just like the step-wells the lakes and stepped ponds were also
considered as the pleasure retreat water resorts. The Mughals
particularly Jahangir had infused a new architectural practice which
focused on gardening and hunting pavilions. He was fascinated of
gardening and the chahar baghs of Kashmir built by him and his beloved
Nur Jahan are evident of his enthusiasm for garden architecture. Besides
these gardens situated on the hills flanked either on the riverside or
the lakeside; he also referred such riversides gardens adjacent to the
hills as a hunting palace. On the shores of such hunting places he
used to lay tower, tank and pavilion, accomplished it as magnificent
pleasure house. For example, Jahangir’s small hunting pavilion on the
banks of the Pushar Lake constructed in A.D. 1615-16, 17 but
unfortunately it is in ruined condition today. Another is Chesma-I-
105 194 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
Nur or Fountain of Light at Ajmer built in year 1615 18 and Visal Sar at
Ajmer completed in A. D. 1616. 19 His successor Shah Jahan,
consequently praise this architecture of hunting lodge, completed the
construction of Ana Sagar at Ajmer.20 Later he also commenced the
erection of Bari Mahal near at Dholpur (1637) and Rupbas and Mahal,21
Agra which also bear the characteristics of a hunting lodge. During
his reign the pavilions of hunting lodge were enhanced beauty in
decorative perspective and became large in size so as they were also
considered as pleasure resorts besides only hunting lodge. Occasionally
such pavilions were also laid in the midst of a lake or water tank. As
apparent, the construction on riverside sites was the chief element of
his palace architecture.
Such architectural practices were also adopted by the
Kachhwahas particularly Sawai Jai Singh was fascinated of this
architecture. The construction of Talkatora and Jai Niwas garden
adjacent to a hunting lodge was commenced in 1713 was the most
prominent specimen of such pleasure hunting lodge in Jaipur by
Kachhwahas. Besides it, Jal Mahal laid in the midst of Mansagar was
another magnificent example of hunting lodge as well as pleasure
retreat resort. As in this way the influence of Mughal architecture on
water buildings are clearly expressed in the terms of Talkatora and
JaiNiwas, later Badal Mahal was also added to its shores enhanced its
complete beauty.
References :
1. Brhatsanhita (ed.) Triathi, A.V., Part II, p. 665
2. Zimmer, Heinrich, The King and the Corpse: Tales of the Soils Conquest
of Evil (ed.) Joseph Camphell, p. 316
3. Livingston, Morna, Steps of Water : The ancient Stepwells of India, p.
7
4. Kane, P.V., History of Dharmashastra, p. 555
5. Sawai Jai Singh Charita, p. 45
6. Roy, A.K., A History of Jaipur City, p. 235
7. Sharma, M.L., Notes of Jaipur, p. 22
8. Ibid., pp. 22-23
9. Topsfield, Andrew, City Palace and lake palaces Architecture and
Court life in Udaipur Painting, p. 163 Stones in the Sand, (ed.) p. 63
10. Siayah-Imarati, Jama Kharach Paper, J.S.A. records, Bundle No. 3, p.
844
11. Bhatnagar, V.S., Life and Times of Jai Singh 1688-1743, p. 331
12. Arzdasht, Shravana, Badi 13, S. 1783 (July 16, 1726), J.S.A. records,
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 195 106
Jaipur
13. Gole, Susan, Indian Map and Plans, p. 199
14. Asher, C.B., Architecture of Mughal India, p. 193 Dr. Gajanand Choudhary Prize Paper
15. Manchartawali, p. 65
16. It is a popular lore that the Sanga Baba during Bharmal and after him,
established a new town Sanganer named after him, to the South of the Historical Significance of Nirakh Bazar
City. It is famous for the eleventh-century Jain Temple; and for the
Sanganeri block printing textile industries as well as for the handmade
Document of Amber State
paper industry. Mohammad Shahnawaz
17. Asher, C.B., Architecture of Mughal India, p. 120
18. Ibid., p. 121
19. Ibid., p. 122
Nirakh Bazar documents are unique as they offer an extensive
20. Ibid. range of information on economic structure of pre-modern Rajasthan.
21. Ibid., pp. 204-205 The profusion of data available at Rajasthan State Archives, Bikaner
paved way for explorative study of nirakh bazar document for different
parganas which throws light on the price control and stability of the
state’s economy. A study of Nirakh Bazar documents has drawn the
attention of historians S. Nurul Hasan and S.P. Gupta in 1967.1 The
increasing interest of scholars has helped in opening up fresh areas of
study. The importance of the nirakh bazar documents has been
recognized by eminent historians2 namely Ashim Kumar Roy, S.P. Gupta
and Dilbagh Singh in recent past.
Nirakh Bazar documents refer to the prevalent market rates of
agricultural and non-agricultural products for each and every principal
market of the state. These documents are tremendously rich in their
information related to the market prices. For detailed study of prevalent
market rates of Amber State we have nirakh bazar documents of
approximately sixty places namely Amarsar, Amber later Sawai Jaipur,
Bahatri, Dausa, Ajabgarh, Gazi Ka Thana, Geejgarh, Lalsot, Chatsu,
Malarna etc. These documents are commencing from V.S. 1719 (1662
A.D.) to the 19th century.3 Keeping in view the quantity and quality of
the Nirakh Bazar documents, an attempt has been made in this paper
to explore and analyse the statistical data. Present study focuses on
factors behind the uniformity in market rates, nature and historical
significance of the document, role of state administration, price
fluctuations, availability and non-availability of the commodities and
the use of prevalent daily market rates.
Enough statistical data is available in these documents to analyse
and understand the economic phenomenon of the Amber State. Another
important thing is that these documents enable us to make comparison
between different parganas over the years. Due to the information at
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 197 107 198 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

hand, we have selected nirakh bazar document of four parganas namely Gur13 (Jaggery) 3.81 304.8 3.81 334.21 0
Amber, Malarna, Lalsot, and Bahatri (Baswa). These documents show Khand chini14
that market of these parganas had some similar commodities and some (Raw sugar) 11.43 914.4 9.41 825.44 -18
commodities were different to each other. This may be possible due Til (Sesame) 2.35 188 2.96 259.65 +26
to difficulties in transportation from one place to another. Tel (Oil) 5.52 441.6 5.93 520.18 +7
Nirakh bazar document is much helpful to know stability and Ghee
uniformity of the markets in the territory of Amber. These documents (Clarified Butter) 9.41 752.8 10.0 877.19 +6
throw a good light on the uniformity in daily market prices and provided Rui (Carded cotton) 8.0 640 8.42 738.6 +5
even slight fluctuation among the commodities. Daily market rates Ata (flour) 1.38 110.4 1.14 100 -18
were prepared and duly signed by the panch Mahajan4 and were sent Lun (Salt) 0.83 66.4 0.89 78.07 +7
to the hazuri.5 These reports are preserved as permanent records at Singhara
the Rajasthan State Archives, Bikaner. State officials were always (Water chestnut) 3.64 291.2 4.44 389.47 +22
instructed to receive nirakh bazar records for the information of *Price difference at Lalsot compared to Bahatri has been shown as
Maharaja.6 It is noteworthy that state officials put a seal on the reports ‘+’ (increase) ‘–’ (decrease).
of nirakh bazar.7 Figure I (a) showing comparison between pargana Bahatri and Lalsot
To make comparison possible, we have converted all the prices
into rupees per man (fractions calculated in terms of decimals). In the
original document, the statistics are given as quantity per rupee. Due
to fluctuations in the sers per man among the different parganas,8 the
prices have been considered in terms of the 40 sers in a man. Apart
from this, we have also tried to make comparison easy among the
commodities within a single pargana over the year. we have assumed
100 as index9 to wheat and compared to other commodities available
at the market in respect to wheat. From this method of comparison
we can see price fluctuate easily among the commodities.
Table (I) showing the prices and their fluctuations in rupees per man
V.S. 1773/A.D. 1716
Item Pargana Pargana Remark Price Difference* Figure I (b) showing Price difference at pargana Lalsot compared
Bahatri10 Lalsot 11 (%) to Bahatri
Actual Index Actual Index
prices (Wheat=100)prices (Wheat=100)
Gehun (Wheat) 1.25 100 1.14 100 -9
Moth (Turkish gram) 0.85 68 1.14 100 +34
Mung 12
(Green gram) 0.93 74.4 1.67 146.49 +80
Urad (Black gram) 0.95 76 1.14 100 +20
Jau (Barley) 0.86 68.8 0.77 67.54 -11
Chana (Gram) 0.86 68.8 0.80 70.18 -7
Bajra ( Pearl millet) 1.14 91.2 1.21 106.14 +6
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 199 108 200 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

From the table (I) and graphs (I a&b) we can see that the Ghee
major price differences occurred in the kharif crops namely moth, (Clarified butter) 8.89 700 10.32 315.60 +16
mung urad and bajra between the pargana Bahatri and pargana Lalsot. Gur (Jaggery) 3.81 300 5.82 177.98 +53
On the other side the price difference is minor among the rabi crops.
Rui (Carded cotton) 5.0 393.70 5.71 174.62 +14
After the analyses of these two parganas it is proved that prices of
such commodities namely moth, mung, urad, bajra, til, oil, ghee, rui, Khand chini
salt, singhara were higher at pargana Lalsot compared to pargana (Raw sugar) 10.0 787.40 13.33 407.65 +33
Bahatri. At the pargana Lalsot, decline of prices occurred among the *Price difference at Amber compared to Malarna has been shown as ‘+’
commodities such as wheat, jau,gram, khand chini and flour. (increase) ‘–’ (decline).
It is noteworthy that the intense positive growth in prices has Figure II (a) showing comparison between pargana Malarna and
occurred in pulses. The prices of mung 80%, moth 34%, til 26%, Amber
singhara 22%, urad 20%, salt 7%, oil 7%, bajra 6%, ghee 6% and
rui (cotton) 5% increased at pargana Lalsot in terms of pargana
Bahatri. While the prices of gram 7%, wheat 9%, barley 11%, flour
18%, and khand chini 18% declined at Lalsot. There was no fluctuation
in the prices of gur.
Table (II) showing the prices and their fluctuations in rupees per man V.S.
1770/A.D. 1713
Item Pargana Malarna 15 Pargana Amber 16 Remark
Actual Index Actual Index Price
prices ( W h e a t prices (Wheat Difference*
Katha Katha (%)
=100) =100)
Gehun Katha17 1.27 100 3.27 100 +157
Figure II (b) display Price difference at pargana Amber compared to
(Wheat)
Malarna
Gehun Bajya18 1.23 96.85 3.08 94.19 +150
(Wheat)
Ata Katha (Flour) 1.43 112.60 3.56 108.87 +149
Ata Bajya (Flour) 1.38 108.66 3.33 101.83 +141
Jau (Barley) 0.94 74.02 2.5 76.45 +166
Chana (Gram) 1.12 88.19 3.2 97.86 +186
Jowar (Millet) 1.31 103.15 2.76 84.40 +111
Bajra (Pearl millet) 1.31 103.15 2.58 78.90 +197
Moth (Turkish gram) 1.27 100 2.83 86.54 +123
Urad (Black gram) 1.57 123.62 3.64 111.31 +132
Mung (Green gram) 1.63 128.35 4.21 128.75 +158 From the perusal of above table and graphs we find massive
Til (Sesame) 2.62 206.30 3.81 116.51 +145 price differences between pargana Malarna and pargana Amber. At
Lun (Salt) 0.89 70.08 0.52 15.90 -42 pargana Amber price of commodities two or three times higher than
Tel (Oil) 5.51 433.86 8.89 271.87 +61
pargana Malarna during the year of V.S. 1770/A.D. 1713. An
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 201 109 202 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

examination of the table II reveals the price differences through Chawal (Rice) 3.20 3.08 3.08 3.20 2 8 0 . 7 02 5 4 . 5 5 2 3 1 . 5 8 2 0 7 . 7 9
percentage at the markets. There is inflation19 at Amber relative to (-) (-4) (0) (+4)
Chawal Mota (Rice) 2.67 2.22 2.35 2.50 2 3 4 . 2 11 8 3 . 4 7 1 7 6 . 6 9 1 6 2 . 3 4
Malarna where, wheat (katha) abruptly increased with 157%, wheat
(-) (-17) (+6) (+6)
(bajya) 150%, flour (katha) 149%, flour (bajya) 141%, barley 166%, Khand chini 9.41 12.38 12.31 10.0 8 2 5 . 4 41023.149 2 5 . 5 6 6 4 9 . 3 5
gram 186%, jowar 111%, bajra 197%, moth 123%, urad 132%, mung (Raw sugar) (-) (+32) (-1) (-19)
158%, til 145%, oil 61%, ghee 16%, gur 53%, rui 14% and khand Gur (Jaggery) 3.81 4.21 3.72 2.91 3 3 4 . 2 13 4 7 . 9 3 2 7 9 . 7 0 1 8 8 . 9 6
chini 33%. Table showing remarkable positive growth in food grains’ (-) (+10) (-12) (-22)
price at the market of Amber compare to Malarna while at the same Ghee
(Clarified butter) 10.0 9.41 9.41 9.01 8 7 7 . 1 97 7 7 . 6 9 7 0 7 . 5 2 5 8 8 . 0 6
time, the price growth of other commodities was not considerably so
(-) (-6) (0) (-4)
high as it was in case of food grains. Nevertheless price hike is evident Tel (Oil) 5.93 6.96 6.96 6.40 5 2 0 . 1 85 7 5 . 2 1 5 2 3 . 3 1 4 1 5 . 5 8
in all the commodities available at pargana Amber, a negative growth (-) (+17) (0) (-8)
appeared in the price of salt. It may be possible due to abundant supply Til (Sesame) 2.96 2.86 2.96 2.50 2 5 9 . 6 52 3 6 . 3 6 2 2 2 . 5 6 1 6 2 . 3 4
of salt. The price of salt was very low throughout eastern Rajasthan (-) (-3) (+3) (-16)
because salt was extracted from the lake of Sambhar. Jau (Barley) 0.77 0.92 1.11 1.11 67.54 76.03 83.46 72.08
(-) (+19) (+21) (0)
In pargana Malarna the average prices of rabi crops was lower Chana (Gram) 0.80 0.95 1.18 1.14 70.18 78.51 88.72 74.03
than kharif. More price variations occurred in oil, ghee, salt, gur, (-) (+19) (+24) (-3)
khand chini, rui, til, mung, urad and barley relative to wheat (katha). Baijhari
On the other side, in pargana Amber more price variations appeared in (Mixed grain) 22 0.77 0.93 1.11 1.11 67.54 76.86 83.46 72.08
terms of wheat (katha). (-) (+21) (+19) ( 0 )
Moth
The inflation at pargana Amber is discernable as compared to (Turkish gram) 1.14 1.05 1.25 1.11 100 86.78 93.98 72.08
pargana Malarna, possibly due to low supply of commodities or heavy (-) (-8) (+19) (-11)
demand, erratic rainfall and difficulties in transportation. It may also Bajra
be possible that sometimes merchants were interested in hoarding in (Pearl millet) 1.21 1.11 1.33 1.33 1 0 6 . 1 491.74 100 86.36
order to get more benefit during the time of famine. They purchased (-) (-8) (+20) ( 0 )
Urad
entire grain from other merchants and sold at higher rate during the
(Black gram) 1.14 1.18 1.48 1.21 100 97.52 1 1 1 . 2 8 78.57
period of famine.20 (-) (+4) (+25) (-18)
Table (III) showing the prices and their fluctuations in rupees per man Mung
Pargana Lalsot (V.S. 1773/A.D. 1716) (Green gram) 1.67 1.60 1.67 1.43 1 4 6 . 4 91 3 2 . 2 3 1 2 5 . 5 6 92.86
Item Actual Price Index (Wheat Katha = 100) (-) (-4) (+4) (-14)
Asarh MangsirPaush Paush Asarh Mangsir Paush Paush Singhara
Vadi 1 Sudi 1 Vadi 1 Sudi 15 Vadi 1 Sudi 1 Vadi 1 Sudi 15 (Water chestnut) 4.44 - - - 3 8 9 . 4 7- - -
Gehun Katha (Wheat) 1 . 1 4 1.21 1.33 1.54 1 0 0 100 100 100 Lun (Salt) 0.89 0.77 0.77 0 . 8 9 78.07 63.64 57.89 57.79
(-) 21 (+6) (+10) (+16) (-) (-13) (0) (+16)
Gehun Bajya (Wheat) 1 . 0 1 1 . 1 9 1 . 3 3 1 . 4 3 88.60 98.35 100 92.86 Rui
(-) (+18) (+12) (+8) (Carded cotton) 8.42 7.49 8.42 8 . 8 9 7 3 8 . 6 0619.0 6 3 3 . 0 8 5 7 7 . 2 7
Ata (Flour) 1.14 1.38 1.48 1.60 1 0 0 114.05 111.28 103.90 (-) (-11) (+12) (+6)
(-) (+21) (+7) (+8) Mirch (chilly) 32.0 37.65 35.56 35.56 2 8 0 7 3111.572 6 7 3 . 6 2 3 0 9
Maida (refined flour) 1 . 4 3 1 . 6 7 1 . 9 0 2 . 1 1 1 2 5 . 4 41 3 8 . 0 2 142.86 137.01 (-) (+18) (-6) (0)
(-) (+17) (+14) (+11) Mirch dam
Chun (powder) 0.89 1.05 1.25 1.25 78.07 86.78 93.98 81.17 (Kind of chilly) - 32.0 32.0 32.0 - 2 6 4 4 . 6 32 4 0 6 2077.9
(-) (+18) (+19) ( 0 ) (-) (0) (0)
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 203 110 204 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
Kodon 23 - 1.33 1.54 1.48 - 1 0 9 . 9 2 1 1 5 . 7 9 96.10 Table (IV) showing the rate of bullion on the basis of average price of 10
(-) (+16) (-4) days
Kapas (Cotton) 24 - 2.50 2.67 2.67 - 206.61 200.75 173.38 V.S.1773/A.D. 1716 (Rs./An.) V.S.1770/A.D. 1713 (Rs./An.)
(-) (+7) (0) Item Bahatri Lalsot Malarna Amber
Chhola (chickpeas) - 0.95 1.14 1.11 - 78.51 85.71 72.08 Kundan - - - 12/12
(-) (+20) (-3) Gold 13/- - - 12/10
Gojro 25 Muhr (gold coin) 11/15 11/14 11/4 11/8
(Mixed grain) - 1.0 1.18 1.25 - 82.64 88.72 81.17 Sliver 11/8 11/12 12/- 11/5
(-) (+18) (+6)
Taka 26 17/12½ 17/37½ 18/12½ - 18/19 17/37½
Sali (Rice) - 1.25 1.37 1.48 - 1 0 3 . 3 1 1 0 3 . 0 1 96.10
(-) (+10) (+8) Table shows the market rates of gold, kundan, muhr and copper
From the analyses of above table, it should be clear that the in terms of the silver rupee. From the table it is clear that there were
prices of commodities in pargana Lalsot fluctuated in different months. minor fluctuations which appeared among the market value of the
More price variations appeared in kharif crops compared to rabi crops. bullions. To study fluctuations in copper and gold prices in relation to
After the scrutiny of table III we find commodities such as wheat silver, these documents are extremely helpful. We generally get two
(both qualities), flour, refined flour, gojro, and Sali frequently increased values for the taka. Sometimes there were slight fluctuations in values
over the months. of different kinds of the taka.
An attempt has been made through this table to explore price After the analyses of nirakh bazar documents we assume that
variations which occurred at the market in a single year. To understand food grains might have been consumed locally and were not exported
the level of fluctuation, we have reference that prices of khand chini to other areas which naturally show a great variation in the
considerably fluctuated e.g. 32% rise during the month of Mangsir, commodities. The variations which occurred in the prices might be
sudden a decline to 1% during paush month and again at the last date possible due to the supply and demand, erratic rainfall, illegal extortions,
of paush month it declined to 19%. burden of taxes, difficulties occurred in transportation, highway theft
and robberies, famine etc.
Remarkable changes occurred in the prices of commodities in
relation to each other within a single year. The relative value of the Another significant aspect of the nirakh bazar document is that
commodities in terms of wheat (katha as index) can be examined market was unified by looking into the range of prices prevailing in
from the table. On the one side relative value of the commodities like the different areas. Range variation in prices of different commodities
wheat (bajya), chun, barley, gram, baijhari, moth, salt, chhola and was small which indicates that at least within the limits of parganas,
gojro marked less in terms of wheat (katha). While on the other side, the market was practically unified and there was uniformity and stability
flour, refined flour, rice, rice (mota), khand chini, gur, ghee, tel, til, at the markets. Nirakh Bazar document shows the general well-being
bajra, urad, mung, singhara, rui (cotton), chilly, chilly (dam), kodon, of the people of Amber State.
kapas (cotton) and sali (rice) had marked increase. It may also be observed that state always kept an eye on the
There were different qualities among the food grains such as prevailing market rates and availability of the commodities. State called
two qualities for wheat, two qualities for flour, two qualities for chilly officials to take action against merchants if any complaint was received
and three qualities for rice. Baijhari and gojro were the mixed grains. for scarcity of grain etc. therefore, merchants were strictly instructed
Singhara was available only during Asarh and unavailable during last to sell grain according to the prevailing rates at the bazar.27 Apart from
three months. It may be possible that singhara was produced near this, state always provided facilities to the merchants as they were
about Asarh and Baisakh and was not produced during the month of fully or partially exempted from taxation to commute articles and grains
Mangsir and Paush. The rate of mirch dam remained constant during at the market from far flung areas.
our period of study. Mirch dam, kodon, kapas (cotton), chhola, gojro References
and Sali (rice) were not available during Asarh. 1. S. Nurul Hasan and S.P. Gupta, “Prices of the Food Grains in the
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 205 111 206 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

Territory of Amber (c. 1650-1750)”, Proceedings of Indian History 12. Mung- Phaseolus Mungo, or a species of pulse. See, John T. Platts, A
Congress, Patiala, 1967, pp. 345-368. Dictionary of Urdu Classical Hindi and English, New Delhi, Manohar
2. Ashim Kumar Roy, History of the Jaipur City, Manohar Publications, Publishers and Distributers, 2006, pp.1095.
New Delhi, 1970; S.P. Gupta, “Prices and Rural Commerce in 17th 13. Gur- molasses, treacle, raw sugar, the product of the first inspissation
Century Eastern Rajasthan”, PIHC, Kurukshetra, 1982, pp.270-282 & of the juice of the sugarcane. See, Wilson, H.H., A Glossary of Judicial
The Agrarian System of Eastern Rajasthan (c.1650-1750), Manohar and Revenue Terms, Delhi, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1968,
Publications, New Delhi, 1986.; Dilbagh Singh, The State, Landlords pp.190.
and Peasants: Rajasthan in the 18th Century, Manohar Publications, 14. Khand Chini- Raw sugar or brown sugar which was not refined, See,
New Delhi, 1990. Sitaram Lalas, Rajasthani Sabad Kos, Vol.I pp. 602.
3. Nirakh Bazar pargana Udai V.S. 1719/A.D. 1662 R.S.A.B; Nirakh Bazar 15. Nirakh Bazar pargana Malarna dated Asarh Vadi 1, V.S. 1770/A.D.
pargana Sawai Jaipur V.S. 1916/A.D. 1859 R.S.A.B. 1713, R.S.A.B.
4. Nirakh Bazar pargana Bahatri dated Baisakh Sudi 1, V.S. 1773/A.D. 16. Nirakh Bazar pargana Amber dated Asoj Sudi 8, V.S. 1770/A.D. 1713,
1716 R.S.A.B; Nirakh Bazar pargana Lalsot dated Mangsir Sudi 1, V.S. R.S.A.B.
1773/A.D. 1716 R.S.A.B. 17. Gehun Katha- wheat of Superior quality
5. Arzdasth pargana Amber dated Kartik Vadi 3, V.S. 1750/A.D. 1693 18. Gehun Bajya- wheat of Inferior quality
R.S.A.B, Ajit Singh and Manram reported Maharaja Bishan Singh that 19. Inflation- It is an economic term which indicates that general price
Nirakh hundi of qasba Sanganer and Nirakh bazar of qasba Amber rise among the commodities.
were sent to the hazuri. 20. Arzdasht dated Asoj Vadi 7, VS 1751/AD 1694. R.S.A.B.
6. Arzdasth pargana Amber dated Paush Sudi 15, V.S. 1752/A.D. 1695, 21. Figures in parenthesis indicates ‘increase’ (+) or ‘decrease’ (-) over
R.S.A.B. the previous value.
7. For detail see Nirakh bazar of different parganas, R.S.A.B. All these 22. Baijhari- mixture of gram, jau etc., See, Sakaria, Badriprasad & Sakaria,
seals written in Persian i.e. Nirakh bazar of pargana Sawai Jaipur Bhupatiram, Rajasthani –Hindi Shabdkosh, Panchsheel Prakashan,
contained Muhr-i Niyabat Qazi Muhammad Nasir (Nirakh Bazar Jaipur, 1982, pp. 917.
pargana Sawai Jaipur V.S. 1785/A.D. 1728), pargana Bahatri contained 23. Kodon or kodu- a grain of low quality
on the seal Muhammad Shah Ibn Shekhu Shah (Nirakh Bazar pargana 24. Kapas- When it is not separated from seed, it is termed Kapas. See, John
T. Platts, A Dictionary of Urdu. Opcit. pp. 609.
Bahatri V.S. 1773/A.D. 1716), Nirakh bazar of pargana Chatsu has the
25. Gojro- mixture of wheat and barley
name of Enayatullah Ibn Shaikh Abdul Aziz (Nirakh Bazar pargana
26. The market value of taka in different parganas given related to silver
Chatsu V.S. 1771/A.D. 1714), Nirakh bazar of pargana Lalsot containing
rupee.
Barkhurdar Qazi Ahmad Ibn Qazi Muhammad Sharif Khadim Shara
27. Arzdasht dated Asoj Vadi 12, VS 1751/AD 1694. R.S.A.B.
(Nirakh Bazar pargana Lalsot V.S. 1773/A.D. 1716) and pargana Dausa
has the name of Syed Amin Ibn Syed (Nirakh Bazar pargana Dausa V.S.
1723/A.D. 1666).
8. A man of 28 ser existed in pargana Amber, 30 ser in pargana Lalsot and
40 ser in pargana Chatsu.
9. Index- Generally, index number is used in time series data to compare
the fluctuations over the period of time. Here as a special case we have
used index number in cross section (in a year variation exists) data to
compare variations between items.
10. Nirakh Bazar pargana Bahatri dated Baisakh Vadi 1, V.S. 1773/A.D.
1716, R.S.A.B.
11. Nirakh Bazar pargana Lalsot dated Asarh Vadi 1, V.S. 1773/A.D. 1716,
R.S.A.B.
 112
Administering the Dargah of Khwaja Muin
ud- din Chishti of Ajmer : Khuddam1 and
other hereditary Stake holders
Yusra Farooqui
“Whatever one has received is the reward of service rendered
by him to his Pir, but he must take to heart the lesson which his Pir
imparts to him and try to act upto the same accordingly.”2
-Khwaja Garib Nawaz (Muin ud-din Chishti)
In the state of Rajasthan, the dargah of Khwaja Muin- ud din
Chishti is a place which is visited by thousands of devotees, visitors
and pilgrims, from almost every part of India and also from the other
countries of South East Asia. The Annual celebration (Urs) 3 of the
dargah is an event where not only the district administration but also
the State and Central governments makes massive arrangements for
the safety, security and comfort of the lakh of visitors who come
from the sub-continent as from the foreign countries in a large number.
The national leaders, political parties and the highest dignitaries of the
nation, make it an occasion to reach to the civic society by sending
the customary gifts (chadar or nazr-o-niyaz) for the dargah. Huge
publicity is given to such gestures by the print and electronic media.
This healthy tradition has continued in spite of the contrary propaganda
by the radical organizations, individuals. This dargah remains most
visible and vibrant center of our shared past, pluralistic ethos and the
composite culture.
Since the Pre- Colonial times, the Dargah has occupied the
central stage of the political discourse. Mughal Emperor Akbar (d.
1605) and his successors made full use of the centrality of dargah.
They made huge donations, created Waqf, constructed numerous
buildings, which still survive and are in the use of devotees. The later
rulers of the successor states have also made huge donations for the
maintenance of the various buildings and the performance of the
customary practices, rituals and other religious practices at the dargah.
These donors cut across the religious line 4, these included Nawabs5,
Nazims, Nizams Rajput 6 and Maratha Chieftains, Jain merchants and
even the colonial administrators.
208 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
The interesting aspects which needs to be highlighted are the
Wakalatnamas 7 (the power of attorney) executed by the Rajput 8,
Maratha9 and Jat Chieftains by the Banias and the Jain merchants in
favor of numerous families of khuddam (and baridar, the hereditary
attendants looking after the services inside and outside the tomb).
They were appointed to pray for the welfare of their patrons during
the special hours i.e., when prayer had the most acceptable timings
with the divine. It also needs to the highlighted that the time period of
the Wakalatnamas synchronizes with some of the bitter Mughal Rajput
and Mughal Maratha conflicts.
The khadim community10 has emerged as the most powerful
stakeholders in the affairs of the dargah. They were engaged in one
of the bitterest legal disputes with the diwan (official supposed to be
from the direct lineage of Khwaja Sahab) and khadims, the matter
finally reached to the Supreme Court, which suggested for the passage
of an act by the Central govt. for the administration of the Dargah
Khwaja Sahab. Thus, the Dargah Khwaja Sahab Act was passed in
AD 1956 by the Central govt. Now, the Dargah as administered
according to the provision of this act. It also recognizes the position
of the khadims for several things including the inside services within
the tomb of the Khwaja Sahab. Any visitor to the dargah perhaps
cannot avoid the khadims as a class. This paper seeks to understand /
analyze the emergence and the making of khuddams as the most
important stake holders at the dargah of Ajmer.
Evidence confirms that the custom of making offerings to the
shrine is the major source of the income of the khuddam community.
These offerings have been usually in cash, land or food. In early
Sultanate period, Sultan Nasiruddin Mehmud (d. 1266) and Alauddin
Khilji (d. 1316) visited dargah during their march (via Ajmer) in famous
campaigns of Nagore and Chittor respectively. While Isami says that
Sultan Muhammad Bin Tughlaq (d. 1351) paid a thanks giving visit to
the shrine of Khwaja Moin-ud-din Chishti. However from a
contemporary sources, we find that during a meeting with Firoz Shah
Tughlaq (d. 1388), one of the khadims of Ajmer shrine wished to
return back the land-grant (madad-i-maash) deed he was holding,
due to the unnecessary persecution of the local officials.11
In AD 1455, when Mehmud Khilji (d. 1469), the sultan of Mandu
(Malwa) stationed himself at Mandalgarh, most probably it was a group
of these khadimin who approached him to attack and capture Ajmer,
and to establish law and order there, which the Sultan immediately
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 209
did. He then appointed Khwaja Naimatullah as the hakim of Ajmer.
According to the author of Masir-i-Mahmud Shahi, the Sultan paid
homage to the dargah of Khwaja Ajmeri, suitably offered nazar and
stipends to the khudma/ sidana of the place and established a proper
administration and also built/renovated a mosque adjacent to the mazar
of the Chishti saint. Behlol Lodhi (d. 1489 AD.) is reported to have
visited the shrine, but in the early decades of sixteenth century, the
people of the city had to witness another horror from the hands of
Rana Sanga 1521 (d. 1528), who looted the place and the public of
the city suffered heavily at his hands and some of them even migrated
to other place, but again the khadims proved loyalty to the dargah and
remained there. In AD. 1524 they welcomed the visit of Prince Bahadur
Shah of Gujrat who in AD.1532, sent his commander Shamsher-ul-
Mulk to recover the city from Rajputs and to restore dargah to its
past glory. Prior to Sher Shah’s visit in AD. 1544, one of the queens
of Rao Maldeo choose her residence at Ajmer after quarrelling with
her husband. She lived in valley below Taragarh fort, where remains
of a palace attributed to roothi-rani (annoyed queen) are still to be
found.12
Thus, we can say that during the Pre Mughal time, the khadims
inspite of all the privation and troubles, loyally remained attached to
the dargah of their beloved master, never thinking for a moment to
move with the prevailing conditions in the region. The remarkable
devotion and attachment of the Khuddam (khadims) and the ceaseless
efforts to create pleasant and peaceful environment that dargah of
Khwaja Sahib remained a place of pilgrimage for all sorts of people,
well before the establishment of Mughal empire in India. As a result
of these services the khadim community gained respect of the people
who offered small and large amounts of money as nazar, while some
of the kings and chieftains seem to have bestowed upon them land
grants and stipends, which contributed to the improvement of their
material condition and social status.
In Mughal era, between AD. 1562-79, Akbar (d. 1605) visited
the shrine almost every year, on annual Urs, on the birth of a Prince,
or a success in the military campaign, either against Rajputs or Afghans,
he was always found paying thanks giving pilgrimage at the shrine
and lavishly pouring cash and kind as nazar on Khadims and Inam on
others. The young Emperor firmly believed that all his successes were
due to the spiritual blessings of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti. Finding
the conditions of khadims as well as of dargah unsatisfactory, having
113 210 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
no permanent source of income, Akbar first of all assigned or renewed
madad-i-maash (revenue free) land for the maintenance of the shrine
and upkeep of its custodians (khadims).
The Khuddam were not only supported by individual devotees.
They were regular recipients of endowments made by the Mughal
court. These were in the form of madad-i mash grants. ‘The grant of
madad-i- maash was theoretically an act of charity…. All those who
were engaged in service or in any trade and thus had other means of
livelihood, could not properly hold grants.13 According to Abul Fazl,
“His Majesty, from his desire to promote rank distinctions,
confers lands and subsistence allowances on the following four classes
of men: first enquirers after wisdom, who have withdrawn from all
worldly occupation, and make no difference between night and daytime
in searching for true knowledge; secondly, on such as toil and practice
self-denial, and while engaged in the struggle with the selfish passions
of human nature, have renounced the society of men; thirdly, on such
as are weak and poor, and have no strength for enquiry; fourthly, on
honorable men of gentle birth who, from want of knowledge, are
unable to provide for themselves by taking up a trade”.14
In the event, criteria for receiving these grants were rather wider
than Abul Fazl suggests.
Descendants of saints or religious divines and persons who
had retired from the world, but most frequently, those simply belonging
to families reputed for learning or orthodoxy, or just held to be
respectable, were regarded, without particular reference to their
individual merits, as eligible for receiving grants.15
The Khuddam were thus eligible for such grants from the state.
The grants came in the form of land, cash or food. The grantees were
to enjoy the revenues (hasilat) from the land, and they were exempted
from all obligations to pay the land revenue (mal-o jihat) as well as
ikhrajat, the petty burdens imposed by officials, who are then specified
in detail (in the madad-i maash documents), and so, from all ‘fixed
obligations and royal demands’ However, the grantee had no right to
sell or transfer his madad-i maash land.
A number of Mughal and later Mughal madad-i- maash
documents which gives an idea of the scale of support the dargah at
Ajmer from the Mughal Court and others. Like, In AD 1576, Akbar
grants 6890 biga to Shaikh Fathullah and his brothers. The land
consisted of 4200 bigha of cultivated land and 2690 bigha of
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 211
uncultivated waste land. The revenue of 1000 bigha of this land was
to be assigned to the expenses of the ‘urs’, while the remainder was
for the maintenance of the grantees.16 After in AD 1586-7, Akbar grants
240 bigha of land to a khadim named Shaykh Ismail.17 A total number
of 18 villages were granted in the haveli, pargana, sarkar and suba of
Ajmer, to meet the annual expenses of urs, langer, enlightenment, and
other rituals at the shrine, and for the salaries of staff, including rozinas
(daily allowances) to the khadims to conduct ceremonies of dargah.
Biyar and Kakniawas, the two very fertile villages, were assigned to
the entire khadim community, for their maintenance as madad-i-maash
providing them a solid and permanent base for meeting their livelihood
expenses.
Jahangir (d. 1627) obviously beliefs that his birth through the
blessings of Shaikh Moinuddin Chishti and therefore, paid same
respect to his dargah and khadims as did his father. In AD 1614-15,
Jahangir grants 400 bigha to Saiyid Khubullah, Saiyid Karamullah,
and Muhammad Raza.18 After in AD 1615-16, he grants 36 bigha of
land to Haji Muhammad19 and 230 bigha of land in favor of Bibi Jan
and other khadim widows.20 In AD 1681, Aurangzeb (d. 1707) grants
30 bigha of cultivated land to Shaykh Bayazid, who is said to be a
very old man with no other source of income.21 After in AD 1683, he
grants 45 biga to Saiyid Baqir Muhammad and Colleagues, all are the
Scholars of Islam and had no other source of income.22
During Shahjahan’s visits to Ajmer, he structured a Rota system
to ensure that the duties of locking and unlocking the tomb and
performing the various ceremonies there were carried out efficiently
and that the burden was spread equitably. A sanad23 was issued dividing
the khuddam into seven groups, each group being responsible for the
shrine for one day each week. Each Khadim gets a chance to handle
the heavy set of keys, tied to a long cloth, which are put across his
shoulder as he is responsible for day’s activities. Mostly Khuddams
depends on the pilgrims for their livelihood. 24 They provide
accommodation, escort them to the various ceremonies held at the
shrine, and show them around the sacred sites of the city. Those who
go to the dargah for the first time are soon taken in hand by the
Khartoum.25
On the other hand, it is also claimed that Shahjahan had issued
specific orders regarding the sitting arrangement during the Urs and
on Thursday mehfils held at the shrine. By these imperial orders the
sitting places of Diwan, Khuddam, descendants of other saints and
114 212 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
some religious dignitaries besides qawwals, and huffaz (Quran recitors)
maulud khwans (reciters of verses in praise of Prophet etc.) were
finally settled. It appears that the Emperor had further consolidated
the Mughal hold over the affairs of the shrine specially in these
gatherings through the diwan, the sole agent of the imperial authority.26
A number of family documents of these khuddam regarding
division of properties, shares in ancestral belongings, mutual
agreements, hiba-namahs (deeds of gifts) etc. bring to light important
and valuable details about provincial as well as central officials and
the administrative and judicial system working at Ajmer. Emperor
Aurangzeb during his first visit after the battle of Dorai (Devrai) made
a cash nazar of Rs. 5,000 to khadims. Later while stationed at Ajmer
during AD.1679-81 to crush the Rathor rebellion, he frequently paid
visits to the shrine generally on Fridays after namaz and offered nazar.
He did not disturb the land grants earlier assigned to khadims by his
ancestors but added very few and insufficient grants of 30 bighas
each and that too, to the aged and old members of the community and
15 bighas each to the young khadims engaged in pursuing religious
education. Perhaps the crisis in jagirdari and the prevailing conditions
in the province had kept him in check and control for giving more
grant of lands.27
In AD 1690, Rao Anirudh Singh ruler of Bundi, has made a
grant of Changespura village (in Bundi) to Syed Muhammad Jafar
Khadim,28 his vakil, as a bhent (nazar) in the name of Khawaja Sahib.
Darbar Khan the subedar of Ajmer, issued an order to the officials of
the suba in 1673, that 20 bighas of land he handed over to Syed Dan
khadim his vakil, for the maintenance of his khanqah. 29 In the reign
of Shah ‘Alam Bahadur Shah30, AD 1707-12, Saiyid Muhammad ‘Aqil’
is granted 100 biga of land. 31 And 100 biga to Shaykh Muhammad
Mumriz, son of Shaykh Nur Muhammad and his sons.32
However, Syed Hayatullah khadim was confirmed on the post
of muhtasib of Ajmer and teacher at the madarsa of dargah in place of
his deceased father Syed Wali Muhammad, with a grant of yomia
(daily allowance) of Re. 1/- per day and 150 bighas of land as madad-
i-maash. The Emperor also granted 100 bighas of land each to Syed
Aqil and Shaikh Mumraiz khadims for their livelihood. His son
Jahanshah sent Rs. 2000/- as nazar and for cooking of deg, to his
vakils/khadims, viz. Syed Murad and one another in the fulfilment of
minnet (vow) of his son Roshan Akhtar (later Emperor Muhammad
Shah). It was during the reign of Jahandar Shah in 1713 that
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 213
Muhammad Shafi Tehrani ‘Warid’ the author of Miratul Waridat paid
homage to the dargah of Khwaja Sahib and composed 42 verses in
praise of the Chishti saint of Ajmer.33
Farrukhsiyar (d. 1719) in spite of his keenness could not make
a trip to Ajmer due to the political situation prevailing at his court. But
he received the sacred tabarrukat sent by khadims with all respect
and devotion, and in AD 1714, grants the village of Geegul and Beonja
(in haveli Ajmer), which had an annual revenue of Rs.949, to all the
khuddam.34 In Muhammad Shah reign, AD 1721 (1st April), Azim Khan,
jagirdar of Ajmer, gives 700 rupees as an offering to the shrine of his
vakil, Saiyid Sharifullah, son of Habibullah. 35 And in AD 1725, 28,000
dam per annum, the revenue from the village of Banuri in the environs
of Ajmer are granted to the khanqah run by Muhammad Saleh, khadim
of the dargah of Muin al din.36 Again in AD 1727 (24th May) He sends
Rs 3000 to him for the shrine.37
The Nawab of Loharu grants Rs. 450 annually (1815-16) to his
vakils, Saiyid Sadar ‘Ali’ and Saiyid Bayatullah.38 Shah Muhammad
Khwaja Baksh Ahmadi grants 5 biga of land (AD 1815) from his holding
in the Saharanpur district to his vakil, Miyan Qalandar Baksh. He
mentions that the ancestors of Shaykh Qalander Baksh have been the
vakils of his family for many a generations. 39 The Nawab of
Bahawalpur, Muhammad Khan Abhasi, gives one maun of Seasum oil
to his wakil, Saiyid Kamar ‘Ali Shah’.40 The Maharajas of Udaipur
were also clearly involved in the Dargah as is witnessed in a letter of
AD 1868-9 which summons the Maharaja vakil to see him in his
palace in Udaipur as soon as possible. Details of his offerings to the
shrine and his vakil could not however be found.41
After analyzing the documents, we can say that the khuddams
had played a very significant role in dargah 42 and enjoyed the madad-
i maash grants in the form of cash, land and grain or in any form of
kind43, as it clearly evident from the documents, that the khuddams
were the recipients of madad-i- maash grants time to time from
different rulers, such as The Mughals, Nawabs, Nizams, Rajput,
Maratha Chieftains, even the Colonial rulers. We noticed that, after
the death of khadim, the madad-i maash grant were transfer to his
widow and children’s.
In present scenario we see that every person associated with
dargah claims to be the khadim, which is not the proper tradition of
becoming khadim. Because as H.G. Lammens says, whenever a person
115 214 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
became disciple (murid) of Shaikh (Ali Hujveri), he had to serve the
people of his khanqah (hospices) at least for three years, with such
devotion and dedication that he is a khadim and the rest are makhdoom
(masters). Khawaja Hussain Nagori has alluded khadims are equivalent
to Rizwan (the door keeper of heaven), and this shows how great
saints of the time held the khadims in high esteem, and appreciated
their role.44
“Knowledge is comprised upto an unfathomable ocean and
enlightenment is like a wave in it, then what is the relation of God
and man? While the ocean of knowledge is sustained by God lone,
the enlightment pertains to man.”45
-Khwaja Garib Nawaz (Muin ud-din Chishti)
References:
1. Khuddams are also known as moallims, mujavirs, sidana, mutavassilin,
gaddi-nashins, sahibzadgan etc, who played a vital role and worked
tirelessly to guide and impress (rushd-o-hidayat) upon the pilgrims
(zairin), the true spirit of Chishti Silsilah, with the motto, “service to
His creatures is the true taat (obedience) of the creator”. Certainly it
was due to the extra-ordinary grass root work of these hereditary
khadims, who carried the mission of Khwaja Sahib at his Shrine,
vigorously, against all odds, that they are still attached to the dargah
and are held in high esteem by pilgrims, duly respected and offered
nazars. See, Syed Liyaqat Hussain Moini, The Dargah of Khwaja
“Gharib Nawaz” of Ajmer, Jodhpur-Ahmedabad, 2015, p.129.,
2. Laxmi Dhaul, The Sufi Shrine of Ajmer, Rupa & Co., 2004.
3. The Annual Urs is a time of celebration and joy. Devotees from all over
the world converge at the Dargah Sharif to pay their respects. There
are those that believe that whatever they ask during the Urs will be
granted. The Urs celebration starts on the evening of the 25th Jamadi-
utb-thani, the sixth month of the Islamic calendar. Four or five days
before the start of the Urs, the flag hoisting ceremony ‘nishan jhanda’
is held over the main gate or Buland Darwaza. During the Urs, the
audition gatherings mehfil-e-sama are continuously held on all six
days in the Mehfilkhana, in the rooms (hujrahs) and the gaddis (sitting
places of Khadims) within the dargah, in the houses of khadims and at
other centers in the city. Spiritual and devotional songs create an
atmosphere of love and respect towards Khwaja Sahib. Ibid, pp.86-90.
4. In late 15th century, Shaikh Jamali arrived at dargah in company of his
pirzadah Shaikh Nasiruddin, (son of Shaikh Samauddin Kamboh) and
observed that number of Hindus regularly pay homage at the shrine of
the great Chishti saint, and as mark of respect offer all nazar to the
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 215 116 216 / Rajasthan History Congress
mujaviran.
5. Like The Nawab of Loharu grants Rs. 450 annually (1815-16) to his
vakils, Saiyid Sadar ‘Ali’ and Saiyid Bayatullah and Nawab of
Bahawalpur, Muhammad Khan Abhasi, gives one maun of Seasum oil
to his wakil, Saiyid Kamar ‘Ali Shah’ for details see Ajmer documents,
pp-331, 335.
6. Abhay Singh, son of Raja Ajit Singh of Marwar (jodhpur) had confirmed
a grant of 125 bighas of land of Thanwa village in Bawal pargana
(suba Ajmer). And also the Rathor rulers of Krishangarh (near Ajmer)
had granted 129 bighas of land in Narwar village to Syed Inayatullah,
one of the khadims. We also noticed that Raja Sawai Jai Singh gave
two mohars and 500 as nazr, when he visited the dargah in AD. 1723.
See, ‘The Hindus and the dargah of Ajmer’, AD.1658-1737: An Overview
by S.Liyaqat H. Moini, p. 159, Art and Culture (edited by Ahsan Jan
Qaisar & Som Prakash Verma), Jaipur, 1993.
7. Ibid, pp.155-56, The Wakalatnama is a sort of pledge or ‘binding’ 11.
deed by which a devotee attached and bound himself, his family
members, relatives, clansmen (and in case of a pir, his followers, too) to 12.
a particular khadim (or rarely more than one khadim) by accepting 13.
him as his/their vakil at the dargah to help and guide them in the 14.
performance of Ziarat (religious visit), circumambulation, rituals, 15.
recitation of faith (to offer prayers for the dead), etc. we also know 16.
that the Wakalatnamas were generally written or signed during the 17.
pilgrims visit, but in the case of the nobles, Chieftains and high officials 18.
these were sent through trusted officials such as diwan, etc. of the 19.
noble or the raja. 20.
8. Ibid, The Wakalatnama of Fath Singh, the son of Inder Singh (a cousin 21.
of Maharaja Ajit Singh of Jodhpur), dated 30 Ramzan, 38 regnal year 22.
of Aurangzeb is one of the very few documents written in both Persian 23.
and Rajasthani. It seems one of the rarest Wakalatnama in which two 24.
khadims have accepted as vakils at one and the same time. See, Plate-
A.
9. Ibid, p. 157, Among the well-known Hindu rajas, the Wakalatnama of
Raja Sahu, the grandson of Shivaji (30 rabi-ul awwal, 50th regnal year
of Aurangzeb, 2nd July 1706), it is the only Wakalatnama in which the
highest amount of Rs. 1000 was promised as nazr to be sent yearly to
Syed Murad in lieu of the performance of his duties as vakil. See Plate
B.
10. When we see the origins of the khadim community, in 1976-7, 25.
approximately 1400, including Women and Children. Their exact 26.
provenance is the subject of dispute. Some khuddam claim that they
are descended from Muin- al -din himself, but this appears to be a 27.
ISSN 2321-1288
deliberate misrepresentation to increase their prestige, and command
greater respect and more generous offerings. Others make less
demanding claims, that they are descended from the immediate
entourage of the saint. The improbability of this applying to the entire
khadim population is emphasized by the claim that some are descended
from Muhammad Yadgar, who, according to the ‘Siyar al Arifin’ lived
in Transoxiana, and there is no record of any of his descendants
migrating to Ajmer either during Muin al din’s life time or later. Their
ancestors have worked as servants of the shrine since Muin- al- din’s
lifetime. While some outsiders may have infiltrated their ranks there is
no reliable evidence of this. The commercial motive would have
complemented the possibility of social advancement. The attraction of
the position is demonstrated by the fact that almost no khuddam left
Ajmer for Pakistan at the time of Partition. See, P. M. Currie, The
Shrine and Cult of Muin-al-Din Chishti, 1989.
Syed Liyaqat Hussain Moini, The Dargah of Khwaja Gharib-Un-Nawaz
of Ajmer, pp.133-34.
Ibid.
Irfan Habib, The Agrarian System of the Mughal Empire, p.307.
Abul Fazl, Ain-I Akbari, vol. I, p.268.
Irfan Habib, The Agrarian System of the Mughal Empire, p.309.
Ajmer Documents, pp.5-6.
Ibid, p.19.
Ibid, p.40.
Ibid, pp.146-7.
Ibid, p.42.
Ibid, pp.229-30.
Ibid, pp.240-1.
Ajmer Documents, pp.211-14.
An inquiry report of 1949 records that khuddam who needed more
client pilgrims would wait at the railway station, and when devotees
arrived, they would be auctioned to the khadim prepared to make the
highest bid. he khuddam also solicit devotees through the post. Cards
are sent out advertising their services and to remind devotees to make
their offerings. During the ‘Urs’ the Ajmer post office is inundated with
money orders addressed to khuddam as offerings to the shrine. In 1949
one khadim was reported to spend somewhere between Rs.5, 000 and
10,000 per annum on postage alone.
Laxmi Dhaul, The Sufi Shrine of Ajmer, pp.86-90.
Syed Liyaqat Hussain Moini, The Dargah of Khwaja Gharib-Un-Nawaz
of Ajmer, p.146.
Ibid.
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 217 117 218 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

28. Syed Jafar, the father of Syed Murad, was well known khadim of his 37. Ibid, p.300.
times and was held in high esteem by the ruling elite, and his son Syed 38. Ibid, p.331.
Murad who lived between AD. 1638-1737 belonged to the famous 39. Ibid, p.333.
Syedzadgan khadim (khuddam) community of Ajmer who have been 40. Ibid, p.335.
attached to the shrine of Khwaja Sahib since its inception, in spite of 41. Ibid.
fluctuating fortunes of Ajmer. Sheikh Chandan, the great grandfather 42. Every Thursday night, a special mehfil (gathering), is arranged in the
of Syed Murad, appears to be a man of influence as he held 140 bighas eastern courtyard. Small cushions, gadela are placed for the Diwan
of land in madad-I maash during the period of Akbar. and for the Khadims, while for the general public a sheet of cloth is
Syed Murad also held the office of the deputy swanih nigar of Ajmer spread out. On the sixty day of every lunar month, the khadims also
for some times during the reign of Muhammad Shah and also held a arrange a function called Chatti Sharif which takes place in the morning
rank of 700 zat and 500 sawar, and acted as diwan of Ajmer in 1696. in front of the same Courtyard. The recitation of the Quran-khwani,
We noticed here that the khuddam of the shrine had started accepting the entire Quran by a large number of people takes place and then one
government jobs from the closing years of the 17th century. But, by and of the khadims starts reciting the Shajara-i-Chistiyya (spiritual lineage
large, they worked in the dargah administration as teachers in the of the Chishti order) as well as other verses composed by Khwaja
madarsa of the shrine and they also accepted post of the muhtasib, Sahib’s ancestors.
amin, jiziya and deputy mutawalli etc. we also noticed that Syed Murad 43. Apart from land grant, hundi and cash, we noticed that documents
was able to procure vikalatnamas of the well-known Mughal grandees, reveal that nazr o niyaz was often in the form of kind, even including
Non-Muslims and Muslims alike, and even the Mughal Princes, thereby animals. Like goats (bakri), horses and elephants. We also get references
establishing his links with the ruiling elite by becoming their vakil at to cloth (parcha, mashru, kamkhwab) to be used as the ghilaf (covering
the shrine. He was a very influential person and was respected by every sheet) of the tomb. See. Plate-C. And details See, ‘The Hindus and the
section of the society. He died during the reign of Muhammad Shah, dargah of Ajmer’, AD.1658-1737: An Overview by S. Liyaqat H. Moini,
AD 1737, as can be gathered from a condolence letter from Maharaja p. 155, Art and Culture (edited by Ahsan Jan Qaisar & Som Prakash
Abhay Singh of Jodhpur to his son Syed Masud. See, ‘The Hindus and Verma), Jaipur, 1993.
the dargah of Ajmer’, AD.1658-1737: An Overview by S.Liyaqat H. 44. ibid. p.135.
Moini, p. 155, Art and Culture (edited by Ahsan Jan Qaisar & Som 45. Laxmi Dhaul, op. cit. Co., 2004.
Prakash Verma), Jaipur, 1993.
29. Abdul Bari Mani, Asanid-us-Sanadid, Ajmer, 1952.
30. Bahadur Shah was the last Mughal ruler, who made a pilgrimage to
the Ajmer Shrine, twice in 1708 and 1710. He offered 1000 ashrafis
and Rs. 11,000-as nazar to the khuddam, who too, presented him two
swords, while turbans (dastars) and a praying carpet (janamaz). during
his second visit the Emperor ordered the dismissal of Fakhruddin Ali
Khan from the post of Sajjadgi (mansab-i-sajjadgi) and diwan, due to
the later’s unruly behavior and misconduct in the presence of the king
and that, too, within the dargah premises. Infect, he was found unfit for
holding a post at this holy place.
31. Ibid, p.261.
32. Ibid, p.267.
33. Muhammad Shafi Warid, Mirat-ul-Waridat, Aligarh, pp.21-22.
34. Ibid. p. 279.
35. Ajmer Documents, p.297.
36. Ibid. p.291.
 118
Development of Mughal Architecture at
Ajmer : An Archaeological Satudy of the
Mosques of Dargaha Complex
Prof. M. K. Pundhir
Ajmer is situated between 26º27" north of latitude and 74º37"
east of longitude 1 in the centre of present province of Rajasthan.
Geographically it can be located in the valley of Aravalli mountain
Ranges. The antiquity of Ajmer can be traced from the period of
Mesolithic period as microliths of Mesolithic age have already
discovered at Khera in Ajmer2. The significance of Ajmer as town was
never lessened due to its strategic location. Historically Ajmer especially
during medieval period became very important as its occupation was
considered almost essential to conquer Rajputana and Gujarat. These
two regions were very crucial from the point of view of trade and
commerce especially central Asia. The nomenclature of the town of
Ajmer was on the name of Chauhan king Ajaipal who was credited
with the erection of one of the earliest fortresses at Taragarh situated
on the summit of the Ajaimeru hills3. Ajmer was remained the hub of
Chauhan empire till the Turkish conquest in 1192 A.D. Rajput rulers
had embellished Ajmer with a large number of structures of varied
nature such as forts, palaces, dams, stepwells, temples, etc. with the
establishment of Delhi Sultanate Ajmer was permanently annexed to
it. It enhanced the strategic importance of Ajmer politically and
commercially. Under the Sultans, Ajmer was developed as a centre
symbolizing the synthesis of various diversified cultures. During early
Mughal period for a brief interval Ajmer was conquered by Marwar
Ruler Maldeo and became the part of Marwar state4. Very soon it was
occupied by the sultans of Malwa. Now Ajmer faced a very turbulent
time. Finally Ajmer was conquered and annexed by Mughal Ruler Akbar
and it became a part of newly laid Mughal Empire in 1558 A.D.5.
Thereafter Ajmer remained an integral part of his empire. By that time
Ajmer had already developed as a centre of pilgrimage for all
communities. Its status as a religious centre got boosted up with its
absorption in the Mughal Empire. At that time Ajmer commanded the
main trading routes connecting the North India with Central Asia and
220 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
Coasts in Arbian Sea. Moreover Ajmer was the key to the conquest of
Rajputana and Gujarat. Akbar realized this strategic significance of
Ajmer. Accordingly, Ajmer was upgraded as the headquarters by Akbar
for his operations in that region and reconstituted it into a subah6.
Ajmer remained with same status under Mughal Rulers Jahangir and
Shah Jahan who continued royal durbars here. Ajmer witnessed the
occurrence of various important happenings. It was at Ajmer that Sir
Thomas Roe presented his credentials to Jahangir 7. Besides, Dara
Shikoh was born here and war of succession was won by Aurangzeb
in the battle of Dorai near Ajmer in16598. During the break-up of the
Mughal empire, the Marathas ruled supreme here. The British finally
annexed Ajmer in 18189 after concluding a treaty with Daulat Rao
Scindia, the Maratha chief.
With the annexation of Ajmer in Mughal Empire, Akbar started
the construction of a number of buildings at Ajmer which represent
the early phase of development of Mughal architecture and building
technology. These building provide the best examples to delineate the
influence of pre Mughal indo Islamic architecture and local architecture
styles on the Mughal architecture. The buildings constructed in early
phase mainly consist of Akbar’s Fort, Akbari masjid in the complex of
dargaha, palace near dargaha, Buland Darwaza at Taragarh Fort, etc.
Later Mughal Rulers such as Jahangir and Shahjahan too built a number
of buildings at Ajmer such as main tomb building and Shahjahani masjid
in the complex of Dargaha, Daulat Khana and Chhatries on the
Embankment of Ana sagar, etc. These building represent the later
development took place in the arena of Mughal architecture and building
technology during 17th century under Jahangir and Shahjahan when
Mughal style touched the zenith.
Presently an attempt has been made to study the two mosques
built in the complex of Dargaha; one built by Akbar and other by
Shahjahan to study the development of Mughal Mosque architecture
and the technology employed in it over a period of hundred years.
To complete our project entitled “Archaeological Survey of Pre-
modern Monuments at Ajmer”, a number of field trips to Ajmer have
been undertaken with a purpose to survey and study the Medieval
Monuments during 2004-200610. In the course of these surveys, two
mosques existing in the Dargaha complex besides other monuments
have been thoroughly surveyed, investigated and studied with the help
of archaeological tools.
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 221
Akbari masjid is situated in the north western corner of the
complex11 and to the northern side of the main mausoleum of Shaikh
Moinuddin Chisti. The mosque structure is aligned on east west axis12.
The name of the mosque has been drive from the Mughal Ruler Akbar
as it was built by him in 1570 A.D.13 The mosque is a massive structure
built with brick masonry14. It followed a traditional plan of the mosque
architecture in which centre is occupied by a courtyard that is
surrounded by cloisters on eastern, northern and southern sides and a
liwan i.e. prayer hall on the western side15. The main entrance has
been provided in the centre of eastern wing which was conceived in
the form of an entrance gatehouse16. The mosque is built on oblong
plan measuring 47.80 by 43.80 metres 17. The Qibla, central hall of
western liwan and eastern gate house, all are built in the same
alignment18.
The structure of the mosque is composed of western liwan or
sanctuary running on north south axis with a courtyard in front of
it 19. The space of the sanctuary is organized into central nave and
flanking lateral wings of aisles 20. Side lateral wings of aisles consist of
eight square bays connected with each other through archways 21.
These bays measure 3.30 each side22. The elevation of the nave i.e.
central hall is just double the height of side lateral bays of aisles23.
The central nave is oblong and enshrines a Qibla in the shape of
a hexagon protruded outside in the western wall in the centre24. It
formed the hexagonal apse. The western most side of the apse further
accommodates an alcove again of hexagon plan25. It serves as the real
qibla. The façade of the central nave has been built in the form of a
high Pistaq i.e. a portal composing of high double arches fixed in one
into another in a rectangular frame 26. The lower arch provides the
functional entrance 27. The height of the portal is 17 metres. Arch of
the Pistaq is a four centered pointed and its thickness covers the
whole width of the portal28. Both the quoins of the pistaq have been
occupied by octagonal miners which have crossed the elevation of
pistaq in the form of turrets 29. If the width of the Pistaq is deducted
from the oblong area of the central nave, rest of the area of the nave
forms an oblong aligning on east west axis measuring 8.8 by 9.1
metres30. The façade of the sanctuary is consisted of central Pistaq
flanking by double arched openings of the side aisles31. The height of
side openings is approximately half of that of Pistaq32. The height of
the façade of the sanctuary was achieved in such a way that it is
119 222 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
sufficient to hide the domed roof of the nave and side aisles as well 33.
The bays of the side aisles were provided arched openings on
all side except on western side34. The height of these arched openings
is equal to that of the Qibla fixed in the hexagonal apse in the centre of
western wall 35. Arches used in the bays of side aisles are again four
centered and the span below the arches is well proportioned to the
height of the openings of the arches36.
The protruded apse containing qibla has been given two storey
orientations37. Lower storey accommodates mihrab in the centre while
side sides have been provided doors which open outside in the backyard
of Western wall 38 . The second storey contains a chamber with an
arched opening inside the nave while flanking angular sides contain
the blind arches of equal size to that of central arched opening39. The
apse has been surmounted by a low rise dome based on high raised
octagonal drum40.
Central nave is surmounted by a single huge circular dome
where aside aisles are roofed with multiple shallow domes41. They are
eight in number, one each on the eight chambers existing in the side
wings42. To bear the dome above, square chambers and the inner oblong
portion of the nave were converted into circular by using pendentives
in the phase of transition43. The pistaq, huge dome above the nave and
a small dome surmounting apse of qibla are existed in the same
alignment44.
Northern, southern and eastern side cloisters are of single bay
deep where eastern liwan contains a grand portal to provide entrance
to the inner side45. Northern and southern cloisters are divided into
seven aisles 46. These aisles forms a square measuring 3.30 metres
each side47. Each aisle is surmounted by a shallow dome i.e. cupola 48.
The technique of the phase of transition has been employed to convert
the square aisles into circle for the purpose of roofing with cupolas
which need circular base49. The stages of the phase of transition have
been achieved in corbelling50. The entrances to these aisles are built in
trabeated style with a width of 2.30 metres and the span of 2.90
metres51. Eastern wing is composed of a gatehouse in the centre and
flanked by three square bays on both side52. These bays measure 3.30
metres each side53. These bays are provided a trabeated entrance with
a width of 2.00 metres and span of 2.90 metres 54. These bays are
again surmounted with shallow dome or cupolas 55. The gatehouse in
the centre of the eastern wing facilitates the main entrance to the
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 223
mosque and its height is double of that of the side parts of wing
having bays on both sides56. The elevation of the gatehouse is equal to
the height of the pistaq of the façade of the western sanctuary 57.
Eastern side gatehouse or portal is projected outside towards
eastern side and the both wings of the gateway are receded diagonally
backward58. The projection is 2.35 metres59. The portal is consisted
of central passage flanked by cloisters and then by rooms 60. The
cloisters are connected with rooms by doors given in the centre61.
Central passage is enclosed on both sides i.e. eastern and western
side by double arches fixed in the rectangular frame where one small
arch is fixed in the bigger arch62. The smaller arches which are of half
of the height of frame provide the functional passage 63. Between these
arches an arched window is also built closed with lattice64. The central
passage is surmounted with a shallow dome65. Flanking sides of the
central passage of double storeys accommodated in the same height
of the passage66. Flanking rooms of the lower storey are embellished
with projected windows on both i.e. eastern and western sides which
flanked the central passage 67. In the same orientation the rooms of the
upper storey are provided alcoved opening in the form of door 68. In
other words both the facades of the gatehouse i.e. eastern (outer) and
western (Inner) are composed of the central arched opening fixed in
the oblong frame in the centre flanked by double storey of projected
windows at below and alcoved opening in upper part.
Exterior and interior surface of the structure of the mosque
was plastered with lime mixed surkhi mortar69. Whatever decoration
is found, it was done on the lime plaster. In the mosque, the stages of
the phase of transition were embellished with arch netting70. Pylon of
the nave has rectangular panels which once contained the geometrical
design but in the course of time it has been faded away. Architecturally,
instead of using pillars, load walls and masonry piers were used71.
Shahjahani Masji, Dargah Complex, Ajmer
Shahjahani masjid is located in the south west corner of the
complex72. It was built with white marble by Shahjahan in 1638 A.D.73.
It runs on north south axis 74. The mosque is consisted of western
liwan and in front, a platform with an enclosure75. The platform with
enclosure covers the area of 47.56 by 16.25 metres76. Western liwan
is two bays deep and is divided into the central nave and flanking five
aisles on both sides77. Each bay is of square shape measuring 45.13
by 7.70 metres78. Each Bay is surmounted by Cupola or shallow domes.
120 224 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
At the end of north and south side of western liwan, there are two
chambers corresponding to the two rows of bays79. The bays are built
with the help of pillars and arches spanning from one pillar to another80.
All the arches are four centred and in these arches cusps are
conspicuously missing which is generally considered the hallmark of
the Shahjahani architecture81. Moreover arches are not true as these
were built in a single piece of white marble82. All bays are open on all
sides except the bays existing on western, northern and south sides83.
Western side bays are closed on western side while northern bays are
closed on northern side and southern on southern side. Central nave
is too two bays deep of equal size. Western bay of the central nave
contains a qibla which was built in the form of hexagon, has been
projected towards western side beyond the Western wall in the form
of apse84. Western liwan can be approached through three staircases
from lower platform as in the same way lower platform can be reached
through three staircases from ground 85. These staircases are in the
same alignment to the staircases providing access to western liwan.
The mosque structure is provided dropping eaves on eastern side which
has been given support of brackets86. Eaves and brackets are again
built in white marble. Floors of the prayer hall and the courtyard in
front are paved with white marble.
References
1. Dhoundiyal, B.N., Rajasthan District Gazetters- Ajmer, Ajmer, 1966, p.
701. Cf. Meena, B.R., Heritage of Rajasthan-Monuments and
Archaeological Sites, New Delhi, 2009, p. 2
2. Rajasthan District Gazetters- Ajmer, p. 27
3. Sarda, H.B., Ajmer Historical and Descriptive, Jodhpur, Revised
Edition, 2009, p. 29, Cf. Rajasthan District Gazetters- Ajmer, p. 701
4. Ibid. p. 32
5. Ibid. p. 33. CF. Rajasthan District Gazetters- Ajmer, p. 702
6. Ain i Akbari by Abul Fazl, Eng. Tr. By H. Blockmann and Jarrett,
Calcuta, 1873, vol.-I, p. 386
7. Ibid. p. 34
8. Rajasthan District Gazetters- Ajmer, p. 702
9. Ibid. p. 36
10. We have undertaken four field trips to Ajmer to conduct the physical
surveys to complete our project entitled “Archaeological Survey of
Pre-modern Monuments at Ajmer”, in collaboration of Dr.S.L.H. Moini
which has been funded by centre of advanced study, department
ofhistory, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh during the period from
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 225 121 226 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

2004 to 2006. Dr. Moini is kind enough to allow me to use Survey data 50. See Plate-XIII.
for writing this paper. 51. See Figure-I.
11. See Mao of the Dargaha Complex. 52. See Figure-I.
12. See Figure- I 53. See Figure-I.
13. Sarda, Ajmer Historical and Descriptive, p. 105 54. See Figure-I.
14. See Plates-I to XIII 55. See Figure-I.
15. See Figure-I and Plates- I to XIII 56. See Plate-I.
16. See Figure-I and Plate-I. 57. See Plate-I.
17. See Figure-I. 58. See Figure-I.
18. See Figure-I. 59. See Figure-I.
19. See Figure-I and Plates-I & II. 60. See Figure-I.
20. See Figure-I. 61. See Figure-I.
21. See Figure-I. 62. See Plate-I.
22. See Figure-I. 63. See Plate-I.
23. See Plates-II & III. 64. See Plate-I.
24. See Figure-I and Plates-X & XI. 65. See Figure-I.
25. See Figure-I and Plates-X & XI.
66. See Plate-I.
26. See Plates-II, III, IV & V.
67. See Plate-I.
27. See Plates-II & III.
68. See Plate-I.
28. See Plate-II.
69. See Plates-I to XIII.
29. See Plates-II & III.
70. See Plates-VI, VIII, IX & XIII.
30. See Figure-I.
71. See Plates-I to XIII.
31. See Figure-I and Plate-II.
72. See the Map of the Dargaha Complex.
32. See Plates-II & III.
73. The date of the construction has been mentioned by Jahan Ara Begum;
33. See Figure-I and Plates-IV & V.
daughter of Shahjahan in the Munis-ul Arvah at an expenditure of two
34. See Figure-I.
35. See Plates-XI & XII. lakhs and forty thousand rupees. Sarda, Ajmer
36. See Figure-I and Plates-VIII & XII. Historical and Descriptive, p.116-117.
37. See Plates-X & XI. 74. See Figure-II.
38. See Plates-X & XI. 75. See Figure-II.
39. See Plates-IX, X & XI. 76. See Figure-II.
40. See Plate-V. 77. See Figure-II and Plates-XIV & XV.
41. See Figure-I and Plates-III, V & XIII. 78. See Figure-II.
42. See Figure-I. 79. See Figure-II.
43. See Plates-VI. VIII & IX. 80. See Plates-XIV & XV.
44. See Figure-I. 81. See Plates-XIV & XV.
45. See Figure-I and Plates-I, II, III & XIII. 82. See Plates-XIV & XV.
46. See Figure-I and Plate-XIII. 83. See Figure-II.
47. See Figure-I. 84. See Figure-II.
48. See Figure-I and Plate-XIII. 85. See Figure-II and Plates-XIV & XV.
49. See Plate-XIII. 86. See Plates-XIV & XV.
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 227 122 228 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

Map of the Dargaha Complex FIGURE- I

Ground plan of Akbari Mosque, Dargaha Complex, Ajmer

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FIGURE- II

Plate- I: An Inner View of Eastern Gateway, Akbari mosque

Plate- II: A View of facade of Western Liwan, Akbari Mosque

Ground Plan of Shahjahani Mosque, Dargaha Complex, Ajmer

Plate- III: Another View of façade of Western Liwan, Akbari Mosque
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 231 124 232 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

Plate- IV: A Closer View of side portion of Pylon of Western Liwan,

Akbari Mosque

Plate- VIII: A View of Phase of Transition, Plate-IX: Another View of Phase

of Western Liwan Transition, Western Liwan

Plate- V: A View of Pylon and Dome of Western Liwan, Akbari mosque

Plate-VI: A View of arch-netting, Side Aisles Plate- VII: A View of Side Aisles Plate- X: A View of Qibla, Western Liwan, Akbari mosque
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 233 125 234 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

Plate- XI: Another View of Qibla, Western Liwan, Akbari mosque

Plate-XIV: A View of Shahjahani mosque

Plate-XII: A View of Bays of Side Aisles, Western Liwan, Akbari mosque

Plate-XV: Another view of Shahjahani mosque

Plate-XIII: A View of Phase of transition of Cloisters with Ceiling, Akbari mosque
 126
Craftsmen and the State :
A case study of Jaipur Kharkhana
Syed Shahid Ashraf
This paper attempts to analyze the relationship between the
ruling classes and the craftsmen. The craftsmen are generally ignored
by the modern historians, apart from being the very important part of
every empire all the times. Behind the glory of every Empire there
were always the craftsmen of different fields. These craftsmen gave
their services in the form of their skills and productions, which was
used by the state and state recieved fame by the other Empires, or in
other words we can say that these craftsmen were the backbone of
the Empire.
A commendable work in the field of arts and crafts is that of
Eugenia Vanina who has very well described the organization of
craftsmen, technology and labour division as well as the socio-
economic conditions of the craftsmen of medieval India. According
to Vanina, urban centres of medieval India, big as well as small, hosted
all kinds of manufactures, such as textile industry, carpet-making,
jewellery, production of dyes, oils, sugar, scents, soap, paper, ink,
glass, weaponry tools, household utensils, all kinds of metal, wood,
stone, and leather works, minting, construction and shipbuilding.
Ahmadabad, Braoch, Baroda, Lahore, Multan, Dacca, Malda,
Qasimbazar, Burhanpur, Narasapur, Masulipatnam, Kanchipuram were
famous for their textiles; Bayana and Sarkhej for indigo; Agra, Delhi,
Lahore, Sialkot, for weapons; Baroda, Patna, Bihar Sharif, Sialkot,
Zafarabad for paper. There were innumerable towns and townships
producing goods for the local market.1 Under the organization she
describes three types of craftsmen:-i) craftsmen who worked for the
village community on the basis of a system like jajmani; ii) craftsmen
who resided in the countryside but were not included into the jajmani
network, like weaver's settlement in Bengal, Bihar or South India, and
iii) urban crafts catering for the mass of urban population and for the
elite.2
The Mughals and the Kachwahs were fond in arts and their
interest can be seen through the establishment of the karkhanas
236 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
(workshop) and the products produced by these karkhanas. The
karkhanas generally required to cater to the ruler's demand for its
household and army in the form of articles of luxury goods and war
auxiliaries. According to K.M Ashraf and TriptaVerma the system of
royal kharkhanaswas probably borrowed from Persia, although it is
possible that state owned workshops were an ancient institution in
India.3 And the similar patterns was used by the Jaipur for establishing
these karkhanas but it is also very interesting fact that the Jaipur
karkhanas went far away from the Mughal karkhanas and earned more
reputation than the imperial karkhanas of Agra and Delhi.
According to Sumbul Halim Khan some of the great works done
by Jaipur karkhanas, where the Imperial karkhanas of the Mughal
were unable to compete them for intance (1) The Rangkhana, which
was one of the very important Karkhana of Jaipur, is not found in the
list of karkhanas of the Mughals. Ain-i-Akbari is silent about the
interesting details provided for colouring of textiles and the clothing
prepared in Rangkhana. This clearly shows that only Rangkhana of
Jaipur was able to produce such nice colouring works and Raja Jaisingh
Sawai is credited for promoting this art of colouring and this took the
Sangneri printings upto a distinct identity.4 (2) The Shuturkhana of
Jaipur was far better than the Mughal counterpart because camels for
accompanying the hunting expeditions of the emperor were required
and thus, often sourced from here. The camel corps accompanied
imperial administrative assignments and the similar military contingents
were maintained at Ujjain, Shahjahanabad, and Akbarabad. Camel
swivels are traced for a specific period under the Mughals, when
both Shuturnal (camel swivel) and Zamburak (Camel barrel) remained
popular in Jaipur. This clearly hints at the possibility that they were
either inducted from Jaipur karkhanas or at least were inspired from
the development of the Mughal karkhanas.5 (3) The other very important
speciality of Jaipur karkhanas is the military maps prepared in
Suratkhana (atelier) and then kept in Pothikhana (library workshop).
These military maps specified the weight of gunpowder, location of
cannons, artillery, checkposts, placement of armed men, details of
the military contingent of the enemy and even of the Mughals. even
the distance of checkposts, forts, treasury, routes via forests, and
river. such type of military maps were used in the imperial expeditions
of Kabul, Assam, Deccan, Sinsini, and among others. 6 The Jaipur
Karkhana was also famous for its Minakari techniques. The master
artisans from Persia were brought to Jaipur and settled there to provide
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 237
training in this art. The art of Minakari was used in the Silehkhana
(arms workshop) for the purpose of beautifying and ornamentation
of the arms such as swords and daggers, which were then presented
as peshkash (the tribute of a subordinate to his superior) to the
Emperor. The nazr (gift) and peshkash received by the Raja were also
stored in karkhanas so that they could by properly maintained.7
Nandita Prasad Sahai has done remarkable research in which
she has argued that the artisans of Jodhpur were provided land grants
as religious charities so that they could have their preferred shrines in
their localities. The artisans who acquired exceptional proficiency in
their trade were often recruited by the state to work in the state
workshops (karkhanas) and meet the demands of the royalty. The
artisans provided their services in both the forms, on contract basis
and on wage employment. Those artisans who received allowances
or grants could renew them. For instance, one Mochi Muhammad
used to receive grains and allowances from the government and after
his death the allowances ceased. But when his son Kamal petitioned
to the government to resume the allowances, then an order was passed
to provide the allowances to Kamal which was earlier provided to his
father. Apart from this the artisans were also provided reward for
outstanding workmanship with inam in the form of cash, land, or an
honour like the presentation of turban (pag) from the rulers. It appears
from her work that artisans were important for the ruling classes and
the state.8
Different social groups lived in different areas designated for
them or developed by them. Nandita Prasad Sahai describes that the
artisanal settlements in muhallas were facilitated by the state, and the
rulers were sensitive to the needs of caste members to reside in their
own quarters.9 When the houses of many blacksmiths of Luharpura
in Nagaur collapsed due to the Maratha raids, the state was keen to
ensure that they did not abandon the city. The state therefore ordered
for the blacksmiths to be given substitute houses on the state controlled
lands in the city. The state took care to ensure that they settled in the
same muhalla since they preferred to live close to their caste members.
The same settlement pattern was argued by Eugenia Vanina, that urban
castes, which resided in muhallas were a very convenient network
for revenue collection and organizing all kinds of work required bythe
state. Mughal state, often, in its everyday function engaged with subject
population based on their caste affiliation and as collectives or groups.
Rarely, the points of engagement between the state and subject were
127 238 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
based on individual identities. The strict membership rules and rigid
regulations of caste organization, in turn, helped the rulers to keep
craftsmen and traders under control.10
It is clearly evident that the Empire always shows their keen
interest to patronize the craftsmen class and look after them. As these
craftsmen enhanced the prestige of the Empire and helped the Empire
to be strengthened by producing the Arms of good qualities. Which
ultimately helps in the warfare and expeditions. The craftsmen
themselves made their own future and respects by their tremendous
works. So, it is very obvious that these craftsmen played their important
role in state formation.
References
1. Eugenia Vanina., Crafts and Craftsmen in Medieval India: Thirteenth-
Eighteenth Centuries, MunshiramManoharlal, New Delhi, 2004, p. 6.
2. The Jajmani system is an exchange of goods and services between
landowning higher castes and landless service castes. The service castes
were the artisans and craftsmen and the landed higher castes were the
patrons.
3. Kunwar Muhammad Ashraf, Life and Conditions of the People of
Hindustan1200-1550, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1970, pp.
140-41; TriptaVerma, Karkhanas under the Mughals from Akbar to
Aurangzeb: A study in Economic Development, Pragati Publications,
Delhi, 1994, p. X.
4. Sumbul Halim Khan, Art and Craft workshops under the Mughals: A
study of Jaipur Karkhana, Primus Book, New Delhi, 2015, p. 8.
5. Ibid, p. 8.
6. Ibid,p. 8.
7. Ibid, p. 8
8. Nandita Prasad Sahai, 'Crafts and Statecraft in Eighteenth Century
Jodhpur', Modern Asian Studies, vol. 41, No. 4, (July 2007), pp. 683-
722, p. 717.
9. Sahai, 'Crafts and Statecraft in Eighteenth Century Jodhpur', p. 714.
10. Eugenia Vanina, Urban Crafts and Craftsmen in Medieval India, p.
126
 128
Marwaris’ Migration and Their
Trading Activities in Bengal
During 16th to 18th Centuries
Abdul Motleb Shaikh
Technically, the denizen of Marwar was termed as Marwaris,
but usually, it is a common practice to the inhabitants hailing from the
State of Rajasthan and its neighbouring places, as Marwaris. It is
quite interesting to study the migration of the Marwaris from Rajputana
to other areas of the country, particularly in Bengal. Before this work,
many scholars attempted to highlight the migrations and settlement of
trading communities or Marwaris from one place to another inside
the boundary of the Rajputana state, i.e. Oswals migrated from Riyan
to Idar, Oswal (Dugad gotrs) from Patad to Merta1. These well-known
studies only focus the Marwaris migrations within the states. Here I
made an attempt the Marwaris migration outside Rajasthan especially
to Bengal. This paper focuses on the Marwari communities migrations
in Bengal and their trading activities from big cities and small towns
like Dacca, Murshidabad, Cooch Behar, Siliguri, Barishal, Rangpur
etc., I also present an idea about who the Marwaris were, and how
they became the most successful trading class in Bengal. Secondly, I
look at the history of a business town in Bengal, focusing on the
relationship between rulers and merchants.
Thomas A. Timberg mentions since noteworthy groups of
merchants and industrialists come from the Shekhawati region of the
neighbouring region of Jaipur and Bikaner and other areas of Rajasthani
there has been a tendency to join all these Rajasthani migrants under
the rubric of Marwar. In colloquial usage, outside of Rajasthan, Marwari
is used to refer to migrant businessmen from the neighbourhood of
Rajasthan. 2 A recent research on the Marwaris, D.K. Taknet, identifies
the Marwaris in the following way, the word ‘Rajputana’ symbolises
the national fervour and Marwar is confined to the geographical and
cultural aspects of Rajasthan. In fact, there are three factors- language,
geography, and the exclusive social caste phenomena- constitute the
Marwaris who use dialects spoken all over Rajasthan except for
Bharatpur, Dholpur and Karauli regions. Some people living in
240 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab and a few parts of Madhya Pradesh have
their origin in Marwar and have similar lifestyles and traditions. 3
According to All India Marwari Yuva Manch, “all persons having
adopted the lifestyle, language or culture of Rajasthan, Haryana, or
nearby regions and who themselves or whose ancestors living whether
in India or any part of the world, would be identified as the ‘Marwaris.”4
The Marwari community initially was of Jain faith and they opted for
trade and commerce, the only possible occupation, open to them.5
The first stage of the emergence of Marwaris was their migration
in and outside Rajputana, broadly speaking, between Rajputana and
the rest of India especially to Bengal, in search of opportunity for
industry, trade, and commerce.6 Timberg also writes, Thousands of
merchants from the north-western states of Rajasthan (Bikaner, Jaipur,
Jaisalmir, and Jodhpur) moved east and south.7
The geophysical background of the Rajputana region was a
potent cause of this sort of migration. The soil of the Rajputana region,
by nature, was barren, sandy and stoney, its weather was bad with
scanty rainfall and with occasional outbreaks of natural calamities
like famine, plagues, etc. So this region was devoid of sufficient,
even adequate, natural resources and thus nature itself was a great
bar to human livelihood, a stumbling block to job opportunities and a
great hindrance to commercial agriculture, trade, and industry.
Chattopadhyaya viewed that, “The barrenness of the soil of Rajputana
forced them out of their province in search of economic availed
themselves of the opportunities and turned out, in course of time to
be big industrialists, business magnates and financiers-the Rothschilds,
the Nattukottai Chettiers, the Zaibatsu capitalists of Bengal, so to say.”8
There were certain compulsions which had made the people of
Rajasthan leave their native land and search out better and alternative
means of livelihood, the compulsions being the predatory hordes of
Mairs, bad or oppressive laws of the princely regimes of Rajasthan,
heavy taxation, uncongenial social surroundings, poor facilities for
education, lack of other amenities and infrastructure, and so on.
These are the forces and factors behind Marwari migration
anywhere in India but as the present study mainly to focus on the
Bengal syndrome, it is relevant to pinpoint the specific forces and
factors which caused the Marwari migration to this region. Bengal
from ancient times had been a purely agricultural region and the
development of her economy was mostly agriculture-based.9 As most
of the people of this province earned their subsistence from agriculture,
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 241
they took to agriculture rather than commerce as their profession.
WW Hunter viewed, “There seems to be no tendency on the part of
the people to gather into towns, or into seats of industry or commerce.
The population is a purely agricultural one, and….. that forty-nine out
of every fifty persons live more or less by cultivation.”10 The same
view, Hunter expresses and says, “The population of the district is
entirely rural ……and live solely by agriculture.’’11 The same picture
could be found in the district of Cooch Behar too. 12 Naturally, no
business community could emerge from among the native inhabitants
of this region. So this rare situation was a positive inducement behind
Marwari migration to the region under study.
Competition among the commercial communities also exist in
Bengal it could early see this kind of phenomenon i.e., there were
Bengalees, Europeans, Punjabis, Kashmiris, i.e. Subarna Baniks,
Gandha Baniks, Vaishya Sahas along with the Marwaris.13 But in north-
eastern India and more specifically in North Bengal, there had always
been a commercial vacuum which the Marwaris filled in. That is why
the Marwaris from the very beginning exerted a monopoly control
over all kinds of trade and commerce in this region.
T.A. Timberg has quoted that “those narrow boundaries within
which they contain their banking activities must be to a significant
degree correlated with their monopoly position in the trade of Bengal.”14
Fortunately for them, the North Bengal region was a virgin soil of
money-lending or banking or Mahajan business. In the Cooch Behar
region, the native people or the state did not come forward to introduce
systematic banking establishments in order to lend money to the people
who were mostly agriculturists.15 So the money-lending profession
was a point of attraction of this region to any migrant community like
the Marwaris’, the forerunners of India’s indigenous system of
banking. In Bengal, the first phase of Marwari migration occurred in
the sixteenth century.16 Rajasthan has an affinity with Cooch Behar
region of Bengal in another admiration. This affinity grew up through
the establishment of a matrimonial relation between Rajasthan and
Cooch Behar. In 1596 AD, Prabhabhat Devi, sister of Maharaja
Lakshminarayan of Cooch Behar was given in marriage to Mansingh,
king of Amber.17 Also in 1940 AD, Gayatri Devi, the second sister of
Maharaja Jagatdipendra Narayan of Cooch Behar was wedded to
Mansingh of Jaipur according to Hindu rituals.18 This feeling of affinity
might have enhanced Marwari migration in this region. Some Marwari’s
entered Bengal for the first time in the disguise of Rajputs and Vaishyas
129 242 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
in 1564 AD.19 The pace of migration became faster in the last decade
of the sixteenth century when the Mughal rule in Bengal at the last
took firm root under the governorship of Raja Mansingh at the time of
Akbar.
It is believed that many Marwari traders left for Bengal to supply
rations to the troops of Mansingh,20 which reflects the collaboration
between the Marwaris and Mughals in the conquest of Bengal. Where
the Mughals provided the Marwaris with the essential political security
for transacting business, the latter provided the Mughals with financial
capital obtained through their networks of fellow members residing
all over Bengal.21 Nevertheless, the Marwari migration in the sixteenth
century was intended mainly for military purposes, not for economic
reasons. But with the coming of the seventeenth century, the situation
began to shape otherwise and henceforth, Marwari migration might
have been prompted by trading goals. Manrique also refers that the
wealthy Khatris known today as Marwaris, because they came from
Marwar in Rajasthan22 and they were the prominent merchants, bankers,
and moneylenders, who had accompanied their Mughal patrons to
wealth and success.
The Mughal imperial officeholders of Bengal spent only the cash
raised from their assigned jâgîrs, or territorially defined revenue units,
to finance their military operations. In fact, though, officers often
needed more money than could be derived from their revenue
assignments, and in such cases turned to moneylenders. A worth
mentioning example is of Mirza Nathan, in 1621 AD, whose jâgîr
provided him with revenue sufficient to support around one thousand
cavalrymen, obtained from the “merchant-princes [mullak-i tujârân]
of Jahangirnagar” the substantial loan of Rs. 100,000 for the purpose
of purchasing or hiring boats to transport troops and supplies in
northern Bengal.23 Somewhat earlier, and for a similar purpose, he had
borrowed Rs. 30,000 from Marwari merchant in Gilah, a Mughal
outpost in the Kuch country far to the north. This indicates that such
banking houses followed Mughal arms even to the remotest frontiers
of imperial expansion.24 In sum, by the mid seventeenth century, as
both foreign observers and contemporary revenue documents attest,
the Mughals had established both power and credibility throughout
the delta. They achieved this by means of a military machine that
effectively combined gunpowder weaponry with mounted archers and
naval forces, a determined diplomacy that rewarded loyalty while
punishing perfidy, and the financial services of mobile and wealthy
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 243
Marwari bankers.25 While during the eighteenth century the Seths or
scions of the House of Jagat Seth hailing from Marwar served as
bankers to the Nawabs of Bengal.26
The Mughal rule is witnessed the working of certain new forces
which had completely transformed Bengali life and thought. During
the first century of Mughal rule in 1575-1675 AD, the outer world
came to Bengal and Bengal went out of herself to the outer world, and
the economic, social and cultural changes that came out of this
intercourse between Bengal and the outer world created something
new in the Bengal scenario.27 Apparently, the Mughal emperors did not
deliberately introduce these forces, but the political change which
accompanied their conquest and the administration they imposed on
the conquered land made the triumph of the new forces possible and
easy. The first of these forces was the growth of a vast sea-borne
trade.28 Saltpetre (an essential ingredient of gunpowder) had a great
demand all over Europe.29 It came from north Bihar (Lalganj) and was
exported to Europe by the river route through Bengal. Many other
items, added to the list of Bengali’s export trade were silk-stuffs,
indigo, fine cotton goods, coarse cotton textiles, etc.30 East Bengal’s
connection with the Mughal rule also facilitated Bengal’s trade. The
trans-Brahmaputra region was, henceforth, closely connected
westwards with the rest of Bengal and the whole of Upper India.31 So
in the seventeenth century, Bengal had become a lucrative trade centre
which attracted outmigration of trading communities. The Marwari’s
readily responded to this opportunity. Indeed Bengal’s new trading
prospect coincided with the Marwari migration into Bengal. Thus the
seventeenth century the pace of Marwari migration into Bengal picked
up.
In 1652 AD, Hiranand Saho, a section of the Oswal sect of
Nagaur in Marwar reached Patna in search of a career.32 But initially,
he struggled hard to make himself established. There is a myth that a
dying old man in the midst of a jungle near Patna, was pleased with
Hiranand’s nursing and caring, and handed over to him a vast hidden
treasure. With this vast wealth, he established a gaddi at Patna and
started his banking business. After having prospered he also established
seven gaddis for his seven sons in different progressing cities such as
Delhi, Agra, Patna, Dacca and so on. His eldest son Manik Chand
inherited the Decca gaddi.33 Manik Chandra proceeded to Dacca when
Azim-us-Shan was the Governor of Bengal and he was destined to
become the first of the Seths of Murshidabad and to launch his family
130 244 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
into the same business which made its name famous throughout the
length and breadth of Hindustan.34
Dacca was then capital of Mughal Bengal and the most
important centre of river-borne trade in eastern India.35 It had direct
communications with all the branches of this inland navigation. The
annual return of trade transactions in this inland port amounted to
more than ten million rupees.36 Dacca’s muslins and woven stuff were
world famous and they had a great demand in Europe. The English,
the French, the Dutch, the Armenians, the Gujaratis, and other Indian
and non- Indian merchants made Dacca a competitive trade mart and
in this very competitive market, bankers with their timely supply of
credit prospered day by day. 37 So Manik Chand’s ‘Kuthi’ began to
prosper. After Murshid Kuli Khan became the Dewan of Bengal in
1701 and then the Subedar in1703 AD, Manik Chand’s fortune went a
step further. A family tradition states that Manik Chand helped Murshid
Kuli Khan to purchase his confirmation in office after the death of
Aurangzeb. All the financial transactions of Murshid Kuli Khan were
made through the banking house of Manik Chand.38 Even the annual
tribute to Delhi was remitted through the ‘kuthi’ of Manik Chand.
When Murshid Kuli Khan transferred his headquarters from Dacca to
Murshidabad Manik Chand accompanied him to the new centre. Here
Murshid Kuli Khan established a mint in 1706 under the direct
supervision of Manik Chand. Side by side, Manik Chand also opened
banking business of his own at Murshidabad and established its
branches at Calcutta, Hugli and so on.39
The Marathas invasions of Bengal under Bhaskar Pandit in 1742
onwards during the Nawab of Alivardi Khan provided a cause behind
Marwari migration in Bengal. The Marathas divested the normal life
of Bengal. As the invasion centered around the western part of Bengal,
i.e., mostly Howrah, Midnapur, Hooghly, Burdwan, Katwa, Birbhum
and lastly Murshidabad, this part of Bengal began to be less populated
resulting in an increase of population in East and North Bengal.40 This
invasion affected every aspect of Bengal’s economic life. Agriculture,
trade and commerce, indigenous industries, flow of capital- all these
suffered a serious-setback causing immense hardship to the general
mass. Obviously, large numbers of the population had to migrate to
neighbouring safer places which they found in East and North Bengal.
Murshidabad was the capital of the Nawabs and the Marathas severely
plundered Dahipara, a suburb of Murshidabad, burnt its bazaar and
reached the capital city which also became a victim of wanton pillage.
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 245
They robbed away 3 lakhs of rupees by sacking the mint of Jagat
Seth, the great banker of Murshidabad, alone.41 Many Marwari families
including the house of Jagat Seth lived in the capital city. The Maratha
invasions had thrown the capital city in the midst of uncertainty and
hopelessness, so that trade and commerce were on the wane.
Consequently, the merchant communities of the capital city along with
many Marwari families were bound to move to the safer region of
North Bengal which seemed to them to be a region of much economic
potentiality.
Marwari migration was further facilitated by the absence of
medium-sized business sectors and tradesmen, especially in Darjeeling
and the other two districts –Cooch Behar and Jalpaiguri. So the
Marwaris not only gripped the wholesale business but also the retail
business of the area. In some cases, they lent money to the hill people
who were interested in opening up shops. Mention may be made the
Marwari migration was not simply an option or compulsion for the
Marwaris, rather it was an objective intention of the community under
study for the extension of trade and business. This intention was
supported by the local landed aristocrats and feudal lords who had a
definite intention for the extraction of a share of the surplus created
out of the effort of Marwaris in the expanded trade and business. It
was perhaps because of this latent understanding that no communal
violence took place within the given timescale of the study. Interestingly
enough, although the Marwaris had settled in the area for a long period
of time, most of the Marwari families still have their distinct relations
with their place of origin. As a result, there has always been some
transfer of funds from the area of migration to the place of origin of
the community. All these factors and forces paved the way for Marwari
migration to Bengal.
The Marwari as a community is sui generis. Coming from far
away Rajasthan almost empty-handed they have settled in many places
in India as very successful businessmen. Their hardy nature,
parsimonious habit and business acumen have helped them succeed
in their commercial ventures. Wherever they have gone, they have
pursued their business goals with single-minded devotion and
unwavering zeal. They are not known to take failures lying down,
even if they fail which is rare, they make fresh efforts with assistance
and co-operation from successful fellow Marwaris. As a matter of
fact, their determination to succeed in business even by foul means,
if necessary, is an inherent trait in the Marwari character. Almost all
131 246 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
Marwari migrants made humble beginnings as small traders or hawkers.
While many of them concentrated solely on the business they started
initially, expending them as and when opportunities presented
themselves and the requisite capital could be found, a fairly large
number ventured into diverse fields. And with the passage of time, the
Marwaris were found in all kinds of business. Today the Marwaris
are timber and tea merchants, grocers as well as sellers of cloth and
wholesale traders in rice and pulses and also suppliers of building
materials.
By dint of hard labour and with preservence and tendency, the
Marwaris have risen from a modest beginning, sometimes even starting
from scratch, to their present-day position of importance and pre-
eminence in other words they went from rags to riches. Like the
Jews of Europe succeeding in their commercial venture within an
unbelievably short period, the Marwaris too coming from their far-
off homeland with a lota (small water of spherical shape vessel made
of brass or copper) and a kambal (blanket) have achieved spectacular
success on the business front. The Marwaris are today unmistakably
among the captains of trade and commerce in North Bengal.
References
1. Hakim Singh Bhati’s compiled work in the from of a book entitled,
Rajasthan Ke Aitihasik Durlabh Granthoh Ka Anushilan, Rajasthani
Granthagar, Jodhpur, 2016, pp. 214-215. Also see Jibraeil, Oswals:
Their Migrations and Settlement as Reflected in Archival Source (Jain
Vanshavali) –The Exploratory Works of Hakim Singh Bhati
(Cyclostyle). Cf. Jain Vanshavali, available at Chauparani, Jodhpur,
Rajasthan.
2. Thomas A, Timberg, The Marwaris - from Traders to Industrialists,
Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi, 1979, p. 10.
3. D.K. Taknet, Industrial Entrepreneurship of Shekhawati Marwaris, Jaipur,
1986, p. 24.
4. All India Marwari Yuva Manch: A brief Introduction, p. 1.
5. Romila Thapar, Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations,
Oriental Longman, New Delhi, 1978, p. 44.
6. Haraprasad Chattopadhyaya, Internal Migration in India- A Case Study
of Bengal, K.P. Bagchi & Co., Calcutta,1987, p. 336.
7. Thomas A. Timberg, The Marwaris - from Traders to Industrialists, op.
cit. , p.84
8. Haraprasad Chattopadhyaya, Internal Migration in India- A case study
of Bengal, op.cit., p. 336.
9. Shafaat Ahmad Khan, ed., John Marshall in India: Notes and
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 247 132 248 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

Observations in Bengal, 1668–1672, Oxford University Press, London,
1927, p. 62; Also see, R. K. Mukerjee, The Changing Face of Bengal:
A Study of Riverine Economy,: University of Calcutta, Calcutta,
1938, p. 137.
10. W. W. Hunter, A Statistical Account of Bengal, Vo. IX& X, Trubner,
London , 1874 & 1876, p. 261.
11. Ibid., p. 87.
12. Narayan Chandra Saha, Kuch-Beharer Marwari Samaj, Madhuparni,
a special issue on the District of Cooch-Behar, BS 1396, P. 147.
13. Tapan Raychaudhuri, Bengal Under Akbar and Jahangir: An
Introductory Study in Social History, Munshiram Manoharlal, New
Delhi, 1969, p. 96; Also see, Om Prakash, The Dutch East India
Company and the Economy of Bengal, 1630-1720, Princeton University
Press, Princeton, 1985, pp. 224-229.
14. Thomas A. Timberg, The Marwaris - from Traders to Industrialists op.cit.
, p. 58.
15. Ananda Chandra Ghosh, Lecture on the history of Cooch-Behar, BS,
1272, P. 158; Also see, Asruman Dasgupta, Krishak Samaj O Riner
Dai, Cooch-Behar Darpan, Ist edn., C.S.P., BS 1345, p. 15.
16. Chaudhury Amanatullah Ahmed Khan, Cooch- Behar Itihas, Cooch
Behar, 1936, pp. 137-138.
17. Ibid.
18. Bhagabati Charan Bandopadhyaya, Cooch- Beharer Itihas ed. Dr.
Nripendra Nath Paul, Calcutta, 1987, p. 177.
19. Balchand Modi, Desh ke Itihas mein Marwari jati ka sthan, Calcutta,
1939, p. 368.
20. D.K. Taknet, Industrial Entrepreneurship of Shekhawati Marwaris,
Jaipur,1986, p. 54
21. Fray Sebastien Manrique,. Travels of Fray Sebastien Manrique, 1629–
1643, translated by E. Luard and H. Hosten, Hakluyt Society, Oxford,
1927, pp. 1-45.
22. Abdul Karim, Dacca, the Mughal Capital, Asiatic Society of Pakistan,
Dacca, 1964, p.70.
23. Dusan Zbavitel, Bengali Folk-Ballads from Mymensingh and the
Problem of Their Authenticity, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, 1963,
pp. 161–162.
24. Karim, Social History of the Muslims in Bengal, The Asiatic Society of
Pakistan, Dacca, East Pakistan, 1959, p. 171; Cf. Viyaya Gupta, Padma
Purân?a, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, 1962, p. 140
25. Richard M. Eaton, The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-
1760, Berkeley University of California Press, Berkeley, 1993, p. 71.
26. Haraprasad Chattopadhyaya, Internal Migration in India- A case study
of Bengal, op .cit., p. 336.
27. Tapan Raychaudhuri, Bengal Under Akbar and Jahangir: An
Introductory Study in Social History, Munshiram Manoharlal, New
Delhi, 1969, pp. 49-51.
28. Simon Digboy, ‘The Maritime Trade of India,’ Tapan Raychaudhury
and Irfan Habib eds., CEHI, Vol. I, 2008, p. 127.
29. Om Prakash, The Dutch East India Company and the Economy of
Bengal, 1630–1720, op.cit., p. 75; Also see, Sushil Chaudhury, Trade
and Commercial Organization in Bengal, 1650–1720, Firma K.L.
Mukhopadhyay, Calcutta, 1975, pp. 178–179.
30. Ibid.
31. J.N. Sarkar, J.N. Sarkar, The History of Bengal, Muslim Period, (1200-
1757), University of Dacca, Dacca, 1948, pp. 216-228.
32. Nikhil Nath Roy, Jagat Seth, Calcutta, BS, 1389, P. 9.
33. Ibid. pp. 9-10.
34. Ibid, p.8
35. Abdul Karim, Dacca, the Mughal Capital, Asiatic Society of Pakistan,
Dacca, 1964, 70. Also see; Manrique, Travels, pp.1- 45.Census of
India, 1901, Vol. VI, The Lower Provinces of Bengal and Their
Feudatories, Bengal Secretariat Press, Calcutta, 1902, p. 156
36. J.H. Little, ‘House of Jagat Seth’ with Introduction by Prof. N.K.
Sinha, Historical Society, Calcutta ,1967, pp. vi-vii
37. Ralph Fitch, ‘The Voyage of Master Ralph Fitch Merchant of London
to Ormus, and so to Goa in the East India, to Cambaia, Ganges,
Bengala,’ in Samuel Purchas, Hakluytus Posthumus, or Purchas his
Pilgrimes 1625; Glasgow: James MacLehose and Sons, 1905. P. 184;
Henry Yule and A. C. Burnell, Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial
Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, 2d ed., William Crooke Munshiram
Manoharlal, New Delhi, 1968, p. 290.
38. Nikhil Nath Roy, Jagat Seth, op.cit. p. 15.
39. J.H. Little, ‘House of Jagat Seth’ op. cit., p. iii.
40. J.N. Sarkar, The History of Bengal, Muslim Period, (1200-1757), op.
cit., Dacca, p. 455.
41. Ibid., p. 456.
 133
Friends or Foes :
The Maratha-Rajput Relations
Dr. Kalpana Malik
The Marathas have been generally perceived in a negative light
by contemporary sources. 1 The secondary sources too give a
monolithic representation of the Marathas.2 Through his New History
of the Marathas, G.S. Sardesai became the first Maratha historian to
attempt presenting a fresh and full treatment of Maratha history. 3
However, recent researches based on the Maratha sources have
challenged both the contemporary and secondary portrayal of the
Marathas. They have re-looked at the Marathas basing themselves on
Marathi sources. Thus, Andre Wink 4 and Stewart Gordon 5 have
portrayed the Marathas in a new light. Since the Rajput states were
the main target of the Maratha attacks in the eighteenth century, it is
important to study the relations of the Marathas with the Rajputs as
recorded in the Rajasthani sources. Both, the Marathi as well as
Rajasthani sources provide extensive and significant information
relating to their relations.
On the basis of these sources one feels tempted to ask is it
justified to perceive the Maratha-Rajput relations in water tight
compartments. The question arises, should perception of the Marathas
be restricted to their monolithic representation as deceitful, treacherous,
narrow-minded, rapacious and notorious liars. Was it possible to
check the Maratha advancement in the regions bordering Malwa? Who
was to be blamed if not the Rajputs themselves for turning to the
Marathas for the settlement of their inter-state and struggles for
succession disputes. There is rich historiography on how both, Shinde
and Holkar were enticed by rival Rajput princes to support their cause
and how the inability of the Rajputs to meet the promises made to the
Marathas to gain their support complicated the relations between the
two sides and served as the pretext for continued Maratha pressure.
However, the question arises whether the Marathas are to be solely
blamed? Did the Marathas ever visualize a well-conceived Rajput policy
in the context of their future plans to regain and retain political
ascendency? Why was their handling of the Rajputs vastly different
from the Mughals? In the present paper, while examining the Maratha-
250 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
Rajput relations in the eighteenth century, we have considered the
historical context in which they came into contact with each other.
The primary sources consulted are Kharitas, Kyats and Dastur Komwar
Dikhni.
The early activities of Shahji and Shivaji indicate that it was not
a chance circumstance but determined efforts that led to the rise of
the Maratha power in the Deccan in the seventeenth century. 6 Shivaji
inherited the independent regions of Pune, Chakan, Supe and Indapur
jagir from his father which proved to be a stepping stone for the rise
of Maratha power under his leadership. These also formed the initial
boundaries of Shivaji’s swarajya,7 (territory directly governed by him)
and is credited to be his first achievement.8 Shivaji was the first Maratha
leader to crown his achievement by giving it a halo of legitimacy. This
also brought him politically at par with other kings.9 The Rajput princes
respected the Bhatt family of Banaras so highly that no ceremony
could be completed without some member of that learned family being
present to officiate at the function.10 Following this tradition Shivaji
decided to invite Vishveshwar alias Gaga Bhatt for his coronation. An
amiable cord was struck between the Marathas and the Sisodia House
of Mewar (that enjoyed a premier status among the Rajput Rajas of
Rajasthan) when in 1673, at the time of Shivaji’s coronation it was
finally asserted that the Bhonsle house had descended from Sajjan,
the son of Rana Hamir of Chittaur’s uncle and predecessor in the
Sisodia House. The claim of relationship with the house of Udaipur
appears to have been accepted by contemporaries. Nainsi traces the
descent of Shahji Bhonsle to the Sisodia chief of Mewar, Rana Khetsi.
One of the son’s of Khetsi, named Chacha was born out of a carpenter
caste woman (khatin). Chacha’s descendent later on migrated to the
Deccan and Nainsi states that Shahji Bhonsle’s descent was from this
branch of the Sisodias.11 The family name of Bhonsle is said to be
derived from the fief of Bhosavat in Udaipur, where a prince named
Sajjan Singh fled after the conquest of Udaipur to seek fortune as a
soldier in the South.12 It is against this background that we should
perceive the initial phase of cordiality between the Marathas and
especially the Sisodias of Mewar and the Kachhwahas of Amber.
The initial phase of the Maratha-Rajput relations must be seen
as a part of Mughal-Maratha conflict in Malwa. It is clear that the
Rajputs came into contact with the Marathas while serving as the
mansabdars of the Mughal emperors. Both the Rajput Rajas, Mirza
Raja Jai Singh and Raja Jaswant Singh had tried to subdue the Marathas
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 251
under the leadership of Shivaji but were unsuccessful. The Marathas
and Rajputs came in close contact during the reign of Aurangzeb (1658-
1707) when Mirza Raja Jai Singh was sent to campaign against Shivaji.
It was due to the efforts of Mirza Raja Jai Singh that in May 1666,
Shivaji, his son Shambhaji and a small party of 250 troops set out to
meet the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. Later, Shivaji escaped from Agra
and the emperor suspected that Shivaji had fled from Agra with the
connivance of Sawai Jai Singh’s son, Ram Singh. The Rajput prince
was punished, first by being forbidden the court and then by being
deprived of his rank and pay. Later, Sambhaji had tried to persuade
Maharaja Ram Singh of Jaipur and through him, other rulers of
Rajasthan, to make common cause with the Marathas to overthrow
‘the tyrannical regime of Aurangzeb and re-establish Hindu supremacy’,
in the country. Maharaja Jaswant Singh of Jodhpur and his son also
paid a heavy price as the emperor Aurangzeb accused the father of
collaborating with the Maratha king Shivaji. In consequence of his
failure in the Deccan, he was recalled by Aurangzeb, who appointed
him as the commander of the force sent to quell the Afghan rebellion
in Kabul. Jaswant Singh left Marwar under the regency of his eldest
son, Pirthi Singh who died due to a poisonous robe of honour presented
to him by Aurangzeb. When the news reached Jaswant Singh at Kabul,
he realized that Aurangzeb had made his son bear the brunt of his
father’s deeds. At the end of a long reign of forty-two years, Raja
Jaswant Singh died far away from his home. 13 Thus, the above
discussion makes it amply clear that both, the Kachhwahas and the
Rathors had to bear the brunt of the Mughal emperor’s ire for being
accommodative of the Marathas.
When Shambhaji was killed along with his close associate Kavi
Kalash at Aurangzeb’s instructions, the poet’s family moved to Marwar.
The family took shelter at Bilara near Jodhpur. Durgadas instructed
the hakim of Merta to meet the expenses of the family of Kavi Kalash
at the rate of rupee one and fifteen annas per day. These events indicate
that relations between the Marathas, Sisodias, Kachhwahas and
Rathors were acquiring a new dimension. When the Marathas were
trying to gain foothold in Malwa, the Jaipur Raja, Sawai Jai Singh
extended clandestine support to the Marathas. The Maratha king Shahu
regarded him as his reliable supporter in the Mughal court and Peshwa
Baji Rao considered him as a sincere friend.14 Sawai Jai Singh was
appointed as the Mughal governor of the province of Malwa three
times. Raghubir Sinh has opined: “Jai Singh was friendly with the
Marathas, kept them informed of even the most confidential
134 252 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
consultation and talks in the inner circle of the emperor, ministers and
other influential members at the capital.”15 Sawai Jai Singh’s pro-
Maratha policy was motivated by his desire to drive away the Mughals
from Malwa with the help of the Marathas and then extend his own
territories up to Malwa.16 But Sawai Jai Singh’s third subedari of Malwa
in 1730’s proved to be particularly favourable to the Marathas. Sawai
Jai Singh convincingly argued that the Maratha occupation of Malwa
was inevitable despite Mughal efforts to stop them. He entered into
negotiations with the Peshwa’s representatives after the Maratha
victory over the Mughals in 1735. This paved the way for the Mughal
grant of the right to collect chauth from 28 parganas of Malwa to the
Marathas. The anti-Maratha faction at the Mughal court blamed Sawai
Jai Singh for ruining the empire by his secret support to the Marathas.17
The tradition of friendship between Sawai Jai Singh (Bade Maharaj)
and the Marathas was invoked in the letters to the subsequent rulers
of Jaipur from the Peshwa, Shinde and Holkar. In fact, Baji Rao
addressed Sawai Jai Singh as ‘Kaka.’18
Sawai Jai Singh’s subedari of Malwa in 1713-1717 and 1732-
37 brought Rajasthan and Malwa closer. During Sawai Jai Singh’s
stay in Malwa, trade and commercial relations between Ujjain and
Jaipur also began, as Sawai Jai Singh was interested in developing his
capital city as a major trading and commercial center in Rajasthan. He
extended invitations to traders and bankers from Ujjain to settle in
Jaipur or establish their shops and branches there. Shops, mansions
and other belongings of the traders from Malwa in Jaipur are referred
to in the kharitas of Mahadaji Shinde and Malhar Rao Holkar. It seems
that migration from Ujjain to Jaipur during the time of Sawai Jai Singh
was much wider as reflected in a kharita from Malhar Rao Holkar. It
deals with the following information: “Pandit Harbaji Krishna Brahman
is there in Jaipur and performing vyarcharya (priesthood) since the
time of Sawai Jai Singh along with many other brahmans and are
facing trouble, the state should take care of them and see to it that
they are not suffering.”19In 1764, Malhar Rao Holkar wrote to Sawai
Jai Singh to provide protection to seth Kewalram, whose father was
brought to Jaipur from Ujjain by Sawai Jai Singh.20
In the beginning the sporadic Maratha forays into the Mewar
territory resulted in the annoyance expressed by the Mewar Maharana
in the kharitas addressed to the Maratha king Shahu. The latter also
took cognizance of the situation and rebuked his officials in
consideration of the old ties that they had with the house of Mewar.
Raja Shahu exhibited his earnestness and sincerity towards the
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 253
Maharana when in 1726, he issued a permanent ajna-patra (written
order) under his own as well as the seals of the Peshwa and the
Pratinidhi, in favour of Rawat Bhim Singh Shaktawat of Piplia, a
noble of Mewar. He instructed his military commanders and all officers
not to disturb the land and the people of the Piplia village (situated
within the Mewar state territories) adjoining the Malwa suba.21
With the accession of Balaji Baji Rao in 1740 up to the death of
Sawai Jai Singh in 1743, there was friendly interaction between the
latter and the Marathas. According to Malcolm, Sawai Jai Singh desired
to combine his loyalty to the emperor and friendship with the
Marathas.22 During the reign of Sawai Jai Singh the cordiality enjoyed
by the Marathas with the house of Jaipur was invoked on many
occasions. But the Maratha king could not check the ambitions of the
Maratha sardars. An instance of this can be seen in the contest for the
throne of Jaipur. Initially the Peshwa, Baji Rao had supported Sawai
Ishwari Singh on account of consideration for Mirza Raja Jai Singh
and Sawai Jai Singh’s cordial relations with Balaji Rao and the Peshwa
himself. After being defeated at the battle of Rajmahal, the Mewar
Maharana sent an envoy to Puna to seek the help of the Maratha king
Shahu for his nephew Madho Singh, the younger son of Sawai Jai
Singh and offered rupees ten lakhs for the assistance. Due to the
economic compulsions of paying his debts, the Peshwa was tempted
to support Madho Singh. Madho Singh befriended Malhar Rao Holkar
and even exchanged turbans with him and the two became pagdi badal
bhai.23 With the accession of Sawai Madho Singh on the throne of
Jaipur, the Maratha-Rajput relations entered a new phase. The pargana
of Rampura which was given to Sawai Madho Singh by the Mewar
Maharana was now transferred to Malhar Rao Holkar.24
It is true that the Rajput states faced financial strain by way of
Maratha demand for tribute and war expenses. Nonetheless, overt
display of hostility and resistance to the Maratha presence in Rajasthan
in myriad ways did not hinder the possibility of mutual co-operation.
The kharitas exchanged between the Rajput rulers and the Marathas
bear testimony to the fact that co-operation of the Rajput rulers was
sought by the Maratha leaders on sundry issues. They also furnish
information on social and economic ties between Jaipur rulers and the
Marathas. The social relations were always maintained by way of
exchange of greetings at the time of coronation ceremony, invitation
for participation and exchange of gifts on the occasion of festivals
and whenever marriages were solemnized in the royal houses.
Diplomatic relations were always maintained through regular exchange
135 254 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
of letters between the Maratha king Shahu, Peshwa Balaji Bajirao,
Rajaram and Tarabai with the rulers of Jaipur. When Raja Shahu’s
representative, Tatya Gangadhar performed the shradh ceremony of
his father, Sawai Madho Singh sent rupees 200 for him25 and in 1753,
rupees 250 for his wife.26 We get to know that cordial relations existed
between Tarabai, wife of Rajaram of Satara and Sawai Madho Singh.
Between 1754 and 1761, twenty four representatives from Satara
visited Jaipur.27 The vakils were present at the courts of each other.
Frequent dispatches of special envoys and representatives from both
sides for negotiations and clarification over contested issues used to
take place in an amicable atmosphere. In a letter to Sawai Prithvi
Singh, Mahadaji laid stress on the friendship between Jaipur and the
Marathas that had been existing for three generations. He reiterated
his desire to keep up the tradition of friendship continuing ever since
the time of Bade Maharaj, i.e., Sawai Jai Singh.28
Another area of co-operation and friendship was the Maratha-
Jaipur alliance against the Jats of Bharatpur. Mahadaji expressed
solidarity with Sawai Madho Singh against the Jats of Bharatpur.
Whenever the Marathas helped the Jaipur rulers against the Jats special
bonding emerged between the Marathas and the Rajputs. The Jaipur
ruler gave special honour and reward to those who visited Jaipur for
participating in the battle against the Jats of Bharatpur.29 Holkar wrote
to Sawai Pratap Singh that since long time Najib ud-daula, Jaipur and
the house of Holkar were united. Mahadaji also sought military help of
Jaipur in 1783 against Mohammad Beg Hamdani, the Mughal
commander.
It was remarkable that even at the time of acute hostility and
tension between the two sides, both Shinde and the Jaipur ruler
remained courteous and respectful to each other. This will become
clear from the fact that when tensions were soaring high and Mahadaji
Shinde came to Tunga to give a fight to the Jaipur and Jodhpur rulers,
the expressions used in the official language for his arrival at Tunga
are very polite and full of respect.30 The battle of Tunga – miscalled
that of Lalsot, “though sanguinary, had no decisive result.”31
But the relations of the Rajputs with the Marathas were not
stable. At the same time their relations were not uniform with all the
Rajput states. Malhar Rao Holkar had exchanged the turban with
Maharaja Abhay Singh of Jodhpur and also promised to take care of
the interests of his son Ram Singh but the latter’s insolent behavior
alienated him from Holkar. Despite this, Holkar never supported his
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 255
rival Bhakt Singh. Initially the Maharao of Kota, Durjan Sal had friendly
relations with the Marathas but this did not deter the Maratha chiefs
from ravaging Kota territory. Infact the state became a tributary of
the Marathas. Kota was subjected to much degradation at the hands
of the Marathas as it lay in their march towards the North.32 At the
same time, Jhala Zalim Singh, the regent of Kota was friendly to the
Marathas. The contest for the throne of Bundi invited the Marathas
into the land of the Hada Rajputs of Bundi. Budh Singh’s queen sent
Pratap Singh Hada to seek help from Malhar Rao Holkar. The Marathas
received rupees six lakhs for their assistance. 33 After Budh Singh’s
death the struggle was carried forward by his son Ummed Singh and
though the battle of Bagru proved final and irrevocable it made Ummed
Singh the feudatory of the Marathas.34 Though Shivaji claimed his
descent from the Sisiodias of Mewar, it did not deter the Marathas to
exact tribute from Mewar. The period between 1761-82 in Mewar
was marked by internal strifes. The state of Mewar witnessed a civil
war between Maharana Ari Singh and Ratan Singh. Ratan Singh claimed
to be the posthumous son of Rana Raj Singh II. The Marathas were
invited on several occasions to help the rivals.
Here it is important to mention that the Jaipur state’s policy
towards the Marathas varied between overt resistance and covert
friendly overtures. When one wades through different genres of
Rajasthani sources, i.e., Khyats as well as archival records, the terms
used for the Marathas are derived from the place of their origin. They
are mentioned as Dikhnis or natives of Deccan. No other common
terms, not even the term Maratha, which is indicative of their ethnicity
has been used. We may conclude by saying that the Rajasthani
documents offer more or less a dispassionate perception of the
Marathas in Rajasthan. The relations between the Marathas and the
Rajputs were not totally adverse but were also marked by attempts to
further mutual co-operation. But despite bonhomie, the Rajputs did
not desist from resisting Maratha occupation of Rajasthan. Unlike the
Mughals, the Marathas failed to make the Rajputs as their swordsmen.
At the same time the Marathas were not interested in annexing the
Rajput states. Rather they just wanted to be recognized as the
paramount power. With the Maratha help the claimants of the Jaipur
and Jodhpur states achieved their goals. The Maratha-Rajput relations
in the pre-Panipat phase were marked by confrontation and conciliation.
From the content of the evidence discussed above it appears that the
Maratha relations with the Rajputs cannot be viewed merely in terms
of persistent antagonism. We need to take a wholistic view. Hence,
136 256 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
the general perception that their relationship was marked by hostility,
armed conflicts and plunder needs to be relooked. Rather their
relationship should be viewed with a historical context.
References
1. Khafi Khan Muhammad Hashim, Muntakhab-ul Lubab in H.M. Elliot
and J. Dowson (tr. and ed.) The History of India as told by its own
Historians, Vol. VII, London, 1867-77, profiled Shivaji as “the truculent
rebel”, p. 258, “the designing rascal”, p. 259, “the treacherous foe”,
p. 260 and the Marathas as a “race of robbers”, p. 464 and as rapacious
elements; Bhimsen, Nushkha-i Dilkusha, tr. Jadunath Sarkar, (ed.) V,G,
Khobrekar, Bombay, 1971, pp. 138-140, calls the Marathas as
‘malefactors’.
2. James Tod, Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, Or The Central and
Western Rajpoot States of India, Vol. I, Indian Publication Society,
Calcutta, 1898, p. 322; V.A. Smith, Oxford History of India, OUP, 1920,
p. 436.
3. G.S. Sardesai, New History of the Marathas, Shivaji & His Line [1600-
1700], Vol. I, Phoenix Publications, Bombay, Second Impression, 1957,
p. 8.
4. Andre Wink, Land and Sovereignty in India : Agrarian Society and
Politics under the Eighteenth century Maratha Svarajya, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, 1986.
5. Stewart Gordon, Marathas, Marauders and State Formation in
Eighteenth Century India, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1994.
6. A.R. Kulkarni, The Marathas (1600-1848), Books & Books Publishers
& Distributors, New Delhi, 1996, pp. 6,7.
7. A.R. Kulkarni, Medieval Maratha Country, Books & Books, New Delhi,
1996, p. 140.
8. Rajaram Vyankatesh Nadkarni, The Rise and Fall of the Maratha Empire,
Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 1966, p. 101.
9. Jagdish Narayan Sarkar, ‘Significance of Shivaji’s Coronation’, in
Shivaji Architect of Freedom, (ed.) Narayan H. Kulkarni, A Coronation
Tercentenary Volume, Chhatrapati Shivaji Smarak Samiti, Delhi, 1975,
p. 215.
10. G.S. Sardesai, New History of the Marathas, Shivaji & His Line [1600-
1700],Vol. I, Phoenix Publications, Bombay, 1958, p. 216.
11. Muhnot Nainsi, Muhnot Nainsi ri Khyat, Vol. I, (ed.) Badri Prasad
Sakaria, Jodhpur, 1984, p. 15.
12. David Kincaied, Shivaji The Founder of the Maratha Empire (The Grand
Rebel), Discovery Publishing House, Delhi, 1984, pp. 25,26.
13. Gabrielle Festng, From the Land of Princes, Smith Elder & Company,
Waterloo Place, London, 1904, pp. 216-218.
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 257
14. Harish Chandra Tikkiwal, Jaipur and the Later Mughals (1701-1803
A.D.): A Study in Political Relations, Hema Printers, Jaipur, 1974, p.
51.
15. Raghubir Sinh, Malwa in Transition Or A Century of Anarchy The First
Phase 1698-1765, D.B. Taraporewala Sons & CO., Bombay, 1936, p.
129.
16. Ibid., p. 130.
17. Ibid., p. 234.
18. R.V. Oturkar, ‘Rajput-Maratha Cultural Relationship’, Proceedings of
the Indian History Congress, 14th Session, Jaipur, 1951, p. 191.
19. Indore kharita No. 21, Bhadon Sudi 1, V.S. 1808/1751, Rajasthan State
Archives, Bikaner, Amber/Jaipur Records.
20. Indore kharita, No. 85, Posh Vadi 10, V.S. 1821/1764.
21. Raghubir Sinh, Studies on Maratha & Rajput History, Shri Natnagar
Shodh Samsthan, Sitamau, Research Publishers, Jodhpur, 1989, p.
141.
22. John Malcolm, A Memoir of Central India, Including Malwa, And
Adjoining Provinces, Sagar Publications, New Delhi, 1970, p. 88
23. Shyamal Das Mishra, Vir Vinod: Mewar ka Itihas, Vol. II, Motilal
Banarasidas, Delhi, Reprinted, 1986, p. 1239.
24. Holkarshahicha Itihas 1693-1797 A.D., Vol. I, (ed.) V.V. Thakur, Holkar
Government Press, Indore, 1944, p. 83.
25. Dastur Komwar Dikhni, Vol. IX, Fagan Sudi 4, V.S. 1807/1750, Rajasthan
State Archives, Bikaner, Amber/Jaipur Records.
26. Dastur Komwar Dikhni, Vol. IX, Posh Sudi 15, V.S. 1810/1753.
27. Dastur Komwar Dikhni, Vol IX, Kati Sudi 12, V.S. 1811/1754; Maghshri
11, V.S. 1811/1754; Fagan Budi 6, V.S. 1811/1754; Chait Sudi 11, V.S.
1811/1754; Maghshri Budi 14, V.S. 1812/1755; Maghshri Sudi 2, V.S.
1812/ 1755; Chait Sudi 14, V.S. 1817/1760; Asoj Budi 7, V.S. 1818/
1761.
28. Gwalior Kharita No. 45, Posh Vadi 2, V.S. 1825/1768, Rajasthan State
Archives, Bikaner, Amber/Jaipur Records.
29. Dastur Komwar Dikhni, Vol. IX, Jeth Budi 7, V.S. 1812/1755, P. 664.
30. Dastur Komwar Dikhni, Vol. IX, Sawan Sudi 13, V.S. 1843/1786,
throughout the battle Mahadaji Sindhia was addressed as ‘Sindhia
Patel’, ‘Sindhia’, or ‘Patel.’
31. Jadunath Sarkar, Fall of the Mughal Empire, Vol. III, p. 380.
32. R. K. Saxena, Maratha Relations with the Major States of Rajputana, p.
23.
33. V.G. Dighe, Peshwa, Baji Rao I & Maratha Expansion, Karnataka
Publishing House, Bombay 2, 1944, p. 116.
34. Beni Gupta, Maratha Penetration into Rajasthan Through the Mukandara
Pass, Research Publications, Delhi, 1970, p. 42.
137
British policy towards the Abolition of
Slavery in Rajputana States
Prof. V.K. Vashishtha
The slave trade and slavery flourished in several facets at the
time of the establishment of British paramountcy in nineteen Princely
States of Rajputana and the neighbouring territories of Central India
and Gujarat in 1818. The slave dealers (Barda Furosh) belonged to the
communities of Charans, Bhats, Rajputs, Minas, Gwarriahs, Banjaras
and low castes.1 The traffic in slaves thrived in Rajputana because of
the patronage of the Rajput rulers and their jagirdars to the slave
dealers as they collected taxes from them on the sale of slaves and
also purchased slaves for replenishing their train of domestic hereditary
servants. The female children were also kidnapped and sold for
prostitution in Rajputana States, Delhi and Agra.2
The slavery was prevalent in four forms in Rajputana States.
(i) The domestic hereditary slaves (Daroga system) popularly known
as darogas or golas; 3 (ii) the forced labour (begar);4 (iii) the debt
bondage known as bonded labour (sagari);5 and (iv) the Basi was an
“acquired slavery” by the peasants who settled themselves on the
estate of their Rajput jagirdars, and were not deprived of their property
or civil rights like golas or agricultural serfs (villains) of Europe. 6
Among these legalized forms of slavery, the Daroga system survived
on the purchase of slaves, while the residual ones were the segments
of the feudal structure of the Rajputana States.
The present paper aims at examining the formation of British
policy towards the abolition of slavery and the reasons for its failure
to exterminate it.
I. Formation of British policy for abolition of slavery
Since its establishing political power in India, the British
Government followed a cautious social policy.7 Hence, it was only
after the abolition of slavery and the passage of the First Reform Bill
by the parliament in England (1830), that Governor-General
Ellenbarough abolished slave trading and domestic servitude in British
India in 1843.8 However, it was only after the consolidation of British
paramountcy in Rajputana States as a result of the establishment of
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 259
Rajputana Agency in February 1832, that Governor-General William
Bentinck (1828-1835), a social reformer and utilitarian to the core,
diverted the energies of the Political Agents for the abolition of slavery
in Rajputana States.9
The shift in British policy towards the abolition of slavery in
Rajputana became apparent when the Maharao of Kota ordered a slave
dealer under his protection to proceed to Marwar to purchase four
female slaves. Captain R. Ross, the Political Agent in Harauti, brought
to the notice of his government, in June 1832, the prevalence of this
“detestable traffic” not only in Harauti but also in every part of
Rajputana as well as Malwa. Ross was eager to exercise ‘effectual
interference’ to put it down,10 while his higher-up Lieut.Col. A. Lockett,
the Agent to the Governor-General in Rajputana States (A.G.G.) wanted
to abolish it by ‘advice and admonition’.11 The existing treaty prevented
the British Government from interfering authoritatively in the internal
administration of the State for the discontinuance of the practice.
Moreover, it could not take any coercive measure to suppress the
practice, as it was liable to disturb the British relations with the State.
Therefore, the British Government directed the A.G.G. and his
subordinate Political Agents to seek co-operation of the rulers “in a
friendly and confidential manner” to ban slave trade.12 The Court of
Directors took a step further by declaring slave trade illegal and a
crime. Hence, they permitted the Political officers to “remonstrate”
the rulers against any infringement of their proclamations prohibiting
slave trade or any laxity on the part of their officers in the enforcement
of its provisions.13 Thus, the slave trade lost its legitimacy as the
Court of Directors gave free hand to the British functionaries in the
suppression of the social evil like slavery in the Rajputana States.
II. Proclamations against slave traffic
The British policy towards the abolition of slavery marked its
beginning in Rajputana in September 1832, when Dr. J. Corbet, the
officiating Harauti Political Agent, by a friendly advice, won over the
rulers of Kota and Bundi States to prohibit in their respective dominions
buying and selling of slaves under the penalty of severe punishment.
Maharao Raja Ram Singh of Bundi executed the prohibitory order
more thoroughly than Rajrana Madho Singh, the hereditary Prime
Minister of Kota.14 It was only when Maharao Ram Singh of Kota was
freed from the galling control of his hereditary Prime Minister (in
1838) that he followed the example of Bundi. In 1846, he secured a
138 260 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
bond from the dancing women declaring that they would abstain from
purchasing children in the State. This was a “wise measure” and its
strict enforcement was liable to shut the market in Kota for the slave
dealers.15
The Jaipur State declared trafficking in slaves illegal in 1839.16
In 1844, John Ludlow, the Political Agent and Head of the Council of
Regency at Jaipur, with the co-operation of the members of the Council
of Regency, tried to do away completely with any possibility of its
revival. On his suggestion, the Council of Regency closed the
possibility of the restoration of slave trade and the continuance of
slavery by a proclamation on 5 February, 1847 prohibiting to call the
domestic servants by the derogatory words, such as, golas and golis,
as they served their masters by choice. Further, restrictions were
imposed upon the Nagas, Dadupanthis, Sads and Shamees for
purchasing children for inducting them as their disciples (chelas). 17
Appreciating the attempts of the Council of Regency to exterminate
slavery in all its shades in the Jaipur territory, James Sutherland, the
A.G.G. for Rajputana States circulated the Jaipur proclamation to all
his subordinate Political Agents for the information of the Rajput rulers
that even the use of the term slave (gola and goli) was forbidden in
that principality.18 This circular created salutary impact on the States.
On receiving information of the purchase from the Banjaras of
female children and dancing girls by the thakurs at Pachpadra, the salt
market of Marwar State, John Ludlow, then the Political Agent at
Jodhpur, approached the Jodhpur Darbar for the suppression of this
trafficking in slaves.19 Thereupon, the Jodhpur Darbar discountenanced
the sale of children by the Banjaras in the State and declared on 27
November 1840, that the buyers of children from them would be
punished by fine. On the other side, the State permitted the residents
of Marwar to buy and sell children within its jurisdiction. It contended
that there was no harm in such domestic transactions as from time
immemorial the subjects of Marwar were accustomed to purchase
children within the State by executing bonds.20 This open support to
trafficking in slaves by the State government seemed ridiculous to
Captain P.T. French, the officiating Political Agent at Jodhpur (1844-
45). He dilated upon its cruelty in conversation with Maharaja Takht
Singh and by arguments convinced him of the baneful and demoralizing
effect of the prevalence of such a system. 21 Consequently, on 21
September 1844, it was announced by beat of drums in every market
place that buying or selling of children was prohibited in Marwar
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 261
State.22 Thus, it was after the sustained efforts of the Political officers
for about four years from 1840 to 1844 that the slave dealing was
declared illegal in Marwar State. Informing all the Political Agents
about this success, James Sutherland observed 23:
This is a fine specimen of what may be done through the
judicious exercise of our (British) influence at the courts, and amongst
the Natives of this country. I trust the period is not very distant when
other practices and usages, revolting to our better feelings, may cease
through a judicious exercise of the same influence.
The success at Jodhpur encouraged the Political Agents to make
concerted efforts for the suppression of slave trade in other parts of
Rajputana. The rulers of Sirohi 24 and Jhalawar25 passed enactments
against slave traffic in 1844 and 1846, respectively. The State of Alwar26
and all other Rajputana States interdicted it by the later part of the
nineteenth century. The Mewar State was the last to prohibit it. W.F.
Eden, the Political Agent, Mewar as the Head of the Council of Regency
during the minority of Maharana Shambhu Singh (1861-1865)
proclaimed buying and selling of children and women illegal in the
Mewar State in 1863.27 Above all, the incorporation of “child stealing”
and “selling of females” as the heinous offence in the Extradition
treaties by the Rajputana States between 1868 and 1870, also facilitated
the trial of the slave dealers belonging to the neighbouring States and
the British Provinces. 28 The punishment to the slave dealers was
facilitated by the inclusion of trafficking in slaves in the Penal Code
of all Rajputana States in exactly the same manner as was enforced
by the Indian Penal Code for the British India.29
As a result of these efforts of the Political officers, only stray
cases of trafficking in slaves came to their notice by the seventies of
the nineteenth century in Rajputana30 though slavery in the nature of
domestic hereditary servants and bonded labour continued there. The
rulers had issued orders proscribing barter of children in deference to
the wishes of the British Government but none of them had attempted
to lessen the number of their hereditary domestic slaves (darogas).
Similarly, the Political Agents turned a blind eye to the Daroga system
as it enjoyed social recognition all over the Rajput States and they had
received no complaint from any daroga about his position during their
campaigns against the trafficking of slaves. Hence, the British
interference to prohibit it would have been resented almost as much
as by the darogas as by their masters.31
139 262 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
III. Measures to suppress Domestic slavery and Forced
labour
The political awakening in British India galvanized the darogas
for the first time to approach the Court of law in Jodhpur State32 in
1914. They also strove for civil rights and for their enumeration as
Raona Rajputs from 1920 through the All India Raona Rajput
Mahasabha, Kishangarh.33 Coupled with this, the political pressure of
the Slavery Convention under the auspices of League of Nations from
September 1925, prompted the Rajputana States to withdraw legal
recognition from the Daroga system and to declare that the services
of the darogas would not be enforceable by law.34 Hence, the British
Government claimed in 1936 that “neither slavery nor conditions
analogous to slavery existed in any Indian State”. 35 This was a
misrepresentation as the British Government could not mobilize the
Rajputana States to prohibit it by a legislation like the 1843 Act in
British India with the hope that it would progressively die with the
spread of railways, and education, and, above all, with the abandonment
of the main grounds of its continuance, the purdah system. Moreover,
it considered it impolitic to issue any order as the paramount power to
abolish it as it was restrained by treaties to interfere directly in the
internal administration of Rajputana States.36 Hence, in the want of a
legislation the Daroga system continued till the integration of Rajputana
States into Rajasthan State. In the midst of this sort of a shambles,
the agitations of the Bhils and peasants, as well as the persistent
pressure of the Slavery Convention (1925) and the International Labour
Organization (1930) geared the Rajputana States to abolish forced
labour (begar) between 1920 and 1936 for private works but it was
legalized like British India for public purposes within the place of
residence of the labourers on payment of adequate wages.37
Thus, on the persuasion of the British Government, the Rajputana
States suppressed slave trade and forced labour and emancipated the
darogas from the legal shackles but they took no cognizance of the
bonded labour (sagari) as there were no voices of protests against it.
It was only after the formation of Rajasthan State (1949) and,
subsequently with the disruption of the jagirdari system there (1960)38
that the people secured relief from all forms of social slavery through
the Indian Constitution and social legislation in Rajasthan State39 under
a socialist, secular and democratic Republic of India.
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 263
References
1. John Malcolm, A Memoir of Central India Including Malwa and
adjoining Provinces, London 1832, Vol.II, pp.199-202. See also, W.H.
Sleeman, A Report of the System of Megpunnaism, Serampore Press,
1839, pp.4-7. T.D. Broughton, Letters Written in a Mahratta camp during
the Year 1809, Archibald Constable & Co., Westminister, 1892, pp.104,
114-15; Michael O’ Dwyer, India as I knew it (1885-1925), London,
1925, p.100.
2. James Sutherland, A.G.G. in Rajputana to F. Currie, Secretary to
Government, 26 May, Cons. 20 June 1846, Nos.210-214, Foreign &
Political (hereafter abbreviated as F&P,), National Archives of India,
New Delhi (Hereafer abvbreviated as NAI). See also, File No.158(3)-P,
1925, F&P, NAI; GD 20, File No.30, Part III, 1926, Mehkama Khas,
Jaipur, Rajasthan State Archives, Branch Jaipur (Hereafter abbreviated
as RSAJ).
3. F.no.158(3)-P of 1925, F&P, NAI.
4. V.K. Vashishtha, “Begar in Princely Rajputana under British
Paramountcy”, Social Science Research Journal (Punjab University,
Chandigarh), Vol.VII, No.1&2, March-July 1982, pp.170-171.
5. Report on the Political Administration of the Rajputana States, 1874-
75, (abbreviated as RPARS), Foreign Department Press, Calcutta, 1875,
p.25, para. 84.
6. James Tod, Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, Motilal Banarsidass,
Delhi, Reprint 1971, Vol.I, p.206.
7. Sudhir Chandra, “Evolution of the Social policy of the Company’s
Government in India”, Quest, Vol.47, Autumn 1965, pp.35-40.
8. F.no.158(3)-P – 1925, NAI. Also see, D.R. Banaji, Slavery in British
India, D.B. Taraporevala Sons & Co., Calcutta, Revised edn. 1933,
p.95.
9. For details see, V.K. Vashishtha, “Evolution of the Social Policy of the
British Government in the States of Rajputana during the nineteenth
Century”, Proceedings of the Rajasthan History Congress, Vol.VIII,
Ajmer Session (1975), pp.95-102.
10. R. Ross, Political Agent Harauti to A. Lockett, A.G.G. Rajputana, 22
June, Cons. 13 August 1832, No.25, F&P, NAI.
11. Lockett to Macnaughten, 30 June, Cons. 13 August 1832, No.25, F&P,
NAI.
12. Macnaughten to Lockett, 9 July, Cons. 13 August 1832, No.26, F&P,
NAI.
13. Political letter from Court of Directors, 1 April 1835, No.5, NAI.
14. J. Cobert, Offg. Harauti Political Agent to Lockett, 17 September, Cons.
22 October 1832, No.2, F&P, NAI.
15. C.E. Burton, Harauti Political Agent to Sutherland, 18 March, Cons.
18 July 1846, No.132, F&P, NAI.
16. Ludlow to Sutherland, 5 March, Cons. 1 May 1847, No..49, F&P, NAI.
17. Translation of a Proclamation by the Jaipur government, 6 February
1847 (Encl.2), Cons. 1 May 1847, Nos.48-50, F&P, NAI.
140 264 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
18. Circular to Political Agents and Superintendents in Rajputana, 11
March 1846 (Encl.4), Cons. 26 June 1847, No.l49, F&P, NAI.
19. Sutherland to Ludlow, 6 October 1841, (Encls.1 and 3), Cons. 26
December 1846, Nos.376-77, F&P, NAI.
20. Tr. of a note from the Agency Vakil to Political Agent, Jodhpur, 27
November 1840 (Encl.2), Cons. 20 June 1846, No.212, F&P, NAI.
21. Memorandum of some chief events at Jodhpur since 20 January 1844.
Cf. P.T. French to Major C. Thoresby, Offg. A.G.G. Rajputana, 23
September 1844, Cons. 1 February 1845, No.54, F&P, NAI.
22. Translation of a Note from Agency Vakil to Political Agent (No.4), 21
September 1844, Cons. 20 June 1846, No.212, F&P, NAI.
23. Sutherland to H.H. Greathed, Jodhpur Political Agent, 26 May, Cons.
20 June 1846, No.213, F&P, NAI.
24. Progs. June 1862, Nos.54-56, Political-A, Foreign Department, NAI.
25. Burton to Sutherland, 9 March, Cons. 14 April 1848, No.54, (Encl.3),
F&P, NAI.
26. Progs. June 1862, Nos.54-56, Political-A, Foreign Department, NAI.
27. File No.2/1846 (Slavery), List No.1, S.no.10, Rajputana Agency Records,
NAI.
28. C.U. Aitchison, (Compl.), A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and
Sanads, Government of India, Central Publication Branch, Calcutta
1932, Vol.III, pp.36, 72, 106, 139, 213, 232, 247, 266, 291, 323, 368,
386, 403, 431, 456, 463, 475.
29. File No.264-P (Secret) 1926, F&P, NAI. See also, GD 20, File No.30,
Part III, 1926, Mehkama Khas, Jaipur, RSAJ.
30. RPARS, 1868-69, pp.23-24; RPARS, 1871-72, p.100.
31. Progs. June 1862, Nos.54-56, Political-A, Foreign Department, NAI;
See also, File No.158(3)-P-1925, F&P, NAI.
32. File No.158(3)-P-1925, F&P, NAI.
33. Narendra Singh Panwar, Raona Rajput Darshan, All India Raona Rajput
Mahasabha, Kishangarh, 2nd edn., 1929, pp.2, 81-84; Sarangadhar
Das, Bikaner ; A Report submitted to the President, All India States
People’s Conference, Bombay, 1940, pp.48-50.
34. GD 20, File no.30, Pt.III, 1926, Mehkma Khas, Jaipur, RSAJ.
35. Resident at Jaipur to Vice-President, Jaipur, 24 March 1936; Resident
at Jaipur to Prime Minister, Jaipur, 9 October 1937, GD-20, File no.30,
Pt.III, 1926, Mehkma Khas, Jaipur, RSAJ.
36. F.no.158(3)-P – 1925, F&P, NAI.
37. Vashishtha, “Begar in Princely Rajputana under British Paramountcy”,
op.cit., p.173.
38. Dool Singh, A Study of Land Reforms in Rajasthan, Students Agency,
Pilani 1964, pp.1 and 83.
39. The Indian Constitution has prohibited traffic in human beings (Art.23)
and forced labour (Art.24). Among the social legislation could be
mentioned, Immoral Trafficking Women Act, 1956 and Rajasthan Sagri
Abolition Act, 1961.
 141
Acquisition of Lands for the Construction of
Railways in Jaipur State during late 19th
Century: An Economic Fallout
Khalid Ahmad
The Railway Construction in Rajasthan was started by the
Colonial British Indian Government for their Economic as well as
Political interest as reflected in their correspondences. On March 23,
1864 Captain Walter, the Political Agent of Bharatpur State clearly
defined the motives behind the railway construction in Rajasthan. In
his letter to the Agent to the Governor General for Rajputana States,
he mentioned that “a railway from Agra to this place, would not only
be a very remunerative investment, but would tend materially to open
out the resources of the Bharatpur State. As you are aware, there is
an enormous trade at this place in salt, all of which goes to Agra. The
traffic, at present, is very heavy along the line of road, and when the
road is open through to Jaipur, it will of course materially increase.” 1
In the proposed study I have made an attempt to find out the
various intricacies of Railway Construction in Jaipur State which
fraught with many such as whether Jaipur State surrender lands for
railway purposes free of cost or demand compensation for lands,
total breath of the lands required for railways lines, Stations and Co.,
what was the required terms and condition proposed by British Indian
Government to Jaipur State. Further I have made an investigation that
how Jaipur State surrendered Sovereign Rights on ceded lands as
well as to part away with the future income from these proposed
constructed railways by surrendering transit duty rights to the British
Indian Government.
For the construction of railways in India, large tracks of lands
were required for the railways purposes. In the British Indian Provinces
the East India Company prepared to provide these required lands free
of cost to the railway company. 2 For that on August 17, 1849 an
agreement was completed between the East India Company, the East
Indian Railway Company and the Great Indian Peninsula Railway
Company respectively3 and decided to provide required lands free of
cost to the railway companies for railway purposes. 4 But in case of
266 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
Rajputana States, the British Indian Government adopted a different
policy.
On January 29, 1864 Public Work Department appointed a
committee by a resolution to find out possibilities to construct railways
line through Central India and Rajputana States. This committee
prepared a plan for the construction of railways through Central India
and Rajputana States and submitted to the British Authority at Bombay.5
At the same time all the Rajputana States were agreed for Railway
Construction in their respective territories. But before any construction
work, Colvin under Secretary to the British Indian Government, Foreign
Department, wanted to settle down the matter or terms and conditions
on which lands had to be surrendered for railway construction in
Jaipur State.6
Terms and Condition required for Railway Construction in Jaipur
State: Following terms and condition were proposed by British Indian
Government to Jaipur State to accept before any construction work: 7
Firstly British Government proposed to Jaipur State that the
State had to surrender 200 feet lands in breath for the construction of
railways line, Stations and other railways purposes without cost. The
State had to be paid compensation for any destruction of property like
houses, gardens etc. on ceded lands to the respective owners. This
compensation had to be paid by the State treasuries. In British Indian
Provinces the British Indian Government followed the policies which
now proposed for Jaipur for the construction of railways in its
territories.
Secondly the Jaipur State had to surrender full jurisdiction and
Sovereignty rights to the British Indian Government on ceded lands
for railways purposes.
And lastly the State had to surrender all transit and other duties
on goods, which had to be carried by these proposed railways.
However duties on goods breaking bulk being carried to and from the
railways had to be charged at the same rates or rates to be fixed by
both authorities.
But the Jaipur State was not willingly accepted these three
proposed terms and conditions. The State shows various problems
and suggested some modifications in these proposed terms and
conditions to the British Indian Government. While after long
correspondence British Indian Government succeed to convince or
compel Jaipur State to accept required three terms for railway. Calvin
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 267
under Secretary to the British Indian Government clearly informed to
the Agent to the Governor General for Rajputana, that without accepting
three proposed conditions by the State, the construction of railways
could not started in Jaipur territories.8
Process to accept required terms and conditions by Jaipur
State
On July 15, 1864 lieutenant Colonel E. K. Elliot, the Agent to
the Governor General for Rajputana communicated to the Jaipur and
ordered him to obtain the assent from the State on proposed terms
and conditions for the construction of railway. He also ordered him
to convince the State for co-operation for the construction work.
At the same time the British Authority communicated with the
State through Political Agents, and conveyed to the State that British
Authority would welcome any suggestions or proposals from the State
for route proposed for the railway line. The British Authority also
assured the State that the Paramount Power would be considered the
suggestions essentially. The Agent to the Governor General for
Rajputana ordered to the Political Agent of Jaipur to settle down the
matter of lands required for railway construction and also in regards
of transit duties. The essential terms for the railways constructions
were “that whether the sovereignty of the ceded land be granted or
not the through traffic be free.” The British Authority clearly stated
that for construction of railways, the State had to surrender 100 feet
wide land permanently and 50 feet wide land temporarily on each side
of the line. 9
On August 10, 1864 the Political Agent of Jaipur informed the
Agent to the Governor General for Rajputana that Jaipur State was
welcoming the plan for the construction of railway in Jaipur territories.
However Maharaja suggested some modifications in the proposed three
terms by British Indian Government. Following three suggestions were
provided by him through his Khureeta:10
Firstly the Jaipur State had ready to surrender 200 feet lands
for railway construction free of cost but Maharaja was not in favoured
to pay compensations to the owners for any destruction of property
like gardens, wells, houses tanks etc. which had to be caused by
railway construction.
Secondly Jaipur State was not ready to surrender sovereignty
rights on ceded lands. And lastly the State was ready to surrender
transit duties, however the goods which had to be breaking the bulk
142 268 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
within the State territory would be subjected to pay transit duties
wherever goods were loaded or dislodged by the railways.
The Political Agent of the State convoyed to the Agent to the
Governor General for Rajputana that Maharaja promised to give his
full co-operation for the construction of railways, which had to be
constructed in Jaipur territories.11
On July 26, 1865 the British Indian Government again
communicated with the State and reminded about the proposed railway
line for Rajputana and Central India and asked for approval of the
terms and conditions proposed by British Indian Government earlier.
Through this communication the British Authority informed the State
about the benefits of railways which brought in other parts of the
country. They emphasised that “it is well known throughout India
what benefits the railway brings in its train; how it is the means of
exporting the products of a State thereby giving them a much large
market and higher value, at the same time that it brings in the Wealth
and manufactures of the other countries.”12
But Maharaja of Jaipur State was ready to accept the proposed
conditions but again he suggested some modifications, these are as
follows:13
Firstly, the State accepted to surrender 200 feet in width required
for lands free of cost. But Maharaja demanded compensations to be
paid to the owners of houses, wells and gardens etc. on the ceded
lands.
Secondly, the Maharaja of Jaipur was ready to surrender full
sovereignty and Jurisdictions rights to the British Indian Government
on the ceded lands. But he demanded that the natives were not to be
left as refugee in the hands of railway officials. Whenever they need
protection, it should be provided and the native’s offenders were
subjected to the State Court.
And lastly, the Jaipur State had to surrender transit duties over
goods passing through Jaipur territory without breaking bulk.
The Bombay, Baroda and Central India Company was prepared
a plan to construct a railway line from Baroda to Neemuch and then
this line had to be connected with Delhi via Jaipur and submitted a
proposal before British Authority for its sanction.14
By December 1865 the States of Bharatpur, Serohi, Udaipur,
Alwar, Jhalawar, and Tonk accepted all the three conditions. But Jaipur
State still not accepted all three conditions. The Maharaja of Jaipur
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 269
agreed upon second and the third conditions. Even he was agreed to
provide required lands free of cost but demanded compensations for
houses, gardens, buildings etc., which might be destroyed in courage
railway construction. He also raised the refugee matter on these ceded
lands.15
The Secretary to the Government of British India, Foreign
Department directed to the Agent to the Governor General that he
would try to convince the State, yet not agreed on the proposed
conditions. He clearly stated that you convey the State that “it is they
and their people who will benefit largely by the construction of the
railways in question, and that it is therefore unreasonable for them to
look for compensation on account of the houses, gardens etc. which
may be absorbed within railway limits.” On the issue of the surrender
as well as trial of the offenders that Natives of any State for any
crimes committed on these ceded lands had to be subjected to trial
and punished according to the law of the British Indian Government.
While these refugees, who committed heinous crimes out of ceded
lands had to be surrender to the respective State.16
The Agent to the Governor General for Rajputana tried to lure
and pressurised the State through his correspondence. He proposed
to the Maharaja of Jaipur that the British Authority had a plan to connect
Sâmbhar Lake with railway. There was not any tax imposed on this
area till now. This area produced salt and supplied it to the other
States. Whenever Jaipur State imposed transit duties upon salt, it would
reduce the demands of salts and it would cause loss to the State.
When the expenses of the carriage had to be reduced, Jaipur State
would be able to supply salt in large label. Definitely it would help to
increase the revenue of the State.17
Earlier the Secretary of the Government of British India, Foreign
Department directed the British Authority at Rajputana to settle down
the issue of surrender and trial of refugees on ceded lands. He stated
that those refugees “guilty of heinous offences’’ had to be handed to
the respective State, but he not clarify whether criminal or civil
offenders, who wants to avoid the law of their State by flying within
ceded lands or railway boundary. The Agent to the Governor General
for Rajputana explained that offenders had to be treated as same manner
and handed to the respective State. The British Indian Government
granted their assent on instruction given by the Agent to the Governor
General for Rajputana.18
143 270 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
However the British Indian Government classified that the British
Authority had to be responsible only for those refugees, who were
arrested within railway limits and not responsible for those who were
not come under railway limits. 19 On the matter of compensation
demanded by the State for any loss of their transit duties, the British
Indian Government was not ready to accept the demands and
consequently the matter was delayed.20
By October 1866, the Maharaja of Jaipur was not ready to accept
the conditions on which lands had to be surrendered to the railway
company for the construction of railway. 21 By May 1867 all the
Rajputana States were accepted the three conditions except Jaipur
and Kishangarh States.22
The Maharaja of Jaipur demanded that the British Authority
should have to provide compensation for the total loss of private
property which had to be incurred on the required lands for the railways
construction. The Maharaja clearly stated that the British Authority
would prepare a clear proposal to avoid the destruction of property
and the selected route should have been proved beneficial and
significance for the State and its people and before any construction
they would ask approval from the State. On the other hand the British
Indian Government gave their full assurance that full considerations
would be followed to avoid any unnecessary destruction of property
which would occur on ceded lands for railway construction The British
Authority surveyed the lands for railway line to calculate the loss of
property. 23
The Jaipur State further prepared a list of demands which
covered all aspect of the State demands, and put forwarded to the
British Authority at Rajasthan. Soon it was conveyed to Jaipur State
by Major Beynon that some of the demand of the Jaipur State was not
to be accepted by British Authority as there were not favourable while
some of the demands were in full considerations. Further he
emphasised that the Maharaja of Jaipur State was the only Maharaja
amongst the Rajputana Princes who became hurdle for the development
of a railway construction, hence affecting the development or general
welfare of all the Rajputana States.24
Followings were the demands as proposed by Jaipur State and
remarks given by the Agent to the Governor General for Rajputana: 25
1. Firstly Jaipur State demanded that whenever survey was done
and line was finalised, assent from the State would be needed
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 271
prior to the survey details being asked for approval from British
Indian Government. The Agent to the Governor General for
Rajputana was not ready to accept this condition but the State
demand could be accepted when route would be selected and
finalised. The Jaipur State could provide at that time any
suggestion and alternative route, when survey was submitted
for its approval.
2. Jaipur demanded that to look after the survey work of the whole
line some people of the State should be employed. The British
Authority accepted this demands.
3. That any destruction of private property had to be safeguarded
as far as possible.
4. The State wants that Jaipur City and the Ghats had to be avoided
altogether. In matter of Jaipur City the Agent to the Governor
General accepted State demand but in matter of Ghats he had
different opinion until the survey work had been completed.
5. Jaipur State demanded that all the religious buildings and centres
especially the temples dedicated to lord Mahadeva26 had to be
safeguarded at any condition. But the Agent to the Governor
General for Rajputana not accepted that demand.
6. That in condition of extra lands required for railway i.e. 200 feet
ceded land, the State had power to provide more land or reject
the Railway Company demands and the State had to be reoccupied
such lands when lands were not further needed for railway
purpose at the free of cost. The Agent to the Governor General
for Rajputana accepted this demands.
7. That the State had to appoint a Hurkara or State employees at
every Station which was remained under Jaipur territories to
safeguard the State interest. The Agent to the Governor General
for Rajputana accepted this demand.
8. The State further emphasised that there should not have any
change into management, new innovations and system related to
be railway would have not to be implemented without prior
information of the State. But the Agent to the Governor General
for Rajputana rejected this demand.
9. That whenever any rules and regulations related to railway line
passed by British Authority. It would be officially informed to
the State. The Agent to the Governor General for Rajputana
accepted this demand.
144 272 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
10. The State demanded that laws would be made to avoid ill treatment
with local travellers by the railway servants and every law which
would be made should have required the State consent. The British
Authority ready to make laws for that but rejected the demands
of the State to give the power to the State to accept or reject the
laws made by Paramount Power.
11. The State further demanded that all grievances of the natives
had to be listened and decided by the Political Agent of the Jaipur
State in presence of the State Vakeel27 and emphasised that those
grievances had to be immediately solved. But the Agent to the
Governor General conveyed that a Railway Act had to be passed
for the trial of Railway servants.
12. That the State would not be responsible for any destruction
committed by any native within railway jurisdiction and not
subjected to pay compensations for that. The Agent to the
Governor General for Rajputana accepted that demand.
13. The State wanted that the railway officials were not allowed to
reside outside the railway jurisdiction without the prior
information and approval from the State. The Agent to the
Governor General for Rajputana accepted that demand.
14. That the State had to possess power not to permit to the railway
company for any purchase or procurement of required materials
or goods which may be required for railway construction within
Jaipur territories. The Agent to the Governor General informed
that in matter of woods the Jaipur state earlier showed her
objection but in matter of other materials British Authority would
considered upon that.
15. That a special saloon and carriage had to be constructed after
getting the opinion and approval from the Maharaja by the Railway
Company for his special use at the fixed rate of fares which
would be finalised before the opening of the line. But the Agent
to the Governor General for Rajputana agreed that Railway
Company had to be constructing it but Maharaja had to be raised
fund for that.
16. Railway Company had to facilitate special trains for Maharaja’s
use at a rate of fares to be finalised in the same way. The Agent
to the Governor General for stated that proposed matter was to
be finalised by mutual consent later.
17. And finally the State demanded that the railway officials were
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 273
not allowed to buy any landed property within Jaipur State. The
Agent to the Governor General accepted that demand.
The Agent to the Governor General for Rajputana sent all the
above demands proposed by Jaipur State and recommended to the
British Indian Government for its approval.28 J. W. S. Wyllie the under
Secretary to the British Indian Government, Foreign Department
conveyed that British Indian Government ratified the remarks or
decision taken by the Agent to the Governor General except point 14.
He clearly stated that British Indian Government was not ready to
accept such type of demand. Further he added that the railway authority
would be permitted to purchase at favourable rates decided by mutual
agreement on the required materials because it was not possible to
carry the management.
He suggested to the Agent to the Governor General that in Jaipur
State large numbers of land plots were not in use and he can suggest
to the State that either the State or railway company would plant trees
for fuel into these lands for a fixed period. In this way railway would
be able to meet the required fuel in easy way without any destruction
of private or the State limited resources. He further emphasised that
British Indian Government wanted to convey the message of
plantations to the State. For that the Forest Department were also
issued latters. And finally on demand number 12, the British Indian
Government conveyed that “the Durbar must do its best to enforce
against its subject any penalties which they may have incurred for
offences committed within the limits of the railway.”29
The Maharaja S. Ram Singh of Jaipur State was still not satisfied
and on December 22, 1867 again he sent revised demand which was
covered same terms mentioned above including those terms which
was earlier accepted by the British Indian Government. Further he
informed that in letter of the July 13, State’s main demand was that
“the prevention of any misunderstanding with the Railway Company”
and nothing more than that and he wanted that before beginning of
railway, there would be made a provisions to avoid any clash with
these two parties. Maharaja further stated that the Jaipur State was in
favour of construction of railway which had to be passed through
State. He further emphasised that the British Authority always miss
understood my suggestions.30
Finally on February 5, 1868 the Maharaja Ram Singh of Jaipur
willingly withdrew his all demands or conditions proposed earlier and
agreed up on required original terms and conditions for the construction
145 274 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
of railway.31 Now he believed that the Paramount Power safeguard
the general interest of the State and its subject with law and justice
but also need of the State and the manners, customs and feelings of
its subject.32
On the other hand the British Authority assured the State that
Government had to consider all suggestions given by Jaipur to safe
guards especially to safeguard the Mahadeo temples and the State’s
suggestions not affecting the economic and permanent working of
the railway matters, and also whenever any changes were implemented,
would be communicated to the State. Whenever any complain about
ill-treatment was found the British Authority would have to give full
consideration to further avoid it.33 The Vakeel of Jaipur would be invited
to look after the interest of its subjects.34
Conclusion: These terms and conditions proved very big loss
to the State in form of lands, revenues, other private properties by the
mane of the railway construction. By accepting these terms and
conditions the Jaipur State firstly not only permanently lost their lands
but also pay compensation to the owners from State treasury. It was
the direct loss to the State. Secondly as per the second term Jaipur
State lost Sovereignty and Jurisdiction Rights on ceded lands. Lastly
as per the third term the State lost source of revenue from transit
duties permanently.
References
1. Rajputana Agency Office, Railway, File No. 126-I, 1863 to 1868 and
1877, No. 28/18G, Bharatpur, March 23, 1864, Serial No. 4, National
Archives of India, New Delhi, p. 15
2. Bell, Hoarce, Railway Policy in India, Rivington, Percival and Co.,
London, 1894, p. 7
3. Bell, p. 10; Sanyal, Nalinaksha, Development of Indian Railways,
University of Calcutta, 1930, p. 15
4. Bell, pp. 60-62; Sanyal, p. 16
5. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, For details see the
Report of the Committee appointed by Public Work Department,
Resolution No. 449, January 29, 1864
6. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, March 1865, Serial
No. 24, No. 721, p. 63. In this letter A. Colvin, under the Secretary to
the Government of British India, Foreign Department informed the
Agent to the Governor General for Rajputana States that British
Authority satisfied to know that all the Rajputana States accepted the
for the railway construction in their respective territories.
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 275
7. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Enclosure to serial
No. 24, p. 63. When I gone through the sources I have found that as
in the first Railway Contract signed on August 17, 1849 between the
East India Company, the Bombay Baroda and Central India Railway
Company and the Great Indian Peninsula Railway Company. In this
contract British Indian Government agreed to provide required lands
free of cost to the Railway Companies in British Indian Provinces.
However in that contract it was not mentioned to pay compensations
to the owners for the loss of property as mentioned in first clause. For
details see, Bell, p. 60-62
8. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 24, No.
721, March 24, 1875, p. 63. In this letter A. Colvin, under Secretary to
the Government of British India, Foreign Department informed to the
Agent to the Governor General for Rajputana States that British
Authority satisfied to know that the State accepted the proposal for the
construction of railway in Jaipur territory.
9. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 7, No.
946, Erinpura, July 15, 1864, p. 23
10. Khureeta was a State charter issued by Maharaja of the State.
11. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 8, No.
67/36G, Jaipur, August 10, 1864, p. 25
12. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 29, p.
73. The Agent to the Governor General for Rajputana clearly informed
to the said respective State that the British Indian Government was not
ready to commenced the construction work for railways, unless the
State accept conditions proposed by Government.
13. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Enclosure to Serial
No. 41, September 25, 1865, p. 98
14. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 43, No.
1623/132, Chundaleca, October 30, 1865, p. 103
15. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 45, No.
1883/353G, Neemuch, December 30, 1865, p. 107
16. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 46, No.
140, Fort William, January 26, 1866, p. 109
17. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Enclosure to the
Serial No. 47, No. 220/22, Dhoka, February 19, 1866, pp. 111 and 112
18. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 53, No.
237/46G, Erinpura, February 21, 1866, p. 124; Rajputana Agency
Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 54, No. 519, Fort William,
March 29, 1866, p. 125
19. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 67, No.
552, Simla, April 14, 1866, p. 131
146 276 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
20. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 54, No.
519, Fort William, March 29, 1866, p. 125
21. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 63, No.
1257/149G, Beawar, October 4, 1866, p. 143
22. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 65, No.
910, Simla, May 20, 1867, p. 147
23. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Enclosure 2 to
Serial No. 68, No. 155/108G, Jaipur Palace, July 13, 1867, p. 154;
When I gone through the sources I found that the total loss of property
which had to be occurred on ceded lands was not provided.
24. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 69, No.
1116-111, Enclosure 1 to Serial No. 69, p. 157
25. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 69, No.
1116-111, Enclosure 2 to Serial No. 69, pp, 157-159
26. Lord Shiva is also known as Mahadeva.
27. Vakeel was one of the State Employee.
28. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 69, No.
1116-111, Serial No. 70, No. 1117- 60G, Mount Abu, September 11,
1867, p. 161
29. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 69, No.
1116-111, Serial No. 71, No. 1716, Simla, October 9, 1867, p. 163
30. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 69, No.
1116-111, Serial No.73, Enclosure 1 to Serial No. 73, December 22,
1867, p. 167. For details revised terms proposed by Jaipur State which
was cover almost same terms proposed in Letter No. 1116-111 of the
Enclosure 2 to Serial No. 69. See, Serial No. 73 of Enclosure 1 to Serial
No. 73, pp. 168-170
31. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 69, No.
1116-111, Enclosure to Serial No. 74, p. 171; Rajputana Agency
Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 69, No. 1116-111, Serial
No. 75 No. 95G, February 12, 1868, p. 173; Rajputana Agency Office,
Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 69, No. 1116-111, Serial No. 76,
No. 384A, February 28, 1868, p. 175
32. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 69, No.
1116-111, Enclosure to Serial No. 74, p. 171
33. Rajputana Agency Office, Railways, File No. 126-I, Serial No. 69, No.
1116-111, p. 178
34. I bid., p. 179.
 147
Enonymous Rudaali : Dying Emotions,
Ailing Trend (with especial reference
to Western Rajasthan)
Dr. Anju Suthar
Introduction
Shedding tears is said to be a weakness of women who can at
once manipulate their crying image to their advantage. While a crying
man is an “embarrassment”, the image of a crying woman is “usual”.
A crying woman earns the sympathies of those around her because
she is ‘vulnerable’ and is in need of the support of man. The image of
a crying woman thus reinforces the image of man as a protector. But
what if the implication of the image is turned upside down? 1
Materials and Methods
For the purpose of in depth study references and contents has
been taken from relevant books, articles, journals and websites. The
historical method of analysis, interview with local lodger are used.
Both primary as well as secondary sources of information have been
taken.
Results and Discussions
Professional mourning or paid mourning is a mostly historical
occupation practiced in Mediterranean and Near Eastern cultures, and
many other parts of the world. 2 Professional mourners, also
called moirologists are compensated to lament or deliver a eulogy.
Mentioned in the Bible, the occupation is widely invoked in literature,
from the Ugaritic epics of early centuries BC to modern poetry held
in high esteem in some cultures and times, the practice was vilified in
others.
Female professional mourners also, called Rudaali, were
common in many parts of India, especially in the Western Indian state
of Rajasthan. Our Indian Culture was home to one such profession,
where the lower caste ladies were hired to cry at a death by the upper-
class people. And such lower-class women are known as ‘Rudaalis’.
Along with the loud hues and cries they also sing along some songs in
278 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
praises of the deceased. It’s like giving a eulogy to the deceased person.
This profession was mainly practised in Rajasthan, India during the
19th and 20th century and still ailing in some parts in moribund
condition.
Since the upper-class women are not allowed to show their
grief due to their status in the society, these Rudaalis are hired to cry
on their behalf. They trade their tears in exchange for money. Hiring
such professional mourners was considered as an act of social status
at the time.
Rudaali is one of the notorious orthodox practices where
mourning was compulsory expressions of uncontrolled emotions by
rolling on ground and beating head and breast accompanied by songs
in praise of the dead. Primarily, women who live in acute poverty and
belong to the lower castes are forced to become Rudaali. Their status
in the society is no less than that of a prostitute. A Rudaali can be
identified by her trademark appearance – dressed in black and with
unkempt hair. They are expected to beat their chests, crying and wailing
over the dead and even dancing by scattering themselves with vehement
outcry in praise of the deceased.
Film and Fiction
Famous Bengali litterateur Mahasweta Devi delineated written
account in her writings “ RUDALI” that there is no expression of
genuine grief, but only an ostentatious show of grief performed by
the rudaalis. Some of the maliks book the rudaalis even before the
death of their ailing parents. In the absence of professional mourners—
who happen to be prosperous prostitutes in big cities—to mourn for
“the unmourned dead,” Sanichari and Bikhni, characters of Mahasweta
Devis’ novel become famous in the rural area. They find no shame in
their work because “through motherhood and widowhood they were
tied to the moneylenders, while those people spent huge sums of money
on death ceremonies, just to gain prestige. Let some of that money
come into Sanichari’s home”. Sanichari makes a list of mourning
categories and fixes charges for each. Like:
‘Just for wailing, one kind of rate.’ ‘Wailing and rolling on the
ground, five rupees, one sikka.’
‘Wailing, rolling on the ground and beating one’s head, five
rupees, two sikka.’ ‘Wailing and beating one’s breast, accompanying
the corpse to the cremation ground, rolling around on the ground
there—for that the charge of six rupees.’ ‘At the kirya ceremony, we
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 279
want a cloth, preferably a length of plain black cloth.’3
Based on the life of Rudaalis there is a 1993 Indian Hindi film
directed by Kalpana Lajmi, based on the short story written
by Bengali litterateur Mahasweta Devi explains this situation precisely.
The film is set in a small village in Rajasthan, India. . It tells the story
of a woman named Shanichari, who was abandoned by her mother
shortly after her father’s death. Bad fortune follows her throughout
her life. As the narrative begins, the dying zamindar/ Thakur (translation:
landlord) anticipating his imminent death, and realizing that none of
his close relatives are likely to mourn him, he summons a rudaali
named Bhikni from a nearby town. 4
It portrays a low caste woman who becomes a victim of
Brahmanical patriarchy. The barbarous treatment by the society’s
superiors and feudal lords along with the class oppression and
economic misery made women to be Rudaalis. Hence, Rudaali refers
to a humiliating toil of the low caste women who wail over their caste
masters’ death. Sexual exploitation in the form of Rape has since long
been seen as an effective method to discipline women who waver
away from their ‘Social Duties’. In a nutshell, it can be narrated that
Rudaali is a clear indicator of the marginalized status of women in
connection with the socio-political scenario. Actually, woman is basis
of society but couldn’t get appropriate place by man. 5 Directly or
indirectly she is not given her rights by the society and families as
man is being endorsed for the same.6 Condition of women depends
and decided by education, social structure, money, family and
constitutional provisions.7
Black Odhni is their uniform. Because black was considered as
the colour of death and it was also the favourite colour of the death
God, Yamraja. Their long necks tattooed into big traditional symbols
and big eyes shaded into black kohl, always ready to flow whenever
given a call. Along with the loud crying, they were also supposed to
create a scene by beating their chests and slapping the floors for the
next 12 days. Because, the more dramatic the act, the more it is talked
about by the neighbours. They take a small lunch break from the
crying and shouting and relish on the leftover rotis and raw onions
provided by the relatives. And then continue with the same performance
again by chanting, “Hey Raam, Hey Raam.”
There’s a popular Rudaali saying,
“Pando bhalo na kosko, beti bhali na ek,
148 280 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
Leno bhalo na baapko, sahib rakhya tek.”
Means:
[Walking on foot even for a mile is not favoured, nor is the
birth of a single daughter.
A debt of one’s father is not favoured, so may God protect us
from these misfortunes.]
Womans’ Esteem
“As long as a woman has a husband, she has esteem in the
village.” When a young woman loses her husband, especially the lower
caste woman, she is considered unlucky and blamed for her husband’s
death. And then she is forced to do this black odhni to earn a living.
In the Darogi community, the Rudaalis also worked
as Daoris (mistresses) to the Thakurs of the Haveli. They used to live
in a small hut outside the Haveli and take care of the Thakur’s kids
during the day and used to please them at the nights, and also used to
work as professional mourners. The kids born to these Rudaalis had
no father and they used to work at lower posts for these Thakurs.
Tyrannically if any girl was born to these Thakurs then she is killed
off immediately to avoid dowry at the time of her marriage. They
considered daughters as unlucky and female foeticide was also
practised here but the daughters born to these Rudaalis used to
continue with their mothers’ profession. As they used to work for the
Thakurs, they would take care of them financially. The Rudaalis of
the Mirasi community worked independently and went to mourn for
someone’s death, when called for. They did not serve the Thakurs;
hence, they had to fend for themselves.
Dress & Shelter
Rudaalis’ age decide their dressing. For example, if she is early
age widow, then l light green coloured cloths are for her, whereas
aging widow will have to wear dark red coloured cloth engraved with
black peacock feathers. Deep dark coloured Kurti- Kanchali and small
magji (below side added different cloth in lahanga) with same shade.
Rudaalis have to live out side the village, this not entire truth.
As a matter of fact, in early times Raje- Rajwade had number of lands,
so considering rudaali as sinister, rudaalis acquire shelter out side the
village. Now they live in and out the village. Rudaalis earn more from
cultivation. Animal husbandry and wages rather depending than on
crying and weeping, their so called defined work.
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 281
If we talk about out village living, they are given home in ORAN
in some villages of Barmer, Jaisalmer and Jodhpur. From where the
last house of village is situated, this is the start of rudaalis first house.
Their place of residence is made of unbacked clay and thach. This is
also a bitter truth that till date rudaalis are not safe from so called
samaj ke thekedaars. They sing in group and reveal their grief. 8
Another aspect of existence of rudaali is that in Shergarh and
Patodi of Jodhpur district, Chhitar ka paar , Kotada, Chuli of Barmer
district, Ramdevra, Fatehgarh, and Pokran of Jaisalmer district till
today rudaalis are struggling , although they are very limited in numbers.
Reasons behind scarcity of rudaalis are – impact of Rajput Zameendars
is synchronized and rest of them are not enthusiastic in fictitious show
off. Rudaalis come from Gamju, Dusaad, Bheel and lower cast
communities. They all belong to widow bracket and think of as sinister.
Some of rudaalis make surrender themselves and accepted
NATA PRATHA against majesty of social panchs. Some always found
them in identically chained situation and continued with the same.
Occupation of crying is not enough for sustenance, so they are indulged
in cultivation, animal husbandry and wages. They are summoned to
cut off curbed khejari and Rohida trees. Somewhere they are disallowed
to come in front to some one in the early morning.9
Rudaalis are confronting so many challenges. They are having
problems to marry their daughters. Lack of education is another big
challenge to be dealt with.
They are even fighting for bread and butter. Although literacy
is rolling in gradually. Now people from upper casts primarily choosing
peaceful cremation. For the reason importance of rudaalis are reducing
positively. Now they don’t want mercy on their unhealthy conditions.
They desire to come out from shape of society and mentality.
They thirst for independence.
They ambition for education.
They look for sustenance.
They hunger for respect.
They urge for a suitable life partner.
And of course, in state of widow longing their life as they want.10
The harsh reality of life
State of “Rudali” does not only engage with the issue of
exploitation of the lower-class people, but specifically addresses the
149 282 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
gender-question. The women of the oppressed classes suffer not only
from their socio-economic disadvantages, but also because of their
gender. The race class-caste-gender nexus makes the condition of
women difficult in rural Indian society. the women in the rural areas
or those belonging to lower class, “lower caste” or minority
communities continued to remain in shadows. Narration of rudaali
retrieves the invisible women and their muted voices from the
peripheries of Indian society. The story of “Rudali” brings into light
the plight of women belonging to different segments in a rural society:
the rudalis, the prostitutes and the upper-class housewives.
Conclusion
In the modern time Indian country is fast emerging as a global
power but for half of its population, the women across the country,
struggle to live life with dignity continues. Women, irrespective of
their class, caste and educational status, are not safe. In the modern
society women have been the victims of exploitations since long time
in different fields in their life both physically, socially, mentally and
economically. There are several causes of sexual as well as moral
abuse which are very often highlighted by the media in Indian modern
society, and a lot of those also remain unexplored. Although, such
violence against women, sexual harassment, and exploitation to women
is not of recent origin, its trace is found in the history of ancient
India. Women are facing problems in every sphere of life whether
employment, access to health care or property rights. India is fast
developing but women in India continue to be discriminated.
The remote region rudaali (Sanichari and Bikhni) dwell in
metaphorically represents the uneven face of society. It has nothing
righteous. Standard historiography does not provide any account of
the exploitations, hardships and struggles of the down-trodden people.
Even after the independence of India, the so-called lower-caste and
lower-class people, the tribal and ethnic minority communities continue
to reside in darkness. They are deprived of their fundamental rights,
like food, shelter and security and rudaalis are the best example to
review and recite.
References
1. Saiket Guha: Rudali: men, women and politics of crying, Bharatiya
Pragna: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Indian Studies (E-ISSN 2456-
1347) Vol. 1, No. 3, 2016.
2. Films-
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 283
· The Indian film Rudaali (1993), directed by Kalpana Lajmi and set in
Rajasthan, is about the life of a professional mourner, or Rudaali.
· The short documentary Tabaki (2001), directed by Bahman Kiarostami,
follows the lives of “mourners for hire”.
· The Philippine film Crying Ladies (2003), directed by Mark Meily,
follows the lives of three women who work as professional mourners,
set in the Philippines.
Literature –
· In Honoré de Balzac’s landmark novel Le Père Goriot (1835), the title
character’s funeral is attended by two professional mourners rather
than his daughters.
· In his 2014 novel Ghost Month, author Ed Lin states that professional
mourners are available for hire in contemporary Taiwan.
3. Mahasweta Devi. (2003). “Rudali.” (A. Katyal, Trans.). In Urvashi
Butalia (Ed.), Katha: Stories by Indian women (pp. 16-45). New Delhi:
Stanza.
4. Kalpna Lajmi edited film “Rudaali”
5. Katariya Kamlesh-Nari Jeevan: Vaidic kal se aaj tak, unique trader
publication, Jaipur,2009, p.- 30
6. Apte prabha-Bhartiya samaj main nari, classic publishing house,
Jaipur,1996, p.-01
7. Vyas ramprasad & Upadhyay manorama,Bhartiya nari:parivertan
avam chunotiya, Rajasthani granthakar, Jodhpur, p.-68
8. Rajasthan Patrika: 04 Jan. 2017 parivaar parishishth, Amit baiznath
Garg,s article “Rote Rote Gumnaam Hoti Rudaali”
9. Interview with local inhabitants.
10. Amit Baiznath Garg,s article “Rote Rote Gumnaam Hoti Rudaali”
Rajasthan Patrika, Ibid
150
Creating Identities in Hindi Cinema :
In Context of Rajasthan
Persis Latika Dass
Cinema, popular or parallel, a visual art of story–telling with
rich inputs of music, screenplay, cast and script, is considered one of
the greatest influences in our modern life. Cinema creates surreal or
tangled images derived from both the past and the present. Subject to
mass appeal it tends to be rhetorical and melodramatic in India yet its
contribution to the nations polity, society and economy cannot be
brushed aside. Given the multicultural ethos of the country, the various
‘Rajasthans’ portrayed in films create divergent images in the mindsets
of the audience. Such images whether realist or imagined, positive or
negative, subtle or brutal, leave a sonorous effect on the viewer. The
research is descriptive as well as evaluative in content, describing the
various prototypes emerging from films based on Rajasthan, followed
by a scrutiny of the resulting identities regarding the history and culture
of the region.
Cinema is a powerful tool to shape perceptions, create new
ones and reinforce the old ones. Films provide insight into certain
aspect of the region they are based on such as nature, culture and
people which result in constructing certain fixed attitudes towards
that region. Rajasthan too has been tampered in different moulds in
Indian cinema producing movies that could be cast under various
prototypes. Some of the apparent prototypes focussed upon in the
paper are
Rajput-Period Dramas : Rajasthan has always had a stoical
appeal in popular perception. The sons of the soil giving up their all
for the motherland, while the women draped with unflinching love
and loyalty, ready to sacrifice their last breadth on the altar of honour
and nation. Rajasthan’s history and literature abounds with legends,
both men and women, whose anecdotes go a long way to give credence
to the image the land holds in the eyes of the masses. Cinema and
especially, the Hindi cinema having a wider audience, has used these
historical legends as subject matter for the films right from its early
phase. Such productions harp on the stereotyped images of the
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 285
erstwhile Rajput elite. These are not the official views of history based
on facts and archives or research monographs, but based on popular
view of the past whose stories and images are derived from epics,
poems, theatre and folk tales.1 Interestingly the earlier movies like
Amar Singh Rathore (1956) and Maharani Padmini (1964), both
directed by Jaswant Zaveri and starring Jairaj in leading role, reflect
the stated mindset and in spite of showcasing Rajasthan reflect a
‘Marathi theatre feel’ to the experience especially in sets, dresses and
dance numbers. In Maharani Padmini, portraying Alauddin Khilji’s
conquest of Chittorgarh, Malik Qafur is shown as a heterosexual chief
conspirator behind the attack whereas fact is that he was a eunuch
and it was the strategic location of the fort guarding the trade route
between Delhi and Gujarat that attracted Alauddin to Chittor more
than any other cause. Parallel cinema of seventies brought the notion
of ‘realism’ in Indian cinema and made way for scripts and directors
that endeavoured for historical objectivity. Gulzar’s Meera (1979) falls
under the category. The film is a biopic on the poet princess Meera
accorded a semi-goddess status in popular tradition in states like
Rajasthan and Gujarat. The movie without deifying her divine reverence
for Krishna painted a very humane picture of the protagonist as well
as the associated characters. The location, the costumes and
mannerisms were well researched and quite authentic. According to
Heidi Pauwel,2 the director used the Hindu Bhakti Movement as an
excellent vehicle for democratic and modernizing forces in popular
culture in particular with regard to women. Similary, Jodha Akbar
(2008), the multi-starrer mega-production of Ashutosh Gowarikar, in
spite of all the protests and the controversy over Harka and Jodha,
tried to retain its historical objectivity. It represented nostalgic affection
for a Muslim ruler who worked for the welfare of his subjects.
Commendably, all the stated movies despite the minor flaws and their
storylines basically derived from medieval times, do stress on the
innate Hindu-Muslim tradition of the land. When an audience from
other parts of culturally divergent India or from overseas watches
such ‘Rajput-Period Dramas’ they develop a particular image regarding
the monarchical history, culture and lifestyle of the pre-independence
ruling elite.
Feudal Rajasthan : Although, feudalism worldwide is a
medieval feature, yet it was ingrained so deeply in Rajasthan’s political,
social and economic scenario that it continues its hold on every aspect
of human life in post-independence also, thereby becoming a solemn
151 286 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
subject for the rebels and reformers in the film industry. Maya Darpan
(1972) by Kumar Shahni, based on a short story by Nirmal Verma
was set in late fifties and portray the dilapidating feudal lifestyle among
some sections of the landed gentry along with a sub-plot of feminist
leanings, inter-caste romance and modernization.3 Throughout the
movie an empathetic strain can be felt for the crumbling societal
structure and the educated as well as enlightened elite attempting to
adjust to the changes around them. Rajput directed by veteran
filmmaker Vijay Anand was a multi-starrer of the 80s based on the
backdrop of post-independence Rajasthan. The movie in spite of being
a commercial venture parading the elite lifestyle of the former
aristocracy did raise the issue of dacoity plaguing the region at the
time. An interesting twist was the involvement of the erstwhile ruling
class in such nefarious activities besides the traditional victims i.e.,
the low castes. Next cinematic venture that undertook a conscientious
depiction of the rural and exploitative nature of feudalism was J P
Dutta’s Ghulami (1983).4 The movie had strong Marxist leanings and
was a brazen depiction of persistent economic and social slavery for
the low castes in post-independence Rajasthan. The venture highlighted
numerous humiliating and exploitative customs that the affected castes
have to face in villages even today due to the oppressive mindsets of
the high castes. It projected Marxist revolution with the proletariat
taking arms in their hands as the only solution to the vicious situation.
Rukmawati Ki Haveli (1991) based upon the Spanish play ‘The House
of Bernada Alba’ by Fedrico Garcia Lorca was scripted and directed
by Govind Nihlani. The movie depicts the rigid and discriminating
patriarchal set up amongst the landed elite of Rajasthan. The women
have been assigned certain norms pertaining to chastity and obedience,
deflection from which could lead to detrimental consequences
including ‘Honour Killing.’ Belonging to the gentry as well as weaker
sex, they have to live stoically denying any natural desire and longing.
Next in view are Gulaal (2009) by Anurag Kashyap and Sahib, Biwi
Aur Gangster Series (2011-13) by Tigmanshu Dhulia, representing
the modern politically insinuating feudality of Rajasthan. Both the
movies illustrate the misogynistic feudal royalists armed with private
armies attempting to gain power in modern democratic setup through
conspiracies and revolutions.5 Gulaal delves deeply in the milieu of
student politics in the state, marred with caste and crime. The movie
highlights the dormant urge of a section of the erstwhile ruling elite to
regain their lost power through armed rebellion to recreate ‘Rajputana.’
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 287
It is the tale of the disaffected and alienated Indian youth of twenty
first century and empathetically attempts to study the various
heterogeneous factors like state, school, family and communities that
mould their identity.6 Dealing with issues of legitimacy and gender
roles, it is also a brusque satire on the modern day politics of Rajasthan.
Continuing in the same strain is Sahib Biwi aur Gangster series. Though
based on power struggle between the ruling elites in modern democracy
it also explores the feminine search for identity and power within the
institution of marriage for the women of the same class. In the series
the ‘wife’ eliminates the other woman along with her ‘lover’ (gangster),
incapacitate the husband, wins the election and remains married and a
‘Rani Sahiba’ till the end. 7
Caste and Gender : Subject of women and depressed class
oppression in an extremely caste-oriented and rigidly patriarchal society
are dealt with in movies like Tarpan(1994), Bawandar(2000) and
Rudali(1993).Tarpan by K Bikram Singh deals with caste norms and
hierarchies that continue to plague post-independence Rajasthan. It is
the story of a couple who move into a village to clean a well used by
the upper castes the movie is based on fatalism and divine retribution.
The age-old adage of children being punished for their forefather’s
sin is threaded throughout the storyline. The movie portrays the varied
hues and forms of high caste gender exploitation still rampant in rural
Rajasthan. Till each oppressor confesses their guilt and receives
absolution, the water of the well symbolizing the earth will continue
to reek with their crime. Rudali by Kalpana Lajmi was based on a
short-story by Mahashweta Devi. The movie narrates the plight of
the doubly marginalized low caste ‘Shanichari’ expected to live as per
her gender and caste norm. The storyline is her attempt to resist all
odds that life and society throw at her. Belonging to a particular caste
of ‘Dalit’ she is expected to be a professional mourner hired to lament
publically for the dead among the high caste since it is below the
behavioural etiquettes of their household women to do so. Widowhood,
loss of love (son of the local landlord) and rejection from her only
child fail to shatter her resilient demeanour but the second abandonment
by her own mother, the axis around which her identity was framed,
breaks her into finally accepting the predestined as well as socially
sanctioned role of a ‘Rudali.’8 The last cinematic discussion in the
genre is on Bawandar by Jugmohan Mundhra, based on Bhanwri Devi
rape case of Rajasthan. Though grounded in the desert terrain of
Rajasthan the movie relates to the Indian consciousness and realities
152 288 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
in general. The protagonist ‘Sanwari’ raises her voice against ‘child
marriage’ and has to face rape for challenging the age-old hierarchy.
Her fight for justice is blocked by a socio-political system that favours
the upper caste and class. Bawandar is a powerful denunciation of
Indian society perpetuating casteism, chauvinism, injustice, oppression
and sexual harassment as directives to control women.9 Such cinematic
productions become a source of social and anthropological study for
the academic scholars, many of which base their study of typical
patriarchal characteristics on the backdrop of Rajasthan.
Myths and Legends : Drenched in Rajasthani myths and legends
come stories penned by indigenous writers depicting the different
hues and hopes of the land of shifting dunes. Some of the movies of
this genre are Duvidha (1975), Paheli (2005) and Lekin (1990). Both
Duvidha and Paheli are based on a story by Vijaydan Detha in which
a ghost falls in love with a merchant’s bride and consummates the
relationship by impersonating as the husband. A vivid portrayal of
pain of loneliness and sexual frustration suffered by the women make
the story real in spite of being supernatural in content. Comparatively,
Mani Kaul directed Duvidha due to the influence of parallel cinema
was more credible than Paheli by Amol Palekar. The latter was more
of a commercialized version having roped in Bollywood superstars
like Shahrukh Khan and Rani Mukherjee in leading roles. Nevertheless
both the movies leave the audience mystified over complex human
relationships and the social dictums that control the affairs of the
heart. For the viewers such movies are a peep into the unknown and
the enchanting mysteries of the land of mirages and leaves them panting
for more which they attempt to find during their visit to Rajasthan.
Many a times a local folk tradition also gets highlighted like the
traditional puppet art of Rajasthan that received a major impetus
because of its projection in Paheli10 Lekin by Gulzar is loosely based
on a Bengali short story by Rabindranath Tagore ‘Kshudhit Pashaan’
translated as ‘The Hungry Stones’ in English. The protagonist Rewa,
is a woman caught between life and death and is waiting for a promised
guardian who would help her to escape the cycle of time. She is
neither dead nor alive which makes the storyline mythical, rustic and
open to interpretation just like folktales bridging the gap between the
past and the present.
Royal Elite : The Nineties witnessed an influx of Rajput
aristocrats in the genre of commercial cinema. Highlighting the opulent
and grandiose lifestyle of the erstwhile royalty became the baseline
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 289 153 290 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

for such ventures. Although there were many cinematic productions India Hachette India, 2014
portraying the archetypal princely palatial lives of Rajputana with 2. Pauwel, Heidi “Who is afraid of Mirabai? Gulzar’s Antidote for Mira’s
breeches, horses, glittering jewellery, resplendently embroidered classy Poison” Religion in Literature and Film in South Asia Ed Diana
attires but some of the prominent creations picked for the discourse Dimitrova, Palgrave Macmillan, 2010, pp.45-67
are Kshatriya and Parampara (1993), Eklavya: The Royal Guard (2007) 3. Jayamanne, Laleen The Epic Cinema of Kumar Shahni Indian University
the latest Prem Ratan Dhan Payo (2015) and Mirzya (2016). Even the Press 2015
poster of J P Dutta’s Kshatriya seemed oozing with the masochism 4. Gopalan, Lalitha Cinema of Interruptions: Action Genre in
classically associated with the Rajput Kshatriyas. The storyline was Contemporary Indian Cinema British Film Institute, 2002
5. Sommya, Bhawna; Kothari, Jigna; Madangarhi, Supriya Mother,
same as Yash Chopra’s Parampara released just after the former. With
Maiden, Mistress-Women in Hindi Cinema Harper Collins, 2012
Rajput aristocratic background the movies shot at erstwhile palaces
6. Shary, Timothy; Seibel, Alexander Youth Culture in Global Cinema
narrate the quintessential tale of feudal family discord with a lacklustre
University of Texas Press 2007 pp 109-110
commercial flavour thereby faring poorly at the box-office. Eklavya: 7. Chauhan Kiran; Capila Anjali “The Winning Woman of Hindi Cinema”
The Royal Guard (2007), India’s official entry to the Oscars for the Advance Research Journal of Social Science, Vol. 5, Issue 2, December
‘Best Foreign Film Category’ is about a bloodbath that erupts in a 2014 pp 211-218
royal family in Rajasthan representing the lost world of the dethroned 8. Aiyappan, Arya “When a Rudali raises a Bawandar: The Marginalized
royalty. Pictographically, the movie is a treat by resplendently get a Voice” Intersections: Gender and Sexuality in Asia and the Pacific
showcasing the Aravalis, the monsoon fed water-bodies and the Issue 28, March 2012
marooned railway tracks enhancing the soulful mysticism of the 9. Ibid
adjacent desert. The whole experience is augmented by the beauty 10. Parciack, Ronnie Popular Hindi Cinema: Aesthetic Formations of the
and magisticity of the hill-top palace portrayed as the residence of the Seen and Unseen Routledge, 2016 p. 159
protagonists. The movie is a typical Rajasthan Aristocratic on the 11. Golani, Sonia Decoding Bollywood: Stories of Fifteen Film Directors
surface but at a deeper level explores the caste biases and exploitation Westland 2014 pp 193-94
reflected through the low caste status of the ‘bodyguard,’ the police
officer and the love interest of the hero. 11 Closely treading the same
route is Prem Ratan Dhan Payo a production of the Rajasthan based
Barjatya House. Based on a novel, ‘The Prisoner of Zenda’ by Anthony
Hope, the movie dared to explore and illustrate the theme of monarchy
even in twenty-first century India without appearing too ludicrous.
Nevertheless, it did succeed in the exquisite exhibition of the luxurious
and flamboyant life-experiences thickly associated with the Rajasthan
nobility in the imagination of the mass audience.
To conclude, cinematic portrayal of a region or people creates
identities in the mindset of the audience not only amongst the outsiders
but even within the people of the same state. This portrayal maybe
inspired from reality, a blurred past oscillating between fact and fiction
or a total myth. Whatever may be the nature of the cinematic script it
does creates stereotyped and sometimes surreal identities leading to a
particular historical and cultural perception of the state.
References
1. Dwyer, Rachel Picture Abhi Baaki Hai: Bollywood as a Guide to Modern
 154
The Historiography of Professor K.S. Lal
Professor Shankar Goyal
Academic Journey of Professor K.S. Lal
Professor K. S. Lal (1920-2002) was one of the most eminent
historians of medieval Indian history. He took his doctorate degree in
medieval Indian history from the University of Allahabad in 1945.
Starting his career as a Lecturer in the same University, he served in the
Madhya Pradesh Education Service from 1945 to 1963 and taught at
Government Colleges in Nagpur, Jabalpur and Bhopal. He was Reader
in the University of Delhi for ten years (1963-73) and, for the next ten
years, Professor and Head of the Department of History in the University
of Jodhpur (1973-79) and the University of Hyderabad (1979-83).
Professor Lal published a large number of monographs and articles
on medieval Indian history. Many of his books received worldwide
acclaim; they have been noticed in leading journals published in London,
Leiden, Chicago, Leipzig and Rome. His publications include: History of
the Khaljis {1950; Muslim State in India {1950; Twilight of the
Sultanate {1963; Studies in Medieval Indian History {1966; Studies
in Asian History (edited){1969; Growth of Muslim Population in
Medieval India {1973; Early Muslims in India {1984; The Mughal
Harem {1988; Indian Muslims: Who are They ? { 1990; Legacy of
Muslim Rule in India {1992; Muslim Slave System in Medieval India
{1994, and Historical Essays : Politics and Society (Vols. I and II)
{2001. He had command on Persian, Urdu and Rajasthani sources of
the medieval Indian history. He had also produced two volumes in Hindi
on the History of Modern Europe as early as in 1956 and 1957 (Vol. I:
from 1453-1789 and Vol. II : from 1789-1945).
Professor Lal participated in many seminars and conferences, both
national and international, in India and abroad. In Madhya Pradesh he
was Secretary of the Madhya Pradesh Itihasa Parishad and Convener of
the Regional Records Survey Committee. He presided over the Medieval
History Section of the Indian History Congress in 1958, Punjab History
Congress in 1975, Rajasthan History Congress in 1978, and Indian
292 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
History and Culture Society in 1984. In 1977 he chaired a session at the
Seventh International Conference of the Association of Historians of Asia
held in Bangkok.
Professor Lal was honoured as "Man of Achievement' in 1973 by
the International Biographical Centre, Cambridge, U.K. The American
Biographical Institute, Raleigh, North Carolina, nominated him for the
prestigious title of the "Man of the Year' in 1995 and the "International
Man of the Millennium' in 1999. He was nominated twice as a member
of the Indian Council of Historical Research by the Government of India
in the years 1998 and 2001. For a short period he was also appointed as
Chairman of the Indian Council of Historical Research in 2002.
Contribution of Professor K.S. Lal to the History of
Rajasthan : His Presidential Address to the Rajasthan
History Congress (1978)
As mentioned earlier, Lal was Professor and Head of the
Department of History in the University of Jodhpur from1973 to 1979.
One of his major contributions to the history of Rajasthan in this period,
besides his many articles on the subject, has been his Presidential Address
delivered to the Eleventh Session of the Rajasthan History Congress at
Jaipur in 1978.1 In it he shows how the history writing in Rajasthan
gradually developed through the ages. While elaborating his ideas on
the state of historiography in Rajasthan, he states that James Tod set a
pattern of historical writing which was to be followed by generations and
generations of historians. His prototype was read and re-read and adopted
as a model for historians of Rajasthan. Shyamaldas, Gaurishanker
Hirachand Ojha, Vishveshwar Nath Reu and many others followed the
direction set by him and in many ways improved upon it. He further says
that the history of Rajasthan is a story of warriors and their deeds of
fortitude and valour. The rulers of Rajasthan right up to our own times
liked this sort of history to be written, and the historians obliged their
sentiments. No wonder, we have a number of works published and
unpublished, theses and dissertations, scholarly works and works for the
general readers, in which the ruler is the hero, and the history is the story
of his chivalrous deeds. But as the values and directions of life changed in
every aspect and sphere and new moulds and models have made their
appearance in the field of historiography since the days of Tod, and even
Ojha and Reu, he cautioned modern historians to keep in mind the new
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 293
patterns of historical writing, the problems they set forth, and their own
response to these problems.
According to Lal, just as modern society is derecognizing its rulers,
modern historiography is doing the same with regard to medieval and
ancient monarchs, and in their stead elevating the common man to a high
pedestal. The conviction that the people is the real sovereign, the
determinant of its destiny, has lead to greater emphasis on the study of
the history of the common man, otherwise called social history. The new
social history, according to him, consists of history not only with politics
left out but all that is left over from political history, and comprehends
women's history, work history, crowd behaviour, protest movements,
history of laws, etc. He also emphasizes the importance of economic
history. For him, it is a study in the economic activities of man over the
centuries. Thus, the new social and economic history is a departure from
the classcial political history, as it studies the economy of the structure
and changes in the society and more specially the relationships between
social groups. It is this social and economic history that is considered in
our times to be more important than political history.2 This new socio-
economic history, as Lal shows, is truly broad-based. It comprehends
every aspect of people's life, from village economy to international trade,
from travel by boat to ship-building and maritime activity, from the simple
life of the rural folk to sophisticated ways of the urban elite. It has no
quarrel with Marxist or non-Marxist historians. It does not flatter those
who style themselves as secularists.
For the study of socio-economic history, Lal writes, Rajasthan
provides both a chance and a challenge to the researcher. Here, the source
material for political history is abundant; even for social history the
position is better than in many other states of India. There is an immensity
of source material lying neglected in private hands, which is yet to be
collected and classified.3 In the state archives also Rajasthan possesses
much source material than perhaps any other states in India, and this
material is by and large chronologically sound and well preserved. As
most of the states of Rajasthan maintained cordial relations with the
Mughals, destruction of records here as a consequence of recurring
invasions was not great.
Lal gives special attention to the institutions of jauhar and sati in
Rajasthan. Here, he observes, where sometimes the heroines did more
155 294 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
glorious deeds than heroes, not much attention has been paid to the history
of women. Biographies of some of the bravest of the brave ladies need to
be attempted on lines similar to those of Kumbha, Sanga, and Pratap, for
Rajput women were no less prominent than their menfolk in preserving
at the cost of their lives, Rajput and Indian social and cultural traditions.4
Lal also explains his ideas on the nature of Rajput policies with
the Mughals in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. As is well known,
the Rajputs were in the vanguard of Mughal military strength. They were
mansabdars of very high grades and held offices of subedars and
thanedars. They ruled over Mughal provinces in many parts of the country,
and fought to extend its frontiers within and outside India. By the end of
the seventeenth century it was clear that the Mughal empire could not
survive without Rajput military and administrative cooperation. It may
be presumed, naturally, that the Rajputs had gained immense experience
about the geography and administration of the country from Bengal to
Kabul and Delhi to Deccan. Therefore, on the fall of the Mughal empire
it is they who should have made a bid to rule the country. But they gradually
receded into their shell and the Marathas spread out. Things came to
such a pass that the brave land of the Rajputs, who had immense war
experience, was trampled upon by the new-come Marathas at will. It is
against this background that Lal raised some basic questions : Why did
the Rajputs not attempt to carve out an all India empire ? Why did they
become unduly weak after the decline of the Mughal empire ? Why did
internecine struggle reappear in Rajasthan ?5
All in all, the Presidential Address of Lal is a fairly substantial
piece of work, a definite contribution to the history of Rajasthan. Though
primarily a historian of medieval Indian history, Lal also authored many
scholarly research articles on medieval Rajasthan, and in his works also
threw some fresh light on many a baffling problem of its history. But, as
we will see, unfortunately his approach, as outlined by him in the
Presidential Address, has not found reflection in his own works.
Major Works of Professor K. S. Lal
1. History of the Khaljis (Allahabad, 1950) : K. S. Lal's History
of the Khaljis (1290-1320), his D. Phil. dissertation, was first published
in 1950 from Allahabad. His study of the period has reduced the extent of
Alauddin's empire, and has removed to a very large extent the charge of
bigotry so often levelled against him. He has arrived at the conclusion
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 295
that the Khaljis belonged to the Turkish stock, and believed that the story
of Padmini in nothing more than the growth of a legend.6 He threw some
fresh light on the causes of the family quarrels of Alauddin, his first
expedition against Devagiri, Ulugh Khan's expedition to Gujarat and
Alauddin's conquest of Jaisalmer. He also gave a sketch of the life, society
and institutions of the early Mongols. In the second edition (1967), a
chapter on the dynasty's cultural initiatives was added and the chapter on
administration underwent a thorough revision. This work of Lal is
regarded as one of the best on the subject. Its remarkable quality gave
the book a long life in the discipline, even when newer problòmatiques of
socio-economic history began to replace the ones of dynastic history.
2. Studies in Medieval Indian History (Delhi, 1966) : Lal's Studies
in Medieval Indian History is a selection from his essays and articles. It
is divided into three parts : history and historiography, government and
politics, and religion and society. The first essay on the meaning and
purpose of history is a long and highly interesting one. Many intellectuals
from Herodotus to Toynbee have written on the meaning and importance
of history, but discourses of such savants are so philosophical and abstruse
that they are rightly called "Philosophy of History' and help little the
young minds to grasp its significance and value. Lal's approach, on the
other hand, is that of a teacher who was, as it were, thinking aloud and
talking to his students. Of the other essays, in chronological order, Lal
has written on modern Indian historians of medieval India, Ziyauddin
Barani as an authority on the Khaljis, factors underlying the loss of Indian
independence in the twelfth-thirteenth centuries, procedure of succession
in the Sultanate of Delhi, nature of the State in medieval India, corruption
in the Middle Ages, battle of Haldighati and after, changing pattern of
society in early medieval India, ideas leading to impoverishment of the
Indian peasantry in medieval times, condition of the Hindus under the
Khaljis, Hindu-Muslim rapprochement in early medieval India, Babur's
impressions of Hindustan and Akbar's Din-i-Ilahi.
3. Studies in Asian History (Edited, New Delhi, 1969) : This is
the Proceedings of the First Asian History Congress which Lal edited.
He himself attended the Congress as a delegate and was affiliated to
Section I with which his own paper titled "Afghan Immigration in the
Early Middle Ages' was concerned.7 The Congress was organised by the
Indian Council for Cultural Relations in December 1961, thanks to the
156 296 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
initiative taken by the late Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. The
papers and discussion at the Congress centered on the following themes :
(i) Movement of peoples and ideas in Asia from the earliest times to the
modern period; (ii) Changing relations between the peoples of Asia; and
(iii) Social, economic and political organisation in different countries and
regions of Asia. The Congress was a big success and the large number of
participants included distinguished scholars from almost all countries of
Asia and also from Australia, Europe, and the U.S.A., including, to name
only a few, J. Filliozat, A.K. Narain, S.A.A. Rizvi, G.M. Moraes, B.
Subba Rao, D.C. Sircar, Radhakamal Mukerjee, B.P. Sinha, R.S. Sharma,
D.R. Regmi, Satish Chandra, Irfan Habib, John Gallagher, Khushwant
Singh, Munibur Rahman, G.E. Wheeler, K.M. Panikkar and Humayun
Kabir. The Proceedings stimulated further interest in comparative studies
of historical problems and integrated interpretation of the various aspects
of historical developments in Asia.
4. Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India : A.D. 1000-
1800 (Delhi, 1973): In this work Lal discusses the growth of Muslim
population and its influence on Indian social order. Population studies of
pre-Census times are being successfully attempted in many western
countries, but in India not much work has been done in this area. This
book of Lal is almost a maiden attempt at population study of the medieval
India. It need hardly be said that to squeeze information on the design and
size of population in medieval times from contemporary sources has
been an uphill task. In his study Lal has found it fruitful to divide the eight
centuries of the medieval period into four parts of two centuries each, and
study the overall population as well as the growth of Muslim numbers
separately for the periods 1000 to 1200, 1200 to 1400, 1400 to 1600,
and 1600 to 1800 A.D. These bench-marks are not as arbitrary or
unscientific as they look. The year 1000 saw the introduction of Muslims
in the cis-Indus region consequent upon the invasions from Ghazni, 1200
witnessed the establishment of the Turkish rule and 1400 its dicline.
Akbar's age came to a close by about 1600. The two last centuries
witnessed both the peak of glory and the nadir of decline of Muslim power
in India.8
5. Early Muslims in India (New Delhi, 1984) : In this work Lal
discusses the history of early Muslims in India. According to him, the
history of the early Muslims in India is the history of Muslim merchants,
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 297
missionaries, soldiers of fortune, invaders, sultans, the ruling classes
and commoners, who came to India from the time of the birth of Islam in
the eighth century to the end of the thirteenth. Once in a while they came
in groups, often in droves and sometimes like ants and locusts. Their
arrival raises the questions what was the psychological make-up of these
early medieval Muslim people? How did they feel and behave and work
in a country where the majority of the population remained non-Muslim?
Did they love the land where they were born or to which destiny had sent
them or stayed on here just to enjoy the fruits of victory and looked to
outside Muslim lands for inspiration ? Did they feel like Indians or
considered this country as their hunting ground ? These and many other
similar questions arise in the minds of the modern historians to which
medieval chroniclers do not furnish any answer.
There are three options, Lal writes, open to modern scholars for
the study of the early Muslims. One choice is that while scrutinizing,
evaluating and interpreting the writings of medieval chroniclers, they
should not attempt any value-judgement, for the values are constantly
changing. Another alternative is that since the writers of ancient and
medieval times have all uncritically eulogized the glorious achievements
of their respective rulers and administrators, the modern historian must
scrutinize the means employed by them to achieve their glory on the
basis of universally accepted human and moral values. Resort to a third
option may be to steer a middle course, and it is to state facts, facts
critically scrutinized, verified by all documents and proved by all
evidence, and not to succumb to the temptation of substituting
generalizations for reflective study. In a word, wherever we recognize
civilization, whatever the factors which have created it, we may ignore
the price it has cost. This is what Lal has done in this work.
6. The Mughal Harem : (New Delhi, 1988) : This work of Lal is
an interesting monograph which was well received even by non-history
scholars. In this work Mughal harem means the harem of the Mughal
emperor, the seraglios of royal princes and important nobles, but primarily
the harem of the king and by king is meant all the Mughal emperors from
Babur to Bahadur Shah Zafar, but in particular Akbar and his three
successors{Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb. Akbar gave the Mughal
harem an elaborate administrative set-up, which during the time of his
successors developed into an elegant and sophisticated institution. It
157 298 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
was a queer establishment wherein mothers and aunts, sisters and
cousins, wives and concubines, princesses and minor princes, dancing-
girls and maids, besides of course choicest beauties for the master's
pleasure{all lived under one roof as in a joint family. Each lady had a
distinct role to play and each was treated with deference, admiration,
adoration and strictness as was her due. At the apex was the queen mother
or the mother of the reigning king, followed by the chief wife and secondary
wives. It is these wives and concubines{hundreds of them and their
entourage of servants, slave-girls and entertainers{that swelled the
size of the harem.
In his work Lal attempts a study of these women{queens,
concubines, princesses, dancing- and slave-girls. In contrast to the history
of the Mughal kings and nobles, which has been the main area of study by
scholars of medieval Indian history, the Mughal Harem deals with the
life of the ladies of Mughal royalty and nobility. But contrary to probable
expectation based on the title of the book, it is not a spicy record of sheer
hot love. At the same time it is also not a dreary catalogue of ornaments
worn by the women from head to foot, or items of their toilet or wardrobe.
It does not give details of marriage celebrations in the seraglio, nor the
technicalities of the games played or plots of stories read or told. Ladies
of the seraglio were not independent personalities. Most of them existed
solely for the purpose of giving sexual pleasure to the king or master.
The Mughal harem, as Lal shows, was a living symbol of the abuse of
power of arms, wealth and luxury. On an average, he concludes, the
Mughal emperors ""spent half of their time in the harem and the other half
in official work.''9
7. Indian Muslims : Who are They ? (New Delhi, 1990) : In India
several factors have contributed to the growth of Muslim
population{invading armies with their retinues, constant recruitment of
soldiers from across the borders, red-carpet welcome extended to
immigrants from Muslim countries, forcible conversions, proselytization
by means of pressures and temptations, large-scale polygamy with Hindu
women, and the proverbial Muslim fecundity enjoined by express
statements of the Prophet who wanted his flock to be more numerous
than any other people. There is, however, one factor which though
important has remained neglected and to which Lal draws pointed
attention in this work. He has documented in some fulness how the
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 299
continued wars of conquest waged by the Islamic invaders ensured a
constant supply of Hindu prisoners of war who were sold and resold as
slaves and who eventually ended up by feeding the Muslim population. It
may sound cruel but the theology of Islam does prescribe capture and
enslavement of non-combatants as part of the legitimate booty.
Lal examines in some detail and refutes conclusively the oft-
repeated theory that the Hindu caste system was responsible for
conversions to Islam and asserts that the truth was just the opposite. He
points out that many countries in the Middle East, Central Asia and North
Africa which had no caste system succumbed rapidly and completely to
the onslaught of Islam. In contrast, the Hindus by and large resisted
conversion even when the choice was between Islam and death. In India
pride, the Hindus took in their caste, as in their religion and culture, was
one of the powerful factors which prevented the Islamization of India.
8. The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India (New Delhi, 1992) : The
legacy of Muslim rule in India needs to be dispassionately assessed
because in spite of a thousand years of Muslim conquest and rule India
has survived with a Hindu ethos. In this work Lal shows that had India
been completely conquered and converted to Islam its people would have
taken pride in the victories and achievements of Islam. But the Muslim
rule in this country remained foreign in character throughout its career,
seeking recognition from the Caliph, maintaining itself on the strength of
soldiers imported from Muslim countries abroad, and preferring foreign
Muslim adventurers for employment in prestigious posts. The Muslim
state was theocratic and militaristic. So far as the Hindus were concerned,
for them the period of Muslim rule was a period of unmitigated suffering
and misery. The Hindus had been recognised as zimmis and not given
the choice between Islam and death. But this status, however, did not
save the Hindus from repeated massacres and constant molestation.
Millions of Hindu men, women and children were captured and sold as
slaves all over the Muslim world. The Hindus survived this nightmare
not because Muslim rulers spared pains in spreading death and
devastation, but because the Hindus offered stiff and ceaseless resistance,
particularly in the countryside where Muslim arms found it hard to
penetrate.
9. Muslim Slave System in Medieval India (New Delhi, 1994) :
Slavery was known in ancient India, but here the slaves were so mildly
158 300 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
treated that foreign visitors like Megasthenes, who were acquainted with
their fate in other countries, failed to notice the existence of slavery in
this country. With the advent of Islam, slavery became inalienable with
religion and culture and was accorded a permanent place in society. It
goes to the credit of Islam to create slave trade on a large scale, and run
it for profit like any other business. Prophet Muhammad had not only
accepted the prevailing Arab practice of making slaves but also set a
precedent when he sold some Jewish women and children of Medina in
exchange for horses and arms. War was prescribed on religious grounds,
and became an integral part of Islam. The Quran expressly permitted the
Muslims to acquire slaves through conquest. The concept of Jihad against
unbelievers, the share of every Muslim in the loot from war including
slaves, and the profit obtained through the sale of slaves added new zest
in Islam for practising and profiting from slavery. It was enjoined on the
faithful to enslave non-Muslims for no other reason than that of their
being non-Muslims.
In his Mulsim Slave System in Medieval India Lal documents for
the first time the Muslim slave system as it obtained in medieval India
under Muslim rule. He has relied solely on the role of Muslim scriptural
sources for the study of Islamic slavery system both in theory and practice.
But he does not mention the views of other eminent scholars on the subject
as well as recent debates on issues like slave mode of production, slavery
as a factor in feudalism, etc.
Conclusion
To sum up, Lal's contribution to the discipline of history is simply
immense and monumental. He was a historian of traditional mould; his
approach to history was similar to that of Thomas Carlyle who believed
that history is nothing but the biography of great men. For him the
declaration of the former President of the U.S.A., Harry S. Truman, that
""It takes men to make history; or there would be no history''10 has a lot of
truth. While explaining his ideas about history in his Studies in Medieval
Indian History he opines that ""history is not just the knowledge of things
abstract, it is not a record of mere dates, and it is not concerned with those
who only stand and wait and achieve nothing; it is a record of the
achievement of man and it gives us guidance and inspiration and wisdom.
It helps us to know why we are today and how we can help ourselves for
tomorrow.''11 According to him, ""history may be defined as the study of
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 301 159
the extraordinary achievements of man and of mankind.''12
REFERENCES Folk Dance of Marwar - 'Terahtali'
1. K.S. Lal, his Presidential Address, Proceedings of the Rajasthan History Congress,
Volume XI, Jaipur Session, 1978, Jaipur, March,1979, pp. 1-8. Dr. Sadhana Meghwal
2. Ibid., p. 3. Many historians of Rajasthan in the following years were influenced by
the newly emerging trends of historiography and emphasized the need of studying
Introduction
social and economic history of Rajasthan.
3. This situation still continues. Culture is derived from the word ‘Cultura’, literally meaning
4. Incidentally, L. S. Rathore has produced two poetical works of high merit entitled cultivation. Culture is a condition of training, strengthening and
The Johur of Padmini (1988) and Kodam : The Lingering Echoes in the Castle of development of physical and mental faculties. India holds an important
Pugal (2000). We also genuinely feel that whatever opinion a modern historian place in the world owing to its Culture.
may hold about the customs of jauhar and sati, the popular mind probably will Regarding the Indian Culture, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, in his
never cease to pay homage to our Padminis and Kodams. book “Discovery of India”, fully agrees to the view of Dr. Ramdhari
5. K. S. Lal, his Presidential Address, p. 7. Singh Dinkar who incessantly emphasized that the Culture of India is
6. K. S. Lal, History of the Khaljis, Allahabad, 1950, pp. 120-30. Composite and it has developed slowly and steadily over the
7. K. S. Lal, ed., Studies in Asian History, New Delhi, 1969, pp. 17-26. generations.1 Indian Culture is basically an amalgamation of several
8. K.S. Lal, Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India : A.D. 1000-1800, cultures in different parts of the country. People of India profess
Delhi, 1973, pp. 97 ff. several religions and languages which varies from place to place , so
9. K.S. Lal, The Mughal Harem, New Delhi, 1988, p. 33. does their music, dance, food, clothesand customs. Rather it can be
10. Cf. Harry S. Truman, Memoirs, I, New York, 1955, p. 120. very well said that Culture of India is a Composite Culture. Among the
11. K. S. Lal, Studies in Medieval Indian History, Delhi, 1966, p. 8. various cultures that outshine in India, the culture of Rajasthan holds
12. Ibid. a key position. Rajasthan is the proud possessor of Cultural Heritage
going back to the remotest periods of history. The rich heritage of
Rajasthan manifests itself in its Unique Culture which includes the
architectural beauty of forts and palaces, latticed havelies, intricately
carved temples, the colourful fairs and festivals, the Rajput paintings,
the folk dances, the enchanting music, the bright coloured
traditionaldresses and ornaments etc.
Folk dances of Rajasthan : Arts and crafts reflect a rich culture
of Rajasthan. The extant literature on the subject of Indian dance is
Bharata’s “Natyashastra” The great Sufi mystic Rumi, says,
“Dancing is the nearest way to God.” 2
Dances reflect the feelings and emotions of the inner self. There
are several modes of Dance, each of which has its own distinct
tradition, its own manner and its own following. Dance is a co-
ordinated movement of the whole body and mind. AbhinayDarpan 3
explains that a dancer must sustain the song in the throat, depict
meaning by hands , the mood (bhav) through eyes and keep time with
feet.
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 303
In Rajasthan , folk and tribal dances have gained an added
importance when the people dance with lots of enthusiasm and vigour
with very simple and open heart singularly or in a group or community,
then such dance is called Folk Dance. 4 These folk dances can be
classified into three categories namely,
1) Regional Folk dances
2) Folk dances of various castes and communities
3) Professional folk dances
The Bhavaidance, Kalbeliyadance, Chari or Pot dance,
Dandiya, KachhiGhodi and Terahtali are the most popular dances
other than the famous folk dance ieGhoomar
Marwar ( Western Rajasthan) has richly contributed to enhance
the prestige and popularity of the folk dances of Rajasthan.
Terahtali
This is one of the most famous and unique Professional Folk
Dance of Marwar. Since thirteen manjeeras are tied to the hands and
legs of the performers, this dance is calledTerahtali. 5 It was the
traditional dance that the performers used to sing and dance on the
religious festivals for the patrons . It was traditionally performed by
the ladies of the Kamadcommunity.6 There was a particular way in
which the manjeeras tied on the legs and hands are struck.They
produce a marvellous and enchanting musical sound. They generally
sing songs in worship of local dietyRamdevji of Runicha. In every
locality of Kamadcommunity, there is a temple dedicated to Lord
Ramdevji .
Historicity and Social connotations
Drawing on a repertoire of devotional songs, Terahtali
celebrates the life of Ramdevji who is said to have lived between the
late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries. He is worshipped as a
God primarily by large sections of the scheduled castes, not only in
Rajasthan but in Punjab, Gujarat and parts of Madhya Pradesh and
Utter Pradesh as well.7
The Kamad community is considered of a higher status in the
social ladder. If a person goes to Marwar or Deedwana, they are
called ‘Gorvi’ and ‘Dhanak’. They perform in front of the people of
all communities. The lands they possess, are generally granted by the
Jagirdars. Most Terahtaligroups are made up of extended families,
including not just the husband, wife and their children, but their relatives
160 304 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
as well. Since it is the women who play the cymbals, they play a
crucial role in the rhythmic renderings of the songs. Interestingly,
there arealotof gestures that come directly from women’s household
activities, like pounding the grains, separating the wheat from the
chaff, spinning the charkha, churning the yoghurt.Within these seven
or eight gestural patterns, there is the potentiality for creating all kinds
of movements that can highlight a particular text.
Interestingly, these all night ceremonies, which include the ritual
of Arti and the chanting of stutisin honour of Ramdevji, are called
jama .The word jamais derived from the Arabic jamat, which means
‘congregation of the faithful’.8 While there aresome jamas where only
bhajans are sung, without any performance of Terahtali. Local
diety,Ramdevji’s stratification needs to be situated alongside many
other religious philosophies and practices like Sikhism, Sufism and
Bhakti related practices. The coversions that succeeded in the Medieval
period primarily among occupational and low–caste groups mainly
because they offered the possibility of salvation to every human being
. Without an advocacy of Equality, these conversions would not have
succeeded. In the beginning of twentieth century, a large no of groups
practised Terahtaliwho were patronised by low caste Meghwal
community in the Nagaur district , associated with the Leather work
and weaving. Some Terahtali groups were also sponsored by the Nath
community in the Udaipur-Pali district.
These Kamadsof Terahtali are linked to the Meghwal
community as they are sponsored by the Meghwals. They can eat and
dance but they do not set up matrimonial alliances with the Meghwals
.Following a sudden descisionon the part of the community in Nagaur
to stop their women from dancing in public, there was almost no
Terahtaligroups active in this area in the post- Independence period.9
Only in recent decades are we beginning to see some groups returning
to the dance in Nagaur and Ajmer districts.In Udaipur-Pali districts as
well, there are about 100 Terahtaligroups that that continue to be
sponsord by the Nath communitybut, by and large these groups earn
their living by singing devotional songs all-night singing sessions
(jagran) of different communities. They have also started to participate
in radio and television programmes, as well as cultural festivals in
India and abroad. The women dance and sing but the men just
accompany them by playing the instruments like manjeeras, taanpuras
and chotaras.10
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 305 161 306 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

Performance of Terahtali that has been recognized as a professional dance like the Bhavai dance.
Terahtaliis generally performed throughout the whole night.The Both Bhavai and Terahtali ought to be performed by various fire and
manjeerastied in hands and legs are thirteen in total and hence the swords and they can be performed by people engaged in such dance
name. Basically there are three ways in which the manjeeras are struck traditionally in their community.
to produce different intensities of sounds, accompanied by different Terahtali reflects the social conditions of the Kamadcommunity
rotational gestures of the hands or flicks of the wrist. The cymbals in Rajasthan.We also get to know about their economic status. Terahtali
can be clashed against each other using both hands, or else they can is no doubt a very enchanting and mersmerising dance and it enriches
be played against each other in each hand.Some of these gestural the culture of Marwar region thereby enriching the cultural heritage
rhythmic patterns evoke a chain, which is called SakaliaThe manjeeras of Marwar.
that are tied elbows are called Talen and those manjeeras that are kept
in hand with long strings tied to them are calledChuta manjeera. 11The References
women perform this Terahtalidance by sitting or lying down . They 1. Dinkar, Dr.Ramdhari Singh,1956, Sanskritike Char Adhyay, Lokbharti
even hold swords in their mouth and a lighted lamp is kept in a thali on publication, Allahabad, Preface, p. xi.
2. Chopra,P.N. and Prabha, Encyclopedia of Indian Culture, Reliance
their head.Aftersometime, they take bronze plates in both their hands
Publishing House, New Delhi, 2003, p.82
and then rotate them very swiftly and maintaining their balance on
3. Ibid.
just their fingers. These Terahtali dancers always begin their
4. Bahrat, Narpat, Rajasthan kaSanskritik Gaurav,RajasthaniGranthagar,
performance by worshipping Lord Ganesha and singing Devotional Jodhpur, 2008, p.13
songs. Other than folk deity Ramdevji , songs are also sung in which 5. Ibid.
worshipping of great saints of India and Rajasthan takes place in 6. Bhanawat, Dr.Mahendra, Sanskritike Rang, BharatiyaLok Kala
particular. The Kamads also sing in praise of Krisna Lila ,Harishchadra, Mandal,Udaipur, 1979, p.9
Kabir, Meera, Ramananda, Gorakhnath etc.12 7. Bharucha, Rustom,Rajasthan an Oral History, Penguin Random
The Ritual context of Ramdev: The Terahtaliis strongly attached House,India, 2003, p. 182
to the devotional and ritualistic practice of worshipping Ramdev in 8. Dominique, Sila Khan, Conversions and Shifting Identities: RamdevPir
the bhakti mode. Significantly, Ramdev himself is not credited with and the Ismailis in Rajasthan,1997,p. 68 (Increasingly through the
creating a new sect as such, in so far as he did not lay down any processof Re-Hinduisation, the word Jamais being replaced by the
scripture or ritualistic code of worship for his followers. Rather, he more Hindu sounding ‘jagran’
can more accurately be perceived as spreading a religious movement 9. Bharucha, Rustom,Rajasthan an Oral History, Penguin Random
that already existed, extending it to newly found convertsin the most House,India, 2003, p. 182
10. Bhanawat, Dr.Mahendra, Sanskritike Rang, BharatiyaLok Kala
downtrodden sections of the low-caste Hindus, notably the Meghwals,
Mandal, Udaipur, 1979, p.9
who are also derogatorily referred to as Dherh because of their
11. Ibid ,p. 10
association with the removal of dead cattle. Significantly, Ramdevjiwas
12. Bahrat, Narpat, Rajasthan kaSanskritik Gaurav, Rajasthani
for a long time identified as the ‘God of the Pariahs’ 13. While this is Granthagar, Jodhpur, 2008, p. 13
no longer the case as he is claimed by many other middle and upper– 13. Domnique ,SilaKhan,TheKamads of Rajasthan—Priests of a forgotten
caste groups, the stigma of untouchability is still attached to his name, Tradition, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third series, Volume 6,
compelling the scheduled castes of Meghwals and Kamads to reassess 1996, p. 30
their claims on Ramdev as his erstwhile primary devotees and priests,
respectively.
Conclusion : This Terahtali, the devotional song cum dance,
is assuming a massive all-India pan-Hindu phenomenon, inevitably
controlled by the upper caste. It is one of the folk dance of Rajasthan
 162
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MkW- rstflag ekobZ ,oa MkW- fot;flag ekobZ
'kSyfp=ksa dh [kkst dks yksdfiz;rk Lisu esa gqbZ [kkst us fnykbZA budh [kkst
furkUr vkdfLed ,oa vizR;kf'kr :i ls lu~ 1879 esa gqbZA eklsfyuksa n lkSrqvksyk
uked ,d Lisuh O;fDr dh ik°p yM+dh tks ≈ijh xqQk,° ns[kus esa yhu vius firk ls
vyx gksdj uhps dh vksj HkVdrh gqbZ pyh xbZA og vYrkehjk ds l'k‰ flckbulfi
fp=ksa dks vusd lgL=kfCn;ksa ds O;o/kku ds ckn viuhn Hkksyh vk°[kksa ls ns[kus dk
lkSHkkX; ik ldhA og ekjs mYykl ds Tores-Tores fpYykrh gqbZ vius firk ds ikl
xbZ vkSj mlus mUgsa viuh [kkst dk izFke ifjp; fn;kA mldh ;g [kkst fo'o dh
fp=dyk ds bfrgkl esa ,d u;s v/;k; ds lw=ikr dk vk/kkj chuhA1 ›kal]
vf›dk] lkbZcsfj;k] e/; ,f'k;k] vkLV™sfy;k] mtcsfxLrku vkfn vusd ns'kksa esa
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[kkst 1880 esa dh xbZA bl [kkst dk Js; dkykZ;y vkSj dkWdcuZ dks tkrk gSA bUgksaus
foa/; {ks= ds fetkZiqj ds fudV dSewj dh igkfM+;ksa esa 'kSyfp=ks dh [kkst dhA
dkykZ;y ds 'kks/k dk;Z dk izdk'ku ugha gqvk] dsoy mudh lwpuk dks Qjojh] 1883
dh izkslhfMaXl vkWQ ,f'k;kfVd lkslkbVh vkWQ caxky dh lwph esa nh xbZ gS] ijUrq
dkdcuZ us vius 'kks/k dk lfp= oSKkfud fooj.k fl,f'k;kfVd lkslk;Vh vkWQ
caxkyfi ds tuZy esa lu~ 1883 esa izdkf'kr dj fn;kA mldk 'kh"kZd bl izdkj gS &
flvkWu nh fjlsaV ,fXtLVsal vkWQ fjukSlje bafMde bu nh ukFkZ&osLV jkWd isfVax ›kWe
fetkZiqj] fjizstsafVax nh gfUVax vkWQ nh ,uheyfi2 bl ys[k ds lkFk gh dkWdcuZ dks
dsu unh dh ?kkVh esa] cakÊk ls nf{k.k esa nks ehy ij mUgsa xSaMs dh vLehHkwr vfLFk;k°
Hkh izkIr gqbZ Fkh] ftlls xSaMs dh ml {ks= esa gksus dh iqf"V gksrh gSA3
lu~ 1899 esa dkWdcuZ us HkYMfj;k] yksgjh vkSj fy[kfu;ka ds 'kSyfp=ksa ij
ys[k izdk'fkr fd;kA 1910 bZ- esa lh- MCyw- ,s.Mjlu }kjk fla?kuiqj ds 'kSyfp=ksa dh
[kkst dh xbZA 1931 bZ- esa Jh vejukFk nŸk us 'kSyfp=ksa ij viuk v/;;u ,d
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bu bafM;kfi esa Hkkjrh; izkxSfrgkfld 'kSyfp=ksa dh dyk vkSj izkphurk dk o.kZu fd;k
308 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
gSA bl {ks= esa Lo- Jh oh-,l- okd.kdj dk uke Hkh eq[; :i ls fy;k tk ldrk
gSA mUgksaus e/;izns'k esa Hkksiky] Xokfy;j] eanlkSj vkfn ds fudV uohu 'kSykJ;ksa dh
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vusd 'kkSykJ; gSA ftuesa ,d 'kSykJ; 'kSyfp=ksa dh n`f"V ls vf/kd egŸoiw.kZ gSA
bl 'kSykJ; dh yEckbZ yxHkx 80 QhV rFkk pkSMk+ bZ 16 QhV ,oa špkbZ yxHkx 7-
6 QhV gSA ;g 'kSykJ; vkfnekuo dk cgr cM+k fuokl jgk gksxk bl 'kSykJ; esa
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gS fdUrq dej ds yxk gqvk ugha gSA fp= esa gkFkksa dh yEckbZ 4&4 bap gSA nks bap
dksguh rd rFkk nks bap dksguh ls vkxs gSA gkFkksa ,oa 'kjhj dh vaxqfy;ksa dks fpf=r
djus dk iz;k fd;k x;k gSA 'kjhj ds vUnj dq, js[kk,° vafdr dh xbZ gSaA ,slk yxrk
ekuksa js[kkvksa ds ek/;e ls 'kjhj ds vkUrfjd Hkkx ds vad.k dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA
;g fp= yky dRFkbZ jax ls js[kkadj.k fof/k ls fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA ;g iqjk'eh;
dky dk ltho fp= gSA
blh 'kSykJ; esa izFke ekuo fp= ls FkksMh+ nwjh ij ekuo dk ,d vksj fp=
vafdr gS] ;g fp= 'kSykJ; esa ikuh vkus ds dkj.k FkksMk+ /kqa/kyk gks x;k gSA bl fp=
dh yEckbZ 8-5 bap gSA xnZu o flj dh yEckbZ 1-5 bap gSA iSjksa dh yEckbZ 4-5 bap
gSaA gkFkksa dh yEckbZ 3 bap gSA dksguh rd gkFkksa dh yEckbZ 1-5 bap gS rFkk dskguh ls
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 309 163 310 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

vkxs Hkh gkFkksa dh yEckbZ 1-5 bap gSA iSjksa dh ixFkyh dh yEckbZ 1 bap gS ;g fp= caxky ua- 9] 1943
xfre; voLFkk esa vafdr gSA ,d gkFk uhps dh vksj gS tcfd nwljk gkFk ≈ij dh 11- xkMZu] Mh-,p- bafM;u dso isfUVax] tuZy vkWQ jkW;y ,f'k;kfVd lkslk;Vh vkWQ
vksj mBk gqvk gSA ;g fp= yky dRFkbZ jax ls cuk gqvk gSA blh 'kSykJ; esa lewg :i caxky ua- 5] 1943
esa 8 ls 10 ekuoksa ds y?kq fp= Hkh vafdr gSA 'kSykJ; esa ikuh vkus ds dkj.k ;s fp= 12- MkW- txnh'k xqIr] izkxSfrgkfld Hkkjrh; fp=dyk] fnYyh i`- 238
/kqa/kys gks x;s gSA iape<+h {ks= esa fLFkr MksjhFkhMh ls ekuo vkœfr feyh gS fdUrq 13- MkW- vkj- ds- oekZ] jkWd vkVZ lsUV™y bafM;u 82&87
'kjhj dh n`f"V ls fHkUu gSA8 xkMZu us Hkh iape<+h ls blh izdkj ds ekuo dk o.kZu 14- MkW- vkj- ds- oekZ] jkWd vkVZ lsUV™y bafM;u 73&74
fd;k gSA9 dtjh?kkV ,oa tEcwnhi ls xfre; voLFkk ds ekuo dk o.kZu feyk gSA10 15- MkW- rstflag ekobZ] njk ds 'kSyfp=ksa dk ,sfrgkfld ,oa lkaLœfrd v/;;u i`- 42&49
16- MkW- ,e-,y- lkgq] vyfu;k ds 'kSyfp=ksa dk ,sfrgkfld ,oa lkaLœfrd v/;;u
jk;x<+ {ks= ds dojk igkM+ ls xfr'khy ekuo vkœfr;k° feyh gSA11 lkxj
17- ds- jktu] jkWd isfUVax bu /keZiqjh fMfLV™DV] rfeyukMq] iqjkdyk 1991] okWY;we&2
{ks= esa x?ksjh unh rV ij fLFkr vkcpUn ds 'kSykJ; ls ';ke dqekj ik.Ms; }kjk bl la[;k 2 i`- 59
izdkj dh xfr'khy ekuo vkœfr;ksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSA12 fy[kokfu;k ls ,dy o 18- MkW- txnh'k xqIr] izkxSfrgkfld Hkkjrh; fp=dyk] fnYyh i`- 121&141
lewg :i esa ekuo fp=.k feyk gSA13 mŸkjh fo/u {ks= ls xfr'khy ekuo ds vusd 19- iqjkdyk] 2015 okY;qe 25] i`- 36&42
fp= feys gSA14 njk ds frifV;k] gjuk&jks>k] dkyk Vksyk] ikMk [kqaVk] HkMkuh dk 20- iqjkdyk] 1992 okY;qe 3 ua 1 ls 2] i`- 27&28
Nktk o Jhiqjk ls mRdh.kZ ekuo ds fp= feys gSA njk ls fLFkj vkSj xfre; voLFkk ds
ekuo fp= feys gSA15 MkW- ,e-,y- lkgq us vius 'kks/k xzUFk vyfu;k ds 'kSyfp=ksa dk
,sfrgkfld ,oa lkaLœfrd v/;;u esa ,d ekuo dk fp= o`f.kr fd;k gSA bl
vkœfr esa ekuo us viuk ,d gkFk dej ij ,oa nwljk flj ij j[kk gqvk gSA ekuo dks
pyrs gq, crk;k x; gSA16 rfeyukMw ds /keZiqj ftys ds vEekolbZ dqnw dksfVdqUnw esa
Hkh ,slk fp=.k feyrk gSA17 fl?kuiqj] Hkksiky]fetkZiqj] iape<+h] gkslaxkckn ds 'kSykJ;ksa
esa Hkh ekuo fp=.k feyk gSA18 prqHkqZtukFk ukyk o xka/khlkxj esa Hkh ekuo fp=.k blh
izdkj feyk gSA19 ujflagx<+ ds 'kSyfp=ksa esa ekuo dks ,dy] ;qxy ,oa lewg :i esa
fp=.k feyk gSA20
lUnHkZ
1. M.C. cfdZV & Four Hundred Centuries of Rock Art
MkW- txnh'k xqIr] izkxSfrgkfld Hkkjrh; fp=dyk] fnYyhA
2- fy;ksu gkMZ,Me] fizfefVo vkVZ] r`rh; laLdj.k] i`"B 111&112
3- tuZy vkWQ nh ,f'k;kfVd lkslkbVh vkWQ caxky (J.A.S.B.)] laLdj.k 52] Hkkx II]
ua- 1] i`"B 56&64
4- bafM;u vkfdZ;ksykWth 1956&57 bZ- i`"B 79
5- bafM;u vkfdZ;ksykWth 1956&57 bZ- i`"B 80
6- MkW- txnh'k xqIr] izkxSfrgkfld Hkkjrh; fp=dyk] fnYyhA
7- jktLFkku if=dk] izFke i`- 15 vxLr 1978] t;iqj laLdj.kA
8- MkW- txnh'k xqIr] izkxSfrgkfld Hkkjrh; fp=dyk] fnYyh i`- 335&36
9- lk-d- 1939] i`- 146
10- xkMZu] Mh- ,p- bafM;u dso isfUVax] tuZy vkWQ jkW;y ,f'k;kfVd lkslk;Vh vkWQ
 164
vkjfEHkd dky esa jktLFkku dh vkfFkZd O;oLFkk
(Hkwfenku i=ksa ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa)
MkW- jtuh 'kekZ
izLrqr 'kks/k i= esa xqtZj izfrgkj] pkyqD;] ijekj] xqfgy] pkSgku] iky vkfn
jktoa'kksa ds le; tkjh Hkwfe nku i=ksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA miyC/k Hkwfe nku i=ksa
ls jktLFkku dh vkfFkZd O;oLFkk ds fofo/k i{k mnkgj.kkFkZ œf"k ,oe~ i'kqikyu]
m|ksx ,oe~ O;olk;] Js.kh laxBu] fofue; vkSj eqÊk iz.kkyh] rkSy ,oe~ eki] Hkwfe
dh uki] O;kikj okf.kT;] jktdh; vk; ds lk/ku rFkk jkT; ds vkfFkZd <k°kpksa vkfn
ij izdk'k Mkyk x;k gSA
xqtZj izfrgkj oa'k ds 'kkld Hkkstnso ds rkezi= (fo-la- 900] 844 bZ- 'krh)
ds vUrxZr Hkkstnso ds izfirkeg lezkV oRljkt }kjk f'koxzke HkÍ oklqnso dks nku esa
fn;s tkus dk mYys[k gSA Hkkstnso ds le; HkÍ fo".kq ds oa'ktksa ds fgr esa bl nku dk
iquZuohuhdj.k fd;k x;kA nkui= dh 12oha iafDr esa foxfre~&mikxrs 'kCn dk vFkZ
nku ds LFkxu ls fy;k x;k gSA1 vFkkZr bl dky nku i=ksa esa Hkwfe nku dk LFkk;h gksus
dh izœfr dk cks/k gksrk gSA ftlesa Hkwfe nku dk iquZuohuhdj.k dj Hkwfe izfrxzghrk
ds oa'ktksa dks gh iznku dh xbZA
izfrgkj dDdqd dk ?kfV;kyk LrEHk ys[k (f}rh;) (fo-la- 918] 862 bZ-
'krh) esa O;kikfj;ksa gsrq ohfFk;ksa ls ;qDr gkV (cktkj) vkSj Hkou cukdj egktuksa dks
clk;s tkus dk o.kZu gSA bl ys[k dh fuEu iaf‰;k° mijks‰ vkfFkZd rF;ksa dks Li"V
djrh gS &
f}rh; iaf‰ & fofp= ohFkh laiw..kZ gg~Va œRok x`gkf.k pA
foizof.kXizœrhuka x`ga œRok fiz;s.k p˚
prqFkZ iaf‰ & Jh HRdDdL: iq=s.k lRizrhgkj tkfrukA
dDdqdsu fLFkfra nRok LFkfirks= egktu%˚2
vFkkZr~ bl {ks= esa izrhxzghrk ds :i esa dsoy czk„.k gh ugha vfirq O;kikjh
Hkh 'kkfey FksA
pkyqD; egkjktf/kjkt Jh nqyZHkjkt ds le; dk jk"V™h; laxzgky; fnYyh
dk rkezi= (fo-la- 1067] 1010 bZ- 'krh) esa czk„.k uUud dks {kf=;in xk°o dk
nku fd;k x;kA xzke nku ds lkFk izfrxzghrk dks (xkspj i;ZUr% leHkkx Hkksx% lkS
312 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
(lks) ifjdj) vFkkZr~ Hkkx] Hkksx] mifjdj vkfn djksa ds miHkksx dk vf/kdkj fn;k
x;kA3 bl lk{;' esa izfrxzghrk dks Hkwfe nku ds lkFk&lkFk ns; {ks= ds o`{k] rkykc]
dwi] ou ,oe~ ty lEink iznku djus ls vkl&ikl ds fuokfl;ksa ds fufeZr mijks‰
lk/kuksa ds miHkksx dh O;oLFkk vklku gks xbZA ijekj 'kkld Hkkst izFke ds ckalokM+k
rkezi= (fo-la- 1077] 1020 bZ- 'krh) esa ,d lkS fuorZu Hkwfe czk„.k dks nku esa fn;s
tkus dk o.kZu izkIr gksrk gSA4 egkjktk vYg.k nso dk [kf.Mr rkezi= (fo-la- 1205]
1148 bZ- 'krh) esa flDdksa] vUu o Hkwfe uki dh bdkbZ dk mYys[k izkIr gksrk gSA
Êed] ÊEe (flDds)] Êks.k (Hkwfe eki] 1 Êks.k æ pkj vk<d) rFkk dqej Êks.k (vUu
dk eki) vkfn bZdkb;ksa dk o.kZu gSaA blesa ukMkSy dh eaMfidk ls N% ÊEe eafnj dks
fn;k tkuk fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;kA5
mijks‰ nku i=ksa esa œf"k dks mRiknu] vUu o Hkwfe dh eki] flDdksa vkfn dh
bZdkb;ksa dk vfLrRo ;gk° lqO:ofLFkr vkfFkZd O;oLFkk dks n`f"Vxar djrs gSA fuoŸkZu
uked Hkwfe eki dh bZdkbZ dk mYys[k nf{k.k ds lkrokgu vfHksy[kksa ls Hkh izkIr
gksrk gSA buesa jktLFkku ls ,sls nku i= ds mnkgj.k Hkh izkIr gq;s gS] tks jkT; dh vk;
ds Úksr FksA buesa xqfgy oa'k ds fot;flEgk ds dn~eky rkezi= (fo-la- 1140]
1083 bZ- 'krh) esa ifYyxzke ds if'peh Hkkx dks oRl xks= ds czk„.k dks lHkh ns;
djksa tSls rn/kZdj&ifu;&Hkkx&Hkksx fnl fgre~ vkfn ds vk/ks Hkkx ds lkFk nsuk
fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;kA 'ks"k vk/kk Hkkx jkT; dks vnk djuk gksrk FkkA ;g mn;iqj ls 15
fd-eh- nwj ,dfyax th ikl ukxnk ls tkjh fd;k x;k FkkA6 jkT; dh vk; ds Úksr esa
vU; nku i= ds mnkgj.k esa pUÊkorh ijekj oa'k ds /kkjko"kZ ds dk;Êk izLrj
vfHkys[k (fo-la- 1220] 1164 bZ- 'krh) dks fy;k x;k gSA blesa efUnj dks iznŸk
Hkwfe vuqnku esa ls efUnj }kjk dqN dj dk Hkqxrku jkT; dks fd;k tk jgk FkkA7
vFkkZr~ Hkwfe nku dh izfÿ;k esa tc Hkwfe dk gLrkukUrj.k rFkk ÿ;&foÿ;
gksrk Fkk] rc jkT; dks dqN dj izkIr gksrk Fkk rFkk Hkwfe dks dj eq‰ ?kksf"kr djus ds
cnys jkT; dks vU; O;f‰ ds gkFk esa Hkwfe gLrkukUrj.k ls 'kqYd Hkh izkIr gksrk Fkk]
vr% jkT; dks vkfFkZd uqdlku ugha gqvkA pkSgku dqekj flag ds iq= vt; flag ds
nku ys[k esa (laor~ vafdr ugha] ukMksy&ikyh) nsomRFkkiu ,dkn'kh ij ^Bhdks* &
Hkwfe;k [ksr dk nku LFkk;h :i ls fn;k x;kA bl nkui= esa ns; Hkwfe ds lhek fu/
kkZj.k esa vj?kÍ ;k jkuyfBdq {ks= dk mYys[k gSA8 pkyqD; 'kkld Hkhe&f}rh; ds
vkgM+ rkezi= (fo-la- 1263] 1206 bZ- 'krh) esa œf"k Hkwfe ds lkFk vjgÍ nku esa
fn;s tkus dk mYys[k gSA9
egkjktkf/kjkt dqekjiky ds lkeUr pkSgku vYg.knso ds 'kklu ds rkezi=
(fo-la- 1220] 1163 bZ- 'krh) esa jkuh 'kadjnsoh }kjk 'kqYd eaMfidk;ka (pqaxh&pkSdh)
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 313 165 314 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

ls izfrekg pkj ÊEe xkSjh nsohds izfrfnu Hkksx gsrq fu/kkZfjr fd;sA blds vykok 2- ogh] i`"B la[;k 27&28
pk°cksM+h xk°o dh rhu gy Hkwfe f=iq:"knso ds fufeŸk nku djh x;hA10 3- ogh] i`"B la[;k 56&57
jkT; esa eaMfidk (pqaxh pkSdh) tks vk;kr&fu;kZr dk 'kqYd olqyrh Fkh] 4- ,fixzkfQvk bfUMdk] [k.M 9] i`"Bla[;k 181&183
nkui=ksa esa o.kZu feyrk gS fd pqaXkh pkSdh dks gksus okyh vk; dk dqN fgLlk Hkh ml 5- Jhekyh] xksfoUnyky] iwoksZDr] i`"B la[;k 118&119
{ks= ds izfrxzghrk dks nsuk fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;kA blls jkT; dks vkfFkZd jktLo dk 6- ,fixzkfQvk bfUMdk] [k.M 31 (1956&56)] izdkf'kr 1987] i`"B la[;k 243&248
uqdlku gqvkA ijUrq bl gkfu ds cnys œf"k dk fodkl bl {ks= esa n`f"Vxr gksrk gS]
7- dkWilZ bUlfÿI'kue~ bfUMdsje] [k.M 7] Hkkx (ii) i`"B la[;k 243&245
D;ksafd œf"k fodkl gsrq vjgÍ nku esa fn;k tkuk nkrk }kjk izfrxzghrk gsrq lk/kuksa dh
O;oLFkk dks n'kkZrk gS] vfirq ;g Hkh Li"V djrk gS fd vo'; gh HkkSxksfyd n`f"V ls 8- Jhekyh] xksfoUnyky] iwoksZDr] i`"B la[;k 152&153
bl {ks= esa ikuh dh vko';drk gksxh] bl O;oLFkk ls vkl&ikl ds fuokfl;ksa dks 9- izdk'k] vkse] vjyh] bf.M;u yS.M xzkUV~l ,.M LVsV bdkWukseh] ,Dlhysal ifCy'klZ]
Hkh lqfo/kk;sa feyuk izrhr gksrk gSA bykgkckn] 1988 i`"B la[;k 93
egkjkt i`Fohnso pkSgku (r`rh;) dk vfHkys[k (fo-la- 1236] 1180 bZ- 10- Jhekyh] xksfoUnyky] iwoksZDr] i`"B la[;k 147&148
'krh) esa yksds'oj efUnj dks iznŸk Hkwfe nku esa bl {ks= dh ou dk"B Hkh lfEefyr 11- ogh] i`"B la[;k 177
FksA bl {ks= esa mith mUgkyq&fl;kyq (jch vkSj [kjhc) dh Qlyksa dh mit dk 12- dkWilZ bUlfÿI'kue~ bfUMdsje] [k.M 7] Hkkx (ii) i`"B la[;k 256
ik°pok Hkkx efUnj dks Hkksx ds :i ds :i esa fn;s tkus dk mYYks[k gSA11 egke.Mys'oj 13- izdk'k] vkse] vjyh bf.M;y yS.M xzkUV~l ,.M LVsV bdkWukseh] ,Dlhysal] bykgkckn
/kkjko"kZ ds cqrM+h izLrj vfHkys[k (fljksgh] jktLFkku fo-la- 1271] 1214 bZ- 'krh) 1988 i`"B la[;k 188
esa xzke lkonk oz/k dh ,d gyokg Hkwfe vEik uked O;kikjh dks nku esa nh x;hA12
ckVsjh xzke rkezi= (1282] 1225 bZ- 'krh) esa ckVsjh xzke dks iq.;kFkZ /kkfeZd ykHk
izkfIr gsrq nku fd;k x;k] ijUrq bl rkez i= esa nkrk Jh/kj dks vU; 'kkldksa ls dj
,df=r djus okyk crk;k x;k gSA13 bu lk{;ksa ls ;g Hkh Li"V gksrk gS fd O;kikfj;ksa
ds fgrksa dks ;gk° /;ku j[ks tkus ls vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa dks rhoz xfr feyhA O;fDrxr
:Ik ls iznŸk /keZ fujis{k Hkwfe nku i=ksa ds mnkgj.k esa nkrk us v/khuLFk 'kkLkdksa ls dj
,df=r dj eq[; 'kkld dks iznku fd;kA bl izdkj lkeUr o v/khuLFk 'kkld Hkh
jkT; gsrq vk; izkfIr ds fu;fer Úksr FksA
jktLFkku esa dqN jktoa'kksa pkSgkuoa'k] pkyqD; oa'k vkfn esa tgk° bl O;oLFkk us
izfrxzghrk dks mPp fLFkfr iznku dh] nwljh rjQ xqtZj izfrgkjoa'k xqfgy oa'k rFkk
ijekj oa'k ds 'kkludky esa bl O;OkLFkk us jkT; dks ykHk igq°pk;kA jktLFkku esa
'kkld bl O;oLFkk ls jktdks"k dks gksus okyh vkfFkZd gkfu ds fo"k; esa ltx jgk]
'kkld us jkT; dks vkfFkZd gkfu ls cpkus gsrq vU; ek/;e tSls nku 'kklu ds
uohuhdj.k] vuqeknu vkfn ds :i esa izfrxzfgrk ls jde izkIr dhA bu oa'kksa esa
lkeUrksa dh fLFkfr vPNh jgh gksxh ftlls ;s Lora= :i ls nku vkfn ns jgs FksA
lanHkZ
1- Jhekyh] xksfoUnyky] jktLFkku ds vfHkys[k (ekjokM+ ds lanHkZ esa) Hkkx&1] egkjktk
ekuflag iqLrd izdk'ku] tks/kiqj 2000 i`"B la[;k 15&17
 166
dkxk fLFkr Bkdqj jktflag dh Nrjh ,oa
f'kykys[k & ,d v/;;u
MkW- T;ksRluk O;kl
tks/kiqj 'kgj ls yxHkx ikap fdyksehVj nwj mŸkj fn'kk esa vjkoyh ioZrekyk
dh xksn esa dkxk uked vR;Ur izkphu rhFkZ fLFkr gSA bl LFkku dks iq.;rhFkZ tkudj
;gk° tks/kiqj jkt ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dk vfUre laLdkj fd;k tkus yxkA vc ;g
LFkku dkxk 'e'kku ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ;gk° ftu jktiq#"kksa dk vfUre laLdkj
fd;k x;k muesa ls vusd dh Nrfj;k° rFkk nsoy Hkh cus gq, gSaA fo'kky nsoyksa ls
ysdj NksVh&cM+h Nrfj;ksa dh dqy la[;k 100 ls Hkh vf/kd gSA yxHkx ipkl dkxk
dh Nrfj;ksa dh iqjkrkfRod fjiksVZ vkSj QksVks Indira Gandhi National Center For
The Arts (www.ingca.gov.in) website ij miyC/k gSA
bu Nrfj;ksa esa HkkVh] jkBkSM+] pEikor] jko jktiwrksa] jktiqjksfgrksa] lka?kh o
pkj.kksa dh Nrfj;k° 'kkfey gSA yky ?kkVw ds iRFkjksa ls fufeZr Nrfj;ksa rFkk nsoyksa ds
dykRed LrEHk] laxejej dh ewfrZ;ksa rFkk f'kykys[k ns[kus okyksa dks ,d oSHko'kkyh
vrhr esa ys tkrs gSA ;gk° dbZ jktiq#"kksa dh xkFkk;sa lks;h iM+h gSa ftUgksaus viuh fu"Bk]
leiZ.k vkSj 'kkS;Z ls ekjokM+ jkT; dk gh ugha lEiw.kZ fgUnw tkfr dk xkSjo'kkyh
bfrgkl fy[kkA bu Nrfj;ksa esa Nsuh&gFkkSM+h ds izgkjksa ls dyk dk tks lqUnj laLkkj
blds iRFkjksa ij mrj vk;k Fkk] vkt Hkh mlds n'kZu fd;s tk ldrs gSaA bl Nrfj;ksa
ls gesa rRdkyhu ekjokM+ ds lkekftd o lkaLd`frd bfrgkl ij iw.kZ :is.k izdk'k
iM+rk gSA ;|fi vf/kdka'k Nrfj;ksa ds f'kykys[kksa ds u"V gks tkus ls ;g irk yxkuk
rks vc yxHkx vlaHko gS fd ;s Nrfj;k° fdl jktiq#"k vFkok jktefg"kh dh gS fdUrq
dqN Nrfj;k° vc Hkh viuh dgkfu;k° dg jgh gaSA
buesa vklksi ds Bkdqj jktflag dqEikor dh Nrjh mYys[kuh; gS rFkk bl
nsoy ij izdk'k Mkyus dk fouez iz;kl bl 'kks/ki= esa fd;k x;k gS] loZizFke vklksi
ds Bkdqj jktflag dqEikor ds thoudky ij izdk'k Mkyuk mfpr gSA
budk tUe fo- la- 1643 oS'kk[k lqn f}rh;k dks gqvk FkkA ;qok gksus ij ;g
fo-l- 1671 (1614 bZ-) esa egkjktk lwjflag dh lsok esa mifLFkr gq,A egkjktk
lwjflag ds lkFk vtesj ls nf{k.k vfHk;ku ij vius dqN ohj ;ksºkvksa ds lkFk x,A
lQy nf{k.k vfHk;ku ds dkj.k bUgsa esMr+ s ijxus dk bMok xkao iznku fd;k x;kA
316 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
blh izdkj egkjkt dqekj xtflag ds lkFk fo-l- 1674 esa tkyksj ds iBkuksa ds minzo
dks lekIr dj] ogka ij vf/kdkj fd;kA bUgksaus egkjktk xtflag ds lkFk izR;sd
vfHk;ku esa viuh egRoiw.kZ Hkkxhnkjh fuHkkbZA fo-la- 1695 T;s"B lqnh 3 (6 ebZ]
1638 bZ- jfookj) dks egkjktk xtflag dk vkxjk esa LoxZokl gks x;kA rc 25 ebZ
1638 bZ- dks egkjkt dqekj tloar flag dks tks/kiqj dk egkjktk cuk;kA bl le;
mudh voLFkk 12 o"kZ dh FkhA rc lsukuk;d jktflag dqEikor dks ,d gtkj tkr
vkSj 4 gtkj lokj dk eulc nsdj iz/kku fu;qDr fd;k x;kA egkjktk tloar flag
ds laj{kd o tks/kiqj jkT; ds iz/kku ds :Ik esa jktflag us cM+h fu"Bk vkSj dq'kyrk ls
viuh lsok;sa iznku dhA
bUgksaus egkjkt dks lnSo mfpr lykg o f'k{kk,° nhA egkjkt dks vius izFke
dŸkZO; ^iztklq[k* dk ikB c[kwch i<+krs FksA Bk- jktflag dh oQknkjh o dŸkZO;fu"Bk
ds ckjs esa ,d dFkk Hkh izpfyr gSA ,d ckj egkjktk tloar flag iztk ds lq[k o
nq%[k dk fujh{k.k djus ds fy, Lo;a jkf= es ax;sA og xqIr:Ik /kkj.k djds fudys
gq;s Fks rHkh lkeus ls dksroky dks vkrk ns[kdj fudV gh ^rkih ckoM+h* esa vUnj
Nqius gsrq mrj x;sA ogka ,d cz„ jk{kl buds 'kjhj esa izfo"V gks x;k rFkk egkjktk ds
izk.k ysus ij mrk: gks x;kA exj ea=okfn;ksa ds ncko ls mls ;g Lohdkj djuk iM+k
fd ^^;fn bl nsg ds leku dksbZ iVjkuh] dqaoj vFkok jktiq#"k fn;k tk;s rks eSa bl
jktk dks NksM+ nwaxkA** bl ij Bkdqj jktflag us dgk fd ^^egkjktk ds ,ot esa esjs
izk.k cfynku gks tk;s rks vgks HkkX; gSA** fQj bUgksaus egkjktk tloUr flag ij okjk
eaf=r ty ih fy;kA ml eaf=r ty ds ihus ls Bkdqj jktflag dqEikor dh e`R;q gks
xbZ rFkk egkjktk rRdky gh Bhd gks x, ,oa muds izk.k cp x;sA jktflag ds R;kx
vkSj LokfeHkfDr dks izdV djus okys dbZ nksgs Hkh dfo;ksa us fy[ks gSaA
Bkdqj jktflag dh e`R;q fo-la- 1697 dh ikS"k on iapeh (23 uoEcj 1640
bZ-) dks gqbZA blds vfrfjDr Bk- jktflag Hkou fuekZ.k dyk dk Hkh ikj[kh FkkA
tks/kiqj nqxZ vkSj tks/kiqj uxj esa rj.kiksy] lHkke.Mi] nhoku[kkuk] vu/ku th Bkdqj
}kjk dqvka rFkk rygVh ds egy vkfn cgqr lh lqUnj bekjrsa jktflag dqEikor ds
ns[kjs[k esa fufeZr gqbZA blds vfrfjDr jktflag us vius thoudky esa dbZ HkO;
bekjrsa rFkk ckx bR;kfn dk fuekZ.k djok;kA jktflag us tks/kiqj fLFkr viuh gosyh
rFkk vklksi ds lqUnj egy cuokdj mu ij Lo.kZ dy'k p<+k;s Fks tks vc Hkh
fo|eku gSA fo- la- 1681 dh oS'kk[k 'kqDyk 3 xq#okj dks vklksi esa ,d lqUnj lHkk
e.Mi cuok;kA blh o"kZ ekg onh 14 eaxyokj dks /kk; ekrk ds vkxs ,d fo'kky
e.Mi cuok;kA vklksi ls djhc 2 ehy dh nwjh ij ihykuk uked rkykc ij viuh
ekrk nsoM+h dh Le`fr esa fo'kky Nrjh dk fuekZ.k djok;kA Nrjh ij fo-la- 1682
dh QkYxqu lqnh 11 jfookj dks f'kykys[k [kqnk gqvk gSA jktflag dqEikor }kjk
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 317
lwjlkxj ls dqN gh nwjh ij ,d lqUnj cxhpk cuk;k x;k tks vkt Hkh jktckx ds uke
ls tkuk tkrk gSA
varr% bl 'kks/k i= ls gesa dbZ lkekftd lkaLd`frd tkudkfj;k° izkIr gksrh
gSA gesa ;g Kkr gS fd ekjokM+ ds egkHkkjr (lqesy fxjh) ds egk;ksºk jko dawik
(esgjkt) ,oa muds oa'kt dwEikor jkBkSMk+ sa dh ekjokM+ ds bfrgkl esa egRoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk jgh gSA bl dqy ds ohjksa us tks/kiqj jkT; ds fofHkUu inksa ij jgrs gq, ftl
LokfeHkfDr vkSj ohjrk dk izn'kZu fd;k og vizfre gSA bu {kf=;ksa us vius {kf=;
/keZ dk ikyu djrs gq, viuh lR;fu"Bk o drZO; ijk;.krk ls dqy xkSjo dks
leqTtoy dj ,sls bfrgkl dk fuekZ.k fd;k ftl Ikj vkus okyh ihf<;ka xoZ dj
lds rFkk Bkdqj jktflag dqEikor bldk mnkgj.k gSA
rRdkyhu Hkkjr ds ckn'kkg 'kkgtgkW Hkh budh LokehHkfDr ,oa ohjrk ls
okfdQ FksA mUgksaus budks lEekulwpd ekgh eqjkfrc esa vius egyksa o gosyh ij
lqo.kZ dy'k p<+kus dh vkKk nh FkhA rnuqlkj vklksi dh gosyh ij vkt Hkh lqo.kZ
dy'k fo|eku gSA blls lkeUrksa dh ckn'kkg ,oa eulc 'kkldksa ds izfr oQknkjh
,oa LokehHkfDr Ikj izdk'k iM+rk gSA blds lkFk&lkFk ekjokM+ dh rRdkyhu iz'kklfud
O;oLFkk ij Hkh izdk'k iM+rk gS fd iz/kkukeR; ,oa iz/kkuea=h in cM+s gh egRo dk Fkk
D;ksafd vxj ge cz„ jk{kl okyh dFkk lR; ekurs gSa rks iz/kkuea=h vFkok iVjkuh dk
jktk ds led{k mYys[k gksuk] bl in dh xkSjo ,oa izfr"Bk dks n'kkZrk gSA Bkdqj
jktflag dh Nrjh dk dkxk dh vU; Nrfj;ksa esa lcls cM+h o HkO; gksuk Hkh mudh
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dh vksj bafxr djrk gSA ge vxj LFkkiR; dh vksj /;ku dsfUnzr
djsa rks gesa bl Nrjh }kjk ekjokM+ 'kSyh ij bLykeh izHkko fn[kyk;h nsrk gSA bl
Nrjh dk vyadj.k Hkh ml dky fo'ks"k ds oSHko dks n'kkZrk gSA
vxj ge /kkfeZd igyw dh vksj utj Mkys rks if'peh jktLFkku esa yksd
nsorkvksa dk lnSo fof'k"V LFkku jgk gSA djhc 9oh 'krkCnh (xksxkth) ls ohj
jktiq#"kksa dks yksd nsorkvksa ds :Ik esa iwtk tkus yxk gSA blh rjg ohj o cfynkuh
Bkdqj jktflag dqEikor dks Hkh nsoksa esa iwtk tkrk gSA tks/kiqj esa vklksi dh gosyh esa
nwljh eafty esa mudk nsoLFkku gSA yksx n'kZukFkZ tkrs gSa o viuh cksyok cksyrs gSaA
Nrjh ls izkIr f'kykys[k dk izkjaHk ^Jh x.ks'kk; ue%* ls gqvk gS tks rRdkyhu
jktoa'k dh /kkfeZd fopkj/kkjk ij izdk'k Mkyrk gSA blh ÿeokj f'kykys[k esa ?kksMs+
ds uhps 3 fL=;k° (miifRu;k°) fpf=r gS& ,d ds gkFk esa flrkj] nwljh ds gkFk esa
oh.kk vkSj rhljh ds gkFk esa rky gS tks laHkor% rRdkyhu ekjokM+ esa ^lrh&izFkk* dks
mRlo ds :Ik esa euk;s tkus dh vksj b'kkjk djrs gSaA fL=;k° Lo;a viuh [kq'kh ls lrh
gksrh FkhA vklksi esa Hkh Bkdqj jktflag ds ihNs mudh nwljh Bdqjkuh bejr daoj
167 318 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
HkfV;k.kh chdiqj ls vkdj nklh ddsyk vkSj xWaqth dh lkFk (fo-la- 1697 dh ikS"k
lqn 7) vklksi esa lrh gqbZ FkhA ogkWa ij Hkh lrh Lekjd vfHkys[k gS ftl ij jktflag
dh e`R;q fo-la- 1697 dh ikS"k lqn "k"Bh vafdr gS exj tks/kiqj ds f'kykys[k esa
iapeh vafdr gS os lEHkor% ,d fnu ckn lrh gqbZ gksxhA
blds vfrfjDr eSa ;gka bl ckr dh vksj vki lHkh dk /;ku dsfUnzr djuk
pkgwaxh fd orZeku esa dkxk fLFkr Nkrfj;k° ns[k&js[k ds vHkko esa ttZj gks jgh gSA
vusd f'kykys[k VwV jgs gSa rFkk bfrgkl dks tkuus ds izeq[k lzksr [kf.Mr gks jgs gSaA
dkxk dh ;s ifo= Hkwfe dwMs+&dpjs dk fuLrkj.k dsUnz cu xbZ gSA bl izdkj dkxk
fLFkr Nrjh ls geas rRdkyhu ekjokM+ dh lkekftd ,oa lkaLd`frd bfrgkl dh
tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA ;g Nrfj;k° ml ;qx dh lEiUurk dh lwpd gSA ,slh vusdksa
Nrfj;k° dkxk esa gh ugha oju~ iwjs ekjokM+ esa fLFkr gS ftuls ge ;gk° ds bfrgkl ds
iqjkrkfRod lzksrksa ds :Ik esa dbZ jkt mxyok ldrs gSaA
lanHkZ
1- ia- jkedj.k vklksik] vklksi dk bfrgkl] jkocgknqj Bkdqj Qrsgflag (vklksi]
ekjokM+) izdk'kd] fo-la- 1997] i`- 60&70
2- xksfoUnyky Jhekyh] jktLFkku ds vfHkys[k] Hkkx 2] egkjktk ekuflag iqLrd izdk'k]
tks/kiqj] 2000] i`- 422&424
3- jko f'koukFk flag] dqEikor jkBkSM+ksa dk bfrgkl] i`- 213&230
4- ia- fo'os'ojukFk jsm] ekjokM+ dk bfrgkl 1] egkjktk ekuflag iq- izdk'k] tks/kiqj]
2009
5- vks>k] tks/kiqj jkT; dk bfrgkl 1] 2] i`- 384&85] 395&96
 168
jktLFkku esa ewfrZdyk dk fodkl
MkW- latho dqekj
jktLFkku esa ewfrZdyk dh O;ofLFkr izxfr ekS;Z vkSj ekS;ZŸkj dky esa mHkjrh
gSA jS<+ ds mR[kuu ls izkIr dfri; eqnzk,a rFkk e`.k&ewfrZ;ka bl ckr dh lk{kh gS fd
ewfrZdyk] 'kSyh ds fopkj ls vkd`fr vkSj vfHkjke dh vfHkO;fDr esa n{krk izkIr dj
pqdh FkhA ekr`nsoh dh ewfrZ;ksa ds dej vkSj da/ks ds vkoj.k rFkk xys ds gkjksa rFkk
dkuksa ds vkHkw"k.kksa esa ekS;Zdkyhu dyk dh 'kfDr] xfr vkSj xq#rk >ydrh gSA
e`.ke;h ewfrZ;ksa ds Hkkoksa vkSj vaxks dh xfrfof/k dk foU;kl cM+k je.kh; izrhr gksrk
gSA bldks ns[ksus ls yxrk gS fd dsoy mPp dksfV dk dykdkj gh ewfrZ;ka ugh cukrs
Fks vfirq lk/kkj.k yksx o ckyd Hkh ewfrZ;ksa dk fuekZ.k djrs Fks vkSj mlesa #fp j[krs
FksA cSjkB ds mR[kuu ls izkIr r{k.k lkexzh esa Hkh ckjhdh vkSj dkS'ky ds y{k.k
loksZijh gSA1
bZlk iwoZ nwljh lnh esa tu dyk us vn~Hkqr izxfr dhA ftl izdkj Hkkjrh;
dyk dk izokg Hkjgqr] lkaph] vejkorh ,oa xka/kkj esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] ml izokg ls
jktLFkku Hkh izHkkfor gqvkA 'kaqxdkyhu laLd`fr us /kkfeZd izHkko vkSj tu&fo'okl
ds la;ksx ls ewfrZdyk dks ,d u;k eksM+ fn;kA e/;fedk tks fpŸkkSM+ ls 8 ehy dh
nwjh ij gS] bl dyk ds iks"k.k dk LFkku cukA ;gka ds mRdh.kZ ckSº Lrwi rFkk ukjk;.k
okfVdk dh OkS".ko izfrek,a ml ;qx dh dyk vkSj /kkfeZd thou dk lans'k nsrh gSA
dbZ tSu eafnjksa ds vo'ks"k vkt fpŸkkSM+ ds LFkkiR; dk Hkkx cus gq, gSA blh izdkj
jaxegy ls izkIr i'kq vkSj oYyjh txr dh vkd`fr;ka rFkk uj&ukjh ds Lo:i tks
fofo/k ifj/kkuksa vkSj vkHkw"k.kksa ls vyad`r gS rFkk ftuds ?kqa?kjkys cky vkSj ruh gqbZ eqNsa
gS lthork o LokHkkfodrk ds vPNs mnkgj.k gSA bl dky esa cuh gqbZ cqº] egkohj]
'kadj vkSj oklqnso dh ewfrZ;ka tks e`.ke;h vkSj iRFkjksa dh gS] os bl ckr dh izek.k gS
fd jktLFkku esa /kkfeZd lfg".kqrk tu&Tkhou dk ,d fof'k"V vax FkhA2
T;ksafg ge xqIrdky ;k mlls vkxs c<+rs gSa rks jktLFkkuh dyk esa ,d u;k
n`f"Vdks.k vkSj psruk dk izknqHkkZo gksrk gSA jaxegy] Hkjriqj] cSjkB] jS<+] dY;k.kiqjk]
Mqaxjiqj vkfn LFkkuks ij f'ko] fo".kq] ;{kh vkfn dh ewfrZ;ka fufeZr gqbZA jktLFkku esa
d`".k dk ewrZ :i e.Mksj (tks/kiqj] pkSFkh bLoha)3 ds ,d xqIr dkyhu oS".ko eafnj
ds rksj.k }kj ds LrEHkksa ij feyrk gSA ,d LrEHk ij xkSo/kZu /kkj.k] ;'kksnk eD[ku
fcyksrh gq;h] f'k'kq d`".k ekrk ds lkFk ysVs gq, vkfn vafdr gSA4 d`".k dh xkSo/kZu
320 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
/kkj.k dh ?kVuk lcls yksdfiz; gSA lwjrx<+ (chdkusj) ls iqjkfRod [kqnkbZ ls izkIr
VsjkdksVk rFkk ewfrZ;ka xqIrdkyhu gS5 ftlesa xkso/kZu /kkj.k rFkk nkuyhyk ds n`';
vorfjr gq, gS tcfd bl rjg ds fp= vkSfl;ka o e.Mksj esa vf/kd ifjiDo feyrs
gaSA jktLFkku ds dUlqvk (dksVk) esa ,d vR;Ur lqUnj prqZeq[kh f'kofyax dh ewfrZ
feyh gS tks lEHkor% vkBoha lnh dh gSA6 Hkjriqj dh cnyso dh 27 QqV ≈ph ewfrZ
fo'kkyrk vkSj O;kidrk dk vPNk mnkgj.k gSA7
jktLFkkuh dyk e/;dky esa jktiwr oa'k ds 'kkS;Z o izfrHkk dks izHkqRo LFkkfir
djrh gSA bl dky esa fgUnw laLd`fr esa ,d ubZ tku vkSj psruk mRiUu gqbZA NBh ls
ckjgoha 'krkCnh dk dky ewfrZ;ksa ds fuekZ.k esa cM+k lcy flº gqvkA nso] nsfo;ksa rFkk
;f{k;ksa dh ewfrZ;ksa dk vk/kkj xqIrdkyhu ek/kq;Z] lkSjHk o dkseyrk cuh jgh] ijUrq
muesa 'kfDr] 'kkS;Z vkSj Hkkoqdrk dh vfHkO;fDr yk;h x;hA bl dky dh ewfrZdyk
ds eq[; dsUnz vkHkkusjh] vV:] vkcw] ukxnk] fpŸkkSMx+ <+] fdjkMq] vksfl;k] lhdj]
vkacsj] e.Mksj] ckMksyh vkfn gSA
vkHkkusjh ckanhdqbZ ls 7 fdyksehVj nwj fLFkr gSA orZeku esa ogka nks Lekjd
vof'k"V gS] pkan ckoM+h rFkk g"kZekrk eafnjA g"kZekrk ds vo'ks"k 'kSyhxr fo'ks"krkvksa
ds vk/kkj ij vkBoh&uoha 'krkCnh ds fuf'pr fd;s tkrs gSaA8 vHkh bl eafnj ds
xHkZx`g esa ,d vk/kqfud nsoh izfrek izfrf"Br gS ftlds vk/kkj ij bldk uke g"kZekrk
gS ijUrq eafnj dh izeq[k rk[kksa esa izfrf"Br oklqnso] fo".kq] izn~;qeu vkSj cyjke
lad"kZ.k dh izfrekvksa ls ewyr% eafnj fo".kq dk izrhr gksrk gSA9 bu ewfrZ;ksa esa ukxjkt
,oa nEifr dh ewfrZ;k° cM+h jkspd gSA nksuksa esa izse ykylk rFkk mlesa izse fprou ls
iRuh }kjk vkukdkuh dh Hkkouk dk mRdh.kZu mYysf[kr gSA vV: ds f'ko eafnj ds
vo'ks"kksa esa [kEHkksa dh rjk'kh rFkk ikoZrh dh ewfrZ lqUnj] Hkkoiw.kZ vkSj ltho gSA10
vkcw ioZr ij pkj gtkj QqV dh špkbZ ij nsyokM+k uked xzke ds fudV cus
nks tSu eafnj Hkkjrh; dyk txr~ dh ,d uohu yksdksŸkj psruk ds mnkgj.k gSaA muesa
ls ,d foey'kkg dk 1032 bZ- esa cuok;k gqvk gS vkSj nwljk rstiky dk 1232 bZ- dk
gSA jk; d`".knkl us buds izlax esa fy[kk gS fd eafnj esa ;|fi vyadj.k ,oa ewfrZ;ka
,d lh gS] fQj Hkh buesa ,slh foy{k.k tkfy;ka] iqrfy;ka] csy cwaVs vkSj uDdkf'k;ka
cukbZ xbZ gS fd ns[kus okyk nax jg tkrk gSA laxejej ,slh ckjhdh ls rjk'kk x;k gS]
ekuks fdlh dq'ky lqukj us jsrh ls jsar&jsar dj vkHkw"k.k cuk;s gks] ;k ;wa dfg;s fd
cquh gqbZ tkfy;ka vkSj >kyjsa iFkjk xbZ gSA vkt fnu rd vkxjs ds rktegy dh 'kksHkk
ds brus xq.k xk;s tkrs gSa fd ;fn bu nksuks eafnjksa dh vksj FkksM+k Hkh /;ku fn;k tkrk rks
;g Li"V gks tkrk fd budh lqUnjrk rkt ls gh vf/kd gSA11
uoha rFkk nloha 'krkCnh esa 'kSo iqtk dk dsUnz ckMksyh (dksVk) FkkA ckMksyh
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 321
esa NksVs&cM+s dqy 9 eafnj gS ftlesa |Vs'oj eafnj esa f'ko ds uVjkt Lo:i dks fo'kn
:i esa mRdh.kZ fd;k x;k gSA ckMksyh ds f'ko eafnj dh iV~Vh esa ;qxy izsfe;ksa dk
vadu izse vkSj mYykl ds vf}rh; uewus gaS] ukfj;ksa ds Hkksys eq[k bl izdkj rjk'ks x;s
gaS fd mu ij vk°[kas gVk;s ugha gVrhA [kEHkksa dh mRdh.kZ dyk cstksM+ gSA pUnzkorh
unh ds ≈ij pUnzkorh eafnjksa dk lewg gS ftudh Nrksa dh uDdk'kh vkSj ukjh dk
lqUnj vadu vU;= ugha feyrkA blh rjg ewfrZdyk dh n`f"V ls fdjkMq (ckM+esj)
egRoiw.kZ LFky gS] ;gka ik°p eafnjksa dk lewg gS ftuesa ls ,d oS".ko gS rFkk vU; 'kSo
gSA 'kSyh dh n`f"V ls ;s eafnj 11oha] 12oha 'krkCnh ds fuf'pr fd;s tk ldrs gSaA12
fdjkMq ds eafnjksa esa urZdh] ca'kh/kj d`".k vkSj ;kSoukSUer ukjh vius le; dh dyk
ds vPNs uewus gS] ;s eafnj ckgj o Hkhrj ls cM+s vyad`r gSA ;gk° dh 'ks"k'kk;h fo".kq
rFkk ve`r eaFku dh ifV~V;ka cM+h jkspd gSA ;gka ekr`eerk dh cM+h lqanj vfHkO;fDr
gqbZ gSA ekrk vius f'k'kq dks I;kj djus esa ekuks vius ‚n; dks fudky dj /kj nsrh gqbZ
vafdr dh xbZ gSA13 blds xzkeh.k vkHkw"k.k o gko&Hkko LFkkuh; lH;rk dks le>us
esa cM+s mikns; gSA xqIrdkyhu eafnjks ds leku vusd }kj'kk[kkvksa ls ;qDr }kj ij
xaxk&;equk dh ewfrZ;ksa rFkk i=&'kk[kk] :i 'kk[kk vkfn vusd v/kZLrEHkksa ij f'kox.kksa
rFkk }kjikyksa dh ewfrZ;ka mRdh.kZ gSA i=oYyh] ?kViYyo] dhfrZeq[k] edjeq[k vkfn
vfHkizk;ksa ds vusd dykRed izdkj bl eafnj ls izkIr gksrs gSA fdjkMq ds bu eafnjksa
dh ewfrZdyk bl rF; dk Li"V ladsr djrh gS fd dSls 12oha ëkrkCnh rd
ewfrZdyk iw.kZr% okLrqdyk ds v/khu gks xbZA ;|fi bu eafnjksa dh ewfrZ;ksa esa Li"Vr%
Œkl ds y{k.k fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA
esokM+ esa mn;iqj ls 15 fd-eh- mŸkj esa ukxnk esa fLFkr lkl&cgq eafnj dh
r{k.k dyk ds fy;s cM+k izflº gSA eafnj ds rksj.k }kjk [kEHkksa o Nr rFkk ifjÿek ds
pkjksa vksj yxh gqbZ ifV~V;ksa ds n`';] tkfy;k°] iqrfy;k°] csy cw°Vs vkSj uDdkf'k;ksa dks
ns[kdj n'kZd nax jg tkrs gSaA bgyksd vkSj ijyksd lEcU/kh iV~Vh vk/;kfRed fparu
dk] rks ;{kh dh iqryh lkSUn;Z dh vfHkO;fDr dk vuqie uewuk gSA14 ukxnk esa
lkl&cgw ds nks eafnj gSA cM+k eafnj lkl rFkk NksVk cgw ds uke ls fo[;kr gSA15
ukxnk xqfgy 'kkldksa dh izkphu jkt/kkuh gksus ds dkj.k egRoiw.kZ FkhA xqfgy 'kkldksa
ds lw;Zoa'kh gksus ds dkj.k gh ukxnk dk cM+k eafnj (lkl eafnj) fo".kq dks lefiZr
fd;k x;k gSA lkl eafnj ds eaMi dk vUrZHkkx vR;Ur izHkko'kkyh gSA fpŸkkSM+ ,slk
dyk dsUnz jgk gS] tgk° 8oha&9oha 'krkCnh ls 15oha 'krkCnh rd ds ewfrZdyk ds
mRd`"V uewus ;gk° vusd ewfrZ izLrj [k.Mksa esa feyrs gSaA 13oha lnh ds lek/kh'oj ds
eafnj ds ckgjh Lrjksa esa nsoh&nsorkvksa] vIljkvksa dh ewfrZ;ksa dk lkSUn;Z n'kZdksa dks
eqX/k djus okyk gSA ,d isuy esa mRdh.kZ cSyxkM+h e; xkMhoku ds LokHkkfod
vadu dk vPNk mnkgj.k gS] tgk° cSy o gk°dus okys dh eqnzk mPpdksfV dh gSA16
169 322 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
15oha lnh esa egkjk.kk dqEHkk }kjk fufeZr dhfrZLrEHk] dqEHkLOkkeh fo".kq eafnj] ftls
vkt ehjkckbZ dk eafnj dgrs gSaA bu eafnjksa dk vyadj.k cgqr mRd`"V vkSj cukoV
cM+h /kwe/kkeh gSA budh ewfrZ;k° fcYdqy futhZo vkSj vdM+h&tdM+h gSA ;gk° bruh
ewfrZ;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk f=ewfrZ o vjch v{kjkas esa vYykg dk uke Hkh mRdh.kZ gSA17
esokM+ esa vkgM+ ,d vU; ewfrZdyk dk egRoiw.kZ dsUnz FkkA vkgM+ esa ,d
fo".kq eafnj Fkk tgk° ,d oS".ko HkDr }kjk vkfnojkg dh izfrek LFkkfir djokbZ xbZ
FkhA blds vykok fo".kq ds dPNi ,oa eRL; vorkjks dh izfrek,° v/kquk vkgM+
laxzkgy; esa lajf{kr gSA vkgM+ esa ,d lw;Z eafnj FkkA vkgM+ laxzgky; esa lajf{kr lw;Z
dh ,d izfrek feyh gS tks lEHkor% blh eafnj dh gSA vkgM+ esa eafnjksa dh ewfrZ;ksa esa
rRdkyhu lkekftd thou ds n`';ksa dks izLrqr fd;k x;k gS tks vf/kd egRoiw.kZ
gSA18
tks/kiqj ds ikl vksfl;k° uked LFkku ls ckjg cM+s&cM+s eafnj feys gSaA ftlesa
Hkhrj o ckgj fofo/k Ádkj dh ewfrZ;k° rFkk csy c°wVksa dk vadu gS] tks jsfxLrkuh dyk
dk mRd`"V mnkgj.k gSA ;s ewfrZ;ka LFkkuh; dyk dh fo'ks"krkvksa ls Hkjiwj gSA ;gk° ds
eafnj eq[;r% iapk;ru izdkj ds gSA vr% fo".kq] f'ko] lw;Z] 'kfDr o x.ks'k vkfn
iapnsoksa dh ewfrZ;k° vf/kdrk ls feyrh gSA ;gk° fLFkr lw;Z eafnj ds xHkZx`g esa rks dksbZ
ewfrZ ugha izkIr gqbZ] ijUrq flj ny dh izeq[k ewfrZ y{ehukjk;.k dh gS] ftlds nksuksa
vksj x.ks'k] cz„k rFkk dqcsj ,oa f'ko dh ewfrZ;k° mRdh.kZ gSA vkSfl;ka esa nks izeq[k 'kfDr
eafnj Hkh feys gS ftlesa fiiyk ekrk o lfp;k ekrk ds izflº eafnj gSaA bu eafnjksa esa
iapk;ru 'kSyh dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS rFkk nsoh&nsorkvksa dh ewfrZ;ksa ls Hkjs iM+s gSaA
v/kwZ.kk uxj tks 11oha lnh esa ckxM+ izkUr ds ijekj jktkvksa dh jkt/kkuh FkhA
vius ;qx dh ewfrZdyk dk vPNk dsUnz FkkA ;gk° ds f'ko] fo".kq] guqeku] tSu vkfn
eafnjksa ds vo'ks"k ml dyk ds lk{kh gS ftlds }kjk nsoksa] nsfo;ksa] ;{k] ;f{k;ksa]
LRkEHkksa] vIljk vkfn dh ewfrZ;k° mRdh.kZ dh xbZ FkhA xHkZx`g] lHkk&eaMi] ≈ijh rFkk
ckg~; Lrjksa esa yxh ewfrZ;k°] r{k.k dyk ds lqUnj uewus lqjf{kr voLFkk esa gSA fojkV
Lo:i dh x#M+ okgu ij cSBh fo".kq dh ewfrZ] fnDiky] ;ejkt dh ewfrZ] vfXu] lw;Z
vkSj dqcsj dh ewfrZ;k° vius okguksa ds rFkk y{k.kksa ls ,slh cuh gS fd os lqUnjrk dh
lhek dks ikj dj xbZA dbZ vIljkvksa dh ewfrZ;ka] ÿhMk] ‹k`axkj] vpZuk vkfn
izfÿ;kvksa ds fofo/k:i gekjs lkeus izLrqr djrh gSA ;s ukjh vkd`fr;ka i'kq&i{kh]
yrk] o`{k okfnfu;ksa dh lgp;kZ ls ,slh ltho yxrh gS fd ekuks ;s thou ds vusd
LoIuksa dks lR; djus tk jgh gSA dqNsd vadu ‹k`axkfjd okluk ds iks"kd gS tks n'kZdksa
dks lglk viuh vkSj vkd`f"kr djrs gSaA19
dksVk esa dUlqvk vFkok d.okJe f'ko iwtk dk lcls izkphu dsUnz FkkA
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 323 170 324 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

;|fi eafnj dk ewy :i u"V gks x;k gSA eafnj dk iwuZfuekZ.k gqvk gS ijUrq prqZeq[k 4- ogh] i`- 140
f'kofyax vius ewy LFkku ij xHkZxzg esa fo|eku gSA blds ikl ,d vU; prqeqZ[k 5- jrupUnz vxzoky] jkek;.k lhUl bu jktLFkku LdYiplZ] 1954 i`- 156&57
f'kofyax rFkk ydqyh'k dh ewfrZ;k° gSA e.Mi ds lkeus dh fHkfŸk esa nks vkSj ewfrZ;k° 6- ,Q- dhyluZ] dUlqvk LVksu bUlfÿI'ku vkWQ f'kox.k fn ekyo bZ;j 795 bZ-
iqjkus vo'ks"kksa esa ls yxkbZ xbZ gS ftlesa ,d ydqyh'k rFkk nwljh u`R;jr x.ks'k dh gSA bf.M;u ,.VhDosjh 19] 1890 i`- 55&62
e.Mi ds izos'k }kj ds fljny ij oS".ko ewfrZ;k° vafdr gSA20 7- ekxZ] jktLFkkuh LdYiplZ] i`- 26] 27
8- ch-,y- 'kekZ] vk-l-b-,-fj- 1925&26 i`- 127] 28
vyoj ds ikM+k uxj o dksVk dh jkex<+ dh ewfrZ;k° esa xqIrdky dh dyk dk
9- iwiqy t;dj uksVl vkWu le LdYiplZ bu lh Vw ,V vkHkkusjh] jktLFkku yfyrdyk]
vkst gS ijUrq LFkkuh; thou vkSj dyk esa Hkh mldk tqM+ko gSA ;g fo'ks"krk muds vad 1&2] 1955&56 i`- 139&44
HkO; psgjs vkSj eksVs 'kjhj ls Li"V gSA cz„k] ljLorh] f'ko&ikoZrh vkfn dk jkex<+ 10- ekxZ jktLFkuh LdYiplZ] i`- 28&32
ds nsoLrj dh ewfrZ;ksa esa vadu eksVk vkSj Hkn~nk gS ijUrq Hkko izn'kZu esa LokHkkfodrk 11- jk; d`".knkl Hkkjrh; ewfrZdyk i`- 133&134
>ydrh gSA bu eafnjks ds xHkZx`g dh ckg~; fHkfŸk dh ewfrZ;k° ,oa vyadj.k vR;Ur 12- ,e-,-<kdh fdjkMq ,.M nh e: xqtZj LVkbZy vkWQ VsEiy vkfdZVsDpj] cqysfVu
izHkko'kkyh gSA nsorkvksa vkSj vIljkvksa dk vadu rFkk vU; lHkh vyadj.kksa esa vk°Q vesfjdu ,dsMeh] cukjl vad&1] QqV uksV 1
lw{erk ,oa yfyR; n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA21 13- ekxZ] jktLFkkuh LdYiplZ i`- 35&50
if'pe jktLFkku esa j.kdiqj dk eafnj 15oha lnh dh mRdh.kZ dyk ds fy,] 14- ogh] i`- 52&53 oksY;qe IV-V
fo'ks"kdj vyad`r vusd [kEHkksa ds fy;s izflº gSA buds lHkk e.Mi dh [kqnkbZ o 15- Hk.Mkjd izks- fj- vk-l-os-l-] 1904&05 i`- 62&63
[kEHkksa dk vyadj.k vkcw ds nsyokM+k ds eafnjks dh 'kSyh ij gSA [kEHkksa o Nrksa ij tks 16- th-,u- 'kekZ] Xyksjht vkWQ esokM+] i`- 36&48
ewfrZ;k° vkSj mRdh.kZ Qwy] ifŸk;k° vkSj tkfy;k° rFkk T;kfefrd vyadj.k gS] os 17- jk; d`".knkl] Hkkjrh; ewfrZdyk i`- 142
gkFkhnkar ij [kqnkbZ ds vuq:i gSa vkSj lQsn iRFkj ij mlh rjg fn[kkbZ nsrs gaSA ;gk° dh 18- uhfyek of'k"B] jktLFkku dh ewfrZdyk ijEijk] 2001 i`- 32
dyk ml dky dk ,d fof'k"V mnkgj.k izLrqr djrh gSA22 19- jfoUnz if.M;k] vFkqZ.kk xkao dk ,d ifjp; i`- 20&35
20- dDdlwfj] ukfHkuUnu&ftuksºkj izcU/k] 'yksd 18&22
15oha lnh ds ckn jktLFkku dh ewfrZdyk esa dksbZ tku ugh jg tkrh gS] ijUrq 21- uhfyek of'k"B] jktLFkku dh ewfrZdyk ijEijk] 2001 i`- 46&47
izkphu ijEijk vkSj mŸkj e/;dkyhu dyk ds lEesyu esa ;g dyk tu&thou] 22- ekxZ] jktLFkku LdYiplZ i`- 66&67 oksY;qe IV-V
njckjh] BkV&ckV] Qwy c°wVs o T;kfefrd vyadj.k ds fn[kkoks ls thfor jghA 23- th&,u- 'kekZ] esokM+ ,.M n eqxy ,EijlZ i`- 197&98
jktLFkku esa bl fLFkfr dk Li"Vhdj.k mn;iqj ds txnh'k ds eafnj vkSj jktuxj dh
ukS pkSfd;ksa ds vyadj.k ls gksrk gSA egkjk.kk txr flag vkSj jkt flag ds izJ; esa
cuus okyk txnh'k dk eafnj vkSj ukS pkSfd;ksa dh mRdh.kZ dyk 17oha lnh dh dyk
'kSyh ds mre mnkgj.k gSA ;gk° nsoh nsorkvksa rFkk vIljkvksa dh ewfrZ;ksa ls eafnj vkSj
ukS pkSdh dk dksuk&dksuk ynk iM+kA uj&ukjh ds eq°g ij ;Fks"V dkseyrk vkSj izlUurk
>ydrh gSA ;gk° dh urZfd;k° dk f=Hkax vkSj pj.k dh eqnzk dks dykdkj us cM+h
lqUnjrk ls mRdh.kZ fd;k gS tks LokHkkfodrk fy;s gq, gSA23
lanHkZ
1- ds-,u-iqjh] ,Ldsfo'ku ,V jsM] i`- 20&30] 45&48
2- esokM+ Fkwz n ,tst] i`- 10&11] dUuk jsM&jaxegy- i`- 104] 146] xks,V~t vkSj
oktisbZ] vyhZ VsjkdksVkt i`- 24&25
3- Mh-vkj- Hk.Mkjdj] Vw LdYiplZ ,V e.Mksj 1905&06 i`- 135
 171
jktLFkku ds ewfrZf'kYi esa ;{k izfrekvksa dk ;ksxnku
MkW- eerk ;kno
nso izklknksa esa Hkkjrh; ewfrZdyk dh ijEijk ds LFkk;h HkaMkj izkIr gksrs gSaA
ewfrZdyk nsorRo ds pj.kksa esa Jºkour HkDrksa ds lkFk gh lkFk f'kYih rFkk r{k.kdkj
ds vn~Hkqr leiZ.k dk ifj.kke gSA1 ewfrZdyk dk vk/kkj lkekftd o /kkfeZd fo'okl
gksrs gSa ftudh izsj.kk ls ewfrZ;ksa dh fo"k;oLrq fu/kkZfjr gksrh gSA jktLFkku esa izpfyr
/kkfeZd fo'oklksa us eafnj fuekZ.k o ewfrZf'kYi dh ijEijvksa dks izHkkfor fd;k] ;gk°°
ij 'kSo] oS".ko eafnjksa o ewfrZ;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk lw;Z] 'kfDr o ;{k izfrek,a Hkh yksdfiz;
,oa iwftr FkhaA izkphu Hkkjr esa ^;{k iwtu* dk i;kZIr egRo FkkA vFkoZosn esa of.kZr
^iq.;tu* ,oa ^brj tu* dks ;{k dk gh i;kZ;okph ekuk x;k gS] blh xzaFk esa dqcsj
oSJo.k dks ;{ks'k] ;{kjkt ,oa ;{ksUnz lEcksf/kr fd;k x;k gSA bls /ku ds b"Vnso ds
:i esa ;{kjkt dgk x;k gSA2 ckn ds lkfgR; esa ;{k&Hkouksa ds lkFk&lkFk ;{kksa dk
tulk/kkj.k ls laca/k Hkh crk;k x;k gSA
Hkxorxhrk3 esa dgk x;k gS ^lRokuq:ik loZL; Jºk Hkofr Hkkjr] Jºke;ks∑;a
iq#"kksa ;ks ;PN™% l ,o l%A ;tUrs lkfRodk nsoku ;{k j{kkafl jktlk%A* nso iwtk
oSfnd Fkh] ;gk°a lkfRod dgh xbZ gS] ;{k iwtk ftls jktl dgk x;k gS lk/kkj.k tu
esa izpfyr FkhA ;{kksa dks vykSfdd lRo ekuk tkrk Fkk tks izk;% o`{kksa esa fuokl djrs
Fks vkSj izlUu gksus ij vusd lkalkfjd dkeukvksa dh iwfrZ dk oj nsrs Fks] os vusd
LFkkuksa ij LFkku nsork vFkok dqy nsork ds :i esa izfrf"Br FksA ;e vkSj 'kÿ ds lkFk
mudk fo'ks"k laca/k FkkA dHkh os vfu"Vdkjh Hkh gks ldrs Fks vkSj vkos'k ds dkj.k Hkh
cu tkrs FksA ;f{kf.k;ksa esa vIljkvksa dk lkn`'; ns[kk tk ldrk gSA4 dqN ;{k ckn esa
czk„.k vkSj ckSº nsorkvksa esa :ikarfjr ik;s tkrs gSa vkSj mudk izHkko izfrek fo/kku dh
ijaijk o rkaf=d iºfr;ksa ij ns[kk tk ldrk gSA5 bZlk iwoZ dh 'krkfCn;ksa dh ;{k
izfrek,as fo'kkydk; ,oa iq#L=œfr;ksa ls cM+h gSaA buesa iVuk] in~ekorh] ij[ke]
cM+knS k vkfn dh ;{k ewfrZ;k° fo'ks"k :i ls mYys[kuh; gSa fdarq eSaus bl 'kks/k i= esa
jktLFkku esa ;{k izfrekvksa ds v/;;u dks dsUnzfcUnq esa j[kk gSA vr% esjk fo'ks"k /;ku
;gk°° dh ;{k&;f{k.kh izfrekvksa o muds f'kYi lkS"Bo o.kZu ij jgsxkA jktLFkku ds
ewfrZf'kYi esa ;{k izfrekvksa dk foLrkj ls mYys[k ;{k&;f{k.kh izfrekvksa ij vk/kkfjr
eafnjksa o ewfrZ;ksa esa gh ugha vfirq vU; 'kSo] oS .ko o tSu eafnjksa o ewfrZf'kYi esa Hkh
fdlh u fdlh :i esa pkgs lgk;d rRo gks ;k eq[; rRo] ;{kksa dk ;ksxnku jgk gSA
326 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
'kqaxdkyhu dyk dk izfrfuf/kRo djus okyh ;{k izfrek,as jktLFkku dh
Hkkjrh; ewfrZ foKku dks vuqie nsu gSA uksg] v?kkiqj] ohjkobZ] lksxj] ihjuxj vkfn
LFkyksa ls izkIr ;{k&;{kh dh yxHkx vk/kh ntZu ewfrZ;k° Hkjriqj laxzgky; esa lqjf{kr
gSaA6 jktLFkku ds izkphu izLrj dyk ds {ks= esa ^uksg* Hkjriqj ls izkIr ;{k ewfrZ dk
mYys[kuh; LFkku gS tks uksg xzke ds ckgj rkykc ds fdukjs iwtk gsrq fo|eku gS] bl
ewfrZ esa ;{kjkt dk nkfguk gkFk ≈ij mBk gS vkSj ck;ka gkFk dej ij j[kk gS] flj ij
cky ck;ha vksj twM+k cka/ks gq, fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA xys esa nks piVsa gkj 'kksHkk;eku gSa] piVs
xzScs;d dh yfM+;ksa ds Nksj ij ihNs iq"ixqPN yVdk gS] lkeus dqEHk le mHkjs isV ij
mnjcUn o dej ij /kksrh dks dejca/k }kjk laHkky j[kk gS] gkFkksa ds dad.k o ≈ij
^li=* ds;wj fo'ks"k vkd"kZd gSaA uksg xzkeoklh yxHkx 2200 o"kks± ds mijkar vkt
Hkh bl fo'kky izfrek dh tkD[k (laLd`r 'kCn ^;{k*) uke ls iwtk djrs gSa] ;g
vkt Hkh xzke nsork] j{kd o ikyd gSaA xzke dh le`fº o [kq'kgkyh dk Js; bl
tkD[k ckck (;{kjkt) dks gh izkIr gSA7
,d vU; izfrek tks dq"kk.kdkyhu gS] Hkjriqj ds lehiLFk ^v?kkiqj* uked
xzke ls feyh Fkh tks vktdy Hkjriqj laxzgky; ds iqjkrRo d{k esa lqjf{kr gS] ;gk°a
ij rqf.My ;{k us vius flj ij Vksdjh mBk j[kh gS] piVk xzoS s;d] eq[k ij eqLdqjkgV
dk Hkko] cM+h ewaNsa] dqEHkksnj Hkko bR;kfn dyk lkS"Bo dks c<+k jgs gSaA eaMksj ls
izkIr o tks/kiqj laxzgky; esa lqjf{kr yxHkx 13 QhV šps xqIrdkyhu izLrj LraHk
ij œ".kyhyk dh >kafd;k° izLrqr dh xbZ gSa ftuesa yxHkx 9 QqV ≈°ps LFky ij
xkso/kZu/kkjh n`'; vafdr gS] blh n`'; esa fgald i'kqvksa ds lkFk&lkFk v'oeq[kh ;{kh
Hkh fo|eku gS tks eq[; izfrek esa ^lgk;d vax* ds :i esa r{k.kdkj }kjk izLrqr dh
xbZ gSA
;{kjkt ,oa v"V fnDikyksa dh Js.kh esa /kun dqcsj8 czk„.k] tSu o ckSº lHkh
erkoyafc;ksa ds fy;s iwT; gSaA jktLFkku ds ewfrZf'kYi esa Hkh dqcsj dk i;kZIr vadu
fd;k x;k gS ftlesa vkluLFk nso ds ,d gkFk esa le`fº dk lwpd fctksjk Qy
fo|eku gS vkSj nwljs gkFk esa #i;ksa dh FkSyh ftls ^uksyh* dgk tkrk gSA bl rjg dh
xqIr dkyhu izfrek dkeka (Hkjriqj) ls feyh gS tks orZeku esa yanu ds foDVksfj;k
,YcVZ E;wft;e esa iznf'kZr gSA ,d vU; iwoZe/;dkyhu dqcsj izfrek fpŸkkSM+ esa ck°lh
uked LFkku ls feyh gS] bl dykœfr esa xtokgu ij vklhu dqcsj ds eqdqV ds
e/; esa y?kq ftukœfr mRdh.kZ gS ftlds ek/;e ls r{k.kdkj us tSu dqcsj izfrek dh
vfHkO;fDr dj blds egRo dks crk;k gSA fpŸkkSM+ nqxZ ds dkfydk ekrk eafnj esa xaxk
;equk o izfrgkjksa dh ewfrZ;k° mRdh.kZ gSa] buesa yksdikyksa esa dqcsj vkSj ;e dh ewfrZ;k°
vafdr gSaA
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 327
dqEHk ';ke eafnj esa Hkh fnDiky izfrekvksa dh :i'kk[kk ij u`R; djrs gq,
izeFk] laxhrK] ;f{k.kh vkSj ekyk/kkjh ;qxy vafdr gSaA9 blh izdkj lek/kh'oj eafnj
ds osnh ca/k ds ujFkj ,oa dqEHkd rFkk ta?kk ij tSu 'kklu nsfo;ksa ,oa ;{k&;f{kf.k;ksa
dh ewfrZ ds vk/kkj ij bls tSu eafnj ekuk gSA10 vkesj esa vafcds'oj eafnj ds ikl gh
dY;k.kjk; eafnj gS tks yxHkx 8oha 'krkCnh dk gS] bl eafnj dh }kj'kk[kk ds
vyadj.kksa esa i=oYyh] ukxoYyh] :i'kk[kk] LraHk vkfn dk vadu gS] }kj'kk[kk ds
fupys Hkkx ij vIljk;sa] ekyk/kkjh ;qxy ,oa }kj ds nksuksa vksj nks Hknzd LraHk gSa] nksuksa
LraHkksa ij cM+s vkdkj dh ;f{k.kh vkœfr;k° ,oa flj ij NksVh ;{kh vkœfr;k° gSa]
vkesj dh bu ewfrZ;ksa dh rqyuk vkHkkusjh ds g"kZrekrk eafnj dh ewfrZ;ksa ls dh tk
ldrh gS tks ledkyhu izrhr gksrh gSA11 'kSo ewfrZ;ksa ds ewrZ :ikadu esa izkjafHkd fyax
:i ij f'ko dh vkœfr lkekU;r% ;{kkœfr ds leku gh vafdr dh tkrh FkhA Vh-
,- xksihukFk jko us xqfMeYye~ ds eq[kfyax (izFke 'krkCnh bZ-iw-) ij vafdr f'ko dh
vkœfr rFkk lk°ph dh ,d ;{k izfrek esa12 lkE; dh vksj /;ku vkœ"V fd;k gSA
f'ko dks ;{k ds :i esa f'kofyaxksa ij vafdr djus dh ijEijk jktLFkku esa mŸkj
xqIrdkyhu f'kofyaxksa rd fujUrj izkIr gksrh gSA xkeM+h13 (Hkjriqj) esa ,d f'kofyax
ij nks c`gnksnj ;{k vafdr gSaA bl izdkj ds f'kofyax vR;Ur fojy gSaA pkSeka
(caMiqjk] jktLFkku) ls izkIr ,d f'kofyax ij f'ko ls lkE; j[krh gqbZ ;{k izfrek]
yEch xnZu okyk ty ik=] L=heq[k o flag vafdr gSA
tSu lkfgR; ,oa dyk esa fgUnw nsork ftu rhFk±djksa ds ik'oZ nsorkvksa ds :i esa
muds vuqpj ds leku fn[kk;s tkrs gSaA tSu izfrek&foKku ds xzaFkksa esa bUgsa ;{k rFkk
;f{k.kh14 ds uke ls vfHkfgr fd;k x;k gS tks fnxEcj o 'osrkEcj rhFk±djksa ds j{kd
gSa] 24 ;{k rFkk ;f{kf.k;ksa dh izfrek] oSKkfud fo'ks"krk,a rFkk muds ewrZ :ikadu ls
;g izekf.kr gksrk gS fd os fgUnw nso ifjokj ls fy;s x;s gSa] tSls 'khryukFk rhFk±dj
dk cz„;{k] x#M+ ij vk:<+ xkseq[k;{k rFkk bZ'oj ;{kksa dh ewfrZ;k° ÿe'k% cz„]
fo".kq rFkk f'ko dh lR; izfrfyfi;k° izrhr gksrh gSaA blh izdkj ;f{k.kh pÿs'ojh]
xkSjh vkSj dkyh dh tSu ewfrZ;k° fgUnw ekr`dkvksa dh gh izfr:i gSa tks ÿe'k% oS".koh]
ekgs'ojh o dkyh gSaA15
jktLFkku esa izpfyr nsoh Lo:iksa esa {kseadjh rFkk oV ;f{k.kh Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSa
ftuesa {kseadjh dh izfrek,sa rks txr ds vafcdk eafnj16 ls] g"kZukFk (lhdj) eafnj ls
izkIr gSa fdarq nqHkkZX;o'k ?kks.Vokf"kZd (izrkix<+) dk oV ;f{k.kh dk eafnj vkt
fo|eku ugha gS fdUrq egsUnziky f}rh; ds vfHkys[k ls ;g vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk
gS fd oV ;f{k.kh dh bl eafnj esa iwtk gksrh Fkh] bl vfHkys[k ds dqN 'yksdksa esa ls
172 328 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
,d nsoh efg"kefnZuh Lo:i17 dk o.kZu djrk gS tks laHkor% oV ;f{k.kh efg"kefnZuh
dk LFkkuh; ukedj.k FkkA
eafnj LFkkiR; ds vyadj.k esa JhdqekjLokeh us xaxk&;equk dh ewfrZ;ksa dk
fodkl 'kkyHkaftdk ;{kh ls [kkstk gS] 'kkyHkaftdk ;{kh dh vkœfr f=Hkaxh eqnzk esa
o`{k ds uhps [kM+h gqbZ vafdr dh tkrh Fkh] ;s xaxk&;equk izfrekvksa ls dkQh lkE;
j[krh gSaA bl rjg dh ewfrZ;k° jktLFkku esa fpŸkkSMx+ <+] vksfl;ka] ckMksyh ds eafnjksa ls]
ukxnk] txr vkfn ls izkIr gqbZ gSaA
blh izdkj dqN izLrj Qydksa ij ,d lkFk x.kifr] y{eh ,oa dqcsj dks
iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSa tks fpj&le`fº ds |ksrd gSaA ,d ,slh izLrj f'kyk vkHkkusjh ls
feyh tks orZeku vkesj laxzgky; esa fo|eku gSA vksfl;ka ds fiIyknekrk eafnj esa
x.ks'k o efg"kefnZuh izfrekvksa ds e/; dqcsj izfrek j[kh gS tks 8&9oha 'krh dh izrhr
gksrh gSA ;gk°a dqcsj dh izs;lh gkjhfr mudh ta?kk ij fojkteku gSA xk°/kkj dyk esa
dqcsj&gkjhfr dh izfrek,as izpqjrk ls feyh gSa tks le`fº dk lwpd gSA jktLFkku ds
izkphu Hkouksa] eafnjksa ds xHkx`gksa ds ckgj ta?kk Hkkx ij fnDiky dqcsj izfrek,sa izkIr gqbZ
gSa tks j{kd ,oa le`fº dh |ksrd gSA
;FkkFkZr% ;{k iwtk dh izkphu ijEijk jktLFkku esa vusd Lo:iksa esa izdV
gksdj orZeku rd v{kq..k gSA jktLFkkuh vketu ds fy, ;{k vFkkZr~ tD[k ;k tkD[k
rks iw.kZ le`fº] lqj{kk dk izrhd gksdj mudk =krk ,oa b"Vnso gS lkFk gh dykRed
vyadj.k esa ,oa okLrqxr lkS"Bo esa viuh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkdj izfrek'kkL= dk
vuwBk igyw Hkh cuk gSA vkt Hkh vusd LFkkuksa ij ohj ds uke ls ;{k dk pkSjk feyrk
gSA vr% tulk/kkj.k dk fo'okl gS fd ;{k lewps lekt ds 'kqHksPNq] ikyd ,oa
j{kd gSA
lUnHkZ
1- JhokLro] fot;'kadj] jktLFkku ds izlax esa e/;dkyhu ewfrZf'kYi vo/kkj.kk ,oa
vFkZoŸkk] 1 ekpZ] 1991] jktLFkku yfyr dyk vdkneh] t;iqj] i`- 1
2- vFkoZons ] 10@2@29&33
3- Hkxon~xhrk] 17@3&4
4- ik.Ms;] MkW- xksfoUnpUnz] ckSº /keZ ds fodkl dk bfrgkl] iape laLdj.k] fgUnh
laLFkku] y[ku≈] mŸkjizns'k] 2010] i`- 18&19
5- dqekjLokeh] ;{kt] Hkkx 2
6- JhokLro] fot;'kadj] ikjaifjd ewfrZdyk] jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] t;iqj]
i`- 59
7- prqosZnh] f=yksdukFk (la-)] jktLFkku oSHko] Hkkjrh; laLœfr ,oa lao/kZu ifj"kn~] ubZ
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 329 173
fnYyh] i`- 178&179
8- ogh] i`- 179&180
9- ekbLVj vkSj <kdh] ,ulkbDyksihfM;k vkWQ ekyk/kkj ;qxy] vesfjdu baLVhV~;wV œ".k yhyk dk dFkkRed vadu&vksfl;k° ds
vkWQ bafM;u LVMht vkWQ bafM;u VsEiy vkfdZVsDpj ukFkZ bafM;k] vkWDlQksMZ
;wfuoflZVh izsl] ubZ fnYyh] 1991] i`- 295 eafnjksa ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa
10- 'kekZ] xksihukFk] jktLFkku bfrgkl ds lzksr] jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] t;iqj] MkW- fjrq iwfu;k
1973] i`- 85&86
11- ekbLVj] vkacsj~l ,aVhfDoVht % VsDLV ,aM daVsDLV ikFkost Vw fyVjspj vkVZ ,.M
/kkfeZd vkSj lkaLd`frd xfrfof/k;ksa ds dkj.k vksfl;k° lEiw.kZ jktLFkku esa
vkfdZ;ksyksth] flag] pUnzef.k ,oa of'k"B] uhfyek (la-)] Hkkx 2] ifCyds'ku Ldhe]
lqfo[;kr jgk gS] tks tks/kiqj ls 65 fd-eh- mŸkj&if'pe esa fLFkr ,d NksVk xzke gSA
t;iqj] 1991] i`- 192&195
eFkqjk] lkjukFk] ,yksjk] Hkqous'oj] ,gksy] cknkeh] [ktqjkgks dh rjg vksfl;k° Hkh iwoZ
12- jko] Vh-,- xksihukFk] ,fyes.V~l vkWQ fgUnw vkbdksuksxzkQh] 2] 1] i`- 68
13- vxzoky] jkepUnz] xkeM+h dk vf}rh; f'kofyax] 'kks/k if=dk] XXII] (1)] 1972]
e/;dky dk ,d izeq[k dyk dsUnz Fkk] tgk° 8oha ls 12oha lnh ds e/; ds eafnj vkSj
i`- 67&70 muesa fofHkUu Hkkxksa ij mRdh.kZ ewfrZ;k° lqjf{kr gSaA
14- tSu] ,l-ds-] le dkWeu ,yhesaV~l bu tSu ,.M fgUnw iSfUFk;u&;{kkt ,.M ;f{k.kht] vksfl;ka ds eafnj d`".k yhykvksa ds dFkkRed vadu dh n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ
tSu ,.VhDosjh] XVIII] (2) 1952] i`- 32&35 LFkku j[krs gSaA d`".kyhyk ds n`'; vius fo"k; vkSj fu:i.k dh n`f"V ls dykRedrk
15- of'k"B] uhfyek] jktLFkku dh ewfrZdyk ijEijk] fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] t;iqj] 2001] ds fy, izrhr gksrs gSaA ;gk° ;g ckr mYys[kuh; gS fd tgk° [ktqjkgks] ,yksjk vkfn
i`- 132 LFkyksa ij dFkkRed vadu ds vUrxZr jkek;.k] egkHkkjr] d`".kyhyk ls lacaf/kr
16- <kdh] ,e-,-] {kseadjh & n dYV best vkWQ vafcdk VsEiy txr] fo-b-t- VI] n`';ksa dk yxHkx lkFk&lkFk vadu gqvk gS] ogha vksfl;k° esa dsoy d`".kyhyk ds
1968] i`- 117&120 n`';ksa dk gh foLr`r vadu feyrk gSA vksfl;k° esa jkedFkk ls lacaf/kr fdlh Hkh n`';
17- vks>k] xkSjh'kadj ghjkpUn] izrkix<+ bUlfÿI'ku vkWQ n Vkbe vkWQ izfrgkj fdax dk u feyuk bl n`f"V ls vk'p;Ztud vkSj bl {ks= esa fo".kq ds fofHkUu vorkjksa
egsUnziky f}rh; vkWQ egksn;] laor~ 1003] ,ihxzkfQ;k bf.Mdk] XIV] 1917&18] esa d`".k dh yksdfiz;rk dk ifjpk;d gSA bl n`f"V ls fo".kq ds vorkj ewfrZ;ksa esa
i`- 176&188] 'yksd 3 Hkh jke dk vadu u feyuk mYys[kuh; gSA vksfl;k° esa eq[;r% vkBoha&uoha
'krkCnh bZLoh ds eafnjksa ij gh d`".kyhyk ds n`';ksa dk mRdh.kZu gqvk gS tks vU;
ledkyhu dsUnzksa dh rqyuk esa fu%lansg vf/kd foLr`r] lqfu;ksftr] ijEijkfufnZ"V
vkSj egRoiw.kZ gSA
nsodhiq= d`".k fo".kq ds vkBosa vorkj ekus x, gSaA oklqnso ds lkFk d`".k ds
lehdj.k dh fuf'pr tkudkjh izkIr ugha gksrh gS fdUrq ikf.kuh }kjk mfYyf[kr
œ".k.kk;u xks= ls oklqnso dk laca/k LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA laHkor% ;kno œ".k dh
ijEijk dkykarj esa oklqnso œ".k ls tksMh+ xbZ tks o`f".kuk;d ds :i esa iwftr Fks vkSj
ftUgsa fo".kq ds vorkj ds :i esa LFkku izkIr gqvkA1 loZKkr gS fd œ".k dks lad"kZ.k]
iz|qEu] lkEc o vfu:º ds lkFk muds HkDrksa ,oa iz'kaldksa }kjk nsoRo iznku fd;k
x;k vkSj os o`f".k&dqy ds iapohj dgs x,A2 bl :i esa œ".k ds iwtu dh izkphurk
yxHkx pkSFkh&rhljh bZ-iw- ls Kkr gSA œ".k ds thoupfjr ds fo"k; esa gfjoa'k]
Hkkxor rFkk fo".kqiqjk.k vkfn vusd xzaFkksa esa fooj.k feyrk gSA bu iqjk.kksa esa œ".k dh
yksdjatd yhykvksa dk fo'kn~ o.kZu gqvk gSA œ".k yhyk n`';ksa dk jktLFkku esa
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 331
izkphure mnkgj.k vksfl;k° ds lehi eaMkjs uked LFkku ls izkIr gqvk gSA vksfl;k° esa
œ".k ds cky&yhyk n`';ksa esa œ".k ds tUe] xksdqy izLFkku ls ysdj pk.kqj ,oa
eqf"Vd ls eYy ;qº vkSj lwrykseg"kZ.k o/k rd ds n`';ksa dk vadu gqvk gSA NksVh
/kksrh] dqaMy] ds;wj] gkj] dkdi{k 'kSyh dh ds'k jpuk] œ".k vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds
lkFk mRdh.kZ i'kq vkd`fr;k° xfr'khy o lqanj gSaA mYys[kuh; gS fd ?kVukvksa ds
izn'kZu esa Hkkxoriqjk.k esa of.kZr ÿe dks f'kYih us /;ku esa j[kdj n`';ksa dk fu:i.k
ugha fd;k gSA
izLrqr 'kks/k i= esa vksfl;k° esa œ".kyhyk n`';ksa dh fo"k;xr ,d:irk dks
ns[krs gq, vyx&vyx fo"k;ksa dk Lora= v/;;u fofHkUu eafnjksa ij muds f'kYikadu
dh n`f"V ls fd;k x;k gSA
œ".k tUe ,oa xksdqyxeu % gfjgj eafnj&1 ds mŸkjh d.B ij izFke n`'; esa
canhx`g ds v/k[kqys dikV ds nwljh vksj izlwfr x`g dk n`';kadu gS ftlesa iq"ikrad`r
'kf;dk ij nk,° djoV ysVh nsodh uotkr f'k'kq dks Lruiku djk jgh gSA nsodh]
/kksrh] laojs ds'k o dqaMy ls lq'kksfHkr gSA canhx`g esa gh ,d vksj oklqnso }kjk ckyd
œ".k dks vadL; vkSj v/k[kqys dikV dh vksj xeu djrs fn[kk;k x;k gSA dikV ds
ckgj ,d izgjh [kM+x fy, [kM+k gSA gfjgj eafnj f}rh; o fo".kq eafnj izFke esa izgjh
vklhu ;k lqIrkoLFkk esa iznf'kZr gSA vksfl;k° esa œ".k tUe ds dqy 6 mnkgj.k gSaA3
xksdqy xeu n`'; dk lw;Z eafnj&3 ij jkspd vadu gSA gfjgj eafnj&1 esa
;'kksnk ds gkFkksa esa ckfydk dk ladsr nsus ds fy, f'k'kq dks ukjh o{k ls ;qDr Hkh
fn[kk;k x;k gSA vksfl;k° esa œ".k tUe dk ftruk foLr`r vadu gqvk gS mruk vU;
fdlh LFky ij fn[kkbZ ugha nsrkA [ktqjkgks esa œ".k tUe ls lacaf/kr n`'; dh igpku
dsoy 'ka[k vkSj in~e tSls oS".ko ykaNuksa vkSj Lruiku djkrh ek°&f'k'kq dh vkd`fr;ksa
ds vk/kkj ij dh xbZ gSA4
ek[kupksjh % œ".k tUe ds i'pkr~ œ".k }kjk ek[ku pksjh ;k ;'kksnk ds
nf/keaFku dk n`';kadu gSA izLrqr n`'; fo".kq eafnj&1 vkSj 5 ij izkIr ugha gSA n`'; esa
,d vklu ij izlUufpr uan dh vkd`fr vklhu gS] lehi gh ;'kksnk nkf/keaFku dj
jgh gSA cky:i œ".k dks ik= ls ek[ku fudkyrs fu:fir fd;k x;k gSA gfjgj
eafnj&2 ds n`'; esa œ".k dh NksVh vkd`fr ek[ku ik= ij p<+dj eD[ku fudkyrs
iznf'kZr gSA5 lw;Z eafnj&3 esa izLrqr n`'; esa ;'kksnk ds vfrfjDr vU; fdlh L=h dk
vadu ugha gqvk gSA n`'; ls lacaf/kr ek[ku ik=] eFkkuh vkSj eFkkuh esa iz;qDr jTtq
vkfn dk vR;ar LokHkkfod vadu gfjgj eafnj&1 vkSj lw;Z eafnj&3 esa fn[kkbZ nsrk
gSA
;ksxek;k o/k % gfjgj eafnj&1 ij mijksDr n`'; ds i'pkr~ ;ksxek;k o/k dk
174 332 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
n`';kadu gSA izLrqr n`'; ds mnkgj.k gfjgj eafnj 2&3 ,oa fo".kq eafnj&1 ij Hkh gSaA
gfjgj eafnj&1 ds mnkgj.k esa dal dks xfr'khy eqnzk esa ;ksxek;k dk o/k djus ds
mn~ns'; ls iSjksa ls ckfydk dks idM+s vkSj f'kyk ij iVdus dh eqnzk esa vafdr fd;k
x;k gSA gfjgj eafnj&2 ds n`';kadu esa bl vkd`fr dks dal ds gkFkksa ls fudy tkus
dh fLFkfr esa fn[kk;k x;k gS tks 'kkL=h; ijEijk ds vuq:i gSA6
gfjgj eafnj&3 ds mnkgj.k esa dal ds ihNs ,d L=h laHkor% nsodh dh
vkd`fr cuh gSA fo".kq eafnj&1 esa dal dks oklqnso ls ckfydk dks izkIr djrs fn[kk;k
x;k gS tks œ".kyhyk ds vaduksa esa nqyZHk gSA izLrqr mnkgj.k esa ckfydk ds fy,
oklqnso dks nkfgus ik'oZ esa [kM+x/kkjh iq#"k [kM+k gS tks laHkor% oklqnso ls dal dks
f'k'kq nsus dks dg jgk gSA blds i'pkr~ dal dks ckfydk fy, fn[kk;k x;k gSA izLrqr
n`'; dh igpku ekbdsy MCY;w ekbZLVj us r`.kkorZo/k ds :i esa dh gSA7 vkj-Mh-
f=osnh us bl n`'; dh igpku ;ksxek;k o/k ls dh gSA8
iwruko/k % gfjgj eafnj&1 esa ;ksxek;k o/k ds i'pkr~ iwruko/k9 dk vadu
gqvk gS ftlesa Hk;adj Lo:ik iwruk ,d eafpdk ij v/kZi;±dklhu iznf'kZr gSA
dadky Lo:ik] foLQkfjr us=] /kls diksy] ≈/oZds'k okyh jk{klh dk Lruiku
djrs œ".k Hkwfe ij [kM+s gSaA iwruko/k dk izkphure ewrZ mnkgj.k cknkeh dh xqQkvksa
(NBh 'krh bZ-) ls izkIr gSA e/;dkyhu izk;% lHkh dyk dsUnzksa ij œ".kyhyk ds
n`';ksa esa izLrqr n`'; i;kZIr yksdfiz; jgk gSA jktLFkku esa vksfl;k° ds vfrfjDr eaMksj]
dsdhUn rFkk vV: ls Hkh bl n`'; ds mnkgj.k feys gSaA10
;eyktqZu mºkj % iwruko/k ds i'pkr~ ik°pksa izkjafHkd eafnjksa ij ;eyktqZu
mºkj n`'; vafdr gSA izLrqr n`'; esa ckyd œ".k dks vis{kkd`r cM+s Lo:i esa nks
o`{kksa (;ey vkSj vtqZu) ds e/; vks[kyh ls ca/ks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA gfjgj eafnj&2 esa
nksuksa o`{kksa ds e/; dk varjky lqanj gSA lw;Z eafnj&3 o gfjgj eafnj&3 ij Hkh blh
izdkj dk vadu gSA n`';kadu dh n`f"V ls gfjgj eafnj&2 dk mnkgj.k loksZRd`"V gSA
vksfl;k° ds lekukUrj vadu cknkeh rFkk lhjiqj esa Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA11 vksfl;k° ds
izLrqr n`'; esa œ".k lkekU; y{k.kksa okys gSaA
'kdVHkax % ;eyktqZu mºkj ds i'pkr~ 'kdVHkax dk n`'; gS ftldh dFkk
Hkkxoriqjk.k esa of.kZr gSA12 izLrqr n`'; eafnjksa dh vuqiafDr esa rFkk lw;Z eafnj&3 ds
vUrjky Hkkx ds if'peh daB ds d.kZ Hkkx ij mRdh.kZ gSA gfjgj eafnj&1 ds
mnkgj.k esa 'kf;dk ij oke Hkqtk ds lgkjs ysVs œ".k] lehi [kM+h xksi vkd`fr vkSj
œ".k ds iSj ds /kDds ls myVrh gqbZ xkM+h ij j[kk ?kV fxjus dh fLFkfr esa lqanjrk ls
vafdr fd;k x;k gSA gfjgj eafnj&3 esa 'kdVHkax dh dFkk dk lokZf/kd lqanj vadu
gSA lw;Z eafnj&3 ds mnkgj.k esa œ".k dks nksuksa iSjksa ls xkM+h dks myVrs iznf'kZr fd;k
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 333
x;k gSA
izyEcklqjo/k % izyEcklqjo/k dk vadu Hkkjrh; f'kYi esa vR;Yi gSA vksfl;k°
esa izLrqr n`'; ik°pksa izkjafHkd eafnjksa ij izkIr gksrk gSA bl n`'; esa xksiksa ds lkFk
ÿhM+kjr œ".k o cyjke dh vkd`fr;k° gSaA izyEcklqj cyjke dks dU/kksa ij mBkdj
ÿhM+kLFky ls nwjs ys tkrs fn[kk;k x;k gS tcfd cyjke mlds diV dks tkudj
mlds "kM~;a= dks vlQy cuk jgs gSaA13 cyjke }kjk izyEcklqj ds o/k dh dFkk
fo".kq o Hkkxor iqjk.kksa14 esa of.kZr gSA vksfl;k° esa izLrqr n`'; dks dqN fHkUurk ds lkFk
izk;% lHkh eafnjksa ij fn[kk;k x;k gSA
vfj"Vklqj ,oa ds'kho/k & vksfl;k° esa vfj"Vklqj o ds'kho/k dk n`';kadu
,d lkFk gqvk gSA gfjgj eafnj&1 rFkk lw;Z eafnj&3 esa bu nksuksa vlqjksa ds ÿe esa
izFker% vfj"Vklqj o/k rRi'pkr~ ds'kh o/k dk vadu gS tcfd vU; eafnjksa esa ;g
ÿe mYVk gSA nksuksa n`';ksa esa 'kfDr izn'kZu rFkk xfr'khyrk dk Hkko izHkko'kkyh :i esa
fn[kk;k x;k gSA lw;Z eafnj&3 ds mnkgj.k esa vfj"V vkd`fr vis{kkd`r Hkkjh&Hkjde
rFkk œ".k dks mldk eq[k nckrs gq, mRdh.kZ fd;k x;k gSA eaMksj rFkk cknkeh dh
xqQkvksa ls izkIr n`'; esa Hkh blh izdkj dk vadu feyrk gSA15 gfjgj eafnj&2 esa œ".k
ck,a gkFk ls ds'kh dk eq[k idM+s rFkk nkfgus gkFk ls ml ij izgkj djrs iznf'kZr gSaA
fo".kq eafnj&5 esa mijksDr ?kVuk dk vf/kd ltho o.kZu gqvk gSA Hkkxoriqjk.k esa Hkh
ds'kh ds eq[k esa œ".k }kjk gkFk Mkydj mlds o/k dk mYys[k gSA16
xkso/kZu /kkj.k % lw;Z eafnj&3 ds nf{k.kh d.kZ Hkkx esa vkSj vU; eafnjksa dh
vuqiafDr esa œ".k }kjk xkso/kZu /kkj.k dk n`'; mRdh.kZ gSA Hkkxoriqjk.k esas bUnz ds
ekuenZu ds fy, xkso/kZu ioZr dks œ".k }kjk mBk, tkus dh dFkk izkIr gksrh gSA17
gfjgj eafnj&1 esa lkekU; :i ls œ".k vius ck,a gkFk ij ioZr mBk, fn[kk,
x, gSa vkSj muds ik'oZ esa x≈,a œ".k dh vksj LokHkkfodrk ls ns[krs gq, mRdh.kZ gSA
gfjgj eafnj&2 esa Hkh cgqr dqN ;gh n`'; vafdr gSA lw;Z eafnj&3 ds n`';kadu esa
dV~;koyfEcr xkso/kZu/kkjh œ".k dh lgk;rk muds ik'oks± dh xksfi;k° dj jgh gSA
,slk mnkgj.k vU;= ns[kus dks ugha feyrkA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd lgk;rk djrh
vkd`fr;ksa dks fn[kkdj f'kYih us vksfl;k° ds œ".kyhyk n`';ksa esa uohurk ykus dk
iz;kl fd;k gSA
/ksuqdo/k % vksfl;k° ds eafnjksa ij /ksuqdo/k dh dFkk dk foLrkje; vadu
gqvk gSA Hkkxoriqjk.k esa cyjke }kjk /ksuqdo/k dk mYys[k gS]18 ij vksfl;k° esa œ".k
o cyjke nksuksa dks /ksuqdo/k ds n`';ksa esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA gfjgj eafnj&1 ds mnkgj.k
esa /ksuqd dks œ".k ij izgkj djus ds mn~ns'; ls Nykax yxkrs vkSj nwljs LFkku ij o`{k
ds uhps e`r iM+s fn[kk;k x;k gSA Bhd ,slh gh vkd`fr gfjgj eafnj&2 esa Hkh
175 334 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
vkdkfjr gSA19 gfjgj eafnj&3 ij izLrqr n`'; dk foLrkje; ,oa vR;ar lqanj vadu
gqvk gSA
dkfyk;neu % vksfl;k° ds œ".kyhyk n`';ksa esa dkfyk;neu dk lokZf/kd
foLrkj ds lkFk vadu gqvk gSA nks Hkkxksa esa mRdh.kZ izLrqr dFkkud esa dnEc o`{k ls
œ".k dks dwndj dkfy;ukx dk neu djrs vkSj dkfy;k ds fouk'k ls Hk;Hkhr
mldh ifRu;ksa vkSj Lo;a dkfy; }kjk {kek;kpuk dk vadu gqvk gSA20 gfjgj eafnj&1
esa œ".k dks o`{k ij p<+rs rFkk o`{k ls ;equk ds ty esa dwnus dks m|r vkSj ckn esa
dkfy;k o œ".k dks ;qºjr fn[kk;k x;k gSA /;krO; gS fd f'kYih us o`{k ij p<+rs
œ".k ds cky:i vkSj dkfy;k ls ;qºjr œ".k dks ;qok :i esa iznf'kZr fd;k gS tks
f'kYih }kjk œ".k dh cky Lo:i piyrk vkSj ;qok :i esa yksd dY;k.k ds Hkko dh
vfHkO;fDr gSA bl n`'; esa xfr'khyrk o LokHkkfodrk dk vHkko gSA
dqoy;kihM o/k % bl n`'; dk vR;ar izHkko'kkyh vadu vksfl;k° esa gqvk
gSA izLrqr n`'; esa dqoy;kihM uked xt o œ".k dh vkd`fr larqfyr :i esa
mRdh.kZ gSA lw;Z eafnj&3 esa gkFkh dh rqyuk esa œ".k dh vkd`fr cM+h fn[kkbZ xbZ gSA
gfjgj eafnj&1 esa nkSM+rs gq, gkFkh dh lwaM idM+s œ".k mls jksdus dk iz;kl dj jgs gSa
tcfd gkFkh vius nksuksa iSj mBk, œ".k ij izgkj djus dh eqnzk esa mRdh.kZ gSA fo".kq
eafnj&1 esa NksVs vkdkj esa n`'; dk vadu gS] ftlesa œ".k dks gkFkh ds nk°r m[kkM+rs
fn[kk;k x;k gSA21
laxhr n`'; % dqoy;kihMo/k ds i'pkr~ œ".k vkSj cyjke ds dal dh
jax'kkyk esa igq°pus dk n`';kadu gSA izLrqr n`'; esa dbZ vkd`fr;k° g"kksZYykl ls
ok|oknu (<iyh] e`nax] eathjk) djrh vkSj u`R;jr fn[kk;h xbZ gSA ;g laHkor%
œ".k ds eFkqjk vkxeu ij uxjokfl;ksa ds g"kkZfrjsd dk ewrZ fp=.k gSA izLrqr
vkd`fr;k° Hkkxoriqjk.k ds fooj.k ds vuq:i gSa ftlesa œ".k ds eFkqjk vkxeu ij
eFkqjkokfl;ksa ds vkuan vkSj mYykl dk lanHkZ gSA22
pk.kwjo/k % œ".kyjyk ds vafre n`'; esa dal dh jax'kkyk esa œ".k ds
pk.kwj ls eYy ;qº vkSj œ".k }kjk mlds o/k dk vadu gSA Hkkxoriqjk.k esa bl dFkk
dk mYys[k feyrk gSA23 n`'; esa eYy ;qº dh os'kHkw"kk esa œ".k rFkk pk.kwj ,d nwljs
ls ;qºjr gSaA yM+us dh eqnzk ls nksuksa ds ,d nwljs dks ijkftr djus dh fLFkfr Li"V
gSA nsosUnz gkM+k us pk.kwjo/k dks 'kyo/k crk;k gS24 vkSj ekbdy MCY;w- ekbZLVj25 rFkk
vk'kk dkfy;k26 us pk.kwj ;k eqf"Vd vFkok nksuksa ls ;qºjr gksus dk n`';kadu crk;k
gSA
lwrykseg"kZ.k o/k % vxys n`'; dh igpku fo}kuksa us œ".k }kjk dalo/k ls
fd;k gSA27 fdUrq izLrqr n`'; cyjke }kjk lwr ykseg"kZ.ko/k ls lacaf/kr gSA gfjgj
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 335 176 336 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

eafnj&1 esa lqanj eafpdk ij ykseg"kZ.k dks v/kZi;Zdklhu fn[kk;k x;k gSA ykseg"kZ.k 13- frokjh] MkW- nqxkZuUnu] iwokZDr] i`- 160
dh xzhok esa cyjke dk gy Qalk gqvk gSA 14- Hkkxor iqjk.k 10-18] xhrk izsl] xksj[kiqj] la- 2014
15- œ".knso] iw-fu-] i`- 88
fu"d"kZ 16- Hkkxor iqjk.k] 10-37-6] xhrk izsl] xksj[kiqj] la- 2014
bl izdkj vksfl;k° esa œ".k tUe ls ysdj dal dh jax'kkyk rd ds n`';ksa dk 17- Hkkxor iqjk.k] 10-25] xhrk izsl] xksj[kiqj] la- 2014
foLrkj ls vadu gqvk gS] tcfd vU; izfrgkjdkyhu dykdsUnzksa ij œ".k&yhyk dk 18- Hkkxor iqjk.k] 10-15-32] xhrk izsl] xksj[kiqj] la- 2014
bruk foLr`r vadu ugha feyrk gSA ;|fi vf/kdka'k n`'; vU; LFkyksa dh Hkk°fr 19- f=osnh] vkj-Mh-] iwoksZDr] i`- 55
œ".kyhyk ds lkekU; n`'; gSa] fdUrq buesa dqN fo'ks"k n`';ksa dk vadu vksfl;k° dh 20- Hkkxor iqjk.k] 10-16-17] xhrk izsl] xksj[kiqj] la- 2014
fof'k"Vrk gS] mnkgj.kkFkZ & dal }kjk ;ksxek;k o/k] œ".k&cyjke }kjk eFkqjk ds fy, 21- frokjh] MkW- nqxkZuUnu] iwoksZDr] i`- 164
izLFkku ij xksdqyokfl;ksa ds fo#º gksus rFkk eFkqjk vkxeu ij ogk° ds fuokfl;ksa }kjk 22- Hkkxor iqjk.k] 10-43] xhrk izsl] xksj[kiqj] la- 2014
g"kksZYykl dk vadu rFkk jto/k dk n`'; izeq[k gSaA vksfl;k° esa œ".kyhyk ds fofHkUu 23- ogh] 10-44
n`';ksa dk foLrkje; vkSj Hkkoiz/kku vadu lEiw.kZ Hkkjrh; dyk esa œ".kyhyk ds 24- gkaMk] nsosUnz] vksfl;k° fgLV™h] vkfdZ;kykth] vkVZ ,aM vkfdZVsDpj] ubZ fnYyh] 1984]
i`- 93
mnkgj.kksa esa vuqie gSA buesa euq"; o i'kq txr dh xfr'khyrk mYys[kuh; gSA n`';ksa
25- ekbZLVj] ekbdy MCY;w-] iwoksZDr] i`- 31
dks eFkqjk ls vkajHk djds eFkqjk ij gh lekIr fd;k x;k gSA ,d gh Lo:i 26- dkfy;k] vk'kk] fn vkVZ vkWQ vksfl;u VsEiYl] fnYyh] 1983] i`- 83
vyx&vyx eafnjksa ij fofo/krk ds lkFk iznf'kZr gS tks dyk dk loksZŸke mnkgj.k gSA 27- ekbLVj] ekbdy MCY;w] iwoksZDr] i`- 31
lanHkZ
1- HkaMkjdj] vkj-th-] oS".kfoT+e] 'kSfoT+e ,aM ekbuj fjyhft;l flLVe] okjk.klh]
1965] i`- 49&54
2- ,fixzkfQ;k bafMdk] [k.M&24] i`- 194
3- frokjh] MkW- nqxkZuUnu] vksfl;k° ds eafnjksa dh nso ewfrZ;k°] dyk izdk'ku] okjk.klh]
1999] i`- 157
4- voLFkh] jkekJ;] [ktqjkgks dh nso izfrek,°] vkxjk] 1960] i`- 115
5- frokjh] MkW- nqxkZuUnu] iwoksZDr] i`- 158
6- Hkkxor iqjk.k] 10-4-8] xhrk izsl] xksj[kiqj] la- 2014
7- ekbZLVj] ekbdy MCY;w-] œ".kyhyk ›kWe ok/koku ,aM vksfl;k°] ts-vkbZ-,l-vks-,-
] [kaM&5] U;w lhjht] dydŸkk] i`- 28&35
8- f=osnh] vkj-Mh-] ^izfrgkj eafnjksa esa Jhœ".k dk fp=.k vkSj Hkkxoriqjk.k*] laxzgky;
,oa iqjkrŸo if=dk] y[ku≈] vad 21&24] 1978&89
9- Hkkxor iqjk.k] 10-6] xhrk izsl] xksj[kiqj] la- 2014
10- vxzoky] vkj-lh-] vV: dh izkphu ewfrZdyk] e:Hkkjrh] fiykuh] o"kZ&8] vad&1]
tuojh 1960] i`- 48
11- œ".knso] œ".kyhyk lhUl bu fn y{e.k VsEiy] [ktqjkgks yfyrdyk] vad&7]
1960] i`- 89
12- Hkkxor iqjk.k] 10-7] xhrk izsl] xksj[kiqj] la- 2014
 177
izkphu vkLFkk ds dsUÊ ^nsojs*
#fp lksyadh
ekuo us laLd`fr dk vkoj.k dc vks<k+ vkSj laLd`fr ekuo dks dc viuh
vFkZoŸkk ns xbZ ;g dksbZ ugha tkurk fdUrq ekuo ds mn~Hko ds lkFk gh laLd`fr dk
fuekZ.k gksuk fuf'pr Fkk vkSj lkFk gh /kkfeZd vkLFkkvksa dk Hkh izR;sd lekt esa
/kkfeZd /keZ ls lEcfU/kr jgk izkphudky ls Hkkjr esa ijEijk pyh vkbZ gS dh euq";
dks Js"B cukus okys fu;e euq"; dks lH; cukrk gSA izHkko tks Hkh jgk gS fdUrq
vkLFkk dk egRo izkfpu le; esa Hkh Fkk vkSj vkt Hkh gSA
tUe ls ysdj e`R;q rd dbZ izfr"Bkuksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gS ;g lHkh
fdlh uk fdlh :i esa ^/keZ* ls tqMs+ fgUnw laLd`fr esa tgka fo".kq] f'ko] egs'k vkfn
dh mikluk dks egRo fn;k tkrk gSA fdUrq vkfnoklh lekt esa vyx gh yksd nsork
gS tks buds fy;s iFkizn'kZd Hkh gSA gekjs vkl&ikl ge dbZ nsoh nsorkvksa ds eafnj
ns[krs gSa tks fdlh uk fdlh fo'ks"k egRo dh n`f"V ls fufeZr gksrs gSa fdUrq tc ge
vkfnoklh {ks=ksa esa tkrs gSa rks ogka gesa eafnjksa ds LFkku ij pcwrjs] LFkku ;k nsojs feyrs
gSaA ftudk egRo vkfnokfl;ksa ds fy;s mruk gh ftruk dh gekjs fy;s eafnjksa dk gSA
;g ekuk tkrk gS fd izkphu dky esa bu vkfnokfl;ksa esa ukx iwtk dk izpyu Fkk vkSj
;gh ukx iwtk dk :ikUrj :i ^nsojs* gSA bu nsojksa esa 'kfuokj o jfookj dks pkSfd;k°
o jkf= tkxj.k gksrk gSA buesa ,d iq#"k eq[; iqtkjh ds :i esa gksrk gS ftls HkkSik
dgrs gSA fuf'pr frfFk ,oa le; ij ;k fo'ks"k vk;kstu ij buds 'kjhj esa ^Hkko*
vkrk gSA esokM+ esa dbZ txg ,sls nsojs gSaA izkphu dkyhu esokM+ ds nsojksa esa pjk.kk
(jsy&exjk) lsek.kk] vkyksyh (lgkM+k) vkfn cM+s fo[;kr jgsA
nsojs ;k pcwrjs
tu lk/kkj.k esa /kkfeZd va/kfo'okl dk izypu jgk gS blh dkj.k vkfnoklh
xkaoksa esa ik;s tkus okys yksd nsorkvksa ds LFkku o izrhd ;g nsojs gSaA ;g pcwrjs xkao
ds e/; esa fLFkr gksrs gSa vkSj ;g ekU;rk gS fd ftu yksd&nsorkvksa ds fy;s ;g LFkku
cuk;s x;s gSa og dgha uk dgha muds iwoZt jgs gSaA ftUgksaus tu&dY;k.k gsrq vius
izk.kksa dk cfynku fn;k vkSj ej.kksijkar Hkh og yksd&lsok esa yxs gS rFkk mudh 'kj.k
esa vkus okys yksxksa dh og lgk;rk djrs gSaA vkfnoklh yksd&dFkkvksa] xhrksa rFkk
u`R;ksa esa bu yksd&nsorkvksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh feyrh gSA vkt Hkh muds yksd
nsoh&nsork mudh dykvksa esa thfor gSA
338 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
yksd nsoh&nsorkvksa ds fy;s cuk;s x;s nsojksa esa izk;% Nr ugha gksrh ;g [kqys
gksrs gSa uk gh bu ij vk/kqfudrk dk izHkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gS uk gh dksbZ ckg~; vkMEcj
lknxjh ds izrhd ;g nsojs flQZ /kkfeZd vkLFkk dsUnz gh ugha gS vfirq mipkj dsUnz
Hkh dbZ izdkj dh chekfj;ksa ds mipkj dk ;g nkok djrs gSa vkfnoklh lekt esa dbZ
va/kfo'okl ekStwn gS muesa ls ,d ;g Hkh gS fd euq"; ij fdlh Hkwr&izsr dk izdksi
(izHkko) Hkh iM+rk gS ;k cqjh vkRek,° mudks vius o'k esa dj ysrh gS ;g nsojs mu cqjh
vkRekvksa ls yksxksa dks lqjf{kr dj futkr fnyokrs gSaA nsojs esa dbZ nsoh&nsorkvksa dh
izfrek,° gksrh gSa tks ik"kk.k ls fufeZr gksrh gSaA ;g ik"kk.k izfrek,° vkfnoklh lekt
dh ,d fo'ks"k dyk dks Hkh iznf'kZr djrh gSA izk;% ;g nsojs] LFkku ;k pcwrjs FkksMh+
lh špkbZ ij cuk;s tkrs gaS rFkk fo'ks"k fnuksa esa ;gka fo'ks"k izdkj dh iwtk vpZuk dh
tkrh gSA
Hkksik ,oa Hkko
vkfnoklh xkaoksa esa nsojs vkSj izR;sd nsojksa esa viuk ,d Hkksik gksrk gS nsojs dk
eq[; Hkksik ikVoh dgykrk gS Hkksik ny ds ckdh yksx lsox (lsod) dgykrs gaAS
lsoxksa dk dke ikrh p<+kuk (uhe] fcYoi=] vkfn dh ifŸk;ka p<+kuk) nsojs dh
lQkbZ djuk vkSj nh;s&ckrh djuk gS lsok dk;Z djus nsojs dh lQkbZ djus ds dkj.k
gh mls lsox dgk tkrk gSA nsojs esa 'ka[k vkSj >kyj ctkus okys dks o?kkjk rFkk <ksy
ctkus okys dks <ksyh dgrs gSaA
izR;sd nsojs dk viuk <ksy gksrk gSA <ksy QwVuk vi'kdqu ekuk tkrk gS pwafd
nsojs dh /kke <ksy ij gh fuHkZj gksrh gS nsojs ds <ksy dks pkjh ugha gks ldrh bldk
iwjk bUrtke fd;k tkrk gSA eq[; Hkksik xys esa bZ"V nso dh ewjr (ukoka) /kkj.k djrk
gSA mlds dej esa ?kw?kjs ca/ks gksrs gSa rFkk da/ks ij rhu yM+ dh lkady yVdh jgrh gS]
gkFk esa eksj ia[k rFkk dkyh ≈u dk dykok ca/kk gksrk gSA Hkksis esa tc Hkko vkrk gS
(Hkksis esa bZ"V nso dh Nk;k vkuk) rks fdydkjh ekjuk rsth ls fo'ks"k izdkj dh
vkokt ds lkFk 'okl ysuk NksMu+ k tSls fofo/k 'kkjhfjd dkSrqdksa ls mldh lwpuk
feyrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s Hkksis esa Hkko vkus ij yksgs dh lkady rhu ckj viuh
ihB ij iVd dj rFkk lkady j[k dj eksj ia[k vius gkFk esa ys ysrk gSA jkM+k dk
Hkksik HksfM;s ls vius flj ij izgkj djrk gSA dqN nsoh nsorkvksa ds Hkksis Hkko vkus
ij ybZ dh tyrh ckrh dks thHk ij j[kdj eqag can dj ysrs gSa] bls dsdM+k [kkuk
dgrs gSaA
rk[kkth] ckld?kh vkSj xkrksM+ th ds Hkksis Hkko vkus ij lkai dh rjg jsaxrs gSa
fQj mNy dj cSB tkrs gaSA dYy?kh vkSj t;ey th ds Hkksis ohjos'k esa gksrs gSaA
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 339
yksd nsoh nsorkvksa dk ewfrZ;k°
vkfnokfl;ksa ds bu yksd nsoh&nsorkvksa dh ewfrZ;k° cukus ds fy;s LFkkuh;
^eksysyk* xkao dkQh izflº gSA ;g mn;iqj ls gYnh?kkVh tkrs le; jktlean ftys
dh [keuksj dyk ds fy;s izflº gS] ;gk° izpqj ek=k esa yksd nsoh nsorkvksa dh izfrek,a
cukbZ tkrh gaSA bl xkao esa dqEgkjksa dh nks [kkaisa fuokl djrh gS & esokfy;k vkSj
esokM+kA ;gka ds dqEgkjksa us ekVh f'kYi esa jk"V™h; Lrj ij uke dek;k gSA ;g xkao
dkQh iqjkuk gS bls ^twuk ukFk}kjk* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;gka fo'ks"k izdkj dh ewfrZ;ksa dk
fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gS ftuesa fo'ks"k :i ls nsoh&nsorkvksa ds ^fgxka.k* gSA fgaxk.k
flagklu dk ns'kt :i gS lk/kkj izfrekvksa dks mdsjs tkus ls os fgaxk.k dgh tkrh gSA
nsoh nsorkvksa dh ;g ewfrZ;k° izk;% vk;rkdkj iSuy dj mdsjh gqbZ gksrh gS ≈ij dk
fgLlk fo'ks"k izdkj dk esgjkcnkj gksrk gS] eafnj ds dVkonkj njokts dh rjg bl
dVkonkj esgjkc ls eafnj dh vuqHkwfr gksrh gSA ftlds vUnj nso izrhek fojkth gksrh
gS mlds ≈ij Nr vko`fr vkSj igpku fpUg vyx&vyx gksrs gSaA
nso izfrekvksa dh izfr"Bk
eksysyk dh ekVh ls fufeZr nso izfrekvksa dh fcÿh fdlh gkV&ckV ;k
esyksa&izn'kZfu;ksa esa ugha gksrh cfYd budh fcÿh dk viuk fo/kku gSA dqN fuf'pr
frfFk;ksa ds fnu gh nsojks esa nso&izfrekvksa dh izfr Fkkiuk ds dkj.k budh fcÿh Hkh
fu/kkZfjr eghuksa esa gksrh gSA oS'kk[k vkSj ek?k ekg esa Hkksiksa dk vkxeu 'kq: gks tkrk gS
vkfnoklh vapyksa ls ikap&nl ls ysdj lkS lok lkS O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k rd ds Hkksik
lg;ksfx;ksa ds ny ewfrZ ysus vkrs gSa rFkk jkf= foJke ds nkSjku vius nso&izrhdksa]
'ka[k] lk°dy] ia[k] >kyj ds lkFk gkWyuqek cM+s dejkas esa Bgjs Hkksiksa dk ny Hktu
dhrZu djrk gSA nso izfre dks 'osr diM+ksa esa yisV dj lj ij j[k ys tk;k tkrk gSA
vius ?kj ls fudyus ls ydj eksysyk igqapus rd Hkksik vUu ty lsou ugha djrk og
futZyk jgrk gSA ;g iSny gh ekSysyk vkrs gS rFkk tkrs le; ;fn cl esa cSB Hkh tk;s
rks ftl O;fDr ;k Hkksik ds lj ewfrZ gksrh gS og ugha cSB ldrk uk gh jkLrs esa ewfrZ
tehu ij j[k ldrs gaAS izfr"Bk ds le; gh bUgsa [kM+k fd;k tkrk gSA lHkh nso
izfrekvksa dks 'osr oL= esa rFkk nsoh izfrekvksa dks yky oL= esa yisVk tkrk gSA ;s nso
izfrek,a dkfrZd iwf.kZek] oS'kk[kh iwf.kZek] Hkknzin 'kqDyk iapeh rFkk ek?k 'kqDyk iapeh
ij nsojksa esa izfrf"Br dh tkrh gaAS izfrek izfr"Bku ds le; xkao esa mRlo tSlk ekgkSy
gksrk gSA
nsojksa esa LFkkfir fofHkUu izfrek,°
nsojksa esa fofHkUu yksd nsoh&nsorkvksa dh izfrek yxh gksrh gSa tks fd izR;sd
178 340 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
nsojs dh fo'ks"krk gS ;gka fuEu nsorkvksa dh ewfrZ;ka fo'ks"k :i ls yxkbZ tkrh gSA
x.ks'k % bl vapy esa fouk;d dks ewB dk nsork ekuk tkrk gSA ewB (,d ra=
'kfDr) vkx dh yiVksa ds xksys ds :i esa QSadh tkrh gS vkSj ;g tgka fxjrh gS mls
u"V dj nsrh gSA dbZ ckj fe;knh ewB vFkok fdlh isM+ ds lkFk tksM+ dj Hkh ewB
pykbZ tkrh gSA bUgsa oU;kdth] fcuk;d ;k fcank;d Hkh dgrs gaSA vkfnoklh nsojksa
esa izk;% bUgsa izfrf"Br ugha fd;k tkrk fdUrq nsojs ds }kj ij ;k nsojs ds ifjlj esa bUgsa
LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA
/keZjkt & yksd esa ;s nsoukjk;.k ds :i esa izfrf"Br gSaA ;s euq"; ds deks± dk
ys[kk&tks[kk j[krs gSa rFkk vPNs cqjs deks± ds vk/kkj ij mls n.M gksrs gSaA esokM+ vapy
esa lokbZ Hkkst vkSj lka<wekrk ds :i ds :i esa tUe ysus okys mny dks /keZjkt dgk
tkrk gSA cwyh uke dh ?kksM+h budh lokjh gksrh gSA budh ewjr ij jax ugha fd;k
tkrk cfYd ?kh p<+k;k tkrk gSA izfr"Bk ds ckn iwtu esa uhe dh ikrh Hkh p<+kbZ tkrh
gSA ?kksM+h ij lokj budh ewfrZ ds vkxs&ihNs lkai dh vkd`fr Hkh gks ldrh gSA dbZ
ckj /keZjkt dks iDdh b±Vksa ds :i esa gh LFkkfir dj fn;k tkrk gSA blhfy, bUgsa
^bZVka dk ';ke* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
?kksM+k vlokjh & ?kksMk+ ekek nso dk okgu gSA ekek nso dh ekU;rk nf{k.kh
jktLFkku dh igkM+h ?kkfV;ksa esa vf/kd gSA nsorkvksa ds okgu ds :i esa ?kksM+ksa dk egRo
blfy, Hkh vf/kd gS D;ksafd ;s iou ds vorkj ekus tkrs gSaA dbZ ckj nsork ds LFkku
ij ?kksM+k gh LFkkfir dj fn;k tkrk gSA ;s pkSgku jktiwr Fks vkSj Hkhueky {ks= ds
fuoklhA Hkkuts ds fookg esa ckjkrh FksA fdlh fookn esa ekjs x;s FksA jkg ds lgpj
nsork ds :i esa ekeknso dh ekU;rk jgh gSA
[kkdynso & ;s yksd nsork egkliZ ds :i esa iwftr gSaA ,d ls vf/kd Q.k
okys liZ ds :i esa budh ewjr cukbZ tkrh gSA esokM+ ds dbZ nsojksa esa [kkdynso dh
ekVh dh ewjr izfrf"Br jgrh gS vkSj yksd nsork ds :i esa mUgsa iwtk tkrk gSA
t;leUn ds ikl xkrksM&+ ohjiqjk xkao esa buds ewy nsojs gSaA
ikcwth & ikcwth dks ≈aV ij lokj ds :i esa cuk;k tkrk gSA bl vapy esa
ikcwth dks ≈aVksa vkSj lkaMfu;ksa dk j{kd nsork ds :i esa ekuk tkrk gSA jk;dk jsckjh
tkfr leqnk; ds nsojksa] eaMiksa esa budh LFkkiuk dh tkrh gSA
[ksM+k nsoh & flag ij lokj nqxkZekrk dks gh izk;% [ksMk+ nsoh ds :i esa iwtk
tkrk gSA yksd vkLFkk ds vuqlkj ;g nsoh ml xkao] [ksMk+ <k.kh dh j{kk djrh gS tgka
bls izfrf"Br fd;k tkrk gSA
rk[kkth & rk[kkth r{kd ukx dk gh ns'kt uke gSA egkHkkjr esa r{kd dk
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 341
izlax vkrk gSA lkaiksa ds nsork ds :i esa iwftr rk[kk dh ewfrZ esa ,d Q.k okyk liZ
gksrk gSA yksd esa ;g lkaiksa ls j{kk djus ds fy, iwtk tkrk gSA
lk<w ekrk & ;g lokbZ Hkkst dh iRuh Fkh ftlus ifr lokbZ Hkkst ds fu/ku ds
ckjg lky ckn nso Mwaxjh ij nsoukjk;.k ;k mny dks tUe fn;k FkkA bl nsoh dh
izfrek esa ikyuk gksrk gS vkSj dbZ ckj mlds vkxs ;k ihNs flag Hkh cuk;k tkrk gSA
Hkw.kk&esanw & ;s cxM+kor xkFkk ds ik= gSaA budks lkekU;r% [kM+s gq, O;fDr
ds :i esa cuk;k tkrk gSA blh :i esa cxM+kor xkFkk ds vU; fdjnkjksa dh ewfrZ;ka Hkh
cukbZ tkrh jgh gSA
fcyk&fcYyh & ;s L=h&iq#"k dh vkd`fr;ka gSaA lkekU;r;k budh LFkkiuk
ugha gksrhA ;s ewfrZ;ka nsojs ds lkSUn;Z ds fy, j[kh tkrh gSaA cxM+kor xkFkk esa lw=/kkj
ds :i esa budk ftÿ gSA fcYo isM+ esa bldk lEcU/k jgk gSA
jkensoth & jkensoth izflº yksd nsork gSA bUgsa jktLFkku] xqtjkr vkSj
ekyok vkfn {ks=ksa esa iwtk tkrk gSA bUgsa ?kksMs+ ij lokj ds :i esa cuk;k tkrk gS rFkk
buds ,d gkFk esa Hkkyk vkSj dej esa ryokj ca/kh jgrh gSA
dkyk&xksjk HkSa: & dkyk&xksjk HkSa: Hkh yksd nsork ds :i esa iwftr gSaA
dkys jax ls jaxk dkyk HkSa: vkSj dRFkbZ vFkok xs:,a jax ls jaxk xksjk HkSa: gksrk gSA
buds okgu ds :i esa budh ewfrZ;ksa ds lkFk dqŸkk Hkh cuk;k tkrk gSA
rstkth & ?kksMh+ ij lokj rstk /kksY;k tkV dh Nfo nsoukjk;.k tSlh gh gksrh
gSA ;s Hkh lkaiksa ds nsork gSa vr% feV~Vh ds fgaxk.k esa cuh budh ewfrZ (ewjr) ds lkFk
lkai dh ewfrZ Hkh cukbZ tkrh gSA
pkoM+k ekrk & pkeqaMk rFkk pkoaMk ekrk dk gh yksd :i pkoM+k ekrk gSA
blesa nsoh dks flag ij lokj vkSj izk;% prqHkqZt :i esa cuk;k tkrk gSA nsoh ds gkFkksa
esa f='kwy] ryokj vkSj [kIij vkfn gksrk gSA
vklkiqjk ekrk & vk'kkiqjk ;k vklkiqjk nsoh dh izfrek Hkh efg"kklqjefnZuh
ds leku cukbZ tkrh gSA ;g flag ij lokj gksrh gS rFkk gkFkksa esa f='kwy ryokj vkfn
vk;q/k gksrs gSaA esokM+ esa vkojh ekrk vkSj tkoj ekrk dk Hkh ;gh :i gSA
ykyk&Qwyka & dkyk&xksjk HkSa: dh rjg gh ykyk&Qwyka dh ewjrsa L=h
vkd`fr;ksa ds :i esa cukbZ tkrh gSaA ;s fldksrjh ;k 'kfDr ds :i esa esokM+ {ks= esa
cgqekU; jgh gSaA
lhryk ekrk & ;g nsoh lwiM+k&NktMk] >kMw fy, x/ks ij lokj gksrh gSA ;g
jkensoth ds thou dky eas gqvk FkkA bl ewjr ij ?kh p<+k;k tkrk gSA
jkM+kth & jkM+kth dh ewfrZ esa iq#"kkd`fr gksrh gSA budh iqjkuh ewfrZ;ksa esa ,d
179 342 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
eqMh+ gqbZ ydM+h dk Lo:i fn[kk;k tkrk gSA
[ksM+k ckoth & HkSa: ds :i dks gh izk;% [ksMk+ ckcth dgk tkrk gSA bls xzke
j{kd nsork ds :i esa iwtk tkrk gSA [ksMk+ ckoth dh izfr"Bk izk;% xkao ds ckgj cus
nsojs esa gksrh gSA ;s izkphu ;{k ds izrhd Hkh gSA
HkksY;k Hkwr & jktlean ds muokl vkSj [keuksj xkao esa HkksY;k Hkwr dk
LFkkud cuk gqvk gSA Hkhyksa esa xkbZ tkus okyh Hkkjr xkFkk esa ukS nsfo;ksa ds HkkbZ ds :i
esa HkksY;k Hkwr dk uke vkrk gSA
:i.k ekrk & esokM+ esa gYnh?kkVh ds ikl :i.k ekrk ds nsojs esa nsoh dh
vux<+ ewfrZ gSA :i.k ekrk ds rksj.k Hkh cuk;s tkrs gSaA ftuesa :i.k ekrk L=h ds :i
esa gksrh gSA
iFkokjh & iFk dh nsoh iFkokjh dgykrh gSA ;g jkLrs esa jkgxhj dh j{kk
djrh gSA
nso iSuy & nsojksa esa iz;qDr gksus okys fgaxk.kksa ds vykok nsoh&nsorkvksa ds
dqN ,sls Qyd Hkh cuk;s tkrs gSaA
ukS nqxkZ Qyd & eksysyk ds dqEgkjksa us ukS nqxkZ ds dykRed Qyd rS;kj
fd;s gSaA bl Qyd esa ukS nqxkZ&'kSyiq=h] czg~epkfj.kh] pUnz?kaVk] dq"ek.Mk] LdUn
ekrk] dkR;k;uh] dkyjkf=] egkxkSjh vkSj flfºnk=h Lo:iksa dks vk;rkdkj Qyd esa
mdsjk tkrk gSA nqxkZ ds bu Lo:iksa esa Lo:i ds vuqlkj okgu vkSj vk;q/k gksrs gSaA
n'kkorkj & nso ‹k`a[kyk dk nwljk egRoiw.kZ Qyd n'kkorkj gSA bl Qyd
eas Hkxoku fo".kq ds nl vorkjksa dk vadu fd;k tkrk gSA
uoxzg Qyd &ukS nqxkZ Qyd dh rjQ gh uoxzg Qyd cuk;k tkrk gSA ;s
ukS xzg gSa & lw;Z] pUnz] eaxy] cq/k] xq#] 'kqÿ] 'kfu] jkgq vkSj dsrqA
jkeFkk dk vadu & eksysyk ds dqEgkjksa us feV~Vh ds Qyd ij jke dFkk ds
egRoiw.kZ izlaxksa dks Hkh cM+s thoar :i esa mdsjk gSA
leh{kk
vkfnokfl;ksa dh vkLFkk ds bu izrhd fpUgksa dk egRo orZeku esa de gksrk tk
jgk gS ijUrq ;g iw.kZr% lekIr ugha gq;s gSA ftldk eq[; dkj.k vkfnokfl;ksa dh
viuh ijEijkvksa ds izfr vkLFkk gS tks bUgsa u"V ugha gksus nsrh] gkykafd orZeku esa
^>ksyk Nki Hkksik* ds dkj.k LFkkuh; yksxksa dk #>ku budh rjQ de gksrk tk jgk gSA
dqN le; iwoZ gh HkkLdj lekpkj if=dk }kjk bl rjg ds udyh Hkksikvksa dks mtkxj
fd;k x;k gSA
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 343
ijUrq ;fn budh orZeku fLFkfr dh txg buds izkjfEHkd :i dh ppkZ djsa
rks ;g Lor% Li"V gks tk;sxk fd ;g nsojs fdl izdkj mi;ksxh gqvk djrs Fks tc
vk/kqfud fpfdRlk iºfr ekStwn ugha Fkh rc ;gh nsojksa ds Hkksik vkS"kf/k;ksa ds ek/;e
ls LFkkuh; tu dk bykt fd;k djrs Fks rFkk mUgsa LoLFk jgus dh euksHkkouk iznku
djrs FksA lkFk&lkFk gh lkFk ;g ^nsojs* LFkkuh; dyk&laLd`fr dk Hkh thoar mnkgj.k
izLrqr djrs gSaA ;g vkLFkk ds og izrhd dsUnz gS tks fd ckgjh vkoj.k ls vNwrs gSa
ftu ij fdlh izdkj dk jktuSfrd izHkko ifjyf{kr ugha gksrk lkFk gh ;g vkfnokfl;ksa
dh fu'pyrk dks izdV djrs gSaA tgka orZeku eas euq"; HkkSfrdrk dk pkSyk igu cSBk
gS ;g vkfnoklh {ks= vkt Hkh ml vkoj.k ls ckgj gS vkSj viuh vkLFkk o laLd`fr
dks latks; cSBs gSaA orZeku esa izR;sd pht rdZ ij tqM+h gS fcuk rdZ ds ge fdlh Hkh
oLrq dks ekuus dks rS;kj ugha gS ijUrq ;g ^nsojs* vkLFkk ds og izrhd fpUg gS] tgk°
rdZ ls ijs HkkoukRed ds vk/kkj ij Hkfo ; dh lEHkkouk,a rykíkh tk ldrh gSA
lanHkZ
1- izkphu Hkkjrh; izfrek foKku ,oa ewfrZdyk & c`tHkw"k.k JhokLro
2- jktLFkku dk ekVh f'kYi & MkW- nsonŸk 'kekZ] 2013
3- /keZ ,oa n'kZu % lkaLd`frd nk; (jktLFkku dh lkaLd`frd ijEijk) & dylkFk 'kkL=h
4- esokM+ laLd`fr vkSj ijEijk & /keZiky 'kekZ
180
mejdksV&tSlyesj lEcU/k (/kkV&ekM+ lEcU/k)
iadt pk.Md
/kkV fdjkMw ikjdkj] ykSnjoks tkykSjA
vkcw iwxy ukxkSj lwa] uodksVka eaMkSjAA
izkphudky esa e#izns'k vFkok uodksVh ekjokM+ ukeksa ls fofnr ;g izns'k cgqr
gh foLr`r Fkk] ftlds uodksV (fdys) ckn esa dbZ fj;klrksa tSls /kkV izns'k esa
mejdksV o ikjdkj] ekyk.kh {ks= esa fdjkMw] tSlyesj (ekM+ izns'k esa) ykSnjok]
ekjokM+ esa eaMkSj] ukxkSj] tkyksj rFkk fljksgh es vkcw vkfn esa caV x;s] ysfdu ;g
izns'k viuh HkkSxksfyd o ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; ds dkj.k ijLij tqMk+ jgk gSA1
nksgs esa loZizFke uke /kkV (mejdksV {ks=) dk vk;k gS ftls Hkkjr ds dksV
laKd uxjksa esa if'pere o izkphu ekurs gSaA mejdksV (fgUnoh tqcku esa vejdksV)
flU/kq lH;rk rFkk oSfnd laLd`fr dk mn~xe LFkyksa esa ls ,d gS] lukru laLd`fr dh
lfjrk loZizFke /kkV dh ikou /kjrh ls izokfgr gksdj ekM+&/kjk tSlyesj {ks= esa
igqaphA
mejdksV o tSlyesj jkT; viuh HkkSxksfyd] lkaLd`frd] lkekftd lekurkvksa
ds dkj.k ijLij tqM+s gq, izrhr gksrs gSaA nksuksa dh yksd laLd`fr esa mej&ek:oh]
ewey&egsUnzk (tgk° ewey tSlyesj ls] egsUnzk mejdksV ls) ds vk[;ku izpfyr gSA
ihj ckck jkenso th raoj dk fookg Hkh vejdksV {ks= esa gh gqvk gSA
HkkSxksfyd :i ls ns[ks rks Hkkjrh; egke#LFky Fkkj (The Great Thar)
ekjokM+] ekM+ (tSlyesj)] /kkV (mejdksV) o chdkusj fj;klrksa esa foLr`r gSA bl
Hkw&Hkkx dk if'peh Nksj ij mejdksV fj;klr fLFkr gS tks iwoZ&if'pe esa vejdksV ls
ysdj ckM+esj ds pkSgVu dh igkfM+;ksa rd 200 fdeh ds {ks= esa rFkk mŸkj&nf{k.k esa
tSlyesj ds lrk lwUnjk xkao ls ysdj ckM+esj ftys ds lsMo+ k dLcs rd o ikfdLrku
esa lŸkh nsgjk rd 150 fdeh- {ks= esa QSyk {ks= /kkV izns'k dgykrk gS] ftldh
jkt/kkuh mejdksV FkhA orZeku esa Hkkjr foHkktu ds dkj.k mejdksV {ks= dk yxHkx
70 izfr'kr fgLlk orZeku ikfdLrku (Fkkjikjdj ftyksa) o 'ks"k 30 izfr'kr Hkkx
Hkkjr (ckM+esj o tSlyesj dh dqN rglhyksa ds :i esa) vofLFkr gSA2
tSlyesj ls nf{k.k&if'pe esa 70 dksl dh nwjh ij mejdksV 'kgj fLFkr gSA
tSlyesj uxj ls 35 dksl dh nwjh ij nkxtky uked LFky ij mejdksV o tSlyesj
jkT; dh lhek,sa feyrh FkhA3
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 345
ckgjoha 'krkCnh i'pkr~ tSlyesj ij HkkVh jktiwrksa dk 'kklu rFkk mejdksV ij
lks<k+ jktiwrksa dk 'kklu jgk gSA lks<k+ jktiwr tkfr lokZf/kd if'peh lhek Nksj ij
gksus ds dkj.k buds oSokfgd lEcU/k fudVLFk tSlyesj jkT; ds HkkfV;ksa rFkk tks/kiqj
jkT; ds jkBkSM+ksa dqyksa esa gq,A bUgha oSokfgd lEcU/k ds ifj.kkeLo:i ?kfVr ?kVukvksa
o HkkSxksfyd fudVrk ds dkj.k ijLij fofHkUu le; dky esa fHkUu&fHkUu jktuSfrd
lEcU/k jgs gSA4
HkkVh o lks<k+ lEcU/kksa ds igyh izkekf.kd tkudkjh egkjkoy pkfpxnso
izFke (1229 bZ- ls 1264 bZ-) ds le; dh feyrh gSA5 pkfpxnso ds jkT;dky esa
tSlyesj jkT; esa lks<+k] pfUu;ka] cyksp ywVekj epkrs FksA mUgksaus uxj&BBs ds jkLrs esa
tSlyesj ds lsB HkkfV;k cwykdhnkl ds ikap yk[k #i;s ywV fy;sA pkfpxnso us
viuh QkSt ysdj lks<+ksa] pfUu;ksa rFkk cyksapks dks ijkftr dj leLr lEifr iqu% ys
vk;kA bl ;qº esa 1300 lks<+k jktiwr j.k[ksr x;s6 rFkk lks<k+ jktdqekjh dk fookg Hkh
pkfpxnso izFke ls djkuk iM+k7 tks vkxs tkdj jktekrk (egkjkoy d.kZ dh ekrk)
cuhA egkjkoy d.kZ ds le; jktekrk lks<h+ jkuh dk fo'ks"k izHkko Fkk] mlus tSlyesj
ds mPp inksa ij mejdksV ds lks<+k jktiwrksa dks vklhu fd;k8 rFkk dqEgkjksa ls
ukjkt gksdj mudk cykr~ deZ ifjorZu djok;k9A mPp inklhu lks<+kvksa us d.kZ ds
mŸkjkf/kdkjh egkjkoy y[kulsu dh gR;k djok nhA tc ;g ckr HkkVh ljnkjksa dks
ekywe gqbZ] rc mUgksaus lks<+k inkf/kdkfj;ksa dks viekfur dj mUgsa ekjdj nqxZ ds
dksVM+h ikM+s (eksgYys) ds dq,° esa Qsad fn;kA ;g dksVM+h ikM+s dk dwi vkt Hkh cUn
gSA orZeku esa mijksDr ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk dk lk{kh dwi ds pkjksa vksj dwM+s dk <sj gSa]
ftlls dwiys[k <d x;kA10
chp le; esa nksuksa jkT;ksa esa vLFkkf;Ro ds dkj.k dksbZ lzksr miyC/k ugha gksus
ds dkj.k lEcU/kksa dh x.kuk ugha dj ldrsA ;g lEcU/k iqu% egkjkoy pkfpxnso
f}rh; (fo- la- 1505 ls fo- la- 1530) esa n`f"Vxkspj gksrs gSaA bl le; mejdksV
ij lks<+k jk.kk ekaM.k dk jkT; FkkA pkfpxnso&f}rh; oSokfgd lEcU/kksa }kjk jktiwrksa
dks ,dtqV djuk pkgrk FkkA vr% vius X;kjgoka fookg ds fy, mejdksV vkrk gS]
ysfdu lks<+k jk.kk ekaM.k ds Hkrhts Hkkstns us egkjkoy dh gR;k dj nh rFkk lks<+k
ljnkjksa us lkFk x;s lHkh 200 ckjkrh HkkVh ljnkjksa dh gR;k dj nhA11
lks<+k ljnkj }kjk fd;s x;s bl dqd`R; dk cnyk ysus ds fy, pkfpxnso
f}rh; ds mŸkjkf/kdkjh egkjkoy nsohnkl (egkjkoy nsodj.k&jko tks/kk dk nksfgrk12)
us jk.kk ekaM.k ij Hkh"k.k geyk dj vejdksV ls vkB dksl dh nwjh ij ijkftr
fd;kA13 fo-la- 1534 esa nsohnkl (nsodj.k)14 us mejdksV ij iqu% vkÿe.k dj
fdys dks /oLr dj 10]000 b±Vsa tSlyesj ys tkdj lksukj fdys esa egy ds fuekZ.k
181 346 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
dk;Z esa iz;ksx fd;k ml nsjklj egy15 dh nhokjksa ij mejdksV dh b±Vksa ds lkFk
f'kykys[k16 yxk gqvk ftl ij&
AA Jh x.ks'kk; ue%AA
A LorLr Jh u`i foÿekfnR; laor~ 1512* o"kZ ek?k eklsA
'kqDy i{k iapE;k frFkkS egkjkt jkmy Jh nsohnkl fot; jkT;sA
vejdksV ikV us bVk vk.kh Hkhr djkohA
'kqHk Hkorq dY;k.keLrqA
mRdh.kZ gSA
egkjkoy nsohnkl (nsohdj.k) ds 'kkludky esa bZ- 1471 ls vejdksV
HkkfV;ksa ds v/khu gks x;k] tSlyesj ds HkkVh ujs'kksa us mejdksV ds lks<+ksa iaokjksa dks
vius v/khu j[kdj muds lkFk e/kqj lEcU/k cuk;s j[kus dh uhfr dk voyEcu
fd;k17 mejdksV ds lks<+ksa us gqek;wa dh fodV ?kM+h esa lgk;rk dh Fkh vkSj vdcj dk
tUe Hkh mejdksV esa gqvk Fkk18 vr% tSlyesj ds egkjkoy gjjkt dks ;g lansg gks
x;k fd mejdksV vdcj dh d`ik ls tSlyesj ls laca/k foPNsn dj ldrk gSA vr%
mlus jk.kk xaxk ls e/kqj lEcU/k cuk;s j[kus dk iz;kl fd;k ijUrq jk.kk xaxk dk
O;ogkj dks vius vuqdwy u ikdj egkjkoy gjjkt us mls cUnh cuk fy;kA19 bl
izdkj jk.kk xaxk dh e`R;q mejdksV dh ctk; tSlyesj esa gqbZA20] 21
fo- la- 1710 esa mejdksV ds jk.kk bZljflag (jk.kk Hkkstjkt ds iq=) us
tSlyesj ds egkjkoy lcyflag ds fo#º dk;Zokgh djus dh ps"Vk dh] ijUrq jkoy
us fo-la- 1710 esa viuh lSfud 'kfDr ls mls inP;wr dj tSfla?kns dks xn~nh ij cSBk
fn;kA22] 23 dkykUrj esa mejdksV ds lks<+k iaokjksa dks tSlyesj ds HkkVh ljnkjksa dk lkFk
ugha feyus ds dkj.k bl ij dYgksM+ksa] ehjksa o cywpksa us dCtk dj fy;k] ftls ckn
esa tks/kiqj ds jkBkSM+ksa us fo-la- 1839 esa vius dCts esa ys fy;kA24
mejdksV ij egkjktk fot;flag] tks/kiqj dk vf/kdkj gks x;k FkkA is'kok
laj{kd ukuk QMuohl dh vksj ls œ".kk th txUukFk dks ekjokM+ dk odhy fu;r
fd;k x;kA œ".kk th le;&le; ij jktiwrkus esa ?kfVr ?kVukvksa dh lwpuk QMuohl
dks Hkstrs FksA25 mejdksV ds ckjs esa og fy[krs gSa fd ^^tSlyesj ds jkoy ewyjkt dh
Lohd`fr ls fla/k ds ehj Qrg vyh [kka o Vkyiqjksa dk odhy ykyk œ".kknkl [k=h
tSlyesj jkT; ls gksdj egkjktk fot;flag ls egkjktk fot;flag ds ikS= Hkheflag us
jkoy ewyjkt o lokbZflag paikor dh e/;LFkrk ds ykyk ds le{k izLrko j[kk fd
gesa iSlksa dh t:jr gS ;fn ,d yk[k #i;s ns ldks rks mejdksV fdyk [kkyh djkds
vkidks ns fn;k tk,xkA rc 80]000 #i;s nsuk fuf'pr dj mejdksV nsus dh ckr
iDdh dh xbZ] odhy ykyk œ".kknkl [k=h us tkdj bl ckcr~ Qrsg vyh [kka ls
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 347 182 348 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

bldh Lohd`fr yh ijUrq egkjktk fot;flag dh e`R;q (fo-la- 1850) gksus ds ckn (f'kykys[k fo|eku cUn dejs esa)
Hkheflag us tks/kiqj dh ckxMksj laHkkyh rc mlus viuk fopkj cny fn;kA26 16- 'kkL=h; o ykSfdd fo-la- esa vUrj 22 o kZ dk 1512$22æ1534 fo-la- (Jh uUnfd'kksj
mejdksV ij tks/kiqj ds dCts] rRi'pkr~ fczfV'k dCts o vUr esa Hkkjr foHkktu ds 'kekZ ds lk{kkRdkj okrkZ ds vk/kkj ij)
dkj.k bldk jktuSfrd :i ls tSlyesj ls fj'rk VwV x;kA** ysfdu lkaLd`frd o 17- rokjh[ks tSlyesj
lkekftd :i ls nksuksa {ks=ksa dk tqM+ko cuk jgkA27 ;g tqMk+ o O;kikfjd ekxZ ds dkj.k 18- dtuoh] uQk;lwy evkflj] vuqokn fjtoh] eqxydkyhu&Hkkjr&gqek;w°] Hkkx 2] i`-
Hkh cuk jgk28] izkphu dky ls tSlyesj uxj o mejdksV uxj ds if'pe esa flU/kq 482
?kkVh o vjc rFkk iwoZ esa vtesj] fnYyh ds e/; vofLFkr gksus ds dkj.k ;g nksuksa 19- HkkVh ukek ^mejko xax idfM;ks*
20- uS.klh [;kr] Hkkx&1] i`- 358
uxj izeq[k O;kikfjd e.Mh FksA nks vkc dh uhy] dksVk o ekyok dh vQhe]
21- rokjh[k tSlyesj] i`- 54
chdkusj dh feJh] t;iqj ds yksgs ds midj.k ls ysdj šVksa ds dkfQys tSlyesj o
22- uS.klh [;kr] Hkkx 1] i`- 359
mejdksV ls gksdj xqtjrs FksA tsEl VkWM us Hkh bl O;kikfjd ekxZ dks ml le; dk 23- vks>k] tks/kiqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] Hkkx&2] i`- 728&733
izeq[k ekxZ ds :i esa mYys[k fd;k gSA29 20oha 'krkCnh ds vkjfEHkd o"kks± esa lhekUr 24- ogh
ekxks± ij jsyos ykbZu cu tkus ls O;kikj dk yxHkx lkjk vfLrRo lekIr gks x;k30 25- ekjokM+ ejkBk ,sfrgkfld i=koyh] i`- 125&126] la- MkW- ,u- ,l- HkkVh
rFkk bl ekxZ ij O;kikj igys dk 1@100 Hkkx jg x;kA31 lu~ 1947 esa gq, Hkkjr 26- ogh
foHkktu ls bu nksuksa {ks=ksa esa jktuSfrd o O;kikfjd lEidZ lekIr gks x;s ijUrq lhek 27- x<+ohj] MkW- ,e- vkj] tSlyesj jkT; dk lkekftd bfrgkl] jktLFkkuh xzUFkkxkj]
foHkktu ds ckotwn nksuksa {ks= ds yksx esa lkaLd`frd o lkekftd :i ls xgjk tqM+ko tks/kiqj] 2012
vc Hkh gSA32]33 28- 'kekZ] uUnfd'kksj] ekaM izns'k dh lqugjh fojklr] lhekUr izdk'ku] tSlyesj] 2014
29- ekgs'ojh] ca'kh/kj] vki.kks lkaLd`frd okjlks] Jh Fkjh psjhVscy V™LV] vgenkckn
lanHkZ
30- lk{kkRdkj&Jh v'kksd dqekj] LVs'ku v/kh{kd] tks/kiqj eaMy
1- dfo;k] 'kfDrnku] lEiknd] lks<+k;.k] jkt- jkT; fo|k izfr"Bku] tks/kiqj] 1966
31- lk{kkRdkj&Jh uUnfd'kksj 'kekZ] bfrgkldkj] tSlyesj
2- x<+ohj] MkW- ,e- vkj] vCck dh ckrsa] jktLFkkuh xzUFkkxkj] tks/kiqj
32- lk{kkRdkj&Jh vfHkeU;q jkBh] iVok gosyh] tSlyesj
3- 'kekZ] uanfd'kksj] ;qx;qxhu oYyizns'k] tSlyesj jkT; dk jktuSfrd bfrgkl] lhekUr
33- lk{kkRdkj&Jh x.kirflagth] futh lfpo Jh jk.kk gehjflagth lks<k+ ] mejdksV fj;klr]
izdk'ku] tSlyesj] 1993
ikfdLrku
4- ogh
5- tSlyesj [;kr] i`- 49
6- VkWM] jktLFkku] Hkkx 2] i`- 1209
7- rokjh[k tSlyesj] i`- 32
8- nfj;kukFk dh ckoM+h esa miyC/k egkjkoy d.kZ dkyhu rkez i=
9- tSlyesj rokfj[k] i`- 32
10- dksVMh ikMk dwi ys[k
11- fo-la- 1505 ls 1518 rd f'kykys[k (lksukj fdys esa)
12- uS.klh [;kr] Hkkx 2] i`- 82&83 ij nksgs ds :i esa
13- tkxw] jk;pUn] jsfxLrku th rokjh[k] oksY;we 1] flU/kh vnch cksMZ] gSnjkckn] flU/
k 1956
14- ikVoh dqaoj nsohnkl jko tks/kkth jk nksfgrk [;kr] i`- 65
15- lksukj fdys ds jktegyksa esa fLFkr ftls d.k egy Hkh dgrs gSa tks vHkh cUn gSA
 183
Fkkj dk dqaHk lqabZ;k esyk
MkW- Hkaoj flag
jktLFkku dh e#/kjk izkphu dky ls gh lwjksa vkSj lwjh;ksa dh deZHkwfe jgh gSA
;g e#/kjk /kkfeZd] lkekftd vkSj izkœfrd n`f"V ls fofo/krkvksa ls ifjiw.kZ Hkh jgh
gSA bl izkar vFkok e#&izns'k ds ifjiz{; esa jkek;.k ds ;qºdk.M ds lsrqca/k izlax1
vkSj egkHkkjr ds vk'oesf?kd ioZ esa egkHkkjr ;qºksijkar Jhd`".k ds }kfjdk izR;kxeu
izlax2 esa mYys[k feyrs gSaA ;gka Fkkj ds e#LFky esa dbZ esyksa dk vk;kstu gksrk gS]
tSls&/kkfeZd esys] i'kq esys] i;ZVu esys vkSj O;kikfjd esys vkfnA ;gka ds /kkfeZd
esyksa esa e#dqaHk ds uke fo[;kr ^lqabaZ;k esyk* izeq[k gSA
lqabZ;k esyk] ckM+esj ftyk eq[;ky; ls Bhd if'pe esa 50 fd-eh- nwjh ij
fLFkr dLck pkSgVu esa yxrk gSA bl /kkfeZd vkSj ,sfrgkfld LFky pkSgVu dk izkphu
uke pksFkkiqj ikVu uxjh FkkA pkSgVu dh igkfM+;ka vjkoyh ioZr ‹k`a[kyk dk vfHkUUk
Hkkx gS] bldh ≈apkbZ (, ,e ,l ,y) 178 ehVj gSA yksd izflº tuJqrh ds
vuqlkj & }kij ;qx esa ikaMoksa us ouokl ds nkSjku vius vKkrokl dk dqN le; bUgha
igkfM+;ksa ds e/; fLFkr ^fgekpy ioZr* ds vkl&ikl O;rhr fd;k FkkA bl ioZr ij
Hkxoku fo".kq ds pj.k&iknqdk izfr"Bkfir gSa] ftls LFkkuh; jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk esa ^fo".kq
ixfy;k* dgk tkrk gSA3 lkFk gh ;gka ij fufeZr pcwrjs ij Hkxoku fo".kq dh ewfrZ Hkh
izfr"Bkfir gSA blls Li"V gS fd ;g LFky izkphu dky ls gh oS".ko HkDrksa dk
vk/;kfRed dsUnz jgk gSA bl /kkfeZd LFky ds lEca/k esa tuJqfr feyrh gS fd bl
ioZr ij jk{kl HkLeklqj dks Hkxoku fo".kq us ekrk ikoZrh ds le{k HkLe fd;k Fkk]
rc ls ;gka ij fo".kq ds pj.k&iknqdk,a iwftr gq,A blds ikl gh ,d >juk cgrk gS
tgka ij ihiy dk o`{k gS blfy;s bls ihify;k >juk dgk tkrk gSA fo".kq ds
pj.k&iknqdk LFky ls Bhd mŸkj fn'kk esa djhc 600 ehVj nwjh ij fLFkr igkM+ ij
dikys'oj egknso dk efUnj gS] tgka ij izkphu f'kofyax vkSj x.ks'k] dkfrZds; vkSj
ekrk ikoZrh vkfn f'ko ifjokj dh ewfrZ;ka izfr"Bkfir gSaA ;gka ij Hkh ,d >juk cgrk
gSA dikys'oj egknso efUnj ls djhc ,d fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij ifo= /kke ^lqabZ;k
egknso efUnj* gSA4 tgka ij Hkh ty dk >juk cgrk gSA tc ikS"k ekl esa dqN fo'ks"k
u{k= la;ksx curk gS rc bl fo'ks"k volj ij ;gka fo'kky /kkfeZd esys dk vk;kstu
gksrk gSA ;g fo'ks"k u{k= la;ksx bl izdkj curk gS&ikS"k ekg dh lkseorh vekoL;k]
ewy u{k=] O;frikr ;ksx] d.kZ ,oa lokFkZ flfº ;ksxA bl lEca/k esa ;g nksgk
yksdizflº gSμ
350 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
foÿe laor~ iks"k ekg 'kqHk frfFk vekol lkseA
ewy u{k= O;frikr d.kZ e:dqaHk lwabZ;ka HkkseAA 5
yksd ekU;rk gS fd egkHkkjr ;qxhu ik.Moksa us vKkrokl ds nkSjku bu
igkfM+;ksa esa ;ksx&lk/kuk ,oa riL;k djrs gq, iks"k ekg dh lkseorh vekoL;k dh
dbZ o"kks± rd izrh{kk dh Fkh] exj mudh euksdkeuk iw.kZ ugha gqbZA rc var esa O;fFkr
gksdj mUgksaus Jki fn;k fd dy;qx esa lkseorh vekoL;k gj rhu&pkj o"kks± ls vFkkZr~
vYikof/k esa vk;sxhA vr% yksdfo'okl gS fd blh Jki ds izHkkoLo:Ik foxr
fodzeh laor~ 2000] 2003] 2006] 2013 vkSj 2027] 2030] 2034] esa lkseorh
vekoL;k gj rhu&pkj o"kks± ls vk;h FkhA6
lqabZ;k dikys'oj egknso ds lEcU/k esa tuJqfr gS fd izkphu dky esa ;gka ij
,d lqabZ;k uked ekyh Hkxoku dh lk/kuk djrk FkkA mldh dBksj riL;k ls izlUu
gksdj f'ko Hkxoku us mls LoIu esa n'kZu fn;s vkSj oj ekaxus dk dgk] rc mlus dgk
fd gs izHkq vki esjh HkfDr ls izlUu gq, gSa ;g esjk lkSHkkX; gS vkSj ,slk oj nhft, fd
vkids lkFk esjk Hkh uke vej gks tk,A rc Hkxoku f'ko&'kadj us mls oj nsrs
dgk&rFkkLrq vFkkZr~ ,slk gh gksxkA ftlds QyLo:Ik dkykUrj esa bl dikys'oj
egknso eafnj vkSj esys dk uke ^lqabZ;k esyk&dikys'oj* gks x;kA7
dikys'oj efUnj ds ikl gh x< osj ekrk dk efUnj vkSj lery ij rygVh
oSj ekrk th dk efUnj gS tgka ij flag lokj ekrkth dh ewfrZ;ka izfr"Bkfir gSaA ;gka
ij Hkh ,d >juk cgrk gS ftls oSjh >juk dgk tkrk gSA lqabZ;k egknso eafnj ds ihNs
jSoy igkM+h ls ,d >juk cgrk gS ikl esa beyh ds isM+ gSa blfy;s bls LFkkuh; Hkk"kk
esa vkEcfy;k >juk dgrs gSaA blls FkksMh+ nwjh ij ^bUnzHkk.k* uked rkykc gS] blds
vUnj ^/keZjkt dh csjh* gS ftlesa ckjgksa ekl ehBk ty jgrk gSA8 ;gka blds vfrfjDr
^HkhexksMk >juk* Hkh ifo= LFky gSA bl izdkj ;gka dqy vkB i`Fkd&i`Fkd >jus
ckjksekl pyrs jgrs gSaA9 budk ty xaxkty rqY; ifo= ekuk tkrk gSA ;gka dLck
pkSgVu esa ckM+esj ekxZ ij ,d vfrizkphu rkykc gS ftls ^phQy ukMh* ds uke ls
tkuk tkrk gSA bldk fuekZ.k Hkh Hkhe ik.Mo }kjk [ksy&[ksy esa djuk crk;k tkrk
gSA10 dkykUrj esa bl rhFkZLFky dh l=goha 'krkCnh bZLoh esa tSlyesj ds ;qok
;ksxhjkt ,oa 'kqdnso eqfu ds vorkj Jh Mawxjiqjhth egkjkt (foÿeh laor~
1770&1863) us ;k=k dh vkSj dikys'oj lqabZ;k egknso efUnj ,oa /kke ij dBksj
riL;k dh vkSj ;gka ,d eB dh uhao j[khA Mawxjiqjhth egkjkt us bZ'k HkfDr] ;ksx
lk/kuk vkSj yksd dY;k.kdkjh d`frRo ds lkFk&lkFk /kkfeZd lkfgR; dh jpuk Hkh
dh FkhA muds }kjk jfpr lkfgR; esa gLrfyf[kr xzaFk ^Mwaxjiqjk.k* (ik.Mqfyfi)
pkSgVu eB esa vkt Hkh miyC/k gSA ftlls rRdkyhu /kkfeZd] lkekftd vkSj ;gka dh
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 351
izkd`frd okrkoj.k dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA lkFk gh Mawxjiqjhth egkjkt Lo;a dk
thouo`r Hkh feyrk gSA11 Mawxjiqjhth egkjkt dk vorj.k yksdnsoh Jh dkˇsMwaxjjk;
dh d`ik ls Jh dkˇsMwaxjjk; ds eafnj tSlyesj esa gB;ksx ls iqtkjh xaxksnd Ωf"k ,oa
ekrk psukorh ds ;gka gqvk FkkA blfy, budk uke yksdnsoh Jh dkˇsMwaxjjk; ds uke
ij Mawxjiqjh j[kk x;kA bUgksaus xq# Hkoiqjhth ls nh{kk izkIr djds laU;kl /kkj.k fd;k
FkkA viuh vykSfdd flfº;ksa ,oa yksddY;k.kdkjh dk;ks± ds QyLo:i budh fnu
nwuh&jkr pkSxquh [;kfr QSyrh xbZ lkFk gh ^lqabZ;k esys* dk Hkh lkseorh vekoL;k
dks u{k= fo'ks"k esa HkO; vk;kstu gksus yxkA bl lEcU/k esa ;g nwgk yksdizflº gSμ
Mwaxjiqjh ijesljk Fkˇh pkSgV.k /kkeA
lwabZ;ksa esˇks e: dqaHk pkokS pkSgV.k xzkeAA12
dkykUrj esa ^Fkkj ds dqaHk lqabZ;k esyk* dk ftEEkk Jh Mwaxjiqjh eB ds eBk/kh'k
pkSgVu rFkk LFkkuh; yksxksa }kjk lEHkkyk tkus yxkA ;g /kkfeZd esyk u{k= fo'ks"k dk
la;ksx gksus ij gh dHkh ckjg o"kks± ls rks dHkh lkr ;k rhu o"kks± ds vUrjky ls
vk;ksftr gksrk gSA bl esys dh frfFk dk fu/kkZj.k bl ds eB ds eBk/kh'k }kjk T;ksfr"k
iapkax ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA bl /kkfeZd esys dh rS;kfj;ka djhc N% ekg iwoZ izkjEHk
dj nh tkrh gSA bl esys dk vk;kstu gksus ij iks"k cnh prqnZ'kh] jfookj ds fnu ;gka
ds fofHkUu >juksa dk ty cM+s cM+s ik=ksa ,oa Vsadjksa esa ,df=r dj fy;k tkrk gSA ftls
vU; LOkPN ty ds lkFk feykdj ns'k ds fofHkUu LFkkuksa ls vkus okys ,oa LFkkuh;
Jºkyqvksa }kjk iks"k lkseorh vekoL;k dks lw;ksZn; ls iwoZ cz„osyk esa Luku fd;k
tkrk gSA
Mwaxj iqjk.k esa ;gka ds fofHkUUk >juksa ,oa /keZjkt dh csjh ds ty dks xaxkty
ds leku ifo= crk;k x;k gSA iks"k cnh prqnZ'kh dh jkf= esa lqabZ;k esa Hktu la/;k dk
,oa jkf= tkxj.k dk vk;kstu gksrk gSA jkf= tkxj.k x.ks'k oUnuk ls izkjEHk gksrh gS]
fQj 'kSo&'kkDr&oS".ko bR;kfn Hktuksa dh lfjrk oh.kk dh rku] >ha>k dh >.kdkj]
<ksyd dh <ed vkSj gkjeksfu;e vkfn ok|;a=ksa ds lqj ds lkFk jkr Hkj cgrh gSA
blls ogka dk okroj.k HkfDrjle; vkYgkfnr gks mBrk gS rFkk Jºkyqvksa dks
vk/;kfRed lq[k feyrk gSA vxyh lqcg Jºkyqvksa }kjk cz„osyk esa ifo= Luku
fd;k tkrk gS fQj ;gka izHkkrdkyhu lqbaZ;k egknsoth dh vkjrh dh tkrh gSA blds
Ik'pkr~ pkSgVu ds izeq[k n'kZuh; LFky & dikys'oj] lqabZa;k egknso efUnj] Jh
Mwaxjiqjh eB] Jh Mwaxjiqjhth dh lekf/k] fo".kq ixfy;k] bUnzHkk.k rkykc] /keZjkt dh
csjh] /keZjkt dk eafnj] /keZiqjh eafnj] pkSoM+k ekrk eafnj] LoxkZlsjh] ihify;k >juk]
lk/kq dh dqfV;k&xqQk] oSj ekrk dk eafnj] >juk csjh] vkEcfy;k >juk] ik.Mo dksV]
gkiksa dk dksV] gkikukMh] HkhexksMk] phQy ukMh] txnEck eafnj] jk/kd`".k eafnj]
x<oSj ekrk eafnj] xksjk.k ekrk eafnj] Msjh Mqaxj x< eafnj] jkensoth dk eafnj] [ksek
184 352 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
ckck eafnj] Jh tEHks'oj eafnj] 'khryk ekrk eafnj] jksfgM+k ekrk eafnj] ckykth
eafnj] nknk Jh Hkh;M+th dk nsoy] nsjkuh&tsBkuh dh ykV] lar&egUrksa dh
lekf/k;ka] Jh Mwaxjiqjhth dk /kq.kk] [kheiqjhth dk eafnj] tSu eafnj] nknkokM+h]
rksj.kh;k ekrkth dk eafnj vkSj pkSgVu ls djhc 10 fd-eh- nwjh ij fLFkr ohjk=k esa
okady ekrk dk eafnj gSA13 bu LFkyksa dk Jºkyqtu Hkze.k djds lq[k&'kkafr dh
dkeuk djrs gSaA Fkkj ds dqaHk lqabZa;k egknso esys ds 'kkunkj gkV&cktkj ltrk gS]
esykFkhZ fofHkUu izdkj dh oLrqvksa dh [kjhnnkjh djrs gSa lkFk gh nku&iq.;] ;K&gou
vkfn ds lkFk lqabZa;k egknso ls ykSfdd&ikjykSfdd dY;k.k dh dkeuk djds vk/
;kfRed lq[k vuqHko djrs gSaA
bl esys dk eq[; vkd"kZ.k ^lqabZa;k egknso dh eqgj Nki* gS tks tysjh ,oa
fyaxkdkj ykSg /kkrq ls fufeZr gksrh gSA mls Luku ds ckn Jºkyqvksa dh LosPNk ls
O;fDr dh nkfguh Hkqtk ij dqaedqae;qDr HkLeh ls xeZ djds yxkbZ tkrh gSA ;g Nki
dsoy bl /kkfeZd esys esa gh yxokbZ tk ldrh gS] ;g lHkh /kkeksa esa Js"B ekuk x;k
gSaA blfy;s ;g eqgj Nki yxus ds ckn vU; /kkeksa dh eqgj Nki blds uhps yxrh gSa]
u fd blds ≈ijA vxj fdlh O;fDr ds igys ls nk;ha Hkqtk ij fdlh vU; /kke dh
Nki yxh gqbZ gS rks lqabZa;k egknso dh eqgj Nki mlls ≈ij yxkbZ tkrh gSA14 bl izdkj
Fkkj ds jsfxLrku esa ty dh vYi ek=k dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq,] ty lalk/kuksa ds vHkko
esa Hkh lPph bZ'k&HkfDr vkSj ty dks thou dk vk/kkj ekurs gq, ^lqabZa;k egknso esys*
dks e#dqaHk vFkkZr~ Fkkj dk dqaHk ls vayd`r djrs gq, fo'o ds lHkh /kkfeZd esyksa
vFkkZr /kkeksa esa Js"B ,oa loksZŸke ekuk x;k gSA
foÿeh laor~~ 2074 dh iks"k lkseorh vekoL;k (18 fnlEcj] 2017 bZLoh)
dks pkSgVu eBk/kh'k Jh txnh'kiqjh egkjkt ds vkfrF; esa bl esys dk vk;kstu gqvk
FkkA ftlesa djhc 20 yk[k Jºkyqvksa us Hkkx fy;k vkSj izkr% 6 cts ls nksigj 12
cts rd Luku fd;k x;k FkkA ftlesa lqabZa;k /kke ds fofHkUu >juksa ds ifo= ty ls
Luku dh lqO;oLFkk ds fy, 300 uy yxok;s x;s rFkk efgykvksa ds fy, i`Fkd ls
lqjf{kr Lukukxkj cuok;s x;s FksA ns'k ds fofHkUu LFkkuksa ls vkus okys Jºkyqvksa ds
Bgjus vkSj fu%'kqYd Hkkstu ,oa fpfdRlk vkfn dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ FkhA bl /kkfeZd
esys dh lqj{kk ,oa dkuwu&O;oLFkk dk ftEek ftyk iqfyl&iz'kklu ckM+esj }kjk
mBk;k x;k FkkA blds vUrxZr ftyk iqfyl v/kh{kd ckM+esj ds usr`Ro esa 10 MhokbZ
,lih] 25 baLisDVj vkSj 1300 iqfyl ds toku] bUVSyhtsUl ds djhc 50 vf/kdkjh
vkSj ftyk iz'kklu ds 07 eftLV™sV rSukr jgsA ftlds QyLo:i ;g esyk iw.kZr%
'kkafriwoZd lEiUu gqvkA15
vr% lqabZa;k dikys'oj egknso /kke ,d izkphu /kkfeZd LFky ,oa yksd vkLFkk
dk dsUnz gksus ds lkFk&lkFk ,sfrgkfld n`f"V ls Hkh egRoiw.kZ LFky gSA ftlls gesa
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 353 185
egkdkO; egkHkkjr dkyhu /kkfeZd] jktuSfrd] lkekftd vkSj HkkSxksfyd tkudkjh
feyrh gSA blds vfrfjDr dkykUrj esa gq, /kkfeZd] jktuSfrd] lkekftd ijEijkvksa
ifjorZuksa ds ,sfrgkfld rF; Hkh Kkr gksrs gSaA fo'ks"kr% l=goha&vBkjgoh 'krkfCn;ksa iwoZe/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh lekt esa /kkfeZd
esa if'peh jktiwrkuk (ekjokM+) esa ukFk&lEiznk; dk izHkko bl {ks= esa Hkh izHkko'khy
n`f"Vxr gksrk gSA tc fd pkSgVu dk Jh Mwaxjiqjh eB nŸkk=s; HkfDr ijEijk ls ekU;rk,a ,oa va/kfo'okl
vuqizkf.kr gS] ;g HkfDr ijEijk 'kSo vkSj oS".ko nksuksa dk laxe LFky jgk gSA ftlesa Mk- fueZyk dqekjh eh.kk
jt&re&lRo tSls f=xq.kksa] bPNk&deZ&Kku f=Hkkoksa mRifŸk&fLFkfr&y; ds ,dRo ds
:Ik esa ;g izfrf"Br gSA blfy, lqabZa;k esyk 'kSo vkSj oS".ko nksukssa erksa ds Jºkyqvksa
Hkkjrh; lekt esa tknw&Vksus] va/kfo'okl vkfn dh izFkk vR;Ur izkphu dky
dh vkLFkk dk dsUnz jgk gSA bl dikys'oj egknso /kke dks 'kSo&iaFkh viuk izeq[k
ls pyh vk jgh gSA izkphu lkfgR; ;Fkk vFkoZosn esa O;fHkPkkj] lEeksgu] ihMu]
/kkfeZd dsUnz ekurs gSa vkSj 'kfDr mikld OkSj ekrk ,oa ohjk=k ekrk eafnj dks viuk
'kfDrihB] rks fo".kq ixfy;k ,oa /keZjkt eafnj dks oS".ko HkDr viuk ifo= LFky ra=&ea=] o'khdj.k] >kM+&Qw°d] Hkwr&izsr vkfn dk foLrkj ls o.kZu feyrk gSA
ekudj bl esys esa c<&p<dj fgLLkk ysrs gSaA bl izdkj Hkkjr dk if'peksŸkj lhekUr gMIik ls izkIr ,d eqnzk ij ekuocfy dk n`'; mRdh.kZ gSA [kqnkbZ eas vusd rkcht Hkh
/kkfeZd esyk Fkkj dk dqaHk lqabaZ;k esyk gesa lfn;ksa ls /kkfeZd leUo;] lkaLd`frd feyrs gSA 'koksa ds lkFk nSfud miHkksx dh oLrq;as tSls&crZu] vkHkw"k.k vkfn feyus ls
lejlrk vkSj jk"V™h; ,drk ds lw= esa fijks;s j[krk vk jgk gSA bruk gh ugha e/;dky gMIIkkokfl;ksa ds ikjykSfdd thou esa vkLFkk dk irk pyrk gSA okLro eas dkykUrj
ls bl {ks= esa bLyke vuq;kf;;ksa ds izos'k gksus ds mijkar ;gka eqfLye ckgqY;rk gS eas fgUnw/keZ esa izpfyr vusd vU/kfo'oklksa dk vkfn :i gesa gMIikk lH;rk esa
fQj Hkh ;gka ds fgUnw&eqfLye rc ls vc rd lnSo HkkbZpkjs ls jgrs gSa ,d&nwljs dh fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
/kkfeZd ijEijkvksa dk vknj&lEeku djrs jgs gSaA mi;qZDr rF;ksa ls Li"V gS fd ;g ges'kk ls izR;sd izns'k ds vius /kkfeZd jhfr fjokt vkSj fo'okl jgs gSa ftlds
esyk ,sfrgkfld /kjksgj&Lo:Ik gksus ds lkFk&lkFk gekjh /kkfeZd lfg".kqrk] lkEiznkf;d vuqlkj ogk° dh turk vius nSfud dk;Z djrh gSA jktLFkkuh lekt ij izR;sd dky
ln~Hkkouk ,oa jk"V™h; ,drk dk izrhd Hkh gSA esa fdlh u fdlh :i esa ra=&ea= vkfn dk izHkko jgk gSA lEHkor% bldk dkj.k ;gk°
lanHkZ xzkeh.k lekt dk <kapk gksuk jgk gksxkA izkphudky ls gh jktLFkku esa dHkh Hkh cMs+
1- okYehdh jkek;.k &6@22@32&36] xhrk izsl xksj[kiqj] 1983 bZLoh uxjksa dk fodkl ugh gks ik;kA uxj ges'kk ls gh [kqys o izxfr'khy fopkjksa ds dsUnz
2- egkHkkjr&14@53@7] 55@13&15] 35&37] xhrk izsl xksj[kiqj] 1987 bZLoh jgs gSa tcfd jktLFkkuh turk ges'kk ls gh xk°oksa ds vizxfr'khy okrkoj.k esa gh jghA
3- Lokeh [kq'kkyukFk /khj&Jh Mqaxjiqjh eB lwabZ;k esyk] i`- 01] ckM+esj] 2017 bZ- f}rh; xjhch dh voLFkk eas turk esa vius&vki dks [kq'k j[kus ds fy, ra=&ea=
4- egUr txnh'kiqjh&pkSgVu ds rhFkZ eB bfrgkl] i`- 05] ckM+esj] 2017 bZ- vkfn dk lgkjk fy;kA ;gh dkj.k gS fd 21oha lnh ds jktLFkku esa xzkeh.k turk
5- Lokeh [kq'kkyukFk /khj&Jh Mqaxjiqjh eB lwabZ;k esyk] i`- 06] ckM+esj] 2017 bZ- vkt Hkh bZykt ds fy, >kM+&Qwad o vius firjksa (xzke nsorkvksa) ij iwjk fo'okl
6- ogh] i`- 03 djrh gSA ;s va/kfo'okl budks ijEijk ls izkIr gq, gSaA ftudh tMs+a dkQh xgjh gS tks
7- egUr txnh'kiqjh&mi;qZDr] i`- 06
fd foKku o rduhdh ds fodkl ds ckotwn viuk izHkko cuk;s gq, gSaA
8- Lokeh [kq'kkyukFk /khj&mi;qZDr] i`- 04
9- xkses'k xkSM+ ls lk{kkRdkj &17-12-2018 bZ- iwoZe/;dkyhu jktLFkku esa ihf<++;ksa ls pys vk jgs vusd izdkj ds ra=&ea=]
10- egs'k xkSM+ ls lk{kkRdkj&18-12-2018 bZ- va/kfo'okl] tknw&Vksus vkfn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA vPNh o cqjh ?kVukvksa dk irk
11- Mwaxj iqjk.k] ik.Mqfyfi] 17oha 'krkCnh bZLoh] pkSgVu eB] pkSgVu yxkus ds fy, 'kdqu iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA bu lHkh ckrksa dks /keZ&fojks/kh vkSj
12- Lokeh [kq'kkyukFk /khj&mi;qZDr] i`- 01 /kekZuqjkxh lHkh ekurs FksA foosP;dky esa izpfyr lHkh /kkfeZd lEiznk;ksa esa ra=&
13- Lokeh [kq'kkyukFk /khj&mi;qZDr ] i`- 04 ea= }kjk HkkX; cnyus ij tksj fn;k tkrk FkkA lEiUu ifjokjksa o jktnjckjksa eas Hkh
14- egUr txnh'kiqjh&mi;qZDr] i`- 07 va/kfo'okl dk cgqr izpyu FkkA jktk ds ;qº esa tkus ls iwoZ T;ksfr"kh 'kqHk vkSj v'kqHk
15- jktLFkku if=dk] ckM+esj laLdj.k] 17&18 fnlEcj] 2017 bZ- le; ns[krs FksA os ns[krs Fks fd 'kdqu muds i{k esa gSa ;k foIk{k esaA1 dqŸks] taxyh
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 355
fpfM+;k°] dkSok] fNidyh vkfn ds O;ogkj ls 'kdquksa dk irk yxkrs FksA i`Fohjkt
pkSgku tc nwljh ckj eqgEen xkSjh ls ;qº ds fy, fudyk rks fgj.k mlds ck,° rjQ
ls xqtjk vkSj ,d dkSvk lw;Z dh vksj eq°g djds fpYyk jgk FkkA mu lc 'kdquksa ls
mls ;g lUnsg gks x;k fd vc mlds lkezkT; dk iru utnhd gSA2 jktkvksa dks
foifŸk ls NqVdkjk fnykus ds fy, ;K fd;s tkrs FksA ik'kqir lEiznk; okys Hkwrizsrksa ls
j{kk ds fy, Hkxoku dks [kkSifM+;ksa dh ekyk HksaV djrs FksA
foosP;dky ds vusd vi'kdquksa dk Hkh o.kZu feyrk gS ftuds ?kfVr gksus ij
cMs+ ls cMs+ lkezkT; dk iru Hkh fuf'pr Fkk tSls & HkwdEi dk vkuk] leqnzh ygjksa dk
ikuh lhek ls ≈ij mBuk] vkdk'k esa /kwedsrq rkjs dk fn[kkbZ nsuk] fl;kj dk
fpYykuk] e/kqefD[k;ksa dk flagklu ds ikl fHkUufHkukuk rFkk dkSos dk dk°;&dk°;
djrs gq, var%iqj ls xqtjuk vi'kdqu ekuk tkrk FkkA3 blh izdkj ekuo dh nk;ha
vk°[k QM+duk mlds fy, 'kqHk rFkk ck;ha vk°[k QM+duk v'kqHk o veaxydkjh ekuk
tkrk FkkA uhys oL= /kkj.k djuk vi'kdqu ekuk tkrk FkkA uhys oL= /kkj.k djus okys
ds Luku] /;ku] ri] ti] gkse] Lok/;k; fu"Qy ekus tkrs FksA4 ml le; ,sls Hkh
fo'okl izpfyr Fks fd ;fn Hkwy ls 'kjkc ih yh gks rks xkSew= ds lsou ls og 'kqº gks
tkrk FkkA ,d yk[k ckj xk;=h ea= ds tki ls lkjs ikiksa ls eqfDr gks tkrh FkhA iRuh
ds ej tkus ij vfXugks= djrs le; L=h dh izfrek cukdj ;K fd;k tkrk FkkA5 ,slk
ekuk tkrk Fkk fd tks Hkh O;fDr ;K o fookg esa ck/kk Mkysxk] og nwljs tUe eas dhMs+
dk 'kjhj /kkj.k djrk FkkA6 lekt esa bl izdkj ds va/kfo'okl cgqr izpfyr Fks fd
cqjh vk°[kksa ls utj yx tkrh gSA bl utj nks"k dks nwj djus ds fy, fofHkUu izdkj ds
ea=7 rFkk yky fepZ dks vkx esa tykus dk dke fd;k tkrk FkkA ;s mik; vkt Hkh
xzkeh.k ifjos'k es fd;s tkrs gSaA gEehj ds njckj dk izeq[k fo}ku lkjax/kj us vius
xzUFk lkjax/kj iºfr eas 500 inksa eas 'kdquksa dk foLrkjiwoZd o jkspd <ax ls o.kZu
fd;k gSA Hkkjr ds cgqr ls fgLLkksa eas ml le; 'kdquksa dk dbZ xzUFk fy[ks x;s FksA
bl le; yksx T;ksfrf"k;ksa dk cgqr vknj djrs FksA os T;ksfr"k fo|k ds
vk/kkj ij Hkkoh ?kVukvksa dk vuqeku yxkrs FksA cPps ds tUe ij T;ksfrf"k;ksa dks
cqyk;k tkrk FkkA cPps ds mTToy thou ds fy, ekrk&firk Hkfo";oDrkvksa ds
dFku ds vk/kkj ij vuq"Bku djrs FksA8 vkneh ds ;k=k djus ls iwoZ mldh Nkrh ij
LokfLrd dk fu'kku yxk;k tkrk Fkk o mlds eq°g ij ifo= ty fNM+dk tkrk FkkA
vxj [kjxks'k o fcYyh mldk jkLrk dkV nsrs Fks rks O;fDr ;k=k ij ugha tkdj ?kj
ykSV vkrs FksA X;kgjoha lnh ds vi'kdquksa ds ckjs esa vyc:uh cgqr fooj.k nsrk gS
ftudks ge jktLFkku izns'k esa Hkh ns[krs gSaA vyc:uh ds vuqlkj Hkkjroklh Nhadus
vkSj ok;q foltZu dks cqjk 'kdqu ekurs FksA fgUnw yksx vius ds'k o uk[kwu le; o
fnu dks ns[kdj dkVrs FksA eaxyokj o 'kfuokj dks os yksx mfPkr fnu ugha le>rs
186 356 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
FksA vyc:uh ds vuqlkj Hkkjroklh fcuk thu ds ?kksM+s dh lokjh ugha djrs gSa] vxj
os thu yxkrs Fks rks ?kksM+s ij mldh nk;ha vksj ls p<++rs FksA9 lkai ds dkVs x;s yksxksa ds
fy, vuds ra=&ea= FksA fo"k ea=ksa ds }kjk nwj gks tkrk gS] ,slk fo'okl fd;k tkrk
FkkA xk; dks ekrk ds leku vknj lRdkj iznku fd;k tkrk FkkA mldh nhikoyh ds
volj ij iwtk dh tkrh FkhA xk; dk ew= o xkscj nksuksa gh ifo= ekus tkrs FksA leqnzh
;k=k djuk Hkkjrh; yksx cqjk ekurs FksA ;fn dksbZ leqnzh;k=k dj ysrk Fkk] rks mlds
fy, izk;f'pr dh O;oLFkk dh tkrh FkhA10
,slk fo'okl fd;k tkrk Fkk fd v/kZjkf= ds ckn tks LoIu vkrs gSa] os lR;
gksrs gSaA cqjs LoIuksa ds fn[k tkus ij mldh vkifŸk ds fuokj.k ds fy, xaxk ;k nwljh
ufn;ksa dk ikuh fNM+d dj ea=ksa dk mPpkj.k fd;k tkrk FkkA cqjs LoIu ns[kus okys
jktk dks ea=ksPpkj.k ds lkFk lqcg 'kqº eD[ku esa viuk eq[k ns[kuk pkfg, rHkh cqjs
LoIu ds nksuksa ds cpk tk ldrk gSA11 foosP;dky eas yksxksa dk Hkwrizsrksa esa n`<+ fo'okl
FkkA vkS"kf/k;ksa ls Hkh vf/kd yksxksa dk fo'okl >kM+&Qw°d ij gksrk FkkA xk°oksa esa
yksdnsork o yksd nsfo;ksa ds uke ij Hkksis o rkaf=d yksx >kM+&Q°wd ls turk ds
d"Vksa ds fuokj.k dk nkok djrs FksA vekoL;k ds fnu gy ugha pyk;k tkrk FkkA
rn~;qxhu lkfgR; ls fofnr gksrk gS fd foosP;dky esa lekt esa izk.k R;kx ds fy,
yksx rhFkZ LFkkuksa ij tkrs Fks ftlls mUgsa eks{k dh izkfIr gks ldsA pansy ujs'k /kax us
100 o"kZ ls vf/kd vk;q ds ckn 1002 bZ- eas iz;kx esa e`R;q dk oj.k fd;k FkkA12
fu"d"kZr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd foosP;dky eas yksxksa dh /kkj.kk O;kid :i
ls dŸkZO; ls gVdj HkkX; ij vk teh FkhA os fdlh Hkh dk;Z ds fy, visf{kr Je
dh ctk; HkkX; ij T;knk tksj nsrs FksA izcks/k pUnzksn; xzUFk esa Hkh mYys[k feyrk gS
fd ^^;fn fo/kkrk gh oke gS] rks D;k ugha ?kV ldrkA** foifŸk ds fuokj.k gsrq iz;kl
djuk dksbZ Hkh euq"; mfpr ugha ekurk FkkA foosP;dkyhu lekt eas jktk ls ysdj
lkekU; euq"; rd viuk thou 'kdqu ,oa vi'kdquksa ds vuqlkj O;rhr djrs FksA
/keZ ,oa va/kfo'okl ds fo"k;ksa eas rdZ ,oa foosd dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk FkkA ml
le; ds yksxksa us bu /kkfeZd vU/kfo'oklksa ds ek/;e ls viuk thou tfVy cuk j[kk
FkkA lcls cM+h foMEcuk rks ;g gS fd 21oha lnh ds jktLFkkuh lekt eas ge vHkh
Hkh cgqr lkjs va/kfo'okl ns[krs gSaA gkykafd vkt dh rjg gh ml le; dk eqÎh Hkj
izcqº oxZ ekurk Fkk fd okLrfod thou esa bu /kkfeZd fo'oklkas] ea=ksa] va/kfo'oklkas]
tknw&Vksuk vkfn dk dksbZ fo'ks"k egŸo ugha FkkA lHkh rjg ds tknw&Vksuksa o j{kkRed
mik;ksa ds ckotwn Hkh thou esa ladV vkrs gh FksA
lanHkZ
1- foYg.k] foÿekadnsopfjre~] Hkkx 2] i`- 354] la- & ia- fo'oukFk 'kkL=h] okjk.klh]
1958&64
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 357 187
2- u;upUnzlwfj] gEehjegkdkO;] Hkkx&3] i`- 58] la-& ,u-ts- fudsru] cEcbZ] 1879
3- foYg.k] foÿekadnso pfjr] Hkkx 2] i`- 348
4- vkiLrEc Le`fr] v/;k; 6] 'yksd 3] okjk.klh] 1939 esgjkux<+ esa izkphu ty laj{k.k rduhd &
5- dkR;k;uLe`fr ] v/;k; 9] 'ykssd 20
6- o`gLifrLe`fr] v/;k; 1] 'yksd 53] la-& ds-ch- jaxkLokeh vk;axj] cM+kSnk] 1941 Vk°dksa ds lUnHkZ esa
7- mifefrHkoiziapdFkk] i`- 158] la-& ih- isVlZu] dYkdŸkkA MkW- foeys'k jkBkSM+
8- bfy;V ,aM Mkmlu] fgLV™h vkWQ bafM;k ,t VksYM ckbZ bV~l vksu fgLVksfj;Ul] Hkkx&1]
i`- 10] yanu 1866&67 (rhu Hkkxksa esa)
^ty gh thou gS* dh mfDr ekuo lfgr leLr izœfr ds fy, thou dh
9- lpm] bZ-lh-] vyc:uht bafM;k] Hkkx &1] i`- 179] 181&182] yUnu 1888
10- lpm] bZ-lh-] vyc:uht bafM;k] Hkkx&2] i`- 194
ewyHkwr vko';drk ty ds egRo dks izfrikfnr djrh gSA ty ds egRo dks Lohdkj
11- lksenso % ;'kfLrufryd pEiw] i`- 96] la- if.Mr f'konŸk] fu.kZ;lkxj izsl] cEcbZ dj gekjs iwoZtksa us blds laxzg ,oa mi;ksx ds dbZ mik; fd;sA dq,°] ckofM+;k° rkykc
12- ,fixzkfQ;k bafMdk] Hkkx&1] i`- 14 [kqnokus rFkk >kyjs] Vk°ds vkfn cuokus tSls tu dY;k.kdkjh dk;Z fd;s fQj buesa
laxzfgr ikuh dh 'kqºrk ds fy, Hkh dbZ rjg ds mik; fd;sA ftUgsa ge vkt
ijEijkxr ty L=ksr dgrs gSa os ikuh dh rRdkyhu leL;k ds lek/kku ds izrhd jgs
gSaA ,sls dk;Z jkT; Lrj ij jktk egkjktkvksa }kjk muds ikfjokfjd lnL;ksa ds Lrj ij
muds v/khuLFk tkxhjnkj] lsB] lkgqdkjksa rFkk vU; leFkZ tuksa dh rjQ ls fd;s tkrs
jgs gSaA1
jktLFkku ds ekjokM+ izns'k us HkkSxksfyd dkj.kksa ls lnk ty dk vHkko ns[kk
gSA blh lUnHkZ esa bldk uke e# izns'k Hkh jgk gSA ekjokM+ esa o"kkZdky esa cgus okyh
ywuh unh dk vfLrRo jgk gS vU;Fkk fujUrj izokfgr gksus okys unh ukyksa dk vHkko
gh jgk gSA de o"kkZ vkSj unh ukyksa ds vHkko ds dkj.k ekjokM+ esa Hkwfexr ty dh
miyC/krk dkQh xgjkbZ ij jgh gSA vr% ;gk° gfj;kyh ugha oju~ jsr dk foLrkj
vf/kd n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA thou ds vfuok;Z rRo ty ds vHkko us ;gk° ds tuekul
esa ty dh vueksy Nfo o egRo dks LFkkfir fd;k gSA ekjokM+ esa izkIr ty L=ksr
vusd izdkj ds gSa tSls&dq.M] dq,°] ckoM+h] >kyjs] VksHkk] rkykc] ukMs&ukMh] Vkads]
>hy] >jus] ugjsa] ck°/k vkfnA2
ekjokM+ ds 'kkld jko tks/kk us 1459 bZ- esa tks/kiqj ds nqxZ esgjkux<+ dh
LFkkiuk dh rFkk tks/kiqj uxj clk;kA3 tks/kkth us ckyleUn rkykc Hkh cuok;kA4
ty lap; dh n`f"V ls ekjokM+ ds bfrgkl dk v/;;u fd;k tk;s rks ;gk° ds
'kkldksa] mudh jkfu;ksa] jktdqekfj;ksa] vU; lnL;ksa] deZpkfj;ksa vkfn }kjk cuok;s x;s
rkykc] dq,°] ckoM+h] dq.M] ukMh] Vk°dksa vkfn dk foLr`r fooj.k v/;;u ls Kkr
gksrk gSA5
esgjkux<+ esa izkphu tylaj{k.k rduhd ds vUrxZr Vk°dksa dk fo'ks"k egRo
jgk gSA o"kkZ ds ty dks laxzfgr djus gsrq 'kkldksa }kjk Vk°dksa ds fuekZ.k dh rduhd
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 359
viukbZ xbZA bl rduhd ds vUrxZr o"kkZdky esa fdys esa fufeZr fofHkUu egyksa dh
Nrksa] vU; Hkouksa dh Nrksa rFkk [kqys pkSd esa fxjus okys ikuh dks cgkdj cckZn gksus ls
jksdus o mldk fofHkUu dk;ksZa gsrq mi;ksx djus ds fy, Vk°dksa dk fuekZ.k djok;k
tkrk FkkA Vk°dk fuekZ.k ls rkRi;Z gS fd tehu ds vUnj ,d iDdk gkSn (Under
ground water tank) cuok;k tkrk FkkA fdys ds fofHkUu [kqys pkSd vkSj Nrksa ij
fxjus okyk o"kkZ ty lh/ks Vk°dksa esa igq°p tkrk ftlls izd`fr iznŸk ty dk laj{k.k
,oe~ fofHkUu mi;ksx gksrk FkkA ekjokM+ ds fofHkUu 'kkldksa }kjk esgjkux<+ dh
pkjnhokjh ds Hkhrj vusd NksVs&cM+s Vk°dksa dk fuekZ.k djok;k ftuesa ls vusd Vk°ds
orZeku esa vfLrRo esa ugha gS ftudk laf{kIr fooj.k bl izdkj gSμ6
1- irkfy;k Vk°dk & esgjkux<+ esa irkfy;k dq,° ds ikl jko ekynsoth us
,d Vk°ds dk fuekZ.k djok;k Fkk ftlesa o"kkZ dk ikuh vkrk FkkA ,slh laHkkouk gS fd
lu~ 1857 esa tc ck:n ds xksnke esa foLQksV gqvk rc ;g Vk°dk Hkh u"V gks x;kA
2- ckck vkRekjke th dk Vk°dk & egkjktk fot;flag th us vius xq# ckck
vkRekjketh dh Le`fr esa laor~ 1816 (lu~ 1759) esa ;g Vk°dk cuok;k FkkA
egkjktk r[krflag th ds le; rd ;g Vk°dk fo|eku FkkA Qrgegy ds th.kksZºkj
ds le; ;g Vk°dk ikV fn;k x;kA
3- Qrgegy dk Vk°dk & egkjktk vHk;flag th us Qrsg egy ds uhps ,d
Vkadk cuok;k FkkA bl Vk°ds dk th.kksZºkj egkjktk ekuflag th us djok;k FkkA
orZeku esa ;g Vk°dk vfLrRo esa ugha gSaA
4- pkeq.Mk ekrk th eafnj dk Vk°dk & egkjktk r[krflag ds le; esa ;g
eafnj vkSj mlds vkl ikl dk {ks= ck:n ds foLQksV ds dkj.k mM+ x;k Fkk ftlesa
;g Vk°dk Hkh mM+ x;kA egkjktk r[krflag th us eafnj o Vk°ds dk iqu% fuekZ.k
djok;k FkkA
mijksDr Vk°ds orZeku esa miyC/k ugha gSa fdUrq esgjkux<+ esa orZeku le; rd
Hkh dqN Vk°dksa dk vfLrRo T;ksa dk R;ksa cuk gqvk gS ftuesa eq[; Vk°ds bl izdkj gSa&
1- tukuh M~;ks<+h dk Vk°dk & ;g Vk°dk tukuk M~;ks<+h ds ckgj fo'kky
ijdksVs ls f?kjk gqvk gSA orZeku esa Hkh bl Vkads esa o"kkZ ty ,df=r gksrk gSA
lEHkor% ;g Vkadk izkphu gS] blfy, ;g laHkkouk O;Dr dh tk ldrh gS fd fdys
ds ?ksjko ds le; Hkhrj ds yksxksa ds fy, tykiwfrZ blh Vk°ds ls gksrh FkhA7 orZeku
le; esa Hkh tc vU; lzksrksa ls deZpkfj;ksa dh ty dh iwfrZ esa dksbZ ck/kk vk, rks blh
Vk°ds dk ty mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA Vk°dk {ks= ds ikl yxs ,d NksVs cxhps dks Hkh
blh Vk°ds ls ikuh fiyk;k tkrk gsA ;g Vk°dk cgqr cM+k gSA bldh yEckbZ 40 QhV]
pkSMkbZ 24-5 QhV vkSj xgjkbZ 13 QhV gSA vR;Ur izkphu gksus ij Hkh orZeku le;
188 360 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
rd Hkh bldh nhokjksa esa rM+d ;k ikuh ds fjlko dh dksbZ f'kdk;r ugha gS tks
rRdkyhu le; dh fuekZ.k dk;Z dh mPp rduhd dk izrhd gSA bl Vk°ds rd vkus
tkus okyksa ds iSjksa ls gksus okyh xUnxh dks vklkuh ls lkQ fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g
Vk°dk dkQh le; ls lkQ ugha gqvk gS fQj Hkh bldk ikuh cgqr lkQ gSA bl Vk°ds
ds ikuh esa dhM+s ugha iuirs gSaA
2- ckM+h ds egyksa dk Vk°dk & ;g Vk°dk Jh ukx.ksfp;ka eafnj ds eq[; }kj ds
ikl nkfguh rjQ fLFkr gSA bl Vk°ds esa mrjus ds fy, lhf<+;ka cuh gqbZ gSA bl Vk°ds
dk fuekZ.k lokbZ jktk lwjflag th us laor~ 1664 (bZ- lu~ 1607) esa djok;k FkkA bl
Vk°ds ds fuekZ.k gsrq b±Vksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k Fkk rFkk vgenkckn ls dkjhxj cqyk;k
x;k Fkk ftldk uke uhcS FkkA8 bl Vk°ds dh lQkbZ izfr o"kZ gqvk djrh FkhA orZeku
esa ;g Vk°dk ty jfgr gSA bl Vk°ds dh nhokj ij xgjkbZ ukius ds fy, vkt Hkh
iSekuk cuk gqvk gSA egkjktk guqoarflag th us tc vius pquko ds le; esa fdys ij
vkWfQl LFkkfir fd;k Fkk] rc blh Vk°ds dk ikuh ihus gsrq dke esa fy;k tkrk FkkA
esgjkux<+ E;wft;e V™LV ds iwoZ funs'kd lxrflag th rd bl Vk°ds dk ikuh ihus gsrq
mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk FkkA9 bl Vk°ds esa ckM+h ds egyksa dh Nr ij rFkk ukx.ksfp;k
ekrk ds eafnj dh Nr ij fxjus okyk o"kkZ ty igq°prk FkkA bl Vk°ds dh yEckbZ 31
QhV] pkSMk+ bZ 20 QhV vkSj špkbZ 24 QhV 6 bap gSA
3- nkSyr[kkuk pkSd dk Vk°dk & jko xkaxk ds le; esa bl LFkku ij HkS:th
ds eafnj ds fy, rg[kkuk cuk;k x;k FkkA HkS:th ds eafnj ds ikl ,d Vk°ds dk
fuekZ.k lokbZ jktk lwjflag th us djk;k FkkA i'pkr ds le; esa Vk°ds o eafnj ds ≈ij
nkSyr[kkus dk fuekZ.k egkjktk vthrflagth us djk;k FkkA ml oDr bldk uke
^vthr foykl* j[kk x;k Fkk ysfdu izpyu esa bldks nkSyr[kkuk gh dgk tkrk gSA10
bl Vk°ds dh yEckbZ 38 QhV 6 bap] pkSM+kbZ 12 QhV 9 bap vkSj ≈°pkbZ 20 QhV gSA
nkSyr[kkuk ds ≈ijh egy dh Nr] vthr egy dh Nr rFkk nkSyr[kkuk pkSd esa
fxjus okyk o"kkZ ty bl Vk°ds esa igq°prk gSA bl Vk°ds esa nkfguh vkSj ck°;h nksuksa rjQ
ls vUnj mrjus ds fy;s 19&19 lhf<+;k° gSaA Vk°ds ds vUnj dh rjQ ls nks lh<+h
NksMd+ j rhljh lh<+h ij ,d Nsn (Hole) gS rFkk uhps ls ukS lh<+h NksM+dj nloha
lh<+h ij fQj ,d gksy gS ftlls vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd lhf<+;ksa ls Vk°ds esa
mrjrs le; lgkjs gsrq jsfyax tSlh fdlh O;oLFkk ds fy;s lhf<+;ksa ij gksy j[ks x;s
FksA Vk°ds ds nkfguh rjQ ,d ikbi yxk gqvk gS ftlls o"kkZ dk ty Vk°ds esa igq°pus
dh O;oLFkk FkhA Vk°ds esa lQkbZ gsrq ikuh ds fudklh ds fy, ukyh dh O;oLFkk gSA
Vk°ds esa o"kkZ ty ds lkFk vkbZ feV~Vh dks ikuh ls vyx djus dh rduhd ds rgr
Vk°ds ds Q'kZ ij ,d v"Vdks.k dq.M cuk;k x;k gSA bl dq.M dk fo'ks"k egRo bl
n`f"V ls gS fd Vk°ds ds ty esa lfEefyr feV~Vh /khjs&/khjs bl dq.M esa tek gks tkrh
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 361
FkhA Vk°ds dh lrg dk <yku dq.M dh rjQ bl rjg fn;k x;k fd feV~Vh dq.M esa
igq°p tk;s ftlls ikuh dh deh gksus ij feV~Vh dks dq.M ls ckgj fudky fn;k tkrk
FkkA ;g Vk°dk yky iRFkj ls cuk gqvk gS ftl ij pwus dk IykLVj fd;k x;k gSA Q'kZ
ij Hkh pwus dk IykLVj Li"V :i ls n`f"Vxkspj gS ftlds fujh{k.k ls ,slk izrhr ugha
gksrk gS fd ;g vR;f/kd izkphu Vk°dk gSA Vk°ds dh Nr ij yksgs dh tkyh yxh gqbZ
gS tks Vk°ds esa izdk'k dh O;oLFkk ds en~nsutj yxkbZ xbZ FkhA
fo'ks"k rF; & Vk°dksa ds fuekZ.k dh rduhd ,oe~ ikuh dh 'kqºrk ds lUnHkZ
esa esgjkux<+ nqxZ esa ty laj{k.k dh rduhd ds vUrxZr Vk°dksa dk fo'ks"k egRo jgk
gSA fuekZ.k dk;Z dq'ky dkjhxjksa }kjk fd;k tkrk FkkA rRdkyhu le; esa fuekZ.k dk;Z
esa yxs dq'ky dkjhxjksa ds vUrxZr fofHkUu rjg dk dkjhxjh dk dk;Z djus okys
O;fDr;ksa dk mYys[k cfg;ksa esa feyrk gS tks bl izdkj gS&tqM+kbZnkj&iRFkjksa dks tksM+us
okyk O;fDr] pquxj&pqukbZ dk dk;Z djus okyk O;fDr] <ykbZnkj&iRFkjksa dks
vkdkj&izdkj esa djus dk dk;Z djus okyk O;fDr rFkk pkaokfy;k&iRFkj dh Nh.ks Nr
ij p<+kus o O;ofLFkr j[kus dk dk;Z djus okyk O;fDrA
Vka°dksa ds fuekZ.k dh rduhd ds vUrxZr vxzkafdr ckrksa dk /;ku j[kk tkrk
Fkk tSls &
& ,sls LFkku ij Vk°dksa dk fuekZ.k tgk° Vk°dksa esa o"kkZ dk ty vklkuh ls igq°p
ldsaA
& Vk°dksa ds ty dks mi;ksx gsrq fudkyus ds fy, lhf<+;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k
tkrk FkkA
& Vk°dksa dh lQkbZ gsrq ty dh fudklh ds fy, ukyh dh O;oLFkkA
& ikuh dks 'kqº j[kus gsrq gok o izdk'k dh iw.kZ O;oLFkkA
& ikuh dks 'kqº j[kus gsrq gesa yky nok ds iz;ksx dk mYys[k cgh esa feyrk
gS tks dhVk.kqvksa dks u"V djrh FkhA11
& ikuh dh 'kqºrk o lqxU/k ds fy, mlesa b= Mkyus dk Hkh mYys[k cfg;ksa esa
feyrk gSA12 ysfdu ;g b= lh/ks Vsad esa u Mkydj] ty dks eVdh esa Hkjus ds
i'pkr ml eVdh esa b= Mkyk tkrk FkkA jfuokl dh eVfd;ksa esa xqykc ehBks] xqykc
:eh] xqykc lsorh] vUrj dsrdh] vUrj pEiks vkfn ds iz;qDr gksus dk mYys[k
cfg;ksa esa feyrk gSA [kklk dke rkydS jksdM+ [kjp jh cgh (xzaFkkad 2830) ds
vuqlkj ml le; vUrj dsrdh dh izfr 'kh'kh dk Hkko 5) #i;s] xqykc lsorh dh
izfr 'kh'kh 6) #i;s] xqykc ehBks dh izfr 'kh'kh dk ewY; 12) #i;s rFkk xqykc :eh
dh izfr 'kh'kh dk ewY; 30) #i;s FkkA13
& Vk°dksa ds fuekZ.k esa iRFkjksa dks ijLij tksM+us esa lhls ds iz;ksx dk mYys[k
189 362 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
cfg;ksa esa feyrk gS ftlls nhokjksa dks etcwrh izkIr gksrh FkhA14
& fuekZ.k dk;ks± esa etcwrh gsrq fof'k"V elkyksa ds mi;ksx dk mYys[k cfg;ksa
esa feyrk gSA elkyksa ds :i esa pwuk] eqjM+] dadj] [kM~Mh] dyh vkfn dke esa vkrs
FksA cfg;ksa ds vuqlkj [kM~Mh dks idkus ds fy, Nk.kksa (lw[kk xkscj) dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk FkkA ,slh [kM~Mh ds mi;ksx ls fuekZ.k dk;ksZa esa etcwrh vkuk LokHkkfod FkkA15
deBsa esa iRFkjksa o ctjh ds iz;ksx dk mYys[k Hkh cfg;ksa esa feyrk gSA16
& [kM~Mh o pwus dh idM+ etcwr djus ds fy, eqLrh 'kDdj] xqM]+ xksan]
xwxy o nkuk esFkh ds mi;ksx dk cgh esa mYys[k feyrk gSA17 fuekZ.k dk;Z ds nkSjku
pwus o [kM~Mh dk elkyk gkFk ds fpids ugha blds fy, gkFkksa ij rsy yxkus dk
mYys[k cgh esa feyrk gSA18 jlk;u foKku ds vuqlkj xqM]+ xwxy] xksan vkSj 'kDdj
vkfn inkFkZ pwus ds lkFk feydj nks iRFkjksa dks etcwrh ls fpidkus dk dk;Z djrs gSaA
pwuk ,oe~ [kM~Mh gok ls dkcZuMkbZ vkWDlkbM ysdj /khjs&/khjs vR;f/kd etcwrh
izkIr djrs gSaA pwus esa nkuk esFkh Hkh feykbZ tkrh Fkh tks pwus ds IykLVj esa fpdukgV
ykus dk dk;Z djrh FkhA
& Vk°dksa dh nhokjksa esa rM+d vFkok ikuh ds fjlko dh f'kdk;r u vk;s bl
gsrq fuekZ.k dk;ksZa esa etcwrh ij /;ku fn;k tkrk FkkA
& Vk°dksa ds [kkyh gks tkus dh fLFkfr esa i[kkyksa esa ikuh Hkjdj ≈°V ds ek/;e
ls fdys ij ykdj Vk°dksa esa Hkjs tkus dk mYys[k cfg;ksa esa feyrk gSA19
fu"d"kZ :i esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd vdky xzLr ekjokM+ izns'k ds 'kkldksa
us ty ds egRo dks le> dj mlds laj{k.k dh rduhd ds :i esa Vk°dksa dk fuekZ.k
djok;kA bu Vk°dksa esa o"kkZ dk ty laxzfgr dj mldk fofHkUu dk;ksZa gsrq mi;ksx
fd;kA Vk°dksa ds fuekZ.k esa etcwrh dk fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k tkrk Fkk ftlls Vk°dksa ls
ikuh dk fjlko u gksA bldk izR;{k izek.k ;g gS fd esgjkux<+ esa miyC/k Vk°ds ,sls
n`f"Vxkspj gksrs gSa ekuks orZeku esa gh cuk;s x;s gksaA vkt ds oSKkfud ;qx esa Hkh Vk°dksa
ds :i esa tylaj{k.k dh ;s izkphu rduhd ,d vkn'kZ mnkgj.k dgh tk ldrh gSA
esgjkux<+ esa miyC/k tukuh M~;ks<+h dk izkphu Vk°dk orZeku esa Hkh ty ls iw.kZr% Hkjk
gqvk gS fdUrq blesa dgha Hkh ty ds fjlko dh f'kdk;r ugha gS vkSj u gh blds ty
esa dHkh dhM+s iuirs gSa] rkRi;Z ;g gS fd oSKkfud lk/kuksa ds vHkko esa ,sfrgkfld
ifjisz{; esa foKku ,oe~ rduhd dh n`f"V ls fuekZ.k dk;Z fdruh mUur voLFkk esa jgs
gksaxs fd esgjkux<+ esa e/;dky esa ty laj{k.k dh rduhd ds rgr~ cuk;s x;s Vk°ds
vkt Hkh T;ksa ds R;ksa cus gq, gSa orZeku ifjizs{; esa ,d fopkj.kh; rF; ;g Hkh gS fd
orZeku ljdkjsa o"kkZ ty ds laj{k.k gsrq ?kjksa esa ftu Vk°dksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, yksxksa dks
izksRlkfgr dj jgh gS] bl mi;ksxh ty laj{k.k rduhd dks ekjokM+ ds 'kkldksa us
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 363 190
e/;dky esa gh viuk dj o"kkZ ds ty dk laj{k.k ,oe~ leqfpr mi;ksx fd;kA vr%
orZeku le; esa ge lHkh dks bl rduhd dks viukus ds izfr xaHkhjrk iwoZd iz;kl
djus pkfg;s] lkFk gh vkus okyh ih<+h dk /;ku Hkh bl vksj vkdf"kZr fd;k tkuk e/;dkyhu tkykSj ds izeq[k f'kykys[k ,oa
pkfg;sA
flDds & ,d lkaLœfrd v/;;u
lUnHkZ
1- uxj] MkW- egsUnzflag & ekjokM+ dh ty laLœfr] i`- 14 vkseizdk'k HkkVh
2- ogh] i`- 20
3- fo'os'oj ukFk jsm] ekjokM+ dk bfrgkl] Hkkx 1] i`- 97&98 jktLFkku ds bfrgkl ys[ku esa f'kykys[kksa dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA
4- uS.klh] ekjokM+ jk ijxuka jh foxr] Hkkx&1] ifjf'k"V&1(d)] deBk jh foxr] i`- f'kykys[k cgq/kk f'kykvksa] izLrj&iV~Vkas] Hkouksa ;k xqgkvksa dh nhokjks] eafnjksa] Lrwiksa]
560 eBksa] rkykcksa] ckofM+;ksa] dqvksa rFkk [ksrksa ds e/; LFkkfir f'kykvksa ij mRdh.kZ feyrs
5- tks/kiqj ds fofHkUu 'kkldksa }kjk cuok;s x;s ty lzksrksa dh tkudkjh uS.klh r ekjokM+ gaSA f'kykys[kksa ds fo"k; fHkUu&fHkUu gSA ;g f'kykys[k jktkvksa] lkeUrksa] jkfu;ksa]
jk ijxuk jh foxr] Hkkx izFke ds ifjf'k"V&1(d) deBk jh foxr esa i`- 560&78 vkSj eaf=;ksa rFkk vusd /keZijk;.k O;fDr;ksa }kjk cuok;s x;s gSaA vkus&tkus okys ekxZ esa
ifjf'k"V 1([k) fuoka.kk jh foxr] i`- 570&90 ij feyrh gSA gksus ls ;k [kqyh gqbZ voLFkk esa gksus ls bu f'kykys[kksa ds dbZ va'k u"V gks x;s gSaA
6- uxj] MkW- egsUnzflag] ekjokM+ dh ty laLœfr] i`- 23&80
le;kuqdwy budh Hkk"kk laLd`r] fgUnh] jktLFkkuh] Qkjlh rFkk mnwZ jghA buesa x|
& uS.klh] ekjokM+ jk ijxuka jh foxr] ifjf'k"V 1(d) vkSj 1 ([k)] flag] okbZ-Mh-]
o i| nksuksa dk lekos'k jgk gSA bu f'kykys[kksa ls lkekftd] vkfFkZd] /kkfeZd]
jktLFkku ds dq,° ,oa ckofM+;k°] i`- 56&591
& esgj] tgwj [kk°] vkSj uxj] MkW- egsUnzflag] tks/kiqj dk ,sfrgkfld nqxZ esgjkux<+] i`- jktuhfrd] lkaLd`frd] lfgr okf.kT; m|ksx O;olk; vkfn dh Hkh tkudkjh izkIr
85&87 gksrh gSA e/;dkyhu tkykSj ds izeq[k f'kykys[k bl izdkj gSaμ
7- esgj] tgwj [kk° vkSj uxj] MkW- egsUnzflag] tks/kiqj dk ,sfrgkfld nqxZ esgjkux<+] i`- 86 (1) rksi[kkuk dk ys[k & rksi[kkuk ijekj jktk Hkkst }kjk fufeZr laLd`r
8- uS.klh] ekjokM+ jk ijxuk jh foxr] i`"B 580&^^Vk°dksa okM+h jk eSyka duS jktk lwjfla?kth ikB'kkyk FkhA ftls eqfLye vkÿkUrkvksa us efLtn esa ifjofrZr dj fn;k FkkA jkBkSM+
djk;kSA xqtjkrh dkjhxj uhcS dh;kS] la- 1664 r;kj gqokSA** 'kkludky esa blds ifjlj esa rksisa j[kh tkrh FkhA bl dkj.k bldk uke rksi[kkuk
9- flag] okbZ-Mh-] jktLFkku ds dq,° ,oe~ ckofM+;k°] i`- 57 iM+kA1 foÿe laor~ & 1174 (1118 bZ-) dk ^rksi[kkuk dk ys[k*2] tks fd rksi[kkuk
10- ogh] i`- 57&58 dh mŸkjh nhokj esa yxk Fkk] egRoiw.kZ gSA vc bls tks/kiqj laxzgky; esa ykdj lqjf{kr
11- dksBkj cgh ÿekad & 202] e-ek- iq- izdk'k] tks/kiqj
j[kk x;k gSA ;g lQsn iRFkj ij mRdh.kZ fd;k gqvk gSA bldh yEckbZ nks QhV lk<+s
12- 1- okxk js dksBkj jh cgh] ÿekad & 168] e-ek-iq-izdk'k] tks/kiqj
2- tj>j [kkus rkydS jh cgh] ÿekad&1145] e-ek-iq- izdk'k] tks/kiqj
rhu bap rFkk pkSM+kbZ ,d QhV nl bap gSA ;g ys[k 13 iafDr;ksa esa laLd`r Hkk"kk esa
13- [kklk dke rkydS jksdM+ [kjp jh cgh] xzaFkkad&2830] e-ek-iq-izdk'k] tks/kiqj fy[kk gqvk gSaA bl f'kykys[k esa tkyksj 'kk[kk ds ijekjksa dk fooj.k feyrk gSA blesa
14- deBk jh cgh] cgh ÿekad & 205] e-ek-iq-izdk'k] tks/kiqj okDifrjkt dk Hkh mYys[k gS] tks bl 'kk[kk dk izorZd FkkA bl ys[k ds vuqlkj
15- jlhys jkt] vad&6 i`- 96&egkjktk ekuflag iqLrd izdk'k 'kks/k dsUnz dh 'kks/k ijekjksa dh mRifŸk of'k"B ds ;K ls gqbZ gSA bl f'kykys[k esa okDifrjkt ds oa'kÿe
if=dk esa panu] nsojkt] vijkftr] foaty] /kkjko"kZ vkSj ohly ds uke fn, x, gSaA bl ys[k
16- ogh] i`- 110] 112 ds vuqlkj ohly dh jkuh esyjnsoh us flU/kq jkts'oj ds efUnj ds fy, lqo.kZ dy'k
17- r[kr foykl js deBk jh cgh] fo-la-] 1915] e-ek-iq-izdk'k] tks/kiqj vfiZr fd;k FkkA
18- ogh (2) efLtn f'kykys[k3 & ;g f'kykys[k tkykSj dh efLtn ls lu~ 1211 bZ-
19- egkjktk r[krflag th jh jk.kh jk.kkor th jS deBk rkydS jh cgh] ÿekad 1207] e-
esa izkIr gqvk FkkA vkÿe.kdkfj;ksa }kjk efUnjksa dh rksM+&QksM+ dh lkexzh dks efLtn
ek-iq- izdk'k] tks/kiqj
ds fuekZ.k esa yxkrs le; bl f'kykys[k dk Hkh blh :i mi;ksx dj fy;k x;kA
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 365
bldh yEckbZ nks QhV vkB bap rFkk pkSM+kbZ lk<+s ikap bap gSA ;g ys[k 06 iafDr;ksa esa
laLd`r x| rFkk ukxjh fyfi esa fy[kk gqvk gSA bl f'kykys[k ds }kjk gesa foÿe
laor~ 1221] 1242] 1256 o 1268 esa dkapufxjh fLFkr fogkj vkSj tSu efUnj ds
fuekZ.k dk mYys[k feyrk gSA tSls pkyqD; jktk dqekjiky }kjk ;gk° ,d fogkj dk
fuekZ.k nsokpk;Z dh v/;{krk esa 1221 esa gqvkA blds ckn 1242 esa pkgekuoa'kh;
lejnsoflag dh vkKk ls Hk.Mkjh ;'kksohj us bldk iqufuZekZ.k djok;kA 1256 esa ;gk°
/otkjksi.k] rksj.k vkfn dh izfr"Bk gqbZ vkSj 1268 esa nhiksRlo ij iw.kZnso lwjh ds
f'k"; jkepUnzkpk;Z us Lo.kZdy'k dh izfr"Bk dhA
(3) lqU/kk ioZr dk f'kykys[k4 & ;g ys[k lqU/kk (lqxU/kkfnz) ioZr ij nks
f'kyk[k.Mksa ij mRdh.kZ gSA igyh f'kyk esa 26 o nwljh f'kyk esa 24 iafDr;k° gSaA laiw.kZ
ys[k 59 'yksdksa esa gSaA bl dk le; foÿe laor~ 1319 (1262 bZ-) vafdr gSaA
blds iz'kfLrdkj tSu lk/kq t;eaxykpk;Z] ys[kd fot;iky dk iq= rFkk mRdh.kZd
lw=/kkj tslk gSaA bldh Hkk"kk laLd`r o fyfi nsoukxjh gSaA ;g f'kykys[k pkfpxnso
pkSgku] mlds iwoZtksa o mlds iM+kslh 'kkldksa ls lacaf/kr gSaA ;g ys[k ml le; dh
dbZ jktuhfrd leL;kvksa dh tkudkjh Hkh iznku djrk gSA ml le; ds ioZrksa rFkk
uxjksa dh fLFkfr le>us o muds ukeksa dh fofo/krk tkuus dk ;g ys[k ,d mi;ksxh
lk/ku gSA bl ys[k ds vuqlkj pkfpxnso pkSgku pkeq.Mk dk mikld Fkk] fQj Hkh og
vusd /keks± ds izfr Jºk vkSj HkfDr j[krk FkkA
(4) egkohj eafnj ds fofHkUu f'kykys[k & lu~ 1263 bZ- ds egkohj eafnj
ds f'kykys[k5 esa nze] nze n'kd vkfn 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS] tks ml le; dh
izpfyr eqnzk dk |ksrd gSA bl ys[k esa xksf"Bd 'kCn Hkh vk;k gSA xksf"Bd ml le;
dh ,d laLFkk Fkh] tks efUnj dh lHkh O;oLFkk,a ns[krh FkhA bl laLFkk esa LFkkuh;
O;fDr lnL; gksrs FksA lu~ 1266 bZ- ds egkohj eafnj ds f'kykys[k6 esa nzks.k ,oa
ek.kd 'kCn rkSy ds fy, iz;qDr gq, gSaA blesa nzeksa ds C;kt ls efUnj dh ekfld iwtk
O;oLFkk dk mYys[k gSaA lu~ 1624 bZ- ds bl egkohj th ds eafnj ys[k7 ls fot;nso
lwjh dk vdcj dh mnkj uhfr ij izdk'k iM+rk gSA ftlesa 'k=qat; ls tft;k dks
NksM+uk] vfgalk dh fLFkfr iSnk djuk rFkk ghjfot; lwjh dks txr~xq# dh mikf/k nsuk
vafdr gSA
(5) bZnxkg dk f'kykys[k8& tkykSj dh bZnxkg dk f'kykys[k lu~ 1318 bZ-
dk gSA bldh Hkk"kk Qkjlh gSA ;g bZnxkg ds mRrjh esgjkc ij mRdh.kZ gSaA bl ys[k
ds vuqlkj bl bZnxkg dks xqxZ ds oa'kt gks'kax us cuok;k FkkA bldks uljr ds
fujh{k.k esa cuok;k x;k Fkk] tks #Lre dk iq= FkkA bl ys[k dk ys[kd vl&'kkelh
FkkA
191 366 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
(6) Hkhueky dk f'kykys[k9& ;g ys[k foÿe laor~ 1328 (1271 bZ-) dks
Hkhueky ds vkgqMs oj eafnj esa yxk gqvk FkkA orZeku esa bldh Nki ljnkj laxzgky;
tks/kiqj esa miyC/k gSA ;g ys[k 08 iafDr;ksa esa laLd`r x| Hkk"kk esa fy[kk gqvk gSA
blds vuqlkj egkjktdqekj pkfpxnso us vius Js; ds fy, vkgqMs oj ds Hkkx] iwtk]
uSos| ds fy, dqN vuqnku fn;kA
(7) lkapksj dk tkeh efLtn f'kykys[k10& bl ys[k dk le; 24 ebZ 1506
bZ- gSA bldh Hkk"kk Qkjlh gSA bl le; eqxy 'kkld eqgEen 'kkg izFke dk 'kklu
FkkA bl ys[k esa gcyqyeqYd ds iq= cqº }kjk tkeh efLtn cukus ds vkns'k dh
tkudkjh gSA
(8) eqgjZe iksy dk f'kykys[k11& bl ys[k dk le; 1608 bZ- gSA bldh
Hkk"kk Qkjlh gSA bl ys[k ds vuqlkj tkykSj esa eqgjZe iksy dk fuekZ.k uokc xtuoh
ds vkf/kiR; dky esa fd;k x;k FkkA bldk fujh{k.k lS∏;n eqgEen us fd;k FkkA
(9) /keZukFk fcac dk f'kykys[k12& blh izdkj lu~ 1626 bZ- ds /keZukFk
fcac ys[k esa tkyksj uxj ,oa Lo.kZfxjh nqxZ (tkyksj nqxZ) dks vyx&vyx crk;k
x;k gSA ftlls izrhr gksrk gS fd tkyksj uxj dh cLrh ml ;qx esa nqxZ ls vyx FkhA
bl ys[k esa eqg.kksr ifjokj esa nks ifRu;ksa dk mYys[k gSA
(10) tkykSj dk f'kykys[k13& ;g ys[k foÿe laor~ 1686 (1629 bZ-) dk
gSA bl ys[k esa tks/kiqj ds xtflag ds le; esa lEiw.kZ jkT; ds izeq[k U;k;k/kh'k e-
tslk lqr t;eYy esgrk }kjk pUnzizHkq ds fcEc dh izfr"Bk dk mYys[k gSaA bl ys[k
esa tkyksj ds nhoku t;ey esgrk dk uke cM+s lEeku ls fy;k x;k gSA ^^la- 1686
ofn 5 'kqÿs jktkf/kjkt Jh xtflag ÁnRr ldy jkT; U;k;kf/kdkjs.k& e- tSlk lqr
t;eYy th ukEuk Jh pUnzizHkq fcac dkfjra izfr"BkfiraA** tgkaxhj iznRr egkrik
fo#n /kkjd Jh 5 Jh fot;nso lwfjfHk%** bl ys[k ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd bUgsa
egkjktk xtflag ÁFke us lkjs ekjokM+ esa U;kf;d O;oLFkk ds vf/kdkj fn;s FksA
tgk°xhj ds }kjk fn, x, egkri ds fo#n dks /kkj.k djus okys fot;nso lwfj ds
usr`Ro esa ;g dk;Z lEikfnr gqvkA
(11) QSnqYyk [kk° dh Nrjh dk f'kykys[k14& blh ÿe esa tkyksj esa QSnqYyk
[kk° dh Nrjh dk ys[k (lu~ 1894&95 bZ-) f}Hkk"kh gSA blesa eqfLye xq#&f'k";
ijaijk ,oa f'k"; vkfn ds uke mi;ksxh gSA bldks cukus okyk f'kYih lykor vgen
vkSj ys[kd Qdhj eqgEen 'ke'kqÌhu FkkA
flDds15& e/;dkyhu jktLFkku flDdksa ds fopkj ls cM+k le`º gSA izkphu
dky ls ysdj orZeku ;qx ds vc rd dbZ yk[kksa dh la[;k esa lksuk] pkanh] rkacs vkSj
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 367 192 368 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

lhls ds flDds fey pqds gSaA tkyksj tks fd ekjokM+ dk gh ,d vax Fkk] bl {ks= esa 9- ,-fj- ljnkj E;wft;e rFkk lqesj ifCyd ykbZczsjh] tks/kiqj] 30 flrEcj 1922] i`- 5]
izkphudky ls pkSdksj vkSj dqN xksykdkj flDdksa dk izpyu FkkA budks ^iap ekdZ~M* t- fcgkj fj-lks-] ftYn 39] Hkkx 4] 1954
flDds dgrs Fks] D;ksafd bu ij o`{k] i'kq] /kuq"k] lw;Z] iq#"k vkfn ds fpUg cus gksrs FksA 10- ,U;q- fj- bf.M- ,fi-] 1966&67] ua- Mh- 197
{k=iksa ds izHkko ds le; ^nzEe* flDds] xqIrksa ds le; ^xqIr flDds* vkSj gw.kksa ds 11- ,U;q- fj- bf.M- ,fi-] 1966&67] ua- Mh- 184
le; ^lslsfu;u flDds* pyrs FksA ^x/kS;k flDds* Hkh tkyksj esa izpyu esa FksA 1761 12- ukgj] tSu ys[k] Hkkx 1] ua- 905] i`- 242
ls 1858 ds chp pkanh vkSj rkacs ds flDds pyrs Fks] ftu ij Qkjlh esa ,d rjQ 13- ukgj] tSu ys[k] Hkkx 1] ua- 837] i`- 207
^flDdg eqckjd ckn'kkg vkye* vkSj nwljh rjQ ^eSeur ekuwl tcZ vy~* vafdr 14- ,U;q- fj- bf.M- ,fi-] 1966&67] ua- Mh- 193
jgrs FksA bu ij >kM+ vkSj ryokj ds fpUg Hkh curs FksA lksus ds flDdksa dks ^eksgj* 15- osc] fn djsUlht vkWQ fn fgUnw LVsV~l vkWQ fn jktiqrkuk] i`- 37&52
16- 'kekZ] MkW- xksihukFk] jktLFkku ds bfrgkl ds lzksr (iqjkrRo Hkkx&1)] NBk laLdj.k
rFkk rkacs ds flDdksa dks ^<Ccw'kkgh* ,oa ^Hkhe'kkgh* dgrs FksA bu ij 'kkg vkye vkSj
2011] i`- 18]19
foDVksfj;k ds uke vafdr jgrs FksA fot;'kkgh flDds lksus] pkanh o rkacs ds curs FksA
egkjktk Hkheflag o ekuflag ds le; ^fot;'kkgh* 'kSyh ds pkanh ds flDds curs
jgsA rkacs ds flDdksa ij fgtjh lu~] ^nk:y ealwj tks/kiqj* rFkk ^tqywl eSeur ekuwl
tcZ* fy[kk jgrkA bl dky esa flDdksa ds fy, tks/kiqj] ukxkSj] ikyh o lkstr esa
Vdlkysa LFkkfir dh xbZA izR;sd Vdlky dk viuk fo'ks"k fpUg gksrk FkkA tSls
tks/kiqj dh Vdlky dk ^x*] lkstr dk ^d* o ikyh dh Vdlky dk ^ck* fpUg
FkkA ;gk° ^x* xu';ke vkSj ^ck* ckykth dk |ksrd FkkA blls ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd
flDdksa ds fuekZ.k esa Hkh /keZ dk fo'ks"k LFkku FkkA bu ij vafdr ys[k] la[;k]
vkd`fr] fpUg vkfn ,sfrgkfld rF;ksa dks le>kus esa cM+s mi;ksxh gSA bu flDdksa ds
oSKkfud v/;;u ls jktkvksa dh ukekoyh] oa'k ifjp;] LFkku fo'ks"k tgka ls flDdksa
dk izpyu fd;k x;k gS ;k fdlh fo'ks"k leqfpr cks/k gksrk gSA fofHkUu jkT;ksa dh
lhekvksa dks fu/kkZfjr djus esa bu flDdksa dk cM+k egRo gSA buds }kjk rRdkyhu
jktuhfrd] lkekftd] /kkfeZd] vkfFkZd vkfn fLFkfr dk ifjKku gksrk gSA blh izdkj
rRdkyhu dyk ds v/;;u esa Hkh flDdksa dk cM+k egRo gSA16
lanHkZ
1- xqIrk] eksguyky] tkyksj dk jktuhfrd ,oa lkaLd`frd bfrgkl] ekr`Nk;k izdk'ku]
tkyksj] i`- 234
2- b-,-] Hkk- 42] 1933] i`- 41
3- 'kekZ] MkW- xksihukFk] jktLFkku ds bfrgkl ds lzksr (iqjkrRo Hkkx&1)] NBk laLdj.k
2011] i`- 100
4- ,- ba-] ftYn 9] i`- 70&74
5- ukgj] tSu ys[k] Hkkx 1] ua- 901] i`- 238
6- ukgj] tSu ys[k] Hkkx 1] ua- 903] i`- 238
7- ukgj] tSu ys[k] Hkkx 1] ua- 904] i`- 241
8- ,U;q- fj- bf.M- ,fi-] 1966&67] ua- Mh- 194
 193
xq#dqy laxzgky; >Ttj esa <k.kk (iVu'kgj) ls
izkIr tSu izfrekvksa dk v/;;u
MkW- ;'kohj flag
gfj;k.kk ds >Ttj esa iatkc vk;Z izfrfuf/k lHkk }kjk 1915 bZ- esa oSfnd f'k{kk
dks c<+kok nsus gsrq xq#dqy dh LFkkiuk gqbZA1 vkpk;Z Hkxokunso (vksekuUn ljLorh)
us ;gk° 1960 bZ- esa mŸkjh Hkkjr ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ls izkIr iqjkrkfRod lkexzh dks
iznf'kZr djus ,oa mldk v/;;u djus ds fy, ,d laxzgky; dh LFkkiuk dhA
izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl] iqjkrRo ,oa laLd`fr esa #fp j[kus okys fo}kuksa ds fy, ;g
laxzgky; vkd"kZ.k dk ,d egRoiw.kZ dsUÊ gSA blesa iqjkrkfRod lkexzh tSls flDds]
flDdksa ds lkapksa] eqgjsa ,oa e`..kewfrZ;k°] /kkrq ,oa iRFkj dh ewfrZ;k°] iqjkys[k] feÍh ds
crZu] ikaMqfyfi;k° ,oa vU; lkexzh dk vn~Hkqr laxzg gSA Lokeh vksekuUn th]
fojtkuUn nSodjfu ,oa muds vU; lg;ksfx;ksa }kjk orZeku gfj;k.kk] iatkc] jktLFkku]
mŸkj izns'k] fnYyh] fgekpy izns'k vkfn jkT;ksa ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ls ;g lkexzh
,df=r dh xbZ gSA bl lkexzh esa lhdj ftys ds <+k.kk (iVu'kgj) ls izkIr fofHkUu
/keks± ls lacaf/kr nsoh&nsorkvksa dh izfrekvksa dk lqUnj laxzg Hkh gSA izLrqr 'kks/k i= esa
<k.kk (iVu'kgj) ls izkIr tSu izfrekvksa ij izdk'k Mkyus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA
<k.kk (iVu'kgj) jktLFkku ds lhdj ftys ds uhe dk Fkkuk mi[k.M esa
ukjukSy ls [ksrM+h tkus okys ekxZ ij ukjukSy ls yxHkx 15 fd-eh- ,oa uhe dk Fkkuk
ls yxHkx 25 fd-eh- dh nwjh ij fLFkr ,d iqjkLFky gSA ;gk° ij dqy lkaLd`frd
teko yxHkx 10 ehVj gS tks fofHkUu laLd`fr;ksa ds vo'ks"kksa dks vius esa lesVs gq,
gSaA2 Vhys ds ≈ijh lrg ij /kkrqey vkSj e`nHkk.Mksa ds VqdM+s fc[kjs iM+s gaSA Vhys ij
cM+h la[;k esa fofHkUu fgUnw nsoh nsorkvksa dh izfrek,° Hkh feyrh gSA xq#dqy
laxzgky; >Ttj ds Lokeh vksekuUn ljLorh ,oa laxzgyk; ds orZeku funs'kd
fojtkuUn nSodjfu dks bl LFky ls vusd izfrek,a izkIr gqbZ gS tks orZeku esa
laxzgky; esa fo}kuksa ,oa 'kks/kdŸkkZvksa o lkekU;tu ds fy, miyC/k gSA bl LFkku ls
;kS/ks;ksa dh ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dh nqyZHk eqÊk Hkh feyrh gSA ml ij ^;kS|s;kuka Hkwe/
kkU;ds* ys[k feyrk gS tcfd vU; LFkkuksa ls izkIr eqÊkvksa ij ^;kS|s;kuka cgq/kkU;ds*
fy[kk feyrk gSA3 bl iqjkLFky ls feyus okyh e`n~Hkk.M ijaijk esa lcls fupys Lrj
ij x.ks oj laLd`fr ds leku yky fLyi ;qDr e`n~Hkk.M] e/;e ,oa ≈ijh Lrjksa ls
ÿe'k% ?kwlj ,oa yky jax dh ik= ijaijk ds e`n~ik= feyrs gaSA dqN yky jax ds
e`nik= tks e/;e izdkj ds gS tks/kiqjk laLd`fr ls lkE;rk fy;s gq, feyrs gaSA4 <k.kk
370 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
(iVu'kgj) ls izkIr gksus okyh /kkfeZd izfrekvksa esa cM+h la[;k esa tSu izfrek;sa yksxksa
dks izkIr gqbZ gSA dqN izeq[k izfrekvksa dk fooj.k bl izdkj gS %&
1- usfeukFk izfrek5 (IysV la[;k&1] d) & tSu /keZ ds 22osa rhFk±dj
usfeukFk dh 4"7.2×2’6"×9.5" dh lQsn iRFkj dh izfrek dk laxzgky; dh tSu
izfrekvksa esa mYys[kuh; LFkku gSA ;g izfrek [kM+h dk;ksRlxZ eqÊk esa gS] ftlds o{k
esa JhoRl dk fpUg gS] bl izfrek esa Hkxoku usfeukFk ds ?kq°?kjkys ckyksa dk xqPNk gS
rFkk nksuksa gkFk ?kqVus rd yVds gS ijarq os [kf.Mr voLFkk esa gSA izfrek dh vk°[ksa
[kqyh ,oa ukd uqdhyh gS rFkk psgjk xksy gSA izfrek ds flgkalu ij ,d rjQ dks"k
lfgr /kuifr dqcsj [kM+xkluLFk ftu lfgr vafdr gS rFkk nwljh rjQ ekr`nsoh
vfEcdk Hkh [kM+xkluLFk ftu lfgr vafdr gSA vfEcdk nsoh ds nkfgus gkFk esa ikík
o vkezxqPN rFkk cka;s gkFk ls t°?kk ij cSBs ckyd dks idM+s gq, gSA izfrek ds ifjdj
esa nksuksa rjQ ikap&ikap in~eklu esa cSBh izfrek,° gSA 'kSyh ds vk/kkj ij bl izfrek dks
iwoZe/;dky dh ekuk tk ldrk gSA fojtkukFk nSodjk.kZ us bl izfrek ij nks iafDr;ksa
ds ys[k
1- vksa laor~ l&n&ekiV
2- izfrek loZnsosu LFkkfirk [kqns gksus ij izdk'k Mkyk gSA6
2- nqyfg }kjk nŸk vkfnukFk izfrek7
2- Ω"kHknso izfrek & laxzgky; esa miyC/k izFke tSu rhFk±dj Ω"kHknso ;k
vkfnukFk dh 17×13.75×7 ls-eh- vkdkj dh lQsn iRFkj dh izfrek Hkh mYys[kuh;
gSA izfrek esa Hkxoku vkfnukFk ineklu esa ,d ihBhdk ij /;ku eqÊk esa gSA ;g Hkh
uXu gS rFkk izfrek ds o{k esa JhoRl dk fpUg gSA bl izfrek esa Ω"kHknso ds cky
?kq°?kjkys ga]S vk°[ksa frjNh ,oa can gS ,oa ukd eksVk gSA eq[; vklu ij ,d d<+kbZnkj
diM+k fcNk gS rFkk uhps vºZcBS h voLFkk esa uanh dk vadu gSA vklu ds uhps nks flag
;{k gS rFkk nk;ha rjQ xkseq[k ;{k o cks;h rjQ nsoh pÿs'ojh dk vadu gSA eq[;
izfrek ds nksuksa rjQ u igpkus tkus okyh [kafMr izfrek,a gSA izfrek ds uhps vafdr
ys[k nqyfgl ls Kkr gksrk gS fd ;g izfrek nqyfg uked O;fDr }kjk nh xbZ FkhA8 ;g
izfrek° 10oha&11oha lnh dh gksus dk vuqeku gSA
3- foey lqr t;nsosusna ys[k okyh izfrek9 & laxzgky; esa yky cyqvk
iRFkj dh cuh 12.4"×10.5"×5.7" vkdkj dh /;ku eqÊk ls cSBh ,d vU; tSu
rhFk±dj dh izfrek Hkh miyC/k gS ftldk eq[k [kafMr voLFkk esa gSA izfrek ds vklu
ds uhps vafdr nks flag ;{kksa ds vadu ls yxrk gS fd ;g izfrek Hkh Hkxoku
vkfnukFk ;k Ω"kHknso dh gSA bl izfrek ds vklu ij Hkh vyadj.k ;qDr diM+k gSA
vklu ds uhps vafdr flag ;{kksa ds xys esa ekyk,a vFkok gkj gSA ;g izfrek Hkh
in~eklu esa gS ftlds o{k esa JhoRl dk vadu gSA izfrek ds nksuksa rjQ [kafMr
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 371
voLFkk esa dk;ksZRlxZ eqÊk esa vafdr rhFk±djksa dk vadu gSA izfrek ij vafdr foey
lqr t;nsosusan ls irk pyrk gS fd izfrek dk fuekZ.k foey ds iq= t;nso us
djokdj eafnj esa nku dh FkhA
4- vkfnukFk izfrek & laxzgky; esa miyC/k izFke tSu rhFk±dj vkfnukFk dh
10.1×5.5 ls-eh- izfrek dk Hkh ;gka mYys[k djuk vko';d gSA ineklu~ esa /;ku
eqÊk esa Hkxoku vkfnukFk dk vadu blesa fd;k x;k gSA izfrek ds vklu ij cus
vyadj.k iq"iekykvksa tSls yxrs gSA vklu ds uhps laHkor o`"kHk dk vadu gS rFkk
nksuksa rjQ nks flag ;Kksa dk vadu gSA izfrek ds o{k esa JhoRl dk fpUg gSA izfrek
dk eq[k [kafMr voLFkk esa gksus ds dkj.k vLi"V gSA ?kqa?kjkys ckyksa ls ;qDr izfrek ds
ihNs fdlh isM+ dh nks ifŸk;ksa dk vadu gSA izfrek dks ns[kus ls yxrk gS bldk
fuekZ.k fdlh ik"kk.k LraHk ij fd;k x;k gSA
5- ik'oZukFk ;qXe izfrek & <+k.kk (iVu'kgj) ls izkIr 11.2×8.5 ls-eh- dh
iRFkj dh ik'oZukFk dh izfrekvksa dk ;qXe fo'ks"k :i ls mYys[kuh; gSA ;s nksuksa
izfrek,a [kM+h dk;ksRlxZ eqÊk esa gSA ftuds gkFk uhps dh rjQ yVds gS ijarq [kafMr
voLFkk esa gksus ds dkj.k muesa D;k /kkj.k fd;k gqvk gS ;g dguk dfBu gSA izfrekvksa
ds cka;h rjQ vafdr iafDr esa vafdr rhu vU; ineklu esa cSBh izfrekvksa ftuds
≈ij liZ ds ikap Q.kksa dk vadu gS ls ;g vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd dk;ksRlxZ
eqÊk esa vafdr ;qXe izfrek,° Hkh Hkxoku ik'oZukFk dh gSA ;qXe izfrekvksa ij [kafMr
voLFkk esa laHkor% liZ ds ikap Q.kksa dk N= gSA bu nksuksa izfrekvksa ds cky Hkh
?kq°?kjkys gS ,oa Nkrh esa JhoRl dk fpUg gSA ;s lkSE;] 'kkar ,oa /;kuLFk voLFkk esa gSA
6- dk;ksRlxZ eqÊk dh rhFk±dj izfrek & <k.kk (iVu'kgj) dh tSu izfrekvksa
esa 16.8×5.8" ls-eh- izLrj izfrek Hkh cM+s egRo dh gSA laHkor% ;g izfrek tSu /keZ
ds 22osa rhFk±dj usfeukFk dh gSA izfrek ds o{k ij JhoRl dk fpUg Li"V :i ls
vafdr gSA blds cky ?kqa?kjkys gS] vka[ksa can gS] ukd uqdhyh gS ,oa gkFk uhps dh rjQ
yVd jgs gaSA nk;sa gkFk dk Li'kZ ;f{k.kh ls gSA laHkor% ;g vfEcdk nsoh dk vadu
gSA nsoh izfrek esa nsoh ds 'kjhj ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ij vkHkw"k.kksa dq.My] cktqca/k]
es[kyk vkfn dk vadu gSA nsoh lkM+h /kkj.k fd;s gq, gS rFkk nsoh ds ck,a gkFk esa
laHkor% dey ,oa nk;k° gkFk ojn eqÊk esa gSA izfrek ds ck;ha rjQ [kafMr voLFkk esa
fdlh vU; izfrek dk vadu gSA
7- vusd rhFk±dj ;qDr ik"kk.k LraHk & <k.kk ls izkIr tSu izfrekvksa esa
4.5×13.5 ls-eh- vkdkj dk vyadj.k ;qDr ik"kk.k LraHk dk VqdM+k Hkh fo'ks"k egRo
dk gSA bl ik"kk.k [k.M ij vusd tSu rhFk±djksa dh izfrekvksa dk vadu gSA bu
rhFk±dj izfrekvksa ds lkFk ;{kksa ,oa ifjpkjdksa dk Hkh lqanj vadu feyrk gSA bl
[k.M ij nks cM+h izfrek,a laHko izFke rhFk±dj vkfnukFk dh gS tks in~eklu eqÊk esa gSa
194 372 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
ftuds ≈ij N= dk vadu gSA bu nksuksa izfrekvksa ds nk;h o ck;ha rjQ dk;ksRlxZ
eqÊk esa ifjpkjdksa ;k ftuksa dk vadu gSA bl [k.M ij nl vU; izfrek,° Hkh gSA ;s
lHkh izfrek,a Hkh in~eklu esa gS rFkk buds nksuksa rjQ Hkh ifjpkjdksa ;k ftuksa dk vadu
gSA bl ik"kk.k [k.M ij fLFkr izfrekvksa ds ≈ij nksuksa rjQ nks gkfFk;ksa (xtksa) dk
vadu Hkh gSA laHkor% ;g ik"kk.k [k.M fdlh tSu eafnj ds vyadj.k ;qDr LraHk dk
Hkkx gSA
fu"d"kZ :i esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd iwoZ e/;dky esa <+k.kk (iVu'kgj) tSu
/keZ dk ,d egRoiw.kZ dsaÊ FkkA ;gka ls izkIr gksus okyh vusdkusd tSu ik"kk.k
izfrekvksa ftuesa ls vc vf/kdk'kr% xq#dqy laxzgky; >Ttj esa miyC/k gS ds
v/;;u ls bl dFku dh iqf"V gksrh gSA bu izfrekvksa ij vkSj vf/kd 'kks/k dk;Z djus
dh vko';drk gSA lkFk gh ik"kk.k izfrekvksa }kjk miyC/k tkudkfj;ksa dks lkfgfR;d
,oa vU; lzksrksa }kjk iqf"V djds [ksrM+h lhdj {ks= ,oa ukjukSy {ks= esa iwoZ e/;dky
esa tSu /keZ ds O;kid izlkj ij Hkh izdk'k Mkyk tk ldrk gSA ;gk° ;g Hkh
mYys[kuh; gS fd ukjukSy ds vkl&ikl ds {ks=ksa ,oa ukjukSy ls iwoZe/;dky ,oa e/
;dky dh vusd tSu izfrekvksa losZ{k.kksa }kjk 'kks/kdŸkkZvksa dks izkIr gqbZ gS ftuds
fo'ys"k.k ls nf{k.kh gfj;k.kk ,oa jktLFkku ds xq<+ lkaLd`frd laca/kksa ij izdk'k Mkyk
tk ldrk gSA yksgk: ds ikl ck<+Mk ,oa gk°lh ls izkIr gqbZ fefJr /kkrq dh vusd tSu
izfrekvksa dk fo'ys"k.k Hkh bl dM+h dks tksMu+ s esa lgk;d flº gks ldrk gSA <+k.kk
(iVu'kgj) dh mtM+rh lkaLd`frd ,oa iqjkrkfRod fojklr dks cpkus ds fy, bl
egRoiw.kZ iqjkLFky ds laj{k.k dh furkUr vko';drk gSA jktLFkku ljdkj ds iqjkrRo
,oa laxzgky; foHkkx }kjk bl fn'kk esa dk;Z djrs gq, bl LFky dks lajf{kr LFky
lwph esa LFkku fn;k tkuk pkfg,A bl LFky ls oSfnd nsoh nsorkvksa dh Hkh vusdkusd
izfrek,a izkIr gksrh ga]S ftudk oSKkfud ,oa vkykspukRed v/;;u jktLFkku ,oa
gfj;k.kk ds izxk<+ lkaLd`frd laca/kksa ij egRoiw.kZ izdk'k Mky ldrk gSA
lanHkZ
1- lq/kkjd] xq#dqy >Ttj dh ekfld if=dk] ftYn 12] i`- 6
2- enu yky eh.kk] mŸkjh jktLFkku ds 'ks[kkokVh {ks= dk iqjkrkfRod vUos"k.k] y?kq
'kks/k ifj;kstuk] i`- 30
3- fojtkuy nSodjf.k] izkphu rkezi= ,oa f'kykys[k] i`- 34
4- enu yky eh.kk] mijksDr] i`- 31
5- ogh] i`- 34
7- ogh] IysV la[;k 37
8- ogh] i`- 35
9- ogh] IysV la[;k 40
 195
EksokM+ ds LFkkiR; Lekjd ,oa Ik;kZoj.kh;
vocks/k % 15oha ls 18oha 'krkCnh
MkW- ts-ds- vks>k
Ik;kZoj.k 'kCn Ád`fr ds Áfr ekuoh; laosnuk dk |ksrd gSA fu%lansg 15oha
'krkCnh ls 18oha 'krkCnh ds LFkkiR;&Lekjdksa ds e/; tks Ád`fr Áse n`f"Vxr gksrk gS
ogh Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k dk ewy gSA blh ls Ákd`frd rRoksa ds Áfr fnO; Hkkouk] tho
Áse] lokZReokn] loZdY;k.k o loZlqf[kRo dh Hkkouk ls fuyksZe] R;kx] n;k nkukfn
mnkŸk ekuoh; xq.k mRiUu gksrs gSaA i'kq&i{kh o o`{k vkfn Ák;% iw.kZ :Ik ls vius
thou ds fy, Ád`fr rFkk Ik;kZoj.k ij voyfEcr jgrs gS] fdUrq euq"; viuh
vkfo"dkj&'kfDr] lafpr vuqHko] vU; leqnk; ds Kku ls ykHk mBk ldus dh {kerk
vkSj ljyrk o lgtrk ls LFkku&ifjorZu dj ldus dh ;ksX;rk ds dkj.k vius thou
dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks vius Á;klksa }kjk ifjofrZr dj ldrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd og
vius thou esa iw.kZr;k Ád`fr dk nkl ugha gksrk gS ijarq ekuo ds lk/kuksa o Á;klksa dh
viuh lhek,° vo'; gksrh gSA vius nSfud thou esa euq"; lk/kkj.kr% bUgha [kk|
inkFkks± dk mi;ksx djrk gS tks mlds {ks= dh Hkwfe vkSj tyok;q esa iSnk gksrs gSa vFkok
ljyrkiwoZd mRiUu fd;s tk ldrs gaSA bu HkkSxksfyd o Ákd`frd ifjfLFk;ksa dk
ÁHkko ekuo ds jgu&lgu] [kku&iku] fuokl&LFky o lkaLd`frd thou ij Hkh
iM+rk gSA ;ksa Ád`fr ÁnŸk vko';drk dh iwfrZ okys LFky ij ekuo us vkJ; ysuk
vkSj vius edku vkfn cukus ÁkjaHk fd;kA vr% cLrh] [ksMk+ ] [ksMh+ ] Hkkxy] xk°o]
dLck] uxj] Hkou vkfn LFkkiR;&Lekjd Ákd`frd i;kZoj.k esa gh jps&ips vkSj
fodflr gq,A
esokM+ ds LFkkiR; Lekjdksa ds vo'ks"kksa ls ;g tkudkjh feyrh gS fd uxj ;k
iqj fuos'k] Áklkn&fuos'k] Hkou fuos'k] nqxZ fuos'k rFkk tu o ty&LFkkiR; laca/kh
lHkh Ádkj ds Hkouksa ds fuekZ.k esas 'kkL=h; fu;ecºrk ds lkFk Ik;kZoj.k dh
mi;ksfxrk dks egRo ÁkIr gks pqdk FkkA 15oha 'krkCnh esokM+&LFkkiR;&LEkkjd dh
ijEijk esa mRd"kZ dky FkkA xzkE;&fuos'k esa pk.kD; us 'kwnz (f'kYih) vkSj d`"kd vf/
kd clkus dk funsZ'k fn;k rFkk ,d xk°o esa lkS ls de vkSj ik°p lkS ls vf/kd ?kj ugha
clkus pkfg,A lkFk gh ,d xk°o ls nwljs xk°o dh nwjh nks dksl ds e/; gksuh pkfg,A
jktk xzke dh lhek dks unh] ioZr] ou] csj ds o`{k] [kkbZ] iqy] cU/k] lsey] 'keh]
cM+] xwyj vkfn o`{kksa ls lq'kksfHkr cukosaA vkB lkS xzkeksa ds e/; esa cM+k uxj
374 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
(LFkkuh;) clkosaA pkj lkS xk°oks ds e/; esa nzks.k eq[k (uxj) dh LFkkiuk djsaA nks lkS
xk°oksa ds e/; esa dLcs dh jpuk djuh pkfg,A1 e.Mu us Hkh NksVh cfLr;ksa dk
funsZ'k nsrs gq, xk°oksa dks clk;sa tkus ds ckjs esa crk;k gS] mlls Ik;kZoj.k dh tkudkjh
miyC/k gksrh gS fd xk°o Ák;% ufn;ksa] rkykcksa vFkok tyk'k;ksa ds fdukjs rFkk
igkfM+;ksa ds e/; clk;s tkrs FksA2 bruk gh ugha e.Mu us rks cfLr;ksa dk vkdkj&Ádkj
fuf'pr djrs gq, mudk ukedj.k fd;k gS mlls Hkh Ik;kZoj.k dk cks/k gh gksrk gSA
esokM+ es [ksMk+ ] [ksMh+ ] Hkkxy] xk°o vkfn 5&10 ?kjksa dh cLrh ls ysdj 300&400
?kjksa dh cLrh ls ;q‰ gksrs FksA ;s xk°o iwoZ ls if'pe dh vksj cls gq, FksA budh
clkoV esa d`f"k dh tehu dh lqfo/kk] ikuh dh lqfo/kk] lw;Z dh jks'kuh vkfn dk /
;ku j[kk tkrk FkkA3 igkfM+;ksa ij cls o cus >ksais (>ksaiM+s) Ád`fr dh ÿksM+ esa
iYyfor vkSj iqf"ir gks jgsa FksA vf/kdka'kr% edku fcuk f[kM+dh o jks'kunku ds Hkys
gh fufeZr gksrs Fks fdUrq dosyq ;k ?kkl&Qwl ls <ds dPps edku Ik;kZIr 'kqº gok ls
;qDr gksrs FksA esokM+ esa vf/kdka'k edku feÍh ds cus gksrs FksA bUgsa ns[kus ls Kkr gksrk
gS fd xkscj o ihyh (feÍh) ds ysi ls nhokjksa o vkaxu dks ^yhik* tkrk FkkA bl
feJ.k ds dkj.k dhM+kas vkfn ds Ádksi dk Hk; ugha jgrk Fkk vkSj dejs (?kj) dk
okrkoj.k xfeZ;ksa esa BaMk vkSj lfnZ;ksa esa xje jgrk FkkA edkuksa ds fuekZ.k esa xjhc ls
vehj] ukSdj ls vf/kdkjh oxZ rd ds edkuksa esa vkdkj&Ádkj esa vUrj vo'; jgrk
Fkk fdUrq lHkh Lrj ds Hkouksa] edkuksa dk voyksdu djus ij Kkr gksrk gS fd
Ik;kZoj.kh; n`f"V dh vuqikyuk dh tk jgh Fkh tSls dPps edkuks esa nhokj ds chp ds
Hkkx esa j[kk x;k Nsn gok&Ádk'k dk |ksrd FkkA pk.kD; us vFkZ'kkL= esa Ánw"k.k rFkk
Ánw"k.k dks mRiUu djus okys ds fy, ^dBksj n.M O;oLFkk* dk fo/kku fd;k gSA
edku bl Ádkj ls cuk;s tkrs Fks fd muls xUnk ikuh mnd ekxZ esa gh tk,] ftl
edku esa ;g O;oLFkk ugha gksrh mlds ekfyd ij 54 i.k tqekZuk fd;k tkrk FkkA
blh Hkkafr vU; vusd fu;e vFkZ'kkL= esa Áfrikfnr gS] ftudk mYya?ku djus
ij fofo/k tqekZus o vU; n.M dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ FkhA4 eaMu us jktkvksa ds fy,
^jkt/kkuh* dks fdl yEckbZ&pkSM+kbZ esa j[kuh pkfg, bldk funsZ'k Hkh jktoYyHk esa
fn;k x;k gSA5 vijkftr i`PNk vkSj okLrqlkj dh Hkakfr gh e.Mu us jkt}kj rFkk
nsoky; ds lkeus o iqj dh vU; fn'kk esa clk, tkus okyh tkfr;ka°] deZdkjksa dk
funsZ'k Hkh Ik;kZoj.kh; n`f"V ls fn;k gS tSls dlkbZ] dyky] peZdkj] nfyr] dqEgkj
vkfn cLrh ls ,d rjQ clkus pkfg,A dqEgkj feÍh ds crZuksa dks vko idkrs gaS rks
mlls mBus okyk /k°wvka iwjs xk°o vFkok cLrh dks nwf"kr u dj xk°o ds ck· Hkkx esa ,d
vksj fudy tkosaA6 nso eafnjksa dks iwoZ&if'pe o iqj dss lEeq[k 'kqHk crkus dk dkj.k
;gh gS fd Ákr%dkyhu lw;Z dh jf'e;ka eafnj ij iM+s vkSj eafnj ds lehi ds fuoklh
lkQ&lQkbZ j[krs gq, Ik;kZoj.k dks cpk;s j[ksA uxj ds if'pe esa ty lzksrksa okih]
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 375
dwi] rM+kx] dq.M vkfn cukus dk funsZ'k fn;k ftldh ikyuk mn;iqj lfgr esokM+
ds vf/kdka'k fBdkuksa ds xk°oksa ;Fkk cnuksj] Hkh.Mj] dkuksM+] cM+hlknM+h vkfn rFkk
ek°My] diklu] Hkksikylkxj vkfn xk°oksa esa dh xbZ gSA Ik;kZoj.k dh n`f"V ls mDr
funsZ'kksa dh ikyuk mn;iqj jktHkou ds lkFk&lkFk esokM+ jkT; ds lHkh Js.kh ds
lkearksa] tkxhnkjksa ds fBdkuksa ,oa tkxhjksa esa fufeZr muds jktfld Hkouksa esa lqLi"V
ns[kus dks feyrh gSA7 bruk gh ugha bu lc xk°oksa ,oa uxjksa esa 'kgjiukg ,oa uxjdksV
ds ckgj cuh [kkb;k° tgk° ,d rjQ lqj{kk dk dke dj jgh Fkh ogha ml uxj vFkok
xk°o dk xank ikuh Hkh mlh esa fxjrk FkkA ;ksa xank ikuh b/kj&m/kj u QSy dj [kkbZ essa
,d= gks tkrk Fkk tks uxj vFkok xzkE; LoPNrk dk ifjpk;d Fkk tSls mn;iqj]
cnuksj] Hkh.Mj] dkuksM+] cM+hlknM+h] cLlh] fot;iqj vkfn blds mnkgj.k FksA
mn;iqj uxj ds jktHkou ds if'pe esa ihNksyk >hy rFkk uxj ds m|ku] leksj ckx
o xqykc ckx jktHkou ds nk;sa Hkkx esa cus gq, gS ftuesa nsoÁklkn] QOokjsa (ty
;a=)] vke] tkewu] vathj] ve:n vkfn Qyksa ds o`{k rFkk fofo/k rjg ds Qwyksa ds
ikS/ks yxs gq, FksA lkFk gh ;gk° ds dq,] ckofM+;ka] tyk'k;] rky&ryS;k] ty fudkl
dk leqfpr Áca/ku ls gesa fo'kqº Ik;kZoj.k dh tkudkjh miyC/k gksrh gSA ;gk° ds
lkeUrksa ds fBdkuksa] tkxhj ds tkxhnkjksa us Hkh 'kkL=ksfpr flºkarksa dh ifjikyuk djrs
gq, vius fBdkukas o tkxhjksa rFkk xk°oksa dks fodflr fd;k] mlls Hkh Ik;kZoj.kh;
thou dh >k°dh lqLi"V gksrh gSA
lw=/kkj e.Mu us nqxZ&LFkkiR; ds lanHkZ esa fxjh nqxZ ds fuekZ.k dk egRo
crk;k gSA8 15oha 'krkCnh esa nqxks± dk vf/kd egRo gks x;k FkkA fpŸkkSMx+ <+ nqxZ]
dqaHkyx<+ nqxZ] ek°Myx<+ nqxZ] cusM+k nqxZ ds vfrfj‰ fofHkUu LFkyksa esa fufeZr x<+ ,oa
x<S;ksa dk iqjkrkfRod LFkkiR;&Lekjdksa ds :Ik esa losZ djus ds i'pkr~ rFkk jktoYyHk
xzUFk ds funsZ'kksa dh ikyuk djrs gq, bu nqxksZ ij tks fuekZ.k dk;Z gqvk& jktfld Hkou]
vf/kdkfj;ksa] tulkekU; ds Hkou] nsoÁklkn] rkykc] okfidk,aW vkfn ls Kkr gksrk gS
fd Ik;kZoj.k dh vuqikyuk dh tk jgh Fkh tSls dqaHkk ds jktegy lkns Hkys gh gksa
fdUrq [kqykiu] vkoklh; d{k o cjkens] 1448 bZ- dk vkfnojkg ds eafnj dk
[kqykiu vkfn ls rRdkyhu Ik;kZoj.k Kku dk cks/k gksrk gSA ukS eaftyk mŸkqax dhfrZ
LrEHk esa Hkh gok vkSj Ádk'k dk iw.kZ /;ku j[krs gq, tkyhnkj f[kM+fd;ka] xok{k
vFkok >jks[ksa vkfn fufeZr fd;s x;s FksA dhfrZ LrEHk esa "kV~ Ωrqvksa dk ewfrZdj.k gqvk
gS rFkk xaxk] ;equk vkSj ljLorh ufn;ksa dh ewfrZ;ka gSA blls Hkh Ik;kZoj.k Áse dks
nSfod :Ik esa n'kkZus dh fo|k Kkr gksrh gSA dqEHkyx<+ nqxZ chgM+rk l?kurk rFkk oU;
uhjork ds lkFk lkFk Ik;kZoj.k ls vksr&Áksr gS tgk° dqEHkkdkyhu ^osnh* Ik;kZoj.k dks
'kqº cukus dk lzksr ds :Ik esa tkuh tk ldrh gSA bu nqxks± ij i;kZIr o`{kkoyh ,oa
ty dh leqfpr O;oLFkk ds lkFk lkFk Hkou goknkj] ÿkWl osUVhys'ku ls ;q‰ Hkh
196 376 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
ns[kus dks feyrs gSA9
bl dky esa fufeZr eafnj LFkkiR;&Lekjdksa ls Ik;kZoj.k vocks/k gksrk gSA
dqEHkkdkyhu eafnjksa esa ;K osfn;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k FkkA 'kriFk czk„.k xzUFk esa
iap ;K dk o.kZu feyrk gS tks Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k dks bafxr djrk gSA vkj.;d xzUFkkas
ds vuqlkj ;K pjkpj ds fy, dY;k.kdkjh gSAS 10 iaprRokas dks nsorqY; Lohdkj djrs
gq, rRlaca/kh ewfrZ;ksa dk vadu eafnj LFkkiR; esa ns[kus dks feyrk gS tSls ≈tkZ ds
v{k; lzksr lw;Z dh vkjk/kuk ^lw;Z nsoksHko%* ds :Ik esa dh tkrh gSA osnksa esa lw;Z dks
txr dh vkRek dgk x;k gSA mifu"knksa esa Hkh lw;Z dks Ák.k dh laKk nh xbZ gSA
oLrqr% lw;Z lHkh Ákf.k;ksa] ouLifr;ksa o tho&tUrqvksa esa thou dk lapkj djrk gS
vkSj lEiw.kZ ikfjfLFkfrdh; pÿ dks ≈tkZ Ánku dj fu;af=r djrk gSA vr% mldks
nsoksikluk esa Áeq[krk nh xbZ gSA j.kdiqj eafnj ls dqN nwjh ij fufeZr lw;Z eafnj cM+k
Áflº gSA ;g eafnj 15oha 'krkCnh esa dqEHkk }kjk fufEkZr djk;k x;k FkkA eafnj esa
loZ= lw;Z dks lkr ?kksMk+ sa ij lokj crk;k x;k gSA blh eafnj esa ,d uoxzg dh ewfrZ
Hkh gSA eafnj ds ckgj lHkk eaMi vkSj xHkZ x`g ds pkjksa vkSj lw;Z ds lkr ?kksM+kas dk
yxHkx 60 ckj Án'kZu fd;k x;k gS tks vfr HkO; gSA xHkZx`g ds ckgj Á/kku rkdsa rks
ugha gS fdUrq ewfrZ;ka rks mRdh.kZ gS ftuesa prqckZgq rFkk vklu eqnzk fLFkr nsork ds ≈ij
ds okegLr esa f='kwy gS rFkk uhps ds okelO; gLrksa doy gS] ogk° f'ko vkSj lw;Z dk
,d:Ik Hkko O;‰ fd;k x;k gSA ;g ihNs dh Á/kku rkd ds LFkku ij vklu eqnzk
fLFkr f}ckgq lw;Z ds nks gkFkksa esa dey fo|eku gSA mŸkjorhZ Á/kku rkd ds LFkku ij
f=eq[kkd`fr dk vklu eqnzk esa Án'kZu fd;k x;k gSA vklunso dh 6 Hkqtk;sa gS rFkk
uhps rd ouekyk yVd jgh gSA e/;orhZ nksuksa gkFkksa esa dey gSA lclsa uhps ds gkFkksa
esa ls ,d esa ik= vkSj nwljh Hkwfe Li'kZ eqnzk esa j[kk gqvk gSA lcls ≈ij gkFk esa
laHkor% v/kZ fodflr dey gSA bl eqdqV /kkjh ewfrZ esa lw;Z vkSj cz„k dk ,d Hkko
Li"V lk gh yxrk gSA prqHkqZt ewfrZ esa uhps dk Hkkx rks eRL; dk gS rFkk ≈ij dk Hkkx
iq#"k dkA ≈ij okys Hkkx esa rhj rFkk lO; esa f='kwy uhps okys oke ik= rFkk lO; esa
xnk }kjk fofnr gksrk gS fd blesa cz„k fo".kq (dPNikorkj) rFkk egs'k dk ,d :Ik
Hkko O;‰ fd;k x;k gSA prqckZgq nso ds uhps ds nksuksa gkFkksa esa dey gS rFkk ≈ij okys
gkFkks esa ik= ,oa ekykA vr,o bl ewfrZ esa lw;Z ,oa cz„k dk ,d :Ik >ydrk gSA11
tSu eafnjksa esa fofHkUu i'kq&i{kh] tho&tUrq ds Árhd lkr fpUg ds lkFk rhFk±djksa dh
ewfrZ;ka ns[kh tk ldrh gS tSls Ω"kHknso (vkfnukFk)&o`"kHk] vftrukFk&gkFkh]
laHko&?kksMk+ ] 'kkfUrukFk&fgj.k] ik'oZukFk&liZQ.k] usfeukFk&'ka[k] egkohj&flagA fofHkUu
rhFk±djksa ds fofHkUu o`{k Árhd Hkh gS12 tSls& Ω"kHkukFk&U;xzks/k vftrukFk&lIri.kZ
3- laHkoukFk&'kky] vfHkuUnu ukFk&fÁ;d] lqefrukFk&fÁ;axq] ik'oZukFk&/kkrdh ;k
/ko (fxzfy;k VksesVkWtk) egkohj&'kkyA
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 377
18oha 'krkCnh esa fufeZr egkjk.kk txrflagdkyhu eafnjkas esa vU; Ik'kqvksa ds
lkFk fo'ks"kr;k gkfFk;ksa dh ewfrZ;ksa dk vadu vf/kd gqvk gSA eafnjksa dh nhokjksa vFkok
LrEHkksa ij fofo/k Ádkj dh yrkvksa] iq"iksa] ifŸk;ksa vkfn dks mdsjk x;k gSA eafnj
f'k[kj ds rhu vksj xtFkj] v'oFkj ds lkFk gh canj] 'ksj vkfn Ik'kqvksa ds ewfrZ;kadu
Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA eafnjksa] ewfrZ;ksa ds lkFk mRdh.kZ fofHkUu nsoksa ds okgu Ik'kq]
i{kh] tho&tUrq] yrk,°] o`{k] Qwy&iŸkh vkfn i;kZoj.k cks/k esa lgk;d gSA lHkk
eaMi] vºZlHkkeaMi dk [kqykiu ;k xok{k gok dh n`f"V ls vuqie utj vkrs gaAS
lkFk gh gou vkfn dk /kwavk lgtrk ls fudy tkrk gSA esokM+ esa 'khryk ekrk ds
eafnj vFkok LFkku Hkh loZ= cuk;s tkrs FksA pS= onh lIreh dks BaMs Hkkstu dk Hkksx
yxk;k tkrk FkkA ;g Hkh Ik;kZoj.k ls lacaf/kr gh gS fd Ωrq ifjorZu ds dkj.k vc
rd BaMk [kk fy;k fdUrq blds i'pkr~ BaMk [kkus ls chekfj;ka QSyus dk Hk; jgrk gSA
exu us jktHkouksa esa HkO;rk dks Á/kkurk nh FkhA mlus jktkvksa ds lkFk lkFk vyx&vyx
Jsf.k;ksa ds lkearkas] tkxhjnkjksa] vf/kdkfj;ksa ,oa tulkekU; ds fuokl&LFky dks fHkUu
fHkUu vkdkj ds crk;s] lkFk gh njoktksa] f[kM+fd;ksa] fnokjksa dk uki rd vyx vyx
n'kkZ;kA jktHkou ;k jktegyksa esa cka;h vksj v'o'kkyk] xkS'kkyk cuokbZ tkosa vkSj
v'oksa dh iaf‰ mŸkj ;k nf{k.kfHkeq[k j[kh tkrh FkhA v'o'kkyk esa jkrHkj nhid
tyk;k tkrk FkkA nhid j[kus dk vkfy;k edku ds nkbZa vksj }kj dh vxZyk ds
cjkcj dh špkbZ ij cuk;k tkosaA13 bekjrh ydM+h ipd esa ugha dkVsa vkSj u ykoasA
bu lHkh funsZ'kksa ds ihNs ;fn xgurk ls fopkj fd;k tk, rks Ik;kZoj.kh; mn~ns'; gh
fn[kkbZ nsrk gS ftls /kkfeZd] 'kkL=h; vFkok okLrqdeZ dk vkoj.k nsdj bldh
vuqikyuk ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k x;kA egyksa esa fufeZr lwjt xks[kM+k lw;Z dh ÁFke
jf'e ds vkod dk LFkku gksrk Fkk tks ^Ik;kZoj.k* ifjikyuk dk lqLi"V mnkgj.k gSA
Ωrq ds vuqlkj cus dejs] m|ku Hkh rRdkyhu Ik;kZoj.k ds Áfr tkx:drk dk
vuqie Árhd gSA ;gh fLFkfr >waBs crZu lkQ djus dh FkhA crZu lkQ djus dh
txg ^≈°B;kM+k* dgykrk FkkA ogk° jk[k ftls esokM+ esa ^y{eh* Hkh dgrs Fks ,d
fMCcs vFkok gafM;k esa j[kh jgrh Fkh] ftlls crZu lw[ks lkQ fd;s tkrs FksA crZuksa dk
>waBk ikuh Hkh ,d ^eVdh* esa ,d= dj eosf'k;ksa ds fiykus ds dke esa ysrs FksA
^jk[k* dks y{eh dgus ls ;gh rkRi;Z Fkk fd de ls de jk[k dk mi;ksx djrs gq,
vf/kd ls vf/kd crZu lkQ fd;s tkoasA 'kkld] lkearksa] tkxhnkjksa] mPp oxZ vFkok
inkZu'khu ifjokjksa ds vykok vU; edkuksa esa Luku ?kj vFkok 'kkspky; Hkh ugha gksrs
FksA fo".kq iqjk.k ds vuqlkj vius fuokl LFkku ls nwj tkdj ey&ew= R;kx djuk
pkfg,A iSj /kks;k gqvk gks vkSj >wBk ty vius ?kj ds vk°xu esa u MkysaA ey R;kx ds
le; i`Foh dks frudksa ls vkSj flj dks oL= ls <ad ys rFkk ml LFkku ij vf/kd
le; rd u jgsa vkSj u dqN cksysA14
197 378 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
Ákphu LFkkiR; esa ckx cxhpksa dk cM+k egRo FkkA esokM+ esa jk.kk eksdy ls
egkjk.kk gehjflag f}rh; ds dky esa ckx yxok;s x;s Fks ftuesa dbZ Ádkj ds
Qy&Qwy okys ikS/ks yxk;s tkrs FksA e.Mu us x`g ds mŸkj fn'kk esa m|ku fufeZr djus
dks dgk gSA15 16oha 'krkCnh (1577 bZ-) esa pÿikf.k feJ ds fo'o oYyHk xzUFk ls
egkjk.kk Árki ds vius ifjos'k vkSj Ik;kZoj.k ls yxko vkSj mlds fodkl ds Áfr
lps"V jgus dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA vkojx<+ fLFkr tyk'k; Lekjd] dwi&dq.Mksa
vkfn ds fuekZ.k esa pÿikf.k ds funsZ'kkas dh ikyuk dh xbZ FkhA blh vk/kkj ij pko.M
dk nqxZ cuk;k x;k Fkk vkSj Árki dss egy ds nf{k.k vFkok bZ'kku dks.k esa okfVdk
vo'; jgh gksxhA fo'ks"kr;k fofo/k o`{kksa] yrkvksa] iq"iksa ds ikS/kksa ds yxk, tkus] mUgsa
fodflr djus] muls gksus okys fofHkUu ykHk vFkok gkfu;k°] o`{kk;qosZn dh ijaijk]
o`{kksa ds vk/kkj ij ty lzksrksa dh tkudkjh] x`gokfVdki;ksxh o`{k] o`{kjksi.kh; dky]
o`{kksa ds jksi.k esa varjky o flapkbZ] r: j{kkFkZ ea= Á;ksx] r: jksx y{k.k o fpfdRlk
ds lkFk ty lalk/kuksa ij cy nsrs gq, esokM+ eas Ik;kZoj.k ds fodkl dks fu:fir fd;k
gSA lkearksa ,oa tkxhnkjksa dks vius fBdkus o tkxhj esa ckM+h o cxhpk fodflr djus
ds funsZ'k Hkh fn;s tkrs FksA cxhpksa ds fy, mUgsa tehu nh tkrh FkhA lkeUr&ljnkj
ckM+h&cxhpkas esa fofHkUu Ádkj ds Qy&Qwynkj o`{k ,oa ikS/k jksi.k djkds mUgsa lqUnj
cukrs FksA le; le; ij flapkbZ dh O;oLFkk ds fy, okfidk°, o dq.M Hkh cuk;s
x;s FksA Qyr% ckx&cxhpksa esa o"kZi;Zar gfj;kyh cuh jgrh FkhA egkjk.kk laxzkeflag
f}rh; us dkuksM+ ds jkor lkajxnso dks gjlniqjk xk°o esa vkB ch?kk tehu ckM+h ds
fy, Ánku dh FkhA16 fn- 'kqÿokj] vÁsy 24] 1778 bZ- dks fpŸkkSM+ ls jkor Hkheflag
us mn;iqj 'kkg ekSthjke dks fy[kk fd jkor txrflag dh cxhph esa fdlh Ádkj dk
gLr{ksi u djsaA17 cxhpksa dks fodflr djus ij egkjk.kk fujUrj cy ns jgk FkkA18
uxj vFkok xk°oksa ds cxhpksa esa Ák;% rht R;kSgkj ds volj ij tulkekU; dks Áos'k
dh vuqefr FkhA bl Ádkj mn;iqj rFkk fBdkuksa ds losZ ds vk/kkj ij ;g Li"V gksrk
gS fd rRdkyhu LFkkiR;&Lekjdksa ij mdsjh xbZ dyk fr;ksa esa Qwy] ifŸk;ksa] csysa]
fofHkUu Ik'kq&i{kh vkfn ds vadu ds lkFk lkFk i;kZoj.k vocks/k gksrk gSA
lanHkZ
1- vFkZ'kkL=] v-1] Ádj.k 19] 'yksd la- 1&4] i`- 75
2- jktoYyHk] i`- 31
3- jktjRukdj] 55 c] 'yksd 45] jktoYyHk] i`- 44
4- iq"isUnzflag o MkW- nqxkZflag] /keZxzUFkksa us dgk&Ik;kZoj.k ds ckjs esa] i`- 109
5- jktoYyHk] v- 4] 'yksd 8] 10] i`- 214&15
6- losZ ds vk/kkj ij
7- jktoYyHk] v- 9] 'yksd 9&18] i`- 267&69
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 379 198
8- ogh] v- 4] 'yksd 1] i`- 212
9- losZ ds vk/kkj ij
10- 'kriFk czk„.k 11-5-6-7] MkW- iq"ik 'kekZ] egkdfo ck.k HkÍ dk Ik;kZoj.k fpUru] i`- t;iqj dh LFkkiR; dyk esa iz;qDr
7] 47
11- 'kks/k if=dk] Hkk- 7] vad 2&3] i`- 7&8] nz"VO;&Jh jrupanz vxzoky dk 'kks/k laxejej dk rduhdh i{k
fuca/k&jktLFkku dh lw;Z Áfrek,a rFkk dfri; lw;Z eafnj MkW- vk'kk dqekjh flag
12- fnyhi dqEkkj flag] Ákphu Hkkjrh; dyk esa Ád`fr iwtk] i`- 148&149 (Lokfr
ifCyds'kUl] fnYyh 2012 bZ-)
jktLFkku esa LFkkiR; dyk dk bfrgkl ekuo lH;rk ds bfrgkl ds lkFk tqMk+
13- jktoYyHk] v- 5] 'yksd 15&18] 21&24] 29] v- 9] 'yksd 31
14- MkW- iq"ik 'kekZ] egkdfo ck.k HkÍ dk Ik;kZoj.k fpUru] i`- 50
gqvk gSA [kqnkbZ ls izkIr vo'ks"kksa ds vk/kkj ij ;gk° dh dyk ds ÿfed fodkl dks
15- jktoYyHk] i`- 67 lgt gh le>k tk ldrk gS tSls vkgM+] dkyhcaxk] ckxkSj] fxyq°M vkfn mYys[kuh;
16- Jherh ekaxckbZ vks>k laxzg dkuksM+] ijokuk&egkjk.kk laxzkeflag dk jkor lkajxnso lH;rkvksa ds dsUnz jgs gSaA1 ;gk° ekuo ds fuokl ds fy, edku vkfn feys gSaA
dks Hkknok cnh 5] fo- la-1788 (cq/kokj] vxLr11]1731 bZ-) jktLFkku esa LFkkiR; dh yxHkx lHkh izo`fŸk;k° efUnj fuekZ.k] uxj fuekZ.k] dq.M]
17- Okgh] ijokuk&fpŸkkSM+ ls jkor Hkhe flag dk mn;iqj 'kkg ekSthjke dks fn- oS'kk[k cnh Lrwi] LrEHk vkfn ds fuekZ.k gsrq fodflr gks x;k FkkA dky ÿe ds vuq:i LFkkiR;
12] fo- la- 1834 ('kqÿokj] vÁsy 24] 1778 bZ-) dyk izHkkfor gksrh jgh gSA u;s&u;s iz;ksx LFkkiR; dyk esa gq,A bu iz;ksxksa ls gh
18- Okgh] [kkl :Ddk&egkjk.kk Lo:iflag dk jkor vthrflag dks fn- Hkknok cnh 11] laxejej dks LFkkiR; dyk esa iz;qDr fd;k x;kA {ks=h; dykRed fodkl ds
fo- la-1903 (jfookj] vxLr 16] 1846 bZ-)] dkuksM+ dh iÍk cgh ua- 29] iÍk la- 53 vUrxZr mŸkj e/;dky esa egkjk.kk dqEHkk dk mn; dyk ,oa laLd`fr ds iqu#ºkj
ladyu] lao/kZu ,oa laj{k.k dk izrhd ekuk tk ldrk gS] ftldk izHkko leLr
jktiwrkus ij iM+kA viuh fot; ds izrhdLo:i mUgksaus dhfrZ LrEHk cuok;kA muds
}kjk fufeZr dqEHk Lokeh dk dykiw.kZ efUnj ftls vc ehjk efUnj Hkh dgrs gSa] cgqr
izflº gSA bu LFkkiR; dykvksa esa Hkh laxejej dk mi;ksx fd;k x;kA egkjk.kk
dqEHkk us jktLFkku ds LFkkiR; dyk ds fodkl ds fy, vusd xzaFkksa dk vuqokn o
izdk'ku Hkh djok;kA
16oha 'krkCnh rd vkesj jkT; Hkh jktLFkku dh dykRed i`"BHkwfe ij viuk
fo'ks"k LFkku cuk pqdk FkkA ekuflag ds 'kkludky esa dPNokgk jkt esa fofo/k
dykvksa dk pgq°eq[kh fodkl gqvkA viuh dykRed :fp ls vfHkizsfjr jktk ekuflag
us vkesj jkT; esa dykvksa ds foLrkj ds fy, ns'k ds vU; Hkkxksa ls f'kYi vkSj
dykdkjksa dks vkeaf=r dj vkesj jkT; esa LFkkfir fd;kA ekuflag dk fof'k"V
;ksxnku e/;dkyhu LFkkiR; dyk ds foLrkj :i esa jgk gSA vkesj ds egy vkSj
txr f'kjksef.k efUnj blds mŸke mnkgj.k gS ftuesa laxejej dk Hkjiwj mi;ksx fd;k
x;k gSA jktk t;flag }kjk uofufeZr t;iqj dh LFkkiuk ds ckn dPNokgk 'kkld ,oa
vkesjoklh t;iqj LFkkukUrfjr gq,A Hkkjr ds isfjl rFkk xqykch uxj ds uke ls izflº
t;iqj vius cstksM+ uxj fu;kstu ds fy, fo'o fo[;kr gSA t;iqj uxj lokbZ
t;flag dh izfrHkk dk ,d ije izfrf"Br rFkk izflº izrhd gSA 'kfuokj 25 uoEcj]
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 381
1727 bZloha dks t;iqj 'kgj dh LFkkiuk djus ds ckn jktk t;flag us t;iqj esa izk.k
izfr"Bk lhfer djus gsrq vkesj ds okfl;ksa dks t;iqj fuokl djus ds fy, vkeaf=r
fd;kA2 bu vkckfn;ksa dks t;iqj esa clkus ds fy, ukS pkSdfM+;k° cukbZ xbZA ;gha ls
ekSgYyk izFkk dh 'kq:vkr gqbZA ukS pkSdfM+;ksa dh ;g la[;k /ku vkSj le`fº ds nsork
dqcsj dh ukS&fuf/k;ksa ds izrhd ds :i esa j[kh xbZ FkhA vius vuwBs okLrq fu;kstu ds
lkFk&lkFk t;iqj fo'o fo[;kr dyk dsUnz ds :i esa Hkh fodflr gqvkA LFkkiR;
dyk] ewfrZ f'kYi ,oa fofo/k yfyr dyk,° jktdh; laj{k.k esa iYyfor gksrh jghA
uxj dh lqUnjre bekjrsa jktegy okys [kaMksa esa fufeZr gqbZA ;gk° iksysa] eq[; M~;ks<+h
}kj] [kqys eaMi] vk°xu] nkyku] egjkcnkj cjkens] nhoku&,&vke] nhoku&,&[kkl
vkSj HkO; jktegyksa dk fuekZ.k djok;k x;kA bu jktdh; bekjrksa esa laxejej dk
iz;ksx izpqj ek=k esa fd;k x;k gSA izrkiflag rFkk jkeflag ds le; LFkkiR; dyk dk
fodkl gqvkA ijorhZ ek/kksflag f}rh; rFkk lokbZ ekuflag us Hkh dyk laj{k.k dh
uhfr tkjh j[khA
LFkkiR; fuekZ.k ltkoV esa laxejej dk mi;ksx
t;iqj dh LFkkiR; fuekZ.k esa laxejej dk mi;ksx vR;f/kd ek=k esa fd;k
x;k gSA laxejej dk LFkkiR; esa mi;ksx ds fofo/k dkj.k jgs gaS ftlesa igyk dkj.k]
t;iqj esa laxejej dh miyC/krk jgh gSA t;iqj esa 50 fefy;u Vu ls Hkh vf/kd
laxejej tek gSA t;iqj ds HkSalykuk] cusBh] iapigkM+h esa dkyk /kkjhnkj laxejej
ik;k tkrk gSA3 lS.MdksVM+k] jlks;okyk] flagiqjh] dkytiqjh ,oa MksxsVk esa lknk
lQsn laxejej] vksusDl fdLe (gYdh uhyh fdLe) vkd`fr dk feyrk gSA t;iqj
esa ,d eq[; fdLe dk laxejej vka/kh {ks= esa ik;k tkrk gS ftls fiLrk (fiLrkfp;ks)
laxejej ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA blesa MksyksekbV dh dqN ek=k fo|eku gksrh gSA
;g gYdh ÿhe i`"BHkwfe esa gjs o.kZ ds MksyksekbV dh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k bls
lkekU;r% fiLrkfp;ksa laxejej ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA bl {ks= esa mŸke fdLe dh
b.Mks&bVkfy;u laxejej ik;k tkrk gS] tks bVyh ds lrokfj;ks laxejej ds leku
gksrk gSA t;iqj esa izkIr bu laxejej dk mi;ksx LFkkiR; dyk] fof'k"V ltkoVh
oLrqvksa ,oa eq[;r% ewfrZ f'kYi ds fuekZ.k gsrq fd;k tkrk gSA
nwljk dkj.k] laxejej ,d izkd`frd lqUnj izLrj gS] tks oSHko dk izrhd jgk
gSA bls ,sfrgkfld dky ls 'kkldksa }kjk LFkkiR; dyk esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk jgk gSA4
uxjksa] nqxks±] jktHkouksa] efUnjksa] gosfy;ksa] tyk'k;ksa] lekf/k;ksa rFkk ewfrZ;ksa esa laxejej
dk mi;ksx bldh yksdfiz;rk dks n'kkZrk gSA
rhljk dkj.k] jktLFkku dk izkd`frd okrkoj.k vR;f/kd ≈".k gS tcfd
laxejej 'khry gksrk gS] ftlds dkj.k bldk mi;ksx Hkou fuekZ.k esa fd;k tkrk gSA
199 382 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
blls jktLFkku ds ≈".k okrkoj.k ls jkgr feyrh gSA Q'kZ fuekZ.k ds fy, laxejej
dh VkbZyksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tks fd vU; izLrj VkbZykssa dh vis{kk vf/kd
le; rd pyrk gSA5
rduhdh i{k
LFkkiR; dyk esa laxejej dk iz;ksx vR;f/kd gqvk gSA laxejej fufeZr
Hkouksa esa blds mi;ksx ds vusd rduhd jgs Fks ftudk mYys[k vkxs fd;k tk jgk
gSA
laxejej VkbZfyax fof/k
cschyksfu;k esa nhokjksa dks ltkus ds fy, muesa chp&chp esa jaxhu feÍh dh
vk°p esa ids gq, pkSdksj VqdM+ksa dks tM+us dh izFkk FkhA ogk° ls Qkjl okyksa us bls
lh[kk vkSj vU; dykvksa esa LFkku fn;kA phu ds izHkko esa vkdj mUgksaus blesa ,d vkSj
ifjorZu fd;k] og Fkk laxejej VkbZyksa ij 'kh'ks dh lh ped ykukA bl izdkj
VkbZyksa esa fVdk≈iu Hkh vk x;k vkSj lkSUn;Z HkhA Hkkjr esa jaxhu VkbZyksa dk mi;ksx
14oha 'krkCnh ds izFke pj.k esa cuh bekjrksa esa feyrk gSA 16oha 'krh ds vkjEHk esa
Xokfy;j esa cus ekuflag ds egy esa bu pednkj laxejej VkbZyksa dk cgqr iz;ksx
gqvk gSA6 eqxydky esa bl dyk us cgqr fodkl fd;kA bl dky esa vf/kdrj
VkbZyksa ds NksVs&NksVs VqdM+s dkVdj nwljh i`"BHkwfe esa iPphdkjh ds <ax ij tM+ nsrs
FksA bldks mUgksaus ,d u;k uke ^d'kh* fn;kA7 bl izdkj dk dke 17oha 'krh ds ckn
dk vf/kd gS vkSj mlesa jax dh fofo/krk Hkh feyrh gSA vk/kqfud (18oha 'krh ds
pkSdksj VkbZy) VkbZyksa dk ,d rhljk izdkj 18oha 'krh dh bekjrksa esa feyrk gSA
laxejej dk mi;ksx LFkkiR; esa VkbZfyax ds }kjk Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA blds fy, lcls
igys laxejej ls VkbZy cukbZ tkrh gSA bu VkbZyksa dk mi;ksx nhokjksa ij ;k Q'kZ ij
fd;k tkrk gSA t;iqj esa xSVksj dh Nrjh] xksfoUnnsoth dk efUnj] flVh iSysl]
fcM+yk efUnj vkfn LFkkuksa esa laxejej VkbZyksa dk Hkjiwj mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
ekstkbZd fof/k
ekstkbZd dyk dk fodkl izkphu xzhd ekuo }kjk fd;k x;k] tks xqQkvksa esa
jgrs FksA os Q'kZ dks vf/kd fVdk≈ cukus ds fy, fofHkUu laxejej ds VqdM+ksa dks
tehu ij tekdj Q'kZ dks iDdk dj ysrs FksA ;gha ls ;g dyk ekstkbZd dyk ds :i
esa fodflr gqbZA laxejej dh ekstkbZd dk LFkkiR; fuekZ.k esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
laxejej dh VkbZy cukrs le; laxejej ds VqdM+ksa dks rduhd lq/kkj }kjk ekstkbZd
fufeZr djrs gSa]8 ftldk mi;ksx t;iqj ds Hkouksa esa ltkoV ds fy, Q'kZ fuekZ.k
vkfn esa fd;k x;kA
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 383
vkjk;'k rduhd
jktLFkku esa fHkfŸk fp=ksa dks ^vkykxhyk*] ^vkjk;'k* rFkk ^eksjkd'kh* ukeksa ls
lEcksf/kr djrs gSa] ftldk vFkZ gS rktk IykLVj dh fHkfŸk ij fd;k x;k fp=.k dk;ZA
vkjk;'kh fHkfŸk fp=.k djus ds fy, eq[;r% pwuk] dyh ;k VkWVk] >hadh (laxejej
iRFkj dk ckjhd pw.kZ)] lqj[kh vkSj ctjh ,oa o.kks± dk gh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA9 bl
rduhd dk iz;ksx ukgjx<+ fdyk] vkesj dk fdyk vkSj flVh iSysl esa fd;k x;k
gSA10 fu"d"kZ % vr% laxejej vius fof'kf"V xq.kksa ds dkj.k t;iqj ds LFkkiR; dyk
esa vR;f/kd iz;qDr fd;k x;k gSA izkphudky ls ysdj vk/kqfud le; esa Hkh
laxejej dk iz;ksx LFkkiR; esa c<+k gSA LFkkiR; ds lkFk&lkFk ewfrZ dyk esa Hkh
laxejej dk fof'kf"V LFkku jgk gSA orZeku esa laxejej dk mi;ksx nSfud miHkksx
dh oLrqvksa ,oa ltkoVh oLrqvksa esa Hkh vR;f/kd gks jgk gSA LFkkiR; dyk ds {ks= esa
laxejej ds iz;ksx us ek= lkSUn;Z esa gh vfHko`fº ugha dh vfirq rduhdh Lrj ij
fodkl dks laHko fd;k gSA
lUnHkZ
1- ds-,l- xqIrk ,oa ts-ds- vks>k] jktLFkku dk bfrgkl ,d losZ{k.k] fyV~jsjh lfdZy]
t;iqj] r`rh; laLdj.k 2016] i`- 331
2- c[krjke 'kkg] cqfºfoykl] jktLFkku izkP; fo|k izfr"Bku] tks/kiqj] 1964
3- izhfr 'kekZ ,oa vk'kk dqekjh flag] ^t;iqj dk laxejej ewfrZ f'kYi % mR[kuu ,oa
r{k.k*] izkl
s hfMaXt] jktLFkku bfrgkl dkaxl
sz ] 24oka l=] lqtkux<+] 2008] i`- 283&295
4- gfj'kpUnz oekZ] e/;dkyhu Hkkjr] Hkkx&2 (1540&1761)] fgUnh ek/;e dk;kZUo;
funs'kky;] fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k 1993] i`- 507
5- Jh dY;k.k lgk;] ewfrZdkj] t;iqj ls okrkZ ds vk/kkj ij (fnukad 02-11-2017)
6- j.kohj lDlSuk] vkdkj dYiuk] js[kk izdk'ku dk;kZy;] tks/kiqj] izFke laLdj.k
1958] i`- 119
7- R. Nath, Colour Decoration in Mughal Architecture India & Pakistan,
The Historical Research Documentation Programme, Jaipur, Second
Edition 1989, p.17
8- R. Na t h, Jha r okha : An Illus t ra t ed Glos s a r y of Indo Mus l im
Architecture, The Historical Research Documentation Programme,
Jaipur, First Edition 1986, p.81
9- jke ik.Ms;] jktLFkku ds fHkfŸk fp=] if'pe {ks= lkaLd`frd dsUnz] mn;iqj] izFke
laLdj.k 2005] i`- 25
10- efydk cksgjk] Mw°xjiqj jkt dh fHkfŸk fp=kadu&ijEijk lekt ,oa laLd`fr (17oha
lnh ds vkjEHk ls 1940 bZ- rd)] izfrHkk izdk'ku] fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k 2010
200
jktLFkku esa dykRed ehukdkjh gLrf'kYi %
fofo/k Lo:Ik
MkW- iwtk fljksyk
Hkkjrh; gLrf'kYi dks vfrizkphu dky ls gh cM+k xkSjo izkIr gSA ns'k ds
izzR;sd Hkkx esa ckgqY; ds lkFk fc[kjh fofo/k dykRed oLrq,° vuwBh vfHkO;fDr ds
}kjk lkSUn;kZuqHkwfr dh mRiszjd cuh gqbZ gS vkSj tuekul dh vfHk#fp dks iznf'kZr
djrh gSA gekjs ns'k esa ikjEifjd f'kYidkfjrk dk vFkZ dsoy /kkrq vFkok ;a=ksa ds
lapkyu esa dq'kyrk ikus ek=k gh ugha vfirq blls dgha vf/kd gSA blesa eu dh
Hkkouk,°] efLr"d rFkk 'kjhj lHkh la;qDr :Ik ls dk;Z djrs gSa] ftlls bl izdkj dk
lkeatL; fufeZr gksrk gSA1 gekjs dykdkjksa us fu"Bk] rRijrk vkSj fujUrj vVwV iz;kl
ds }kjk dyk ds oSHko dks v{kq..k cuk;k gSA tgk° ,d vksj vtUrk dh xqQk,° vkSj
rktegy tSlh d`fr;k° gekjh ewfrZdyk vkSj oLrqf'kYi dh HkO;rk dk izrhd gS] ogk°
fofo/k jaxksa ls lth laojh iks'kkdsa ,oa ydM+h iRFkj] feV~Vh] /kkrq rFkk tokgjkr dh
dkjhxjh Hkkjrh; thou vkSj dyk ds lqUnj leUo; dh |ksrd gSA
jktLFkku dh gLrdykvksa dh viuh gh fo'ks"krk,° gSaA ;gk° ds dq'ky dykdkjksa
us viuh dyk dks #fpdj vkSj mi;ksxh cukrs gq, tu tu rd igq°pk;k gSA viuh
d`fr;ksa esa pedhys rFkk vYgkne; jaxksa dk lekos'k lknxh ,oa lkSUn;Z ds lkFk
fd;kA fu'py Hkko ls Je dh xfjek dks fuHkk;k rFkk lgt izo`fr ds lkFk viuh
mUur vkdka{kkvksa dks c<+k;kA ;fn ;g dgk tk;s fd jktLFkku gLrdykvksa dk rhFkZ
gS rks dksbZ vfr';ksfDr ugha gksxhA dykRed rFkk lqUnjre oLrqvksa ds mRiknu esa
jktLFkku dk LFkku dkQh špk gSA gLrdykvksa dh fofo/krk vkSj dykRedrk dh
n`f"V ls jktLFkku dks vpjt dk izns'k dgk tkrk gSA Hkkjrh; gLrdyk m|ksx esa
jktLFkku dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA jktLFkku dh fofHkUu gLrdykvksa tSls Cyw ikWVjh]
peM+k m|ksx] laxejej] oL= m|ksx] dkxt m|ksx] ihry ij uDdk'kh] yk[k dk
dk;Z] ehukdkjh bR;kfn fof'k"Vrk fy, gq, gSA
jktLFkku dk ehukdkjh gLrf'kYi viuh dykRedrk ,oa lkSan;Z ds fy, uk
flQZ Hkkjr vfirq lEiw.kZ fo'o esa fo[;kr gSA ehukdkjh gLrf'kYi viuh xkSjoiw.kZ
,sfrgkfrldrk fy, gq, orZeku esa Hkh ikjEifjdrk ,oa vk/kqfudrk dk lekos'k djrs
gq, fof'kf"V igpku cuk, gq, gaAS
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 385
jktLFkku esa ehukdkjh gLrf'kYi fofo/k Lo:iksa esa
ehukdkjh gLrdyk jktLFkku dh mu pquhank dykvksa esa ls ,d gS ftuds }kjk
t;iqj gh ugha vfirq jktLFkku ds fofHkUu Hkkx xkSjokfUor gq, gSA ehukdkjksa }kjk bl
gLrdyk dks lnSo ls gh fof'k"V cukus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk jgk gS fQj pkgs og
ek/;e dk pquko gks] vkd`fr vadu] vyadj.k gks vFkok mldh rduhdh fof/k;k°A
jktLFkku esa ehukdkjh /kkrq] dkap] iRFkj ij dh tkrh gSA izLrqr i= esa ehukdjh ds
Lo:iksa dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
/kkrq;h ek/;e ds Lo:Ik esa ehukdkjh
jktLFkku esa ehukdkjh dk;Z eqxy dky ls gh izpyu esa jgkA vkesj ds jktk
ekuflag izFke ds 'kkludky esa Hkkjr dk bl dyk ls ifjp; gqvkA2 ehukdkjh dk
dk;Z Qkbuhf'k;k esa gqvk djrk Fkk] rnUrj pkSljksa ds dky esa ;g dyk Qkjl esa ykbZ
xbZA3 Qkjl ls ehukdkjh dh dyk ykgkSj igq°phA ;gha ls bl dyk dk Hkkjr rFkk
jktLFkku esa izlkj gqvkA jktLFkku esa t;iqj] chdkusj] ukFk}kjk] vyoj esa /kkrq ij
ehukdkjh dk dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA4 bu lHkh dsUnz ij ehukdkjh ijEijkxr :Ik ls
eq[;r% Lo.kZ] jtr] rkez /kkrqvksa ij dh tkrh jgh gSA5 dqekjLokeh us vius ys[k ‘An
Indian Enamel’ esa ,d Hkkjrh; Lo.kZ isUMsaV dh ppkZ dh gSA ftldk vxzHkkx tfM+r
Fkk rFkk i`"B Hkkx ehukdkjh ls ;qDr Fkk] bls 16oha lnh dk ekuk x;k tks laHkor%
t;iqj ds ehukdkjksa }kjk fufeZr fd;k x;kA6
/kkrq;h ehukd`fr esa ehuk Hkjus dh Hkh rhu fof/k;k° eq[; jgh gS&izFke fof/k esa
ehuk ds jax dks d`fr ij ,sls yxk;k tkrk gS tSls dSuokl ij jax djrs gSaA f}rh; fof/
k esa d`fr ij cus vyadj.k ij ehuk Mkydj mls gFkkSMs+ ls Bksaddj ;k fpidkdj tek
fn;k tkrk gSA r`rh; fof/k esa ehukd`fr ij [kqnkbZ dj mlesa lykbZ;ksa ls jax Hkjk tkrk
gS] bls pEiysoh dgrs gSaA7 ;wjksi esa Hkh /kkrq;h lrg ij xM~Ms djds jax Hkjus
dh rduhd dks pEiysoh dgk tkrk gSA8 oSf'od Lrj Hkh ehukdkjh dh ;g lHkh
fof/k;k° ns[kus dks feyrh gSA tSls&fyekstl&;wjksi esa fyekstl ehukdkjh esa fp=dkjh
dh Hkkafr jax fd;k tkrk FkkA9 pEiysoh fof/k izpfyr Fkh rFkk dksyksftu tks /kkrq dh
iryh ifŸk;ksa dks eksM+dj vyadj.k dh ckgjh js[kk cukbZ tkrh Fkh ftls /kkrq dh lrg
ij tksM+ fn;k tkrk FkkA eksM+us ds i'pkr~ tks LFkku curk Fkk mlesa ehuk (jax) Hkjk
tkrk FkkA10 bu lHkh fof/k;ksa esa pEiysoh lokZf/kd le; yxkdj ,oa lw>&cw> ls dh
tkrh gSA
t;iqj esa eq[; :Ik ls pEiysoh iºfr dh rduhd ls /kkrq ij ehukdkjh dk
dk;Z fd;k tkrk jgk gSA11 t;iqj ds ehukdkj Lo.kZ /kkrq ij ehudkjh esa fo'ks"kK ekus
tkrs gSaA yky jax dh ehukdkjh esa t;iqj ds ehukdkj ikjaxr FksA12 Lo.kZ /kkrq ds
201 386 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
vfrfjDr ;gk° ds dykdkj }kjk jtr] rkez /kkrq ij Hkh ehuk dk;Z fd;k tkrk jgk gSA13
ehukdkjh ds dsUnzksa esa ukFk}kjk] vyoj tSls LFkkuksa ij lksus pkanh] rkacs ij ehuk dk;Z
fd;k tkrk FkkA dkxt tSls irys iŸkj ij Hkh ehuk djus esa chdkusj ds ehukdkj
flºgLr gksrs gSaA14 ukFk}kjk esa piM+h dk ehuk vf/kdrj fd;k tkrk gSA
Lo.kZ;qDr ehukdkjh (mLrkdyk)
mLrkdyk jktLFkku ds ,sfrgkfld uxj chdkusj esa šV dh [kky ij dh tkus
okyh Lo.kZ ehukdkjh vkSj eqUkOor ds dk;Z dks dgk tkrk gSA bZjku ls vk, mLrk
ifjokj ds }kjk ≈°V dh [kky ij lksus dh ehukdkjh dh xbZA chdkusj esa fglkeqÌhu
mLrk ds }kjk bl dyk dks fodflr fd;k x;kA vius firk eqjknc{k dh ns[kjs[k esa
fglkeqÌhu }kjk bl gLrdyk dks lh[kk x;kA15 ≈°V dh [kky ls cuh dqIih vkSj vkSj
ml ij dh xbZ Lo.kZ ;qDr nqyZHk ehukdkjh ds dykRed dk;Z us ftruh izflfº izkIr
dh gSA mruh vU; fdlh dykd`fr dks izkIr ugha gqbZ gSA chdkusj esa mLrkvksa dk ,d
eksgYyk gS tks jax vkSj fp=dkjksa ds fy, tkuk tkrk gSA ;gha ds fglkeqÌhu mLrk dks
Lo.kZ dh ehukdkjh ds fy, 1986 esa ineJh ls lEekfur Hkh fd;k x;kA16
iRFkj rFkk laxejej ij ehukdkjh
ehukd`r dykd`fr ek= /kkrq ij gh ugha cfYd iRFkj ,oa phuh feV~Vh dh
VkbYl ij Hkh dh tkrh Fkh] ftlesa gjs] uhys ihys jax dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA17 tks
phu esa iz;qDr gksus okyh VkbYl ls feyrh tqyrh gSA bu ehukd`r VkbYl dk iz;ksx
xksydq.Mk] chtkiqj ds jktegyksa esa feyrk gSA18 izeq[kr% bu VkbYl dk mi;ksx
vkesj ,oa t;iqj ds egyksa esa utj vkrk gSA19 ehuk ls ;qDr VkbYl dk iz;ksx vkesj ds
egy esa LrEHk] Q'kZ vkfn esa fd;k x;k gSA orZeku esa fo'ks"k:Ik ls laxjejej ij
ehukdkjh dh tkus yxh gSA orZeku esa laxejej ij ehukdkjh dk dk;Z fofHkUu jaxksa
esa ns[kus dks feyrk gSA ?kjsyw mi;ksx rFkk ltkoV dh oLrqvksa esa ehukd`r laxejej
dykd`fr fo'ks"k :Ik ls ilan dh tk jgh gSA t;iqj dh ehukd`fr laxejej
dykd`fr ns'k rFkk fons'k esa viuh txg cukus esa lQy gks jgh gSA20
dk°p ij ehukdkjh
dkap ij ehukdkjh dk dk;Z mn;iqj esa fd;k tkrk gSA blds vfrfjDr dkap
ij Fksok dyk izrkix<+ esa dh tkrh gSA21 jktLFkku dh LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa Fksok dk vFkZ
lek;kstu gksrk gSA Fksok dh mRd`"V d`fr dh jpuk ds fy, dkjhxj 23 dSjsV dk
iryk Lo.kZ Qyd rS;kj djrsa gSa ftls Fksok dh iV~Vh dgk tkrk gSA Fksok dyk dh
fof'k"V ≈°pkbZ;ksa rd igq°pkus esa izrkix<+ ds jktlksuh ifjokj dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku
jgk gSA jktlksuh ifjokj Fksok dyk ds izorZd jgs gSa] igys ;g dyk ehukdkjh ds
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 387 202 388 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

lkFk dh tkrh FkhA22 1707 bZ- esa ukFkw th Lo.kZdkj }kjk bl dyk dk izkjaHk fd;k x;k lkaLd`frd ,oa ,sfrgkfld v/;;u] [k.M 2] jktLFkkuh xzUFkkxkj] tks/kiqj (2004)]
tks ehukdkjh ds leku utj vkrh gSA23 orZeku esa Hkh jktlksuh ifjokj Fksok dyk dh 114
dykd`fr;ksa dks mRikfnr djus dk dk;Z dj jgk gSA bl ifjokj ds }kjk xksiuh;rk ds 14- t;flag uhjt o Hkxorh yky 'kekZ] jktLFkku dh lkaLd`frd ijEijk] jktLFkku fgUnh
lkFk Fksok dyk dks Lo;a rd gh lhfer j[kk x;k gS blh dkj.k ;g dyk izrkix<+ xzUFk vdkneh] t;iqj] laLdj.k 38 (2016)] 216
rd gh lhfer gSA24 15- jktLFkku dh gLrdyk,°] The Rajasthan Small Industries Cor., Limited dk
izdk'ku
mi;qZDr fooj.k ls Kkr gksrk gS fd jktLFkku esa ehukdkj gLrf'kYi fofo/k 16- ogh
Lo:iksa esa ,sfrgkfld :Ik ls fo|eku gSA ehukd`r dykd`fr;k° /kkrq] iRFkj] phuh 17- Alexender Hunter ‘Enameling on Precious metals in India’, The Art
feV~Vh] dkap] šV dh [kky ij dh tkrh jgh gSA ehukdkjh gLrdyk dks fodflr Journal (1875-1887), Vol. 2 (1876), 75
djus esa tgk° ,d vksj jktLFkku ds 'kkldksa dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgkA ogha dykdkjksa 18- Ibid
19- Ibid
us viuh dk;Z dq'kyrk o ;ksX;rk ls bls u, vk;ke iznku fd,A ehuk dks fofHkUu
20- t;iqj dk e'kgwj ekcZy ehukdkjh vkVZ] iatkc dsljh] 25 fnlEcj 2016
:iksa esa fof'k"Vrk iznku djus esa ehudkjh ds dykdkjksa dh izeq[k Hkwfedk jghA jkT; 21- The Journal of Indian Art No. 2, April (1884), 5
ljdkjksa ds lja{k.k] izksRlkgu ds }kjk dykdkjksa us ehukdkjh dks fof'k"V rFkk i`Fkd 22- Rita Devi Sharma & M. Varadarajan, Handicraftecl Indian Enamel
igpku nh gSA Jewellery, Roli books, New Delhi, (2008), 97
23- Ibid
lanHkZ 24- Ibid
1- deyknsoh pV~VksI/kk;] jktLFkku gLrf'kYi ijEijkA
2- Arts and crafts, Chapter XVIII in Jaipur album of all about Jaipur,
1935 (Jaipur: Rajasthan Directories Publishing House)
3- R.J. Verney, ‘Enamelling in Rajasthan,’ Roopa Lekha, Vol.XXIX, No. 1
& 2, 1958, 31
4- M.K. Pal, Craft and craftman in Tradition India, (1978), 101
5- Jamila Brij Bhushan, ‘Enmels and Jewellery’ in marg Homage to Jaipur
Vol XXX, No. 4 (Bomboy. 1977), 101
6- Ananda K. coomaraswany, ‘An Indian Enamel,’ Bulletin of the museum
of fine Arts, Vo1.38, (1940). 24-28
7- Howard C. Hollis. ‘An Indian Enamel Pendent,’ The Bulletin of the
Cleveland museum of Art, Vol.35, (1948), 18
8- Henery Harcling Caniyanghame, The Journal of the society of Arts,
Vol.48 (1899), 46
9- Stephen Pudney, The Journal of the Decorative Arts Society 1850,
vol.2, (1999), 72
10- Marian Campbell, medieval Enamels, London: His majesty &
Stationary office, (1983), 5
11- bUnj flag (ehukdkjh ds ofj"B dykdkj) ls 6@09@2016 dks KkRkO; rF; ds vk/kkj
ijA
12- ogh
13- clUr tks'kh] mUuhloha lnh dk jktLFkku (O;kikfjd ,oa vkS|ksfxd losZ{k.k)] t;iqj
ifCyf'kax gkml] t;iqj] (1988)] 57 rFkk eksguyky xqIrk] jktLFkku ftysokj
 203
,sfrgkfld /kjksgj mn;iqj dh
izeq[k gosfy;ksa dk v/;;u
MkW- lq'khyk 'k‰kor
esokM+ esa egkjk.kk ds njckjh lkeUr ljnkjksa] lsB&lkgwdkjksa ,oa fof'k"V tuksa
ds futh vkokl gosyh dgykrh FkhA flgosyhfi dk vFkZ vLFkk;h Hkh gksrk gS vFkkZr~
eq[; vkokl ls vU;= vLFkk;h fuokl gsrq cuh txg flgosyhfi dgykrh Fkh tSls
lkear~&ljnkjksa vFkok fBdkusnkjksa ds vius&vius fBdkuksa esa cus fo'kky Hkou dks
jkoyk ;k egy dgk tkrk FkkA ml fBdkus fo'ks"k ds tkxhjnkj] dkenkj] vf/kdkjh
iqjksfgr] uxj lsB vkfn ds Hkou dks ^gosyh* dgrs FksA1 ijUrq bUgha fBdkusnkj lkear
ljnkjksa ds Hkou esokM+ jkT; dh jkt/kkuh mn;iqj esa cus gksrs Fks mUgsa ^gosyh* gh dgk
tkrk Fkk] tgk° lEcaf/kr lkear ljnkj mn;iqj ds egkjk.kk dh pkdjh vFkok gktjh nsus
le; mn;iqj vkdj jgrs FksA2
gosyh ls rkRi;Z iDdk cM+k edku vFkok Hkou ftlesa lqfo/kk;q‰ dbZ dejs
muls tqMs+ cjkenk] njh[kkuk] cSBd] xok{k vkfn ,d vFkok vf/kd eaftyksa ls ;q‰
bekjr ls gSA3 lkear ljnkjksa dh viuh gosfy;k° Fkh tSls lywEcj dh gosyh] cnuksj
dh gosyh] cusMk+ dh gosyh] 'kkgiqjk dh gosyh] ckxkSj dh gosyh] dkuksM+ dh
gosyh] nsyokM+k dh gosyh] ljnkjx<+ dh gosyh] nsox<+ dh gosyh] luokM+ dh
gosyh] vklhUn dh gosyh] dkadjok dh gosyh vkfnA blh izdkj ls iqjksfgr th dh
gosyh] esgrk th dh gosyh] dksBkjh th gosyh uxj lsB dh gosyh] ukFkwjke tfM+;k
dh gosyh] vkfn fo'ks"k mYys[kuh; gSA
gosyh LFkkiR;
fofHkÈk gosfy;ksa ds izeq[k }kjksa dh fHkÈk&fHkÈk yEckbZ&pkSM+kbZ ,oa ≈°pkbZ
ns[krs gq, Li"V dgk tk ldrk gS fd lacaf/kr ^gosyh* dk Lokeh viuh LosPNk ls
mldk fuekZ.k ugha dj ldrk Fkk oju~ egkjk.kk }kjk (njckj ls) Lohœr uki&pkSi ds
vuq:i gh mls viuh gosyh ds dkeBk.ks dks iw.kZ djuk gksrk FkkA4 eq[; }kj ftls
gosyh dk njoktk dgrs Fks špkbZ vkSj fo'kkyrk fy;s gksrk Fkk] fdUrq ;g izeq[k }kjk
egkjk.kk ds egyksa ds izeq[k }kj ls fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa špk vFkok cjkcj dk ugha
gksrk FkkA cM+h gosyh nks vFkok rhu vFkok dbZ eafty gks ldrh FkhA
lkekU; rFkk eq[; }kj ds vktw&cktw dykœfr;ksa ls ;q‰ xok{k gksrs Fks] eq[;
390 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
}kj ls izos'kdj ,d yEch vFkok NksVh iksy ij djuh iM+rh FkhA ;g iksy izk;% iq:"k
oxZ ds fy, cSBd dk dke djrh FkhA iksy ds ckn cM+k vFkok NksVk gosyh ds
Lo:i ds vuq:i pkSd vkrk FkkA pkSd ds vxy&cxy esa dejs lkeus pkSckjk vkSj
pkSckjs ds vxy&cxy vkSj i`"B eas dejs gksrs FksA Nr ds pkjksa vksj dh nhokjsa daxqjsnkj
vFkok lh/kh cM+h gksrh FkhA gosyh ds uhps ds dejksa dks izk;% ^vksojk* dgk tkrk
FkkA ≈ij ds dejs dks ^esMh+ * dgrs Fks] blesa izk;% dherh lkeku vkfn j[ks tkrs FksA
dejksa ds dksus esa nhid j[kus dh txg bl Hkkafr Nsn cuk gksrk Fkk fd ,d dejs esa
j[ks ^nhi* ls dbZ dejksa rd ,d nwljs ls tqM+s ml Nsn ds ek/;e ls jks'kuh gks tkrh
FkhA fnu ds le; ckyduh o NksVh f[kM+fd;ksa ls i;kZIr jks'kuh gks tkrh FkhA gosyh
ds vkarfjd Hkkx esa jlksbZ gksrh FkhA dksus esa Lukukxkj cus gksrs FksA
gosfy;ksa esa fo'ks"kkf/kdkj ,oa lEeku iznku djus ds fy, egkjk.kk le;&le;
ij dkap dh vksojh vFkok dk°p dk dejk] QOokjs ,d&nks vFkok rhu xqEcn cukus]
fHkfŸk fp= ,d] nks vFkok vf/kd dejksa] cjkenksa ij cuokus] ckM+h ;k cxhph yxkus
dh vuqefr iznku djrk FkkA gosfy;ksa esa fL=;ksa dks jgus ds fy, vyx ls dejs cus
gq, Fks] ftUgsa tukuk d{k dgk tkrk FkkA5
gosyh fp=dyk & fo'ks"k lEeku ls ;q‰ gosfy;ksa ds fHkfŸk fp= rRdkyhu
lkaLœfrd thou dh vuqie /kjksgjs gSaA fp=dyk ds fofo/k n`';] gkfFk;ksa ds ;qº
f'kdkj n`';] jkx&jkfxfu;ksa dk fp=.k] x.kxkSj dh lokjh] ySyk eatuw o vU; dbZ
fp= mYys[kuh; gSA fHkfŸk fp=ksa dh n`f"V ls ckxkSj dh gosyh] nsyokM+k dh gosyh]
lsBth dh gosyh] ukFkwjke th tfM+;k dh gosyh] nsox<+ dh gosyh egŸpiw.kZ gSaA
ftl ij vyx ls foLrkjiwoZd vkys[k fy[kk tk ldrk gSA esjs }kjk Hkh fy[kk x;k
gS o izdkf'kr gks pqdk gSA mn;iqj esa dbZ egŸoiw.kZ gosfy;k° gSa ftUgsa egkjk.kkvksa ds
}kjk c['kh'k ds rkSj ij fn;k x;k FkkA dqN Lo;a ds }kjk fufeZr FkhA
fetkZ vCnqy jghe csx dks esokM+ dk l=goka mejko dk in fn;k x;k FkkA
ejkBksa ds vkrad dky esa flU/k ls eqlyekuksa dks cqykdj mudh Qksth VqdM+h cuk;h
x;h FkhA 1770 esa ek/ko jko flaf/k;k vkSj egkjk.kk vfjflag ds chp yM+s x;s ;qº esa
bl VqdM+h us fcuk osru fy;s ohjrkiwoZd ;qº fd;k vkSj esokM+ ds i{k esa viuk
cfynku fn;kA egkjk.kk vfjflag us egqokM+k dh tkxhj] mn;iqj esa gosyh6 lknM+h ds
cjkcj cSBd ,oa teknkj ds lacks/ku ls l=gosa mejko dk ntkZ iznku fd;kA bls
uDdkjk fljksiko] psoj] Nr vej csy.kk ?kksMk+ iznku fd;kA x.kxkSj ds volj ij
lokjh dh ukoksa esa ftlesa ,d esa egkjk.kk ,oa nwljh ukao esa l=goka mejko cSBrk FkkA
blesa fgUnw eqfLye ,drk dh esokM+ dh egrh ijEijk ds n'kZu gksrs gSA bldh gosyh
flU/kh ljdkj dh gosyh ds uke ls izflº gSA
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 391
vkpk;Z lnkf'ko egkjk.kk Hkhe flag ds ledkyhu Fks] bUgksaus egkjk.kk ds fiz;
gkFkh dh fpfdRlk dh vkSj mls LoLFk dj fn;kA bl ij egkjk.kk us txnh'k pkSd esa
,d 'kkunkj gosyh laor~ 1856 esa cuokdj bl ifjokj dks cd'khl esa nhA bl
gosyh ij vkpk;ks± dh iksy ds lkFk cM+h iksy Hkh fy[kk gqvk gSA bl ifjokj ds
vuqlkj cM+h iksy (egy) ds ckn vkpk;ks± dks gh cM+h iksy dgykus dk vf/kdkj
Fkk] blesa jlk;u 'kkykk] enkZuk ,oa tukuk fpfdRlk dsUÊ FksA jkt ifjokj ds lnL;ksa
dks viuk bykt djokus ;gka vkuk iM+rk FkkA7 M~;ks<+h okys esgrk eksthjke th ds nks
iq=ksa x.kjkt th vkSj tosjpUn th ds oa'k esa rhu&rhu gosfy;k° Fkh vkSj M~;ksM+;k
Bkdqj dh tkxhj ekrkth dk [ksMk+ Fkh] ftldh gosyh HkfV;kuh pkSgÍk esa fLFkr FkhA8
dfo nqjlk vk<+k ds oa'kt fdluk vk<+k dks egkjk.kk toku flag us ckx HksaV
fd;k tks lhlksnk dh ckM+h dgyk;hA budh gosyh jkoth dk gk°Vk esa ikloku th
eafnj ds ikl gSaA9 dfo c[rkoj dh dfork ,oa okdpkrq;Z ls izHkkfor gksdj
egkjk.kk Lo:i flag us bUgsa viuk njckjh cuk;k] rFkk vusd lEeku cSBd ikR;k]
gkFkh] fljksiko] iSj esa lksuk] iku chM+k ,oa gosyh iznku dhA blds vykok dfojkt
dks fegkjh ,oa Mkaxjh xkao c['kh'k fn;sA mijks‰ lEeku muds ifjokj dks Hkh izkIr
jgs gSaA10 dfojke izrki flag dh iq'rSuh gosyh /kksyh ckoM+h ds ikl gSA
egkjk.kk toku flag dh /kk; lq[kh ckbZ vkSj /kuk lsokth xqtZj FksA budh ,d
gosyh ckfj;ksa dh ?kkVh ij vkSj nwljh gosyh dkath dk gkVk esa fLFkr gSA egkjk.kk 'kaHkq
flag tc ckxksj ls xksn vk;s rks buds /kk; ifjokj Hkh mn;iqj vk x;kA /kkckbZ
vejflag dh dkap dh xks[kM+s dh gosyh x.ks'k ?kkVh ekxZ ij izflº gSA11
iz/kku dsljh flag dksBkjh dh gosyh jsokl dh gosyh HkfÍ;kuh pkSgÍk esa gS]
bl ij dherh dke djk;k x;k FkkA bl gosyh dks ejkBksa us vkÿe.k ds nkSjku ywVk
FkkA12 dksBkjh dsljh flag ls izlUu gksdj egkjk.kk Lo:i flag us usrkoyk xkao tkxhj
esa fn;k vkSj mldh gosyh ij esgeku gksdj mldk eku c<+k;k vkSj mlh o"kZ mls
iz/kku cuk;k vkSj ckSjkao xkao rFkk iSjksa esa iguus ds lksus ds rksM+s iznku fd;sA13
6 ekpZ] 1844 bZ- dks egkjk.kk Lo:i flag us esgrk jke flag dh gosyh ij
esgeku gksdj mldh ekuo`fº dh vkSj mls rkthe rFkk dkdkth dh mikf/k nsdj
lEekfur fd;kA 1833 esa jke flag ds ikS= v{k; flag ds T;s"B iq= thou flag ds
fookg ds voj ij egkjk.kk us mldh gosyh ij esgeku gksdj mldh izfr"Bk c<+kbZA14
duZj VkWM dh lykg ls egkjk.kk Hkhe flag us bUnkSj ls lsB tksjkojey dks
mn;iqj cqyk;kA mldh lsokvksa ds miy{k esa 20 ekpZ] 1827 dks egkjk.kk us ikydh
204 392 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
rFkk NM+h ds lEeku ds lkFk oa'k ijEijk ds fy;s cnukSj ijxus dk ikjlksyh xkao vkSj
lsB dh mikf/k nhA lsB tksjkojey ckiuk us dfBu voljksa ij egkjk.kk dks Ω.k nsdj
rFkk vU; izdkj ls esokM+ dh vPNh lsok dh FkhA egkjk.kk Lo:i flag ds le; jkT;
ij 20 yk[k :i;s ls vf/kd dtZ Fkk] ftlesa vf/kdka'k mlh dk FkkA dtZ dk QSlyk
dj nsus dh egkjk.kk Qrgflag dh bPNk tkudj] mlus viuh gosyh ij egkjk.kk dh
esgeku uokthdh] vkSj egkjk.kk dh bPNkuqlkj Ω.k dk fuiVkjk dj fn;kA lsB
tksjkoj ey ds bl cM+s R;kx ls izlUu gksdj egkjk.kk Qrgflag us mls dqaMky xkao
fn;k vkSj mlds iq=ksa rFkk ikS=ksa dh izfr"Bk c<+kbZA15
tc egkjktk lokbZ t;flag vius nwljs daoj ek/kksflag dks egkjk.kk ls jkeiqj
dk ijxuk izkIr djus dh bPNk ls mn;iqj x;k rFkk /kk;HkkbZ uxjkt ds ekjQr
egkjk.kk laxzke flag dks fuosnu djk;k] rc iz/kku fcgkjhnkl us bldk fojks/k fd;k]
ftl ij egkjktk us mldh gosyh ij tkdj mldks le>k;k fd gekjs ?kj dk c[ksMk+ ]
vkids gkFk esa gSA blfy;s bl dke esa esjh lgk;rk djsA fcgkjhnkl dh lykg ls gh
og ijxuk egkjk.kk us vius Hkkuts ek/kks flag dks fn;kA16
egkjk.kk vfjflag us ejkBk vkÿe.k dh fodV fLFkfr esa Lo;a vejpUn
cMok dh ckxksjh gosyh tkdj iqu% iz/kku ds in dks xzg.k djus ds fy, mlls vkxzg
fd;k FkkA17 fBdkusnkj dks o"kZ esa rhu ekg viuh teh;r ds lkFk jkt/kkuh esa jguk
vfuok;Z FkkA izR;sd fBdkus dh viuh gosfy;k° FkhA iwoZ esa bldh lSfud ,oa
lqj{kkRed egŸkk FkhA fczfV'k dEiuh ljdkj ds lkFk laf/k gks tkus ij tkxhjnkjksa dh
QkSt dk egŸo de gks x;kA tkxhj ls nwj jgus ds dkj.k tkxhj esa vO;oLFkk
gksus yxh ejkBksa ds izHkkodky esa laca/kksa esa f'kfFkyrk vk x;h bl dkj.k pkdjh dh
vof/k 15 fnu vkSj teh;r ds ctk; fuf'pr jde ck°/k nh xbZA18
esokM+ esa n'kgjs dk R;kSgkj lcls vf/kd egŸoiw.kZ ekuk tkrk FkkA esokM+ ds
lkeUrksa dks n'kgjs ds nl fnu iwoZ mn;iqj igq°puk iM+rk Fkk rFkk n'kgjs ds chl fnu
ckn rd ogh jguk iM+rk FkkA bl volj ij lkeUr viuh teh;r ds lkFk mn;iqj
igq°prs FksA teh;r dh la[;k mudh tkxhj ds iÍs esa ntZ js[k dh jde ij vk/kkfjr
gksrh FkhA tc lkeUr mn;iqj igq°p tkrs Fks] rc Lo;a egkjk.kk lywEcj ds lkFk&lkFk
dksBkjh;k] lknM+h o csnyk ds lkeUrksa ls feyus mudh gosfy;ksa ij tkrk FkkA19
n'kgjs ds i'pkr~ tc lkeUr viuh tkxhj esa tkuk pkgrs rks mlds fy,
egkjk.kk ls vkKk ysuh iM+rh FkhA egkjk.kk bu lkeUrksa dks vkKk nsrs gq, lh[k dk
chM+k iznku djrk FkkA lywEcj jkor dks n'kgjs dk ljksiko o rht dk ljksiko izkIr
djus dk vf/kdkj FkkA20
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 393
n'kgjk nhikoyh dh chM+h & bu eq[; R;kSgkjksa ij iku chM+h egkjk.kk dh vksj
ls fBdkusnkjksa dh gosfy;ksa ij Hksth tkrh FkhA bls ys tkus dk dk;Z egkjk.kk ds
utnhdh ikloku vkfn djrs FksA fBdkusnkj ds lEeku ds vuqlkj gh ys tkus okyk
t:jh FkkA bl chM+h esa 5 yksax vkSj vUnj lw[ks esos feJh j[krs FksA fBdkusnkj
oL=kHkw"k.k ls lfTtr gksdj bls Lohdkj djrk FkkA izR;sd fBdkus dk usx ca/kk gqvk
Fkk] tks ys tkus okys dks fn;k tkrk FkkA 2 :i;s ls 50 :- rd ds usx ds izek.k
feyrs gSaA ;g egkjk.kk ds utnhdh yksxksa dks rsokjh iqjLdkj fnykuk FkkA21
egkjk.kk fdlh fof'k"V vfrfFk dk Lokxr djrs Fks vFkok dksbZ fof'k"V
O;f‰ egkjk.kk dh viuh gosyh esa i/kjko.kh djrk Fkk ml le; lksus ds odZ ls
lq'kksfHkr lw[ks esos ls iw.kZ chM+s utj fd;s tkrs FksA22 ;fn egkjk.kk fdlh jkLrs ls
xqtjrs le; fdlh mejko dh gosyh ds ikl ls fudys vkSj mejko gosyh esa gks rks
egkjk.kk viuk pkscnkj Hkstdj ml mejko dks fltwgkjfi dgykrk FkkA rc og mejko
Hkh viuk vkneh Hkstdj egkjk.kk dks tqgkj dgykrk FkkA23
egkjk.kk }kjk vius HkkbZ&csVksa ;Fkk djtkyh ckxksj] f'kojrh] /kusfj;k vkfn
gosfy;ksa ij vius [kklk jlksM+s ls [kYys Hkstus dh ijEijk FkhA dqN fBdkuksa ds mejko
tc rd mn;iqj esa jgrs Fks] mUgsa egkjk.kk ds [kkls jlksM+s ls the.k pkanh dh Fkkyh esa
gosyh Hkstk tkrk FkkA bl lEcU/k esa lywEcj] csnyk] 'kkgiqjk ds uke feyrs gSaA24
tc rd mejko jkt/kkuh esa jgrs Fks mudh gosfy;ksa ij fu;fer uxkj[kkuk
gksrk FkkA cusM+k ,oa 'kkgiqjk dh gosfy;ksa esa vFkok Msjksa ij ?kfM+;ky ctrk FkkA
egkjk.kk vius HkkbZ csVksa dh gosfy;ksa ij nhokyh ds fnu ghM+ flapokus tkrs FksA25
vk[kkrht ij lokfj;ksa esa lfEefyr gksus okys fBdkusnkjksa dh vaxjf[k;k 'kqº
dslj esa jaxdj dslfj;k cukdj iguh tkrh FkhA ckn esa dslj ds NhVksa dk pyu 'kq:
gqvkA lokjh ls igys pk°nh ds dVksjs es ?kqVh gqbZ dslj gosfy;ksa ij Hkstuk pkyw jgkA26
fBdkus ds mejko ljnkj ds nsoyksd gks tkus ij egkjk.kk 'kksd fuokj.k dh jLe djrs
Fks] bls ekreiqjlh dgk tkrk FkkA dqN fBdkuksa esa egkjk.kk dks Lo;a tkus dh ijEijk
FkhA bls ysdj dqN fookn Hkh iSnk gq,A lkekU;r;k egkjk.kk lacaf/kr gosyh tkdj
;g jLeiqjh djrs FksA egkjk.kk mŸkjkf/kdkjh dks ,d eksjof.k;k ?kksMk+ iznku dj ml ij
lokj djkrs ,oa flj ij vks<k+ gqvk 'osr oL= gVkdj 'kksd eq‰ dj nsrs FksA27
fBdkuk cnuksj ds Bkdqj xkso/kZu flag dh ekreiqlhZ dh jLe vnk djus ds
fy;s 1 flrEcj 1922 dks egkjk.kk Qrsgflag th mn;iqj fLFkr cnuksj dh gosyh ij
i/kkjs FksA egkjk.kk lknh iks'kkd esa FksA lkns <ax ls gh mudh vxokuh dh xbZA ?kqVus
205 394 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
esa rdyhQ gksus ds dkj.k egkjk.kk us cSBd esa (≈ij) ugha i/kkjsA vr% vki uhps gh
eq[; }kj ds nkfgus vksj cus frckjs ij dqN nsj fcjktsA 'kksd larki ds ckn egkjk.kk
fcnk gq,A esokM+ ljdkj dh vksj ls uhyk ?kksM+k HksaV fd;k x;k ftl ij cSBdj Bkdqj
lkgc njckj ds vkxs&vkxs pysA dqEgkjksa ds efUnj ds ikl nLrqj ds eqrkfcd fcnk
dj iku fn;k x;kA la/;k le; yxHkx 7 cts lknh iks'kkd es Bkdqj lkgc f'ko
fuokl i/kkjsA njh[kkus esa chM+k vk;k vkSj njckj esa i/kkjus ds ckn utj U;kSNkoj dh
xbZ ftlesa 1 eqgj rFkk 5 :i;s l:i'kkgh HksaV fd, x;sA pk°nksM+h 50 :i;k iqjksfgrksa
ds usx dk iqjksfgr 'kaHkwukFk th dh gosyh Hkstk x;kA28
esokM+ esa lkeUrksa dh gosfy;k° vijkf/k;ksa ds fy, 'kj.k LFky le>h tkrh Fkh]
vFkkZr~ lkeUrksa dks viuh gosyh esa vFkok x<+ esa 'kj.k nsus dk vf/kdkj FkkA ;g vf/
kdkj lywEcj o dksBkfj;s fBdkus dks izkIr FkkA29 egkjk.kk Lo:i flag ds le; esgrk
'ksjflag ls tks rhu yk[k :i;s n.M ds fy;s x;s FksA os jhtsUlh dkSafly ds le;
mldh bPNk ds fo:º mlds iq= lokbZ flag us jkT; ds [ktkus ls ihNs ys fy,A
blds dqN gh o"kZ ckn esgrk 'ksjflag ds ftEes fpŸkkSM+ ftys ds ljdkjh jde ckdh
gksus dh f'kdk;r gqbZA og ljdkjh jde tek ugha djk ldrk vkSj tc T;knk rdktk
gqvk rc og lywEcj jkor dh gosyh esa tk cSBk] tgk° mldh e`R;q gqbZA ckdh jde
dh olwyh ds fy, mldh tkxhj jkT; ds mŸkjkf/kdkj esa ys yh xbZA30 egkjk.kk
Lo:i flag us ylk.kh ds ljnkj tldj.k pq.Mkor ds NksVs iq= leFkZflag ij ljnkjksa
dk cgdkus dk nks"k yxkdj mls utj dSn dj fy;kA ;g ns[kdj mn;ij esa tks
ljnkj ml le; mifLFkr Fks os lHkh fcxM+ mBs vkSj leFkZflag dks NqMk+ dj Hkh.Mj dh
gosyh esa igq°pk fn;kA31
egkjk.kk Lo:i flag dh miiRuh (ikloku) ,stkackbZ egkjk.kk ds lkFk lrh
gks xbZ] ftlls iksfyfVdy ,tsUV esokM+ us xksikynkl dks ;|fi ml dke esa mldk
dksbZ gkFk ugha Fkk] rks Hkh mlds fy, nks"kh Bgjk;k] ftlls mlus Hkkxdj dksBkfj;k dh
gosyh esa 'kj.k yhA32 1854 ds dksyukes ds vuqlkj mn;iqj uxj esa ljnkjksa dh tks
gosfy;k° gSa os tc rd vkckn o vPNh n'kk esa jgsxh rc rd iksfyfVdy ,tsUV dh
vuqefr ds fcuk u rks tCr dh tk,xh vkSj u nwljksa dh nh tk,xhA iksfyfVdy
,tsUV dh vuqefr ds fcuk fdlh gkyd esa ,slk u fd;k tk;sxkA muds ckxksa dh
flapkbZ fiNksyk rkykc ls fcuk eglwy gksxhA33 fu%lUnsg mn;iqj dh gosfy;k°
LFkkiR; o fp=dyk dh vuqie /kjksgj gSA ;s gosfy;k° bfrgkl ds dbZ ?kVukvksa dh
lk{kh jgh gSA blesa dbZ ijEijkvksa dk fuoZgu gqvk gsA orZeku esa gosyh dk ewy
Lo:i ifjofrZr fd;k tk jgk gSA orZeku esa budk laj{k.k o bUgs ewy :i ls lqjf{kr
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 395 206 396 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

j[kuk vR;Ur vko';d gSA ugha rks gosfy;k° dsoy bfrgkl dh iqLrdksa dk ,d 26- ,tsUlh jsdkMZ QkbZy ua- 8 1858 [k.M 2] i`- 70
fo"k; cudj jg tk;sxhA gosyh laLœfr dks iquthZfor dj laj{k.k djuk gksxkA 27- egkjk.kk Qrgflag gdhdr cfgM+k Hkkx 4 jktLFkkuh xzaFkkxkj tks/kiqj i`- 458
28- mn;iqj ljnkj jk dCtk ijokuk jks udyk] gky gdhdr jks pksifu;ks] cgh la[;k 8]
lanHkZ
i`- 82
1- jktLFkkuh fgUnh 'kCn dks"k (laiknd cÊh izlkn lkdfj;k) [k.M 3 i`- 1557
29- vks>k xks gh mn;iqj jkT; dk bfrgkl Hkkx 2] i`- 823
2- ';keynkl ohj fouksn jkt ;a=ky; mn;iqj izFke laLdj.k 1886] i`- 1536
30- mijks‰ i`- 635
3- gosyh jks deBk.kk [kkrk jks pksikU;ks] dkuksM+ laxzg cLrk ua- 1 pksikU;k ua- 5
31- mijks‰ i`- 844
4- ogh] pksikU;k ua- 6
32- czqd] fgLV™h vkWQ esokM+ lh-ch- yqbZl csifVLV fe'ku izsl dydŸkk 1859] i`- 68
5- mn;iqj dh gosfy;ksa dk v/;;u gsrq fujh{k.k
33- mijks‰ i`- 70
6- 'kekZ /keZiky & esokM+ laLœfr ,oa ijEijk 1999] i`- 117
7- Jh txnh'k pUÊ vkpk;Z & vkpk;ks± dh iksy lk{kkRdkj
8- lk{kkRdkj esgrk ifjokj o jk.kh eaxk iksFkh ij vk/kkfjr
9- 'kekZ /keZiky & esokM+ laLœfr ,oa ijEijk 1999] i`- 144
10- ogh i`- 146 11 ogh i1- 147
11- xks-gh- vks>k mn;iqj jkT; dk bfrgkl Hkkx&2] jktLFkku xzaFkkxkj tks/kiqj 2015] i`-
839
12- dksBkjh rstflag & dksBkjh cyoUr flag dk thou pfjr izFke laLdj.k 1939 jkt
;a=ky; mn;iqj i`- 528
13- xks-gh- vks>k & mn;iqj jkt; dk bfrgkl Hkkx&2] i`- 830&831
14- ogh] i`- 829
15- ogh] i`- 814
16- ogh] i`- 817
17- mn;iqj] ljnkj jk dCtk ijokuks jks udyk gky gdhdr jks pksifu;ks] cgh la[;k 80]
i`- 82
18- ckadhnkl jh [;kr] xUFkkd 21] ckr 1118 la- ujksŸkenkl Lokeh
19- mn;iqj ljnkj jk dCtk ijokuk jh udyka dk gky gdhdr jks pksifu;ks ogh la- 80]
i`- 83
20- ,tsUlh fjdkMZ Qkby ua- 8 (1858) i`- 81
21- Qrgflag gdhdr cghM+k Hkkx 1 i`- 30
22- ogh i`- 31
23- mijks‰ cgh la- 86
24- ukFkwyky O;kl laxzg lkfgR; laLFkku jftLVj la[;k 3 i`- 25
25- esgrk laxzke flag dysD'ku gokyk ua- 706
 207 398 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

ljlrh le:a lnk] iz.kkeqa x.kifr ik;A

dgqa xty ukaxk.k dh] Hky dfo;.keu Hkk;AA
tSu xt+y lkfgR; esa /kkfeZd thou blh izdkj caxky ns'k dh x+ty + esa Hkh ;fr Jh fugky us ljLorh ,oa xojh
fueZyk nS∏;k iq= x.ks'k dh oanuk dj x+ty + fy[kuk izkjEHk fd;k7μ
Jh lrxq# lkjn iz.kkfe] xojh iq= euk;A
xty caxkyk ns'k dh dgqa ljl cuk;AA
Hkkjrh; oS;fDrd vkSj lkekftd thou esa /keZ dh loZnk lokZf/kd egŸkk jgh
gSA tSu /keZ ds mRd"kZ dk Js; mu tSu lk/kqvksa dh ijEijk dks gS] ftlus tSu /keZ ,oa mn;iqj dh x+ty + esa dfo [ksry us bdfyax th] nsoh nqxkZ] vEck ekrk] f'ko]
guqeku] x.kifr] gjflºh nsoh ,oa ljLorh dk mYys[k fd;k gSA8 blh x+ty + esa
lekt esa lq/kkj ds fy, fof/k&pSR; vkUnksyu dk lapkyu fd;kA ftldk 'kqHkkjEHk 9
d`".k dk Hkh mYys[k gSA fxjukj dh x+ty + esa vEck ekrk] dkydk ekrk dk mYys[k
tSu vkpk;Z gfjHknzlwfj us fd;k vkSj m|ksrulwfj rFkk flºf"kZlwfj tSls vkpk;ks± us ftls 10
gSA blh ds lkFk y{e.k ,oa guqeku dk Hkh mYys[k bl x+ty + esa gSA11 fpŸkkSM+ dh
O;kid vk/kkj iznku fd;kA gfjHknzlwfj us viuh jpukvksa ,oa mins'kksa }kjk leLr tSu x+t+y esa dfo [ksry us prqHkZqt /kkjh vFkkZr~ fo".kq dk mYys[k fd;k gS] ;Fkk12μ
fparu dks izHkkfor fd;kA mudh jpukvksa esa ^vusdkUrt;* rFkk ^/keZfcUnq* fo'ks"k
pj.k prqHkZqt /kkfj fpr Bhd djh fpr BkSM+A
mYys[kuh; gSA vfHkys[kksa }kjk /keZ rFkk /kkfeZd fo'oklksa ,oa ekU;rkvksa dk vuqeku
blh x+t+y esa guqeku ,oa Jhjke dk Hkh mYys[k gSA13 pkeq.Mk ekrk ,oa
yxk;k tk ldrk gSA1
uhyd.B vFkkZr~ f'ko dk Hkh mYys[k gSA14 blh x+ty + esa cz„k ,oa fo".kq dk Hkh
e/;dkyhu jktLFkku esa vusd tSu xPNksa ,oa vkpk;ks± dk mn; gqvk gSA mYys[k gS] ;Fkk15&
vkpk;ks± us jktLFkku esa tSu /keks± dks yksdfiz; cukus esa fo'ks"k ;ksxnku fn;k FkkA mUgksaus jgrs #nz bX;kjsd] tksxh iaFk ftgka ckjkdA
fujUrj in;k=k dj vius mins'kksa }kjk tulk/kkj.k esa tSu /keZ ds izfr ubZ psruk tkx`r fpr bd flº pkSjklhd] cz„k fo".kq eBoklhdAA
dhA txg&txg ozr] miokl rFkk mRloksa dks vk;kstu fd;k x;k FkkA tSu lk/kqvksa chdkusj dh x+ty + y{e.k] lhrk] jke] yEch iwaN okys guqeku] egknso] mek
dh jktLFkku dks ,d egRoiw.kZ nsu muds }kjk jpk x;k fo'kky lkfgR; gSA bu fo}ku (ikoZrh)] prqHkqZt] cz„k] fo".kq] x.kifr vkfn ds fp=ksa dk mYys[k gSA16 blls
tSu eqfu;ksa us Kku dh fofHkUu 'kk[kkvksa ij lglzksa xzUFk fy[ks Fks vkSj mudk vius /keZ rRdkyhu le; ds nsoh&nsorkvksa ds fo"k; esa tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA ekjksB dh
LFkkuksa esa laj{k.k fd;k FkkA Hkkjrh; bfrgkl n'kZu ,oa lkfgR; gekjh vewY; fuf/k x+t+y esa d`".k dk mYys[k feyrk gSA17 bl izdkj x+t+y lkfgR; ls ikSjkf.kd
gSA2 blesa lcls egRoiw.kZ tSu eqfu;ksa }kjk jfpr x+t+y lkfgR; vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gSA nsoh&nsorkvksa ds ckjs esa egRoiw.kZ tkudkjh miyC/k gksrh gSA
bu tSu x+t+yksa ls /kkfeZd thou ij izdk'k iM+rk gSA tSu x+t+yksa esa ikSjkf.kd tSu nsoky;
nsoh&nsorkvksa] tSu rhFk±djksa] yksd nsorkvksa ,oa eqfLye lEiznk; ds ihjksa dk Hkh
x+t+y lkfgR; esa tSu nsoky;ksa dk Hkh mYys[k gSA chdkusj dh x+t+y fo-la-
mYys[k feyrk gS rFkk lkFk gh mudh iwtk] vpZuk ,oa izeq[k /kkfeZd LFkyksa dh
1765 esa ;fr mn;pan us fy[khA bl x+t+y esa vkB tSu izklknksa dk o.kZu gS tks ,sls
tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA yxrs gSa ekuks xxu ls ckrsa dj jgs gksaA18 HkkaMs'kkg dk nsoky; ;gka fLFkr gS ftlds
izeq[k ikSjkf.kd nsoh&nsork ≈ij lqUnj dy'k ,oa /otn.M gS tks fd cz„k.M ds leku gSA19 ;gka y{ehukFk ,oa
x+ty
+ lkfgR; esa ikSjkf.kd nsoh&nsorkvksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA x+ty + usehukFk ds cM+s nsoy gSA20 ekjksB dh x+ty + esa Hkh ikjlukFk ,oa usehukFk ds eafnj dk
fy[kus ls iwoZ ys[kd igys ljLorh nsoh dk oanu djrs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ fxjukj dh o.kZu gSA21 nksuksa txg lPps tSu lk/kq mikld jgrs gSa ns[kus ls yxrk gS ekuks d`".k gh
x+t+y esa dfo dY;k.k us x+t+y 'kq: djus ls iwoZ ljLorh dh oanuk bl izdkj dh }kfjdk gksA bl x+ty + esa nknkth dk nsojk dk Hkh mYys[k gSA
gSμ^ojns ekrk okxs'ojh] xty dgqa xq.k [kka.kA*3 blh izdkj chdkusj dh x+ty + ]4 ukxkSj dh x+ty + dfo eu:i us fy[khA bl x+ty + esa tSuksa ds lqUnj Hkouksa dk
ekjksB dh x+ty+ 5 esa Hkh ljLorh dk mYys[k gSA ukxkSj dh x+t+y esa dfo us ljLorh mYys[k fd;kA uxj esa vkfnukFk (Ω"kHknso) dk nsoky; cuk gqvk gS22 tks fd cgqr
,oa x.ks'k dh oanuk ls x+ty + dh 'kq:vkr dh gS6μ ≈apk gS] ,slk yxrk gS ekuks vkdk'k ls ckrsa djrk gS] blds ikl ijdksVk cuk gqvk gS]
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 399
ekuks cM+k x<+ gksA blds njokts cgqr lqUnj gS] blds izR;sd njokts ds fuekZ.k dh
dher lkB #i;s gSaA23 ukxkSj dh x+ty + esa ,d nsoky; dk mYys[k gS ftldh iwtk
24
lŸkj izdkj ls gksrh gSA nsojk fLFkr ewfrZ dks dslj] panu] cktqca/k] dqaMy] gkj vkfn
ls ‹k`axkfjr fd;k tkrk gSA HkDrtu /kwi] nhi] vkjrh ,oa /;ku }kjk /keZ ykHk ysrs gSa]
xq.khtu xkus ds lkFk&lkFk ukprs gSa yksx n'kZu ds fy, Hktu&laxhr ds lkFk izHkq dh
vpZuk djrs gSaA blds vykok ;gka ,d 'kkafrukFk dk nwljk nsoky; Hkh fLFkr gSA25
;gka yksx gkFk tksM+dj vpZuk djrs gSaA ;gka ,d ghjkokM+h Hkou Hkh gS blesa izfrfnu
iwtk esa ukfj;y p<+rs gSaA26 ;gka usfeukFk dk nsoy Hkh gS] bl nsoy esa Hkh yksx vkdj
oanuk djrs gSaA ;g rikxPN /keZ dh 'kk[kk dk cM+k /kke gSA27 ;gka mikljk (tSu
;fr;ksa dk fuokl LFkku) cM+k ≈apk cuk gqvk gS ftldh rqyuk dfo us dSyk'k ioZr
ds NksVs cPps ls dh gSA28 ns[kus ls ,slk izrhr gksrk gS ekuks foeku gksA ;gka vkdj
ekuo eks{k ikrs gSa] ;gka ekf.kd ohj ful fnu /kwi] nhi djrs gSaA mn;iqj dh x+ty + esa
Ω"kHknso ds nsoy dk mYys[k gSA bl x+ty + esa 'khryukFk ,oa fnxEcj lEiznk; ds
HkS: ds nsoky; dk Hkh mYys[k gS ftuds gkFk esa f='kwy ,oa Me: gSA29 fxjukj dh
x+ty + esa dfo dY;k.k us cM+s tSu nsoky; dk mYys[k fd;k gSA30 ;Fkk&
oMk tSu dk nsgjkd] Jkod oanr lk/kjkdA
ukxkSj dh x+t+y esa vkfnukFk ds nsoky; dk mYys[k gSA31 ukxkSj dh x+ty + esa
32
'kkafrukFk ,oa usehukFk dk mYYs[k gSA caxky ns'k dh x+t+y esa dfo fugky us ftu
izklkn dk mYys[k fd;k tks fd efgekiqj esa gSA33 ykgkSj dh x+t+y esa ;fr tVey
ukgj us cM+s ,oa vn~Hkqr tSu izklkn dk mYys[k fd;k gSA35 esMR+ kk dh x+ty + esa
36
vkfnukFk ds nsoky; dk o.kZu gSA ftlds >jks[ks cgqr lqUnj gSa ,oa ,d pkSd gS
ftlesa lk/kq&lar cSBrs gSaA ckjg ekl Jkod ri ,oa mikluk djrs gSa ,oa 'kkL=ksa dk
v/;;u djrs gSaA
yksd nsork
x+t+y lkfgR; esa yksd nsorkvksa dk mYys[k feyrk gSA chdkusj dh x+t+y esa
yksd nsork xksxkth ds pcwrjs dk mYys[k gS bl ij HkDr rsy ,oa flanwj p<+krs gSaA37
ekjksB dh x+ty + esa lkr yksd ekrkvksa ds Fkku] [ksry ({ks=iky)] xksxkihj yksd
nsork ds Fkku dk mYys[k gSA38 fpŸkkSM+ dh x+ty + eas dfo [ksry us jxfr;k HkS: dk
Fkku] egkjk.kk dqaHkk }kjk cuok;s x;s dqEHk';ke eafnj ,oa ehjk ckbZ egy vkfn dk
mYys[k gSA egkHkkjr dkyhu ikaMoksa us ;gka pkSlB ;ksfxfu;kas ds nsoy (Fkku) dh
LFkkiuk dhA39 tl/kke uked nsoky; dk Hkh mYys[k dfo us viuh x+ty + esa fd;k
gSA bl /kke ij 18 o.kks± ds yksx vkrs gSa ,oa HkfDrHkko ds lkFk iwtk djrs gSaA ;gka
ukScr ctrh gS ftldh vkokt pkjksa rjQ lqukbZ nsrh gSA mn;iqj dh x+t+y esa 'khryk
208 400 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
ekrk dk mYys[k feyrk gSA40
tks/kiqj dh x+t+y esa pkeq.Mk ekrk ds eafnj]41 Tokykeq[kh nsoh dk eafnj
(ftldh tksr izfrfnu tyrh jgrh gS)]42 egkeafnj] eaMksj43 vkfn dk o.kZu gSA
x+t+y esa ?ku';ke (xax';ke) dk eafnj ,oa dqatfcgkjh eafnj dk Hkh mYys[k gSA44
x+ty+ lkfgR; esa ikSjkf.kd] tSu ,oa yksd nsorkvksa ds vfrfjDr ihjksa dh
efLtnksa ,oa vU; /kkfeZd LFkyksa dk Hkh o.kZu feyrk gSA fo'ks"k :i ls xksjeukFk dh
x+ty + bldk loZJs"B mnkgj.k gS] ;g x+ty + xksjeukFk ds rhFkZ LFky ij gh fy[kh xbZ
gSA xksjeth dh x+ty + dfo isey us laor~ vBkjg esa T;s"B ekl dh lqnh pkSFk dks
45
fy[khA x+t+y 'kq: djus ls igys dfo us xksjeukFk dh oanuk dh gSA mUgksaus bl
x+t+y esa ioZr dk mYys[k fd;k gSA46 bl ioZr dh iz'kalk dfo us dh gSA flºksa] lk/
kqvksa dk ;g LFkku gS] bl ioZr ij tksxh /;ku yxkrs gSaA47 ;gka vEck] beyh] lhle]
lkyj vkfn ds cgqr ls isM+ gSaA48 ftudh Nk;k cgqr vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k eu dks
izlUurk feyrh gSA ;gka daVhys ikS/kksa ds lewg feyrs gSaA canj Mky&<ky ij
dwnrs&mNyrs utj vkrs gSaA ;g xksjeukFk dh txg gS bl dkj.k flag vkSj cdjh nksuksa
lkFk&lkFk jgrs gSaA49 vFkkZr~ fdlh Hkh izk.kh esa Hk; ugha gS lHkh lkFk&lkFk feydj
'kkar Hkko ls jgrs gSaA jhN ,oa phrs dh xtZuk ls eu esa Hk; mRiUu gksrk gSA phry]
ck?k dh eksVh /kkd ls lHkh Hk;Hkhr gksrs gSaA rhrj] eksj] dks;y] pdok dh vkoktsa
lHkh dks cgqr I;kjh yxrh gSA ;gka cgqr lh lfCt;ka Hkh mRiUu gksrh gSaA50 ;gka Hkkjh
esyk Hkjrk gSA gj ekg dh pkanuh jkr dh pkSnl dks xksjeukFk dh tkr txrh gSA51
vFkkZr~ oj&o/kw dk fdlh rhFkZ ;k nsoLFkku ij tkdj vfHkoknu djukA QkYxqu ekl
esa tks esyk Hkjrk gS52 mlesa lHkh lewgksa] tkfr;ksa ds yksx bdÎs gksrs gSaA bl esys esa
yk[kksa yksx vkrs gSaA dgk tkrk gS fd nsoh nsork Hkh bl esys esa vkrs gSaA 64 ;ksfxfu;ka
gSa muds cky vkSj 52 ohj fodjky (Hk;adj) gSa tks fd ;gka fnu&jkr [ksyrs gSaA53 tks
xksjeukFk dks I;kjs yxrs gSaA dfo dgrs gSa fd iwjh nqfu;k budks iwtrh gS ,oa fL=;ak
xhr xkrh gSa] mudks ueu djrh gSaA dfo dgrs gSa fd lHkh yksx ckck xksjeukFk dh
lsok vpZuk djrs gSaA tksxh yksx Hkkax ?kksVrs gSa] riLoh yksx /;ku eXu jgrs gSaA
xksjeukFk dk esyk cgqr gh mYykliwoZd Hkjrk gS blesa rwjh;k] >haxj] pax vkfn ok|
;a= ctrs gSa vkSj ckyd [ksyrs gSaA vkneh flj ij iapjaxh ixM+h igurs gSa ,oa fL=;ka
Hkh cgqr eksgd yxrh gSaA nksuksa (L=h ,oa iq#"k) [;ky xkrs gSaA vkxs ,d cktkj Hkh
gS tgka yksx O;kikj djrs gSaA54 dksus&dksus ls yksx O;kikj djus ds fy, ;gka vkrs gSaA
pwafd ;g esyk QkYxqu ekl esa Hkjrk gS vr% bl esys esa yksx dbZ izdkj ls gksyh
[ksyrs gSaA yksx 32 jkxksa esa ?kwe&?kwe dj Qkx ds xhr xkrs gSaA dfo dgrs gsa fd jkor
tkfr ds yksx Hkh xksjeukFk ds n'kZu djus vkrs gSaA55 ,oa vey (vQhe) ds I;kys
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 401 209 402 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

ihdj xhr xkrs gSaA56 jk.kk Hkh ;gka n'kZu dks vkrs gSaA var esa dfo us xksjeukFk dh lUnHkZ
oanuk ds lkFk x+ty + dh bfrJh dh gSA ukxkSj dh x+ty + esa dfo eu:i us ,d 1- b-vkbZ-] Hkkx 14] i`- 295
jkeukeh lk/kqvksa ds Bgjus ds LFkku vFkkZr~ jke}kjk dk mYys[k fd;k gSA57 blh x+ty + 2- vkbZ-,-] Hkkx 14] i`- 8
58 3- fxjukj dh x+t+y] ;fr dY;k.k] laiknd foÿeflag jkBkSM+] ijEijk] i`- 27
esa rkmlj uked ckM+h cgqr cM+k /kke gSA ;gka yksx cSBdj jkeuke jVrs gSa vFkkZr~
Hkxoku jke dk Lej.k djrs gSaA 4- chdkusj dh x+t+y] ;fr mn;pqn] ogh] i`- 57
fxjukj dh x+ty + esa dfo dY;k.k us [kqrdk ?kkV dk mYys[k fd;k gS tks fd 5- ekjksB dh x+t+y] ;fr nqxkZnkl] ogh] i`- 69
6- ukxkSj dh x+t+y] dfo eu:i] ogh] i`- 42
cgqr izflº ?kkV gSA lk/kq ;gka eqfDr ds fy, lk/kuk djrs gSaA ;gka oanuk djus ls
7- caxky ns'k dk x+t+y] ;fr fugky] ogh] i`- 51
'kkjhfjd nq[kksa dk Hkh fouk'k gksrk gSA59 blh x+ty + esa HkosljukFk dk mYys[k gSA
8- mn;iqj dh x+t+y] ;fr [ksry] ogh] i`- 22
fpŸkkSM+ dh x+ty + esa lglzfyax] jxfr;k HkS:] pkSlB ;ksfxfu;ksa dk mYys[k gSA60
9- ogh] i`- 25
x+ty + esa vkcw nsojk dk mYys[k gS ftldh rqyuk dfo us rkjkx.k ls dh gSA61 10- fxjukj dh x+t+y] ;fr Jh dY;k.k]] ogh] i`- 28
x+t+y lkfgR; esa fgUnw ,oa tSu /keZ ds vfrfjDr eqfLye lEiznk; dk Hkh 11- ogh] i`- 28
mYys[k fd;k gSA vkxjk dh x+ty + esa Hkh ,d efLtn dk mYys[k gSA62 12- fpŸkkSM+ dh x+t+y] ;fr Jh [ksry] ogh] i`- 36
fdYyk ekafg gS egthr] tqEek uke dh 'kqHkjhrA 13- ogh] i`- 36
blh x+ty + esa ,d vU; csxe dh efLtn dk Hkh mYys[k gSA63 14- ogh] i`- 37
rk fop [kk[k gS egthn] csxe jkfu dh lqHkjhrA 15- ogh] i`- 38
16- chdkusj dh x+t+y] ;fr mn;pan] ogh] i`- 58&59
fpŸkkSM+ dh x+ty + esa Hkh ihjksa ds Fkku dk mYys[k gSA64 ukxkSj dh x+ty
+ esa ,d
65 17- ekjksB dh x+t+y] ;fr Jh nqxkZnkl] ogh] i`- 70
efLtn dk mYys[k gS ftldk uke rkjdhu gSA
18- vkBksa tSu ds izklkn] djrs xxu lsrh oknA
eksVh ihj dh EgSthr] Hkkjh dke vn~HkqrA ogh] i`- 59
rkdk uke gS rkjdku] ns[kr njl uj gq;s yhuA 19- HkkaMs'kkg dk nsgjkd] nso foeku tslk [kMkdA
caxky ns'k dh x+ty + eas gtjr dqrc ds eDdku dk mYys[k gS] ;g Fkku ≈apk ns[krk vleku] fgefxjh fda/kq es# lekuA
[kijsyksa ls Nk;k gqvk ?kj (iM+ok) gSA66 chdkusj dh x+t+y esa dfo mn;pan us cgqr lqUnj dyl v# /ktn.M] ≈apk tka.k dS cz„n.MA ogh] i`- 60
lh ihj dh njxkgksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS67& 20- nsoy gse fxjan] ufe;S usfeukFk ft.kanA ogh
cgq gS ihj dh njxkg] ekaus yksd eu/kj pkgA 21- vn~Hkqr nso ikjlukFk] lks rks lcu dk gS ukFkA
blesa /koyka ihj ds Fkku dk Hkh mYys[k gSA68 nwtk usfedk izlkn] iwT;ka Vyr gS fo"koknA ogh] i`- 70
ekjksB dh x+ty + esa ;fr nqxkZnkl us ,d efLtn dk o.kZu bl izdkj fd;k gS& 22- vkfnukFk dk nsgjkd] ekauwa lSgj dk lsgjkdA ogh] i`- 44
23- dgks;k dksj.kh dikV] bd bd ykx #ih;k lkBA ogh
eksVh ,d gS egthr] ykxS eqlyekauw phrA69
24- iwtk gksr lrj izdkj] cktwca/k dqaMy gkjA ogh] i`- 45
tSu x+ty + lkfgR; esa tks /kkfeZd thou dk ifjp; feyrk gS mlls ys[kd ;k 25- lgh b nsgjk lkafrukFk] fgrdj txr tksM+r gkFkA ogh
dfo ds /kkfeZd lfg".kqrk ds n`f"Vdks.k dk irk pyrk gSA x+ty + lkfgR; esa lHkh / 26- ghjkokM+h Hkqou T;qa gsj] fuR; fuR; iwt pM ukˇsjA ogh
keks± ,oa oxks± ds yksxksa ds ckjs esa egRoiw.kZ tkudkjh feyrh gSA tSu ;fr;ksa dh bu 27- rixPN rstoar fgrkae] /kze dj rkfg dks ckM/kkaeA ogh
jpukvksa esa tSu /keZ ds vfrfjDr lukru /keZ ,oa eqlyekuksa dh njxkgksa] efLtnksa ,oa 28- mikljh o.;k gS mapkd] dgqa dsykl dk cP;kdA ogh
muds ihjksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsuk muds /kkfeZd lfg".kqrk ds xq.k dks n'kkZrk gS tks 29- mn;iqj dh x+t+y] ;fr [ksry] laiknd foÿeflag jkBkSM+] ijEijk] i`- 25
fd Hkkjr dh izkphu dky ls gh fo'ks"krk jgh gSA 30- fxjukj dh x+t+y] ;fr Jh dY;k.k] ogh] i`- 29
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 403 210 404 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

31- ukxkSj dh x+t+y] ;fr eu:i] ogh] i`- 44 55- jkor FkkV ehy.k vk;sd] njl.k uFk js ik;sdA ogh
32- ogh] i`- 45 56- ?k.k FkV lkFk lgq yh/kkd] I;kyk vey en ih/kkdA ogh
33- caxky ns'k dh x+t+y] ;fr fugky] ogh] i`- 53 57- }kjk jkeukeh ns[k] lk/kqHkko HkfDr fo'ks"kA
34- chdkusj dh x+t+y] ;fr mn;pan] ogh] i`- 62 ukxkSj dh x+t+y] ogh] i`- 48
35- ykgkSj dh x+t+y] ;fr Jh tVey ukgj] ogh] i`- 77 58- okMh rkmlj oM /kkae] ≈apk gh csbZ jVh;S jkaeA
36- lkeks nsgjks NkuSd] frueS vkfn ftu NkatSdA ogh] i`- 50
esM+rk dh x+t+y] vuqla/kku 64] foKfIr i= fo'ks"kkad] [k.M&4] vgenkckn] 2014] 59- fxjukj dh x+t+y] dfo dY;k.k] lEiknd foÿeflag jkBkSM+] ijEijk] i`- 27
i`- 143 60- fpŸkkSM+ dh x+t+y] dfo [ksry] i`- 41
37- Fkkaukd cgqr xksxk ihj] efgek [kwc [ksry ohjA 61- ogh] i`- 40
opjps rsyus lhanwj] ckaVs lh[;ka HkjiwjA 62- vkxjk dh x+t+y] ;fr y{ehpan] ogh] i`- 13
chdkusj dh x+t+y] ogh] i`- 60 63- ogh] i`- 14
38- fFkj gS ekoM;ka dk Fkkau] [ksry ohj xksxk ekauA 64- fpŸkkSM+ dh x+t+y] dfo [ksry] ogh] i`- 37
ekjksB dh x+t+y] ogh] i`- 72 65- ukxkSj dh x+t+y] dfo eu:i] ogh] i`- 49
39- pkslB tksx.kh paMhd] ikaMo Fkkiuk eaMhdA 66- caxky ns'k dh x+t+y] dfo fugky] ogh] i`- 51
fpŸkkSM+ dh x+t+y] dfo [ksry] ogh] i`- 41 67- chdkusj dh x+t+y] dfo mn;pan] ogh] i`- 60
40- mn;iqj dh x+t+y] dfo [ksry] ogh] i`- 22 68- ogh] i`- 67
41- pkeqaMk oMh gS egdk;] nsoh cspjk gS lk;A 69- ekjksB dh x+t+y] dfo ;fr nqxkZnkl] ogh] i`- 70
tks/kiqj dh x+t+y] vuqla/kku 64] foKfIr i= fo'ks"kkad [k.M&4] lwjr] 2014] i`-
223
42- Tokykeq[kh nsoh tksr] vgksful jgr gs m|ksrA ogh] i`- 225
43- fot;'khypUnz lwfj] vuqla/kku 65] foKfIr i= fo'ks"kkad] [k.M&4] lwjr] 2014] i`-
226
44- ogh] i`- 224
45- xksjeth dh x+t+y] ys[kd dfo isey] ijEijk] i`- 35
laor~ 18 th.kq d] uhlk;r o[kk.k dA
eghuk tsB lqn pksFkhd] xty dgfg ijhdAA
46- okrk djr gqa lkjhd] ijcr ikj gS HkkjhdA ogh] i`- 32
47- lh/kka lk/kka dk txk] tksxh /;korS uxkA ogh] i`- 32
48- vkack vkacyh vusd] lhle lkyjk ns[kA ogh
49- vk rks ukFk dh [ksˇhd] lhg cdjh HksˇhdA ogh
50- ogh] i`- 32
51- ponl pkan.kh dh jkr] xksjeukFk dh gS tkrA ogh] i`- 32
52- Qkxq.k ekl dk esykd] Hky ;g gksr gS HksykdA ogh] i`- 33
53- pkslB tksx.kh gS ckˇ] ckou ohj gS ohdjkˇA ogh
54- vkxq ns[kh;ks cktkj] oM lk djr gS O;kikjA ogh] i`- 34
 211
jktLFkku dh lar ijEijk eas ihik
vkSj mudh izklafxdrk
MkW- (Jherh) lTtu iksloky
vk/;kfRed dg tkus okus okys gekjs ns'k esa lUrksa dh cM+h efgek vkSj vknj
jgk gSA bu larkas us vius ljy ,oa lkfRod thou esa vfgalk vkSj vifjxzg dks cjkcj
egRo fn;kA1 ysfdu e/;dkyhu mŸkj Hkkjr ds HkfDr vkUnksyu esa jkekuUn dk egRo
bl cgqizpfyr mfDr ls Li"V gS&^HkfDr nzfoM+ ≈ith] yk;s jkekuUnA* jkekuUn ds
ckjg izeq[k f'k"; FksA ukHkknkl us vius izflº xzUFk HkDreky esa bu f'k";ksa dh
ifjx.kuk bl izdkj dh gS&
vuUrkuUn] dchj] lq[kk] lqjlqjk] in~ekofr] ujgfjA
ihik] HkkokuUn] jSnkl] /kUuk] lsu] lqjlqj dh ?kjgfjAA2
bl izdkj lar lsu ukbZ] dchj] jSnkl rFkk /kUuk vkfn ds lkFk ihik dh x.kuk
jkekuUn ds izeq[k f'k";ksa esa dh tkrh gSA ;s jktiwrkuk ds xkxjksu x<+ (orZeku
>kykokM+ ftys esa fLFkr) ds 'kkld [khph jktiwr FksA ysfdu buds tUe ,oa 'kklu
dky ds lEcU/k esa fo}kuksa esa erHksn gSA fczfV'k iz'kkld ,oa flD[k /keZ vaxhdkj
djus okys esdkfyQ us vius foLr`r v/;;u esa3 ihik dk tUe 1425 bZ- esa ekuk gS
ftls QdqZgj4 us Hkh Lohdkj fd;k gS ysfdu jkekuUnh ijEijk ij fopkj djrs le;
,f'k;kfVd lkslk;Vh vkWQ caxky ds lnL; HkksykukFk panj us dfua?ke dh x.kuk ds
vk/kkj ij ihik dk 'kkludky 1360 bZ- ls 1385 bZ- ds e/; ekuk gSA5 bl izdkj
ihik ds tUe ,oa thoudky dh fuf'pr frfFk ds ckjs esa fo}kuksa esa ,der u gksus ij
Hkh gesa muds thou o`ŸkkUr ,oa thou n'kZu dh tkudkjh feyrh gS ftldk vk/kkj
ukHkkd`r HkDreky ,oa miyC/k ijpbZ lkfgR; gSA
dfri; oS".ko HkDr vfrfFk;ksa dh izsj.kk ls gh ihik jkekuUn ds f'k"; cuus
ds y, cukjl x;s tgk° jkekuUn us bUgsa ek;k dk R;kx djus dks dgk vkSj ijh{kk
ysdj bUgsa viuk f'k"; cuk fy;kA6 izflº gS fd xkxjksu ykSV vkus ds ckn ihik us
viuk lkjk BkVckV cny Mkyk vkSj lk/kq lsok ,oa HkfDr esa yhu jgus yxsA ihik ds
fuosnu djus ij ,d o"kZ ckn jkekuUn] dchj] jSnkl vkfn vusd larksa ds lkFk
xkxjksu vk;s FksA ;gk° ls jkekuUn tc }kfjdk ds fy, jokuk gq, vkSj blh le; ihik
Hkh jkT; dk ifjR;kx dj viuh 12 jkfu;ksa eas ls lcls NksVh jkuh lhrk dks ysdj
406 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
}kfjdk pys x;sA }kfjdk/kke eas dkQh yEcs le; rd HkfDr lk/kuk esa yhu gksdj]
lk/kq larkas dh laxfr esa jgdj bUgksaus vk/;kfRed iw.kZrk izkIr djus dh dksf'k'k dhA7
HkDreky esa ihik ds lEcU/k esa vusd peRdkjiw.kZ fdLlksa dk fooj.k fn;k
x;k gS vkSj fiz;nkl us mldk lVhd o.kZu fd;k gS tSls&
xwtjh dks /ku fn;kS] fi;kS ngh larfu uS
czk„.k dks HkDr fd;kS] nsoh nh fudkfjdSA
rsfy dks ftok;kS] HkSfl pksjfu Qsfj yk;kSA
xkM+h Hkfj vk;kS ru ik°p BkSj tkfjdSAA
flag tSls i'kq dks izHkkfor djuk] xwtjh dk ngh lUrksa dks fiykdj Lo.kZ
eqnzk;sa nsuk] nsoh HkDr czk„.k f'k"; cukuk] rsyh dks ekj dj thfor djuk] d`".k ds
n'kZu ds fy, leqnz esa dwnus ds ukS fnu ckn fudyuk vkfnA bu dFkkudksa esa fdruk
lR;rk dk va'k gS] ;g dguk rks dfBu gS ij buds v/;;u ls ge bl urhts ij
igq°prs gS fd ;s ,d mPp dksfV ds lar FksA8 ihik ds lEcU/k esa izkP; fo|k izfr"Bku]
tks/kiqj] Hkkjrh; fo|kefUnj 'kks/k izfr"Bku] chdkusj ,oa ujk;.kk ds gLrfyf[kr
laxzgky; tSlS xzUFk Hk.Mkjksa esa foiqy lkfgR; miyC/k gS] ftuesa ihik dh dFkk ihik
ijph] ihik dh ok.kh] lkf[k;k° in vkfn izeq[k gSA 17oha 'krkCnh eas fyf[kr ,d xzUFk
esa ihik }kjk jfpr psrkouh uked xzUFk Hkh izkIr gqvk gSA9 bl izdkf'kr ,oa vizdkf'kr
lkfgR; ls ihik dh fopkj/kkjk dks le>k tk ldrk gS tks HkfDrdkyhu lar lkfgR;
dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA njvly] jkekuUn ds f'k";kas esa dchj] lsu ukbZ] jSnkl] /kUuk
ds lkFk ihik dk uke Hkh izeq[krk ls 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA buesa ls fdlh ij Hkh
lkEiznkf;drk dh Nki yxh gqbZ ugha fn[kkbZ nsrh vkSj uk gh mnkjrk dh deh fn[kkbZ
nsrh gSA bu lcdh fopkj/kkjk yxHkx ,d leku izokfgr gqbZ FkhA lHkh izk;% ,d jax
esa jaxs] mUeqDr rFkk LoPNUn vk/;kfRed O;fDr tku iM+rs gSaA10 budh miyC/k
jpukvksa ds vk/kkj ij buds thou vkSj fpUru ds mu i{kksa ij fopkj djuk vko ;d
gS tks vkt Hkh mrus gh izklafxd gS ftrus fd lfn;ksa igys FksA
dchj dh Hkk°fr ihik us Hkh vkMEcj vkSj fn[kkos ij ckj ckj izgkj fd;kA
oLrqr% ukxfjd lekt ds fuekZ.k ds fy, dFkuh vkSj djuh esa ,d:irk ,d
vifjgk;Z rRo gSA HkfDr larksa dk O;fDrRo bl ,d:irk ls yojst FkkA os lkekU;
x`gLFk O;fDr ls Hkh blh izdkj ds ljy vkSj ,d:i thou dh vis{kk djrs FksA vkt
ds HkkSfrdoknh vkSj ckgjh ped ned ds ;qx esa vkMEcj ij izgkj djus okyk ihik
dk mins'k lokZf/kd izklafxd yxrk gS&
ihik ftuds eu diV] ru ij mtjkS HkSlA
fru dks eq[k dkjkS djks] lar tuka dk ys[kAA
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 407
mB HkkX;ks okjk.klh] Ugk;ks xax gtkjA
ihik os tu mrek] ftu jke dg~;ks bd ckjAA
HkO; flagkluksa ij cSB dj /keZ dk mins'k nsus ds O;olk; esa Mwcs vk/kqfud
/keZ xq#vksa dks ;g nksgk mfpr vLohdkj djrk gS&
ix /kksš m.k nso dk tks /kkys xq:/kkjA
ihik frudq° uk fx.kq°] ftuds eB vkSj BkBAA
Hksl /kj~;ksa lks gfj feyS rks /kj ys lc dks;A
ihik ijpk uk feys] tks eu lk°p u gks;A
vkt ckgj dh ftl pdkpkSa/k ls O;fDr ds vUnj tks [kkyhiu vkSj [kks[kysiu
dk va/kdkj QSy jgk gS mlls ckgj vkus ds fy, ckgj ds fn[kkos ds ctk; mls vius
vUnj ns[kus dh t:jr gS&
mu mft;kjks nhi dks lc tx QSyh tksrA
ihik vUrj uSu lks eu mft;kjks gksrAA
b.k ?kV vUnj ckx cxhpk] buesa fljtu gkjk jsA
b.k ?kV vUnj lkr leUnj] b.k esa uoy[k rkjk jsAA
b.k ?kj vUnj v.kgn xw°ts nw.k esa lc lalkjk jsA
ihik ds rks ?k.kks Hkjkslks b.k et lk°bZ Egkjk jsAA
ihik dk ekuuk Fkk fd ekuo thou dh lkFkZdrk ds fy, vUnj ns[kuk rks
vko';d gS ysfdu ;g bruk vklku Hkh ugha gS] D;ksafd blds fy, vgadkj dks
R;kxuk vko';d gS ftl jktlh ifjos'k ls os vk;s Fks mlesa ,slk djuk vkSj Hkh dfBu
Fkk&
(i) ihik nkl dgkcks dfBu gS] eu ugha NkaMs+ ekfuA
lrxq: lksa ijpks ugha] dfy;qx ykxkS dkfuAA
(ii) Lokeh gksuks lgt gS] nqyZHk gks.kks nklA
ihik gfj ds uke fcu] dVS u te dh ik°lAA
(iii) tkdS ckbZ vkfu rst iou pyrs ny HkkjhA
yadkifr gkfj x;ks] jko.k lks vgadkjhAA
ysfdu mUgksaus jktlh oSHko dh fujFkZdrk dks HkfyHkk°fr le> fy;k Fkk] rHkh
rks xkSre cqº dh rjg mUgksaus mls Bqdjk fn;k vkSj mldh u ojrk dks js[kkafdr djrs
gq, dgk&
(i) jktikV vcyk cgqrsjh] gksr ?kksMk+ gkFkhA
ije gal tc fd;k i;kuk] fcjfp jgs lc lkFkhAA
(ii) y[kk [kksgf.k [khftx,] dSjksa ikaMkS yM+rsA
clq/kk dhfu u thrh ihik] nksM xjc djrsAA
212 408 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
lkalkfjd ,oa ekuoh; nqcZyrkvksa vkSj voxq.kksa dks mtkxj djus ds fy, lkFk
gh lar us bl ij cy fn;k fd lr~lax ls gh O;fDr buls futkr ik ldrk gS&
ihik ikjl ij lrk°] yksgk dapu gksbZA
fl/k ds dkaBs cSalrk°] lkf/kd Hkh fl/k gksbZAA
bl izdkj lPph [kkst ds fy, O;fDr dk xq.kK ;k izdkaM if.Mr gksuk rks
t:jh ugha ysfdu vuqHkoh] ln~xq# ,oa iFkizn'kZd dk gksuk vko';d crk;k tks
O;fDr dks lgh ekxZn'kZu ns ldsA HkDr larksa us thou ds vafre ,oa xgu lR; dh
[kkst ds fy, ftl ln~xq# dh vko';drk ij tksj fn;k Fkk] vkt ds HkkSfrdoknh ;qx
esa nSuafnu thou dh pqukSfr;ksa vkSj vke thou dh leL;kvksa ds rqjUr lek/kku ds
fy, yksx xq#vkas dh vksj vkdf"kZr gks jgs gSA ifj.kke Lo:i lkekU; lh i`"BHkwfe ls
vkdj izopd xq# cuus okyk O;fDr 'kh?kz gh HkO; vkJe] Hkkjh vuq;k;h vkSj /kuoku
gksdj11 lUr ijEijk ds foijhr] lokZf/kd 'kfDr'kkyh] ,s'o;Z ,oa lŸkk Hkksxh /keZ
O;olk;h gksdj mHkjk gS vr% lUr ijEijk ds xq# dh [kkst vkt dh lcls cM+h
t:jr vkSj pqukSrh gSA
HkDr larksa esa ihik dk LFkku bl i{k dks ysdj vuks[kk gS fd muds lUr thou
esa iRuh lhrk ges'kk lkFk jgh ftls ^lhrk lgpjh* dgk x;kA12 vkerkSj ij HkfDrdkyhu
lUrksa us L=h dks eqfDr ds ekxZ eas ck/kd ekuk] ysfdu ihik us laU;klh thou iRuh ds
lkFk ;kiu fd;k vkSj ukjh ugha] vfirq ijukjh dks loZuk'k dk gsrq crk;k&
(i) ihik ijukjh ijrf[k Nqjh] fcjyk c°ps dksbZA
uk° isfV lapkfj,] lks lsuk dh gksbZAA
(ii) ijukjh ijr[k Nqjh] ih;ks yhtS u vkafxA
jko.k lfj[kk ckfg x;k] ijukjh ds lafxA
bl izdkj vk/;kRe ,oa eqfDr] larksa dk ije y{; Fkk ysfdu blds lkFk gh
mUgksaus yksd thou dk ekxZn'kZu dj Hkze vkSj vKku dks nwj djus dh lkFkZd igy
dh] ftlesa jkekuUnh ijEijk ,oa jktLFkku ds bfrgkl esa ihik dk vxz.kh LFkku gSA
nknw] tlukFk] tkEHkksth] /kUuk vkfn lUrkas ds leku gh lar ihik us izpfyr O;SfDrd
voxq.kksa ,oa lkekftd cqjkb;ksa ds izfr laons u'khy n`f"Vdks.k viuk;kA mUgkaus s vkReksºkj
ds lkFk&lkFk vius thou vkSj d`frRo ds }kjk /keZfu"Bk] {kek] 'khy] n;k vkSj
lfg".kqrk dk lans'k fn;k tks vkt Hkh mruk gh izklafxd gSA
;gk° ihik ds thou ls tqMs+ izeq[k LFkkuksa dk laf{kIr ifjp; nsuk izklafxd
gksxk&
1- loZizFke xkxjksu dk fdyk tgk° mudk tUe gqvk vkSj tgk° ds os 'kkld gq,A
2- xkxjksu x<+ ds lkeus] vkgw vkSj dkyhfla/k unh ds laxe ij fLFkr ihik/kke
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 409 213 410 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

tgk° mudh lk/kuk xqQk ,oa lekf/kLFky gSA ;gh jkekuUn pj.kiknqdk LFky uk dqN vkbcks u dqNq tkbcks jke dh nqgkbZA
gSA tks cz„kaMs lksbZ fiaM] tks 'kksts lks ikoSA
3- okjk.klh esa fLFkr ihikdwi ftlesa vius xq# jkekuUn ds dgus ij dwnus ds ihik iz.kos ijerrq gS] lrxq: gksbZ y'kkosAA2AA19
fy, ihik nkSM+ iM+s FksA bl izdkj lUr ihik ds laxfBr iz;kl jktLFkku vkSj if'peh {ks= dks Hkkjr
4- Vksad ftys esa fLFkr VksMkjk;flag tgk° mudh llqjky Fkh vkSj tgk° ds jktk us ds HkfDr ekufp= ij yk;s vkSj ,d ,sls /keZ dk vkOgku fd;k tks vkjEHk ls ysdj
mudk f'k";Ro xzg.k fd;k FkkA ;gk° mudh iRuh lhrk lgpjh dh Nrjh Hkh xk°/kh] fouksck rd ekuoh; izse dh iSjoh djrk gS vkSj blhfy, mldh izklafxdrk
fLFkr gSA loZdkfyd ,oa loZns'kh; gSA
5- Jh d`".k ds n'kZu ds fy, }kfjdk esa leqnz esa dwnus ds ckn okilh esa jkt lUnHkZ
nEifŸk ds 'kjhj ij izkek.kkFkZ yxkbZ xbZ Nki dh ijEijk esa] }kjdkiqjh esa fLFkr 1- vkpk;Z ij'kqjke prqosZnh] mŸkjh Hkkjr dh lar&ijEijk] Hkkjrh Hk.Mkj] bykgkckn]
ihikeB eas vkt Hkh mudh Le`fr esa ;kf=;ksa ij Nki yxkbZ tkrh gSA lEor~ 2021 (1974)] i`- 8&9
6- dksVk ftys esa jkexate.Mh ds ikl fLFkr ihik[ksMh+ xk°o rFkk tks/kiqj ftys esa 2- ukHkknkl] Jh HkDreky] Jh fiz;nkl iz.khr] rst dqekj cqd fMiks] y[ku≈] 2005
fLFkr ihikM+ dLck lar ihik ds izHkko ds ifjpk;d gSaA uok° laLdj.k] i`- 282
3- ,e-,- esdkfyQ n flD[k fjfytu] [k.M 6] vkWDlQksMZ] 1909] i`- 111
mYys[kuh; gS fd vU; larks dh rjg ihik us Hkh viuk dksbZ iaFk ugha pyk;kA 4- ts-,u- QdqZgj] ,u vkmV ykbu vkWQ n jhfyft;l fyVjspj vkWQ bafM;k] vkWDlQksMZ
muds thou dky esa muds vuq;k;h rks cgqr gq, ysfdu ihikiaFk ckn esa vfLrRo esa 1920] i`- 323
vk;kA ihik }kjk Je dh izfr"Bk esa lqbZ&/kkxs (flykbZ) dk Lo;a iz;ksx djus ds 5- HkksykukFk pUnj] V™soYl vkWQ v fgUnw] [k.M 1] ,u- V™ouj ,aM dEiuh] yUnu]
dkj.k muds vuq;k;h ^ihikoa'kh jktiwr nthZ* dgyk;s tks vkt Hkh ekjokM+ {ks= esa 1869] i`- 57
cM+h la[;k esa gS] gkykafd HkDreky esa bldk dgha mYys[k ugha gSA ysfdu {kf=; 6- ihik dh ijph] (g-xz-) ÿekad 37025] 1826 bZ- izk-fo- iz- tks/kiqj
nftZ;ksa dh iaMk cfg;ksa ,oa tks/kiqj 'kkld lwjflag }kjk /kjenkl lksyadh nthZ dks 7- ukHkkd`r HkDreky] iwoksZDr] i`- 495&499
lEor~ 1616 (lu~ 1604) esa fn;s x;s rkezi=14 ds vk/kkj ij ihik ds izHkko ds 8- izks- isekjke] jktLFkku esa HkfDr vkUnksyu] fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] t;iqj] 2014] i`-
vkdyu ds lkFk&lkFk muds dky fu/kkZj.k esa enn fey ldrh gSA 90
lar lekt esa ihik ds LFkku dk vuqeku bl ckr ls yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd 9- mi;qZDr] i`- 90&91
mŸkj Hkkjr esa HkfDr vkUnksyu ds lcls egRoiw.kZ lar jkekuUn ds izeq[k f'k";ksa esa mUgsa 10- vkpk;Z ij'kqjke prqosZnh] iwoksZDr] i`- 218
fxuk tkrk gSA QdqZgj us Hkh /kUUkk vkSj ihik dh inksa dks bl ijEijk esa mYys[kuh; 11- jktsUnznkl egk;ksxh oS".ko lar Jh ihik th] Jh /kke eFkqjk] lu~ 2000] i`- 156&180
crk;k gSA15 ihik us jktLFkku ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa ds vykok cukjl ls ysdj }kfjdk rd 12- ukHkkd`r HkDreky] i`- 497
Hkze.k fd;k FkkA HkDr ujflag esgrk dks ihik dk vorkj ekuk x;kA16 blls xqtjkr 13- ,-,p- futkeh] vkj-,l- [khaph] losZ vkWQ [khph pkSgku fgLV™h [khaph pkSgku 'kks/k
ds oS".ko vkUnksyu ij ihik ds izHkko dks vk°dk tk ldrk gSA fl[k /keZ ij ihik dk laLFkku] baMksdk (tks/kiqj)] 1990] i`- 107
izHkko mYys[kuh; gSA flD[kksa ds igys xq# ukud us tc izeq[k /keZLFkkuksa dk Hkze.k 14- mi;qZDr] 108
15- ts-,u- QdqZgj] iwoksZDr] 328
fd;kA (1459&1539) rks os lar gfj ds lkFk xkxjksu x<+ esa ihik dh xqQk ij x;s
16- ,-,p- futkeh] vkj-,l- [khph] iwoksZDr] 101
FksA17 fl[k xq# vtqZunso ds xq#xzUFk lkfgc esa ladfyr ihik ds in (/kulkjh)18
17- fodkl ukSfV;ky] ihik th ,aM flD[k fjfytu] v fgLVksfjdy ilZisfDVo] jktLFkku
mudh fopkj/kkjk dh loZxzg;rk ,oa loZdkyhurk dks izfrikfnr djrs gSa&
fgLV™h dkaxzsl izkslhfMax] [k.M 24] fnlEcj 2008] i`- 22
dk;M nsok dkbvm nsoy] dknwvmtaxe tkfrA 18- ,e-,- esdkfyQ] iwoksZDr] 119
dkbv≈ /kwi nhi ubnso dkbvm iwtm ikrhAA1AA 19- ij'kqjke prqosZnh] lar dkO;] fdrkc egy] bykgkckn] 2008] i`- 111
dkbvk cgq'kaM 'kkstrs uo fuf/k ikbZA
 214
ekjokM+ ds yksd nsorkvksa dk mikJ;h fpUru
MkW- lanhi iztkir
ekjokM+ ds yksd nsorkvksa us mikJ; fpUru dks pfjrkFkZ fd;kA ftldk
rkRi;Z gS&^^vf/kdkj foghu oxZ ls tqMk+ o ;k yxko j[kukA** ckck jkensoth igys
O;fDr Fks ftUgksaus vNwrksa dk mºkj vkSj dY;k.k fd;kA blh rjg ikcwth Hkh vNwrksºkjd
cus Fks ftUgksaus Fkksfj;k° tkfr ds lkr Hkkb;ksa dks vkJ; fn;kA xksxkth] gjHkwth vkSj
esgkth us Hkh fuEu tkfr;ksa dh v/;kfRed mUufr ij /;ku fn;k vFkkZr~ ekjokM+ ds
iap ihjksa us tu ;ksºk ds :i esa LFkkuh; turk vkSj muds vf/kdkjksa dh lqj{kk ds lkFk
gh lekt esa muds Lrj dks špk mBk;kA oSls rks lHkh us blesa viuk ;ksxnku fn;k
ijUrq ckck jkensoth blesa lcls O;kid vkSj vxz.kh jgsA ;gk° ,d jkspd rF; gekjs
lkeus ;g vkrk gS fd jkensoth vkSj ikcwth dh iwtk&vpZuk budh viuh tkfr ds
vuq;kf;;ksa dh vis{kk bu rFkkdfFkr fiNMh tkfr;ksa }kjk vf/kd Jºk ,oa mRlkg ls
dh tkrh jgh gSA
jkensoth & e/;dkyhu lekt esa NqvkNwr vkSj šp&uhp dh Hkkouk vius
pje ij igq°p pqdh FkhA nqO;Zogkj] vR;kpkj vkSj cfg"dkj tSlh ?kVuk,a Hkh gksrh
jgrh FkhA blh le; ckck jkensoth dk vorj.k gqvk] ftUgksaus Lo;a dks mnkgj.k ds
:i esa izLrqr djrs gq, ,d uohu lekt dks ifjHkk"kk iznku dhA jkensoth ds viuh
iRuh vkSj Lotuksa ds fojks/k djus ij Hkh os bl dk;Z esa vVy vkSj vfMx jgsA
jkensoth us vNwr oxZ ds mRFkku gsrq viuk ipkZ fn[kk;k tc ckck jkensoth ds fookg
ds 'kqHk volj ij mudh cgu lqx.kk ckbZ ds llqjky i{k us lans'k okgd jruk jkbZdk
dks dSn dj fy;k vkSj lqx.kk ckbZ dks fookg esa Hkstus ls blfy, badkj dj fn;k
D;ksafd lqx.kk ckbZ ds llqjky okys jkensoth dk vNwr oxZ ds lkeus CkSBuk vkSj
lRlax djuk mUgsa ialn ugha FkkA MkW- isekjke ds vuqlkj ^^ckck jkensoth us dHkh
tkfr&O;oLFkk dks dHkh Lohdkj ugha fd;kA os o.kZ O;oLFkk dks vLohdkj djrs gq,
dgrs gSa fd bl lalkj esa šp&uhp tSlh dksbZ pht ;k oLrq ugha gS rFkk gj izk.kh esa
,d gh bZ'oj dk okl gSA bUgksaus gfjtuksa dks xys ds gkj ds ghjs] eksrh vkSj eawxs
cryk;k gSA**1
jktLFkku esa vf/kdka'k ?kjksa esa jkensoth dh iwtk gksrh gS ftlesa [ksrhgj vkSj
fuEu tkfr;ksa ds yksx vius ?kjksa esa ,d [kqyh rkd esa laxejej ;k tSlyesj ds ihys
iRFkj ds cus jkensoth ds pj.k (ixfy;s) LFkkfir djrs gSaA budh pkanh o lksus ds
412 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
i= ij ewfrZ [kqnokdj ftls Qwy dgrs gSa] Jºkyq xys esa igurs gSaA2 MkW- lksukjke
fc'uksbZ fy[krs gSa fd ckck jkensoth lPps lekt lq/kkjd FksA mUgksaus HksnHkkoksa ls ≈ij
mBdj ekuoek= dk dY;k.k fd;k vkSj ;gh dkj.k gS fd mUgsa gj tkfr ds yksx
JºkiwoZd iwtrs gSaA3
vNwr dU;k MkyhckbZ vkSj ckck jkensoth dh lekf/k dk lkFk&lkFk gksuk bl
rF; dh iqf"V djrk gS fd os fuEu tkfr;ksa dk lEeku djrs FksA MkyhckbZ mudh
f'k";k vkSj cgu leku Fkh rFkk os muds lkFk lRlax fd;k djrs FksA ckck jkensoth
us fiNM+s oxZ] vukFkkssa vkSj xjhcksa dks lgkjk fn;k os jkf= tkxj.kksa (tqEek) esa
es?kokyksa] gfjtuksa o dkefM;ksa ds lkFk cSBdj gfj&dhrZu fd;k djrs FksA /kkfeZd
LFkyksa ij muds }kjk iwtk&vpZuk djus dks iw.kZ leFkZu nsrs FksA MkW- fc'uksbZ us bls
Li"V djrs gq, fy[kk gS fd ^^ckck jkensoth us MkyhckbZ uked vNwr vukFk dU;k
dk ikyu&iks"k.k fd;kA HkDr f'kjksef.k MkyhCkkbZ us ckck jkensoth dks viuk xq#
ekuk vkSj mudh lekf/k ls ,d fnu iwoZ fo-la- 1442 dh Hkknzin 'kqDyk n'keh dks
thfor lekf/k yhA mlds nwljs gh fnu ,dkn'kh dks mlds fudV gh ckck jkensoth
us Hkh lekf/k yhA MkyhckbZ ds vfrfjDr Hkh nfyr oxZ ds vusd ,sls yksx gS tks ckck
jkensoth ds Jºkyq HkDr gq, ftuesa ekuksth es?koky vkSj /kk:th es?koky Hkh gSA
vkt Hkh esgok uked xkao vkSj tSu rhFkZ ukdksMk+ ds chp ^/kk: es?k ds >ksaiM+s* ds
uke ls LFkku yksd&vkLFkk dk vk/kkj gSA ckck jkensoth us vke tu fo'ks"kr% nfyr
vkSj vNwr oxZ ds yksxksa ds lkFk cSBdj ^rkey rkj rUnwjk* ctk;k ,oa viuh ckaf.k;ka
xkbZ] Kku dh xaxk cgkbZ vkSj vkReksºkj dk mins'k fn;kA rUnwjk lar&ok.kh ds
izpkj&izlkj dk yksdfiz; lk/ku cukA ckck jkensoth dk okgu v'o (yhyks ?kksMk+ s)
gS vkSj mudh os'kHkw"kk jktdqekj dh gS] os iksdj.k ds 'kkld Hkh jgs fdUrq jktk ugha
vfirq tulsod cu dj jgsA xjhcksa] nfyrksa] dq"Bkfn] vlk/; jksxxzLr jksfx;ksa] va/kksa]
cgjksa rFkk ywys&yaxMksa (vikfgtksa) dh lsok gh mudk ije y{; Fkk vkSj ;gh muds
drZO; dk izeq[k igyw gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd rRdkyhu lkeUrh oxZ ckck jkensoth ds
izfr mnklhu jgk ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i jkT;kfJr ys[kdksa }kjk fy[ks x, lelkef;d
bfrgkl&xzUFkksa esa mUgsa ;Fkksfpr LFkku ugha fn;k x;k] bu bfrgkl xzUFkksa esa ckck
jkensoth ds fo"k; esa rF;kRed tkudkjh dk furkUr vHkko fn[krk gSA ckck
jkensoth dk thouo`r rRdkyhu bfrgkl dh iqLrdksa esa ugha vfirq Jºkyq HkDrtuksa
dk daBgkj ,oa yksd ‚n; dk lezkV cu dj tuok.kh esa v{kq..k vkSj lqjf{kr jgkA**4
MkW- dqeqn 'kekZ us fy[kk gS fd ckck jkensoth us vNwrksºkj ds fy, mins'k
fn;s rFkk bls O;kogkfjd :i ls Hkh nwj djus ds fy, Lo;a dks mnkgj.k ds :i esa
izLrqr fd;k FkkA blh dkj.k ls mUgsa viuh tkfr okyksa dk fojks/k o vieku Hkh lgu
djuk iM+kA5 bldks foLrkj ls le>krs gq, MkW- 'kekZ vkxs fy[krh gS fd ckck
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 413
jkensoth us vius laiw.kZ thou esa vLi`';rk dks [kRe djus dk iz;kl fd;kA 'kwnzksa esa
dqN tkfr;k° vR;ar fuEu Fkh] budh fLFkfr dks lq/kkjus dk fo'ks"k iz;Ru fd;kA lq/kkj
uhfr;k°] dk;Zÿeksa vkSj lsokvksa rFkk eu] deZ vkSj opu ls bu tkfr;ksa dk mºkj
fd;kA vNwr dU;k MkyhckbZ jkensoth ds ?kj esa ,d ifjokj ds lnL; dh rjg jgrh
FkhA e/;dkyhu jktLFkku esa vNwrksa ds fy, eafnj dk izos'k] ifo= unh dk mi;ksx]
nsoh&nsorkvksa dh iwtk] /keZxzUFkksa dk v/;;u vkfn vusd dk;Z muds fy, oftZr FksA
mUgsa mRloksa] lekjksg] iapk;r] fookg] esys] pksiky] Ldwy vkfn esa tkus ij izfrca/k
FkkA mudh vkfFkZd fLFkfr bruh detksj vkSj fodV Fkh fd mUgsa lQkbZ djus dk
dk;Z djuk iM+rk FkkA bUgsa xkao vkSj mlls lEcfU/kr dk;ks± esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dk
gLr{ksi dk vf/kdkj ugha FkkA ,sls dfBu le; esa ckck jkensoth us budk dY;k.k
djus dk chM+k mBk;kA ckck jkensoth us lekt esa O;kIr NqvkNwr dks vkt ls N%
'krkCnh iwoZ feVkus dk vuwBk iz;Ru fd;k Fkk vkSj fQj ogh iz;kl lfÿ; :i ls tc
Hkkjr LOkra= gqvk rks ;g izkjaHk gqvk] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i fuEu tkfr;ksa ds yksxksa dh
lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj /kkfeZd fLFkfr esa egRoiw.kZ mUufr gqbZ gSA6
os fy[krh gS fd ^^,d /kkfeZd lewg ds usr`Ro esa fodflr gqvk ftldk
eq[; mÌs'; ekuo /keZ FkkA bl lewg ;k lEiznk; us tkafr&ikafr] ≈ap&uhp] NqvkNwr
deZdk.Mksa vkSj /kkfeZd vkMEcjksa ds fo#º vfHk;ku izkjaHk fd;kA ckck jkensoth ds
thou dky esa bl izdkj ds lekt&lq/kkj vkanksyu ds ifj.kkeLo:i gh ,d lEiznk;
dk mn; gqvk vkSj og vkt jkenso lEiznk; ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA bl lEiznk; ;k
iaFk ds uke] mÌs';ksa vkSj vuq;kf;;ksa dk o.kZu ,sfrgkfld vFkkZr~ fyf[kr u gksus ls
dsoy ;gh dgk tk ldrk gS fd ckck jkensoth us ,d ijEijk dks fodflr fd;k
Fkk vkSj le; ds vuqlkj ;g :i cnyrk x;k vkSj vkt og jkenso yksd /kkfeZd
ijEijk ds :i esa vius mÌs';ksa dh iwfrZ gsrq lekt esa lfn;ksa ls thoUr gSA orZeku esa
;g ijEijk Jºkyqvksa }kjk izlkfjr gks jgh gS bldk izek.k jkenso&esys ds nkSjku Li"V
fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA**7 dfo;ksa us fy[kk gS&
cM+s ihj jkenso ckck] xk°o :.khpk dk'kh djckA
NqvkNwr 'kks"k.k dks feVk;k] thou Hkj nqf[k;ksa ls HksaVAA
xzkeksRFkku ds lw= fl[kk,] d:.kk ds ty d.k cjlk,A
vkt txr bZ'oj le iwts] pgq° fnl eas tSdkjs xawtsAA
MkW- dqeqn 'kekZ us ckck jkensoth vkSj muds HkDrksa ds ckjs esa ;g fy[kk gS fd
^^oSls rks lHkh tkfr;ksa esa ckck jkensoth dh ekU;rk gS ysfdu eq[; vuq;k;h 'kwnz o.kZ
dh vNwr tkfr;k° tSls& jSxj] [kVhd] gfjtu] es?koky] pekj] cqudj] eksph] /kkudk]
dksyh] jkbZdk] datj] uV] HkkaM] dkefM+;k] tqykgk vkfn eq[; gSA ckck jkensoth
215 414 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
vFkok buds HkDrksa us ,d LFkku laxfBr gksdj ,slh dksbZ vkpkj&lafgrk ugha cukbZ tks
:f<+okfnrk vkSj cU/ku;qDr deZdk.Mksa dh iwtk iºfr gksA**8
ckck jkensoth us vNwrkas dks ≈ij mBkus rFkk HksnHkko feVkus ds iz;kl djus ds
dkj.k gh jkensoth vkt Hkh fuEu tkfr ds ifjokj esa lfEefyr gksrs gSa] blfy, ;g
dgkor gS fd ^^jkensoth uS feY;k ftdk Ms<+ gh Ms<*+ *A buesa lcls egRoiw.kZ ckr
;g gS fd loZizFke ckck jkensoth us gh ekjokM+ dh lEiw.kZ Hkaxh tkfr dks csyoku]
jkBkSM+] gkM+k] pkSgku vkSj fllksfn;k ik°p Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr djds {kk= oxZ esa
lfEefyr fd;k FkkA9
fons'kh fo}kuksa us Hkh ckck jkensoth ds mikJ;h fparu ij fopkj O;Dr fd;s
gSaA jlSy us fy[kk gS fd dkeM+ tks jktLFkku ds xk;d gSA os ekjokM+ ds yksd nsork
ckck jkensoth ds in fpUgksa dh iwtk djrs gSaA10 bUFkzksosu us Hkh bl ckr dh iqf"V dh
gS fd ekjokM+h ,oa xqtjkrh es?koky izkjEHk ls gh jkelkihj ds eq[; vuq;k;h FksA11
dkjLVs;lZ ds 1950 ds v/;;u ds vuqlkj Hkh jkensoth ;k jkelkihj ,d eq[;
iwtuh; {ks=h; yksd nsork Fks tks dchj vkfn dh rjg fgUnw&eqfLye ,drk ds eq[;
lw=/kkj FksA12 ehjk fcuQksMZ us vius v/;;u esa ;g crk;k gS fd cEcbZ (eqEcbZ) esa
ckck jkensoth dh Hktu la/;k] tkxj.k vkfn fu;fer gksrs jgrs gSaA ;gk° lcls
egRoiw.kZ ckr ;g gS fd bu Hktuksa dks xkus vkSj lquus okys lHkh tkfr;ksa ds yksx gksrs
gSaA13
ckck jkensoth tkfr izFkk dqy ij dyad yxkus ds fojks/kh vkSj r°oj ckck
jkensoth dh cgu lqxuk ckbZ dk ifr jkensoth ls }s"k j[krk vkSj muds fookg ij
vkus okys jruk jbZdk dks ;g dgrk gS&
cksy mBs ifM+;kj tc] djds us= fo'kkyA
m.k eksMk jks C;ko gS] tks vtey th jks ykyAA
<s<ka ds ?kj tk; dj] jkst rUnwj ctk;A
tek txkrks oks fQjS] vj ijlknh Hkh [kk;AA
uhp dje furdk djs] ft.kjks eafM;ks C;koA
r°oj oa'k ds jkenso nhuks dyad yxk;AA
ckck jkensoth ls lEcfU/kr lkfgR; esa bldh iqf"V gksrh gS fd ianzgoh
'krkCnh esa tc NqvkNwr dh Hkkouk vius pje lhek ij Fkh rks jkensoth us vNwrksºkj
dh Hkkouk dks O;kogkfjd :i iznku fd;kA muds vuqlkj NqvkNwr dh HkzkUr /kkj.kk
j[kus okyks dh HkfDr O;FkZ gS vkSj tkfrokn ls nwj jgdj /keZÿkafr vkSj uSfrd ewY;ksa
dks fodflr fd;k&
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 415
use fcuk ftdS lar cktS] T;kajk /kqd lekj gSA
teys feˇ Hkzkar jk[kS] T;kajh Hkxrh csdkj gSAA14
ckck jkensoth šp&uhp ds HksnHkkoksa dks Hkqykdj rRdkyhu le; esa vNwr
le>s tkus okys yksxksa ds ?kj Hktu&Hkko fd;k djrs FksA bl rF; dk ladsr muds
,d in dh bu iafDr;ksa ls feyrk gS&
Qˇ ustk uwj cjrs] es?kka ?kj egek caVSA
Hkkfj;ks dkad.k Qsjs Hkjlh] Hks"k esa bejr caVSAA15
ckck jkensoth us eqfDr izek.k esa NqvkNwr dk iw.kZ :i ls cfg"dkj fd;kA
mUgksaus Li"V mYys[k fd;k gS fd ftl HkfDr ekxZ esa yksx NqvkNwr dh Hkkouk j[krs gaS]
'kwnz vkfn ls ?k`.kk djrs gSa] og dksbZ HkfDr ugha vfirq vuknj vFkok frjLdkj dk Hkko
ek= gS&
feys I;kys HkkUr jk[kS] lksbZ Hkxfr vuknj fopkj gSA
lsal /kkjk bUnz cjlS] v[k.M bejr /kkj gSAA16
ckck jkensoth us NqvkNwr vkSj Hksn dk fojks/k djrs gq, bl izdkj dgk gS&
esVks Hksn vHksn dj ys.kk] nqjer nwj feVk;kA
vusd jhfr vkSj dj ns[kks] gS lc f=.kq.k ek;kAA17
leLr izdkj ds HksnHkkoksa dks feVkdj izk.kh ek= esa ,d gh bZ'oj ds n'kZu dk
mins'k nsrs gq, jkensoth us dgk&
lc esa va'k bZ'oj dj ns[kks] pyh 'kfDr dh /kkjkA
igyh iaFk pyk;ks f'ko 'kfDr] egk /keZ foLrkjAA18
ckck jkensoth us leLr izdkj ds HksnHkkoksa ls ≈ij mBus dk lans'k fn;k vkSj
ekuo dks vkil esa HkkbZpkjk ds lkFk jgus dk mins'k fn;k gS&
fjˇfeˇ jsokS gsr lwa gkykS] dfBu iaFk gS [kkaMS jh /kkjA19
šap&uhp vkSj Nwr&vNwr dh HkzkfUr feVk dk ikjLifjd Lusg o lerk ds
Hkko ls ,d lkFk cSBdj Hkxon~&Hktu dk dY;k.kdkjh lans'k jkensoth dh ck.kh esa
bl izdkj feyrk gS&
Hkkaxks HkkUr Hkko uS ikˇS] Hktu fcuk fnu vgˇk tk;A20
blh dkj.k jktiwr lekt esa jkensoth ds izfr tks vkÿks'k Hkjh /kkj.kk Fkh og
gjth HkkVh ds 'kCnksa esa bl izdkj O;Dr gqbZ gS&
EgS iqxfˇ;k oS dkaefM+;k] ckjS EgkjS dnjh lxkbZA
nhBka jkens uS uh vksˇ[kka] dkefM;k dnS jk fcgkbZAA
nlwa bX;kjl jk os tEek txkoS] ?kj&?kj dk<s ?kkbZA
EgkjS ?kj cktS ukSir uxkjk] okjS rUnwjk jh NkbZAA21
216 416 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
jkensoth ds HkDr dfo;ksa us Hkh Li"V dgk gS fd tkr&ikar ;k /keZ vkfn dk
dksbZ Hksn ugha ns[kdj ckck jkensoth vius Lej.k djus okys HkDrksa dh lsok esa lnSo
rRij gS&
dˇl esa dGk uSts esa uwj flaojS T;kjS ckcks gkFk jkS gtwjAA22
MkW- czteksgu tkofy;k ds vuqlkj ^tkb;s tcwnhi tjxg* uked ikB ds NUn
la[;k 2 ds vkBosa vkSj uoesa i|ksa esa ;g Lor% gh Li"V gks tkrk gS fd ckck jkensoth
NqvkNwr ds f[kykQ Fks ftldk i| fuEufyf[kr gS&
tjxg tatk tqxka tqfx tkxS] yksd nquh lgq ik, ykxSA
vHkk jgS tksfM dj vkxS] HksaVrk nq[k nkfˇn HkkxSAA8AA
esnikV flojfr dk esˇk] Hkkstu djs cSfl lgq HksˇkA
[ksys fpjr fujr dk [ksyk] fonqj pj.k oans fr.k osˇkAA9AA23
bu i|ksa esa tjxk24 ij gksus okys jkensoth ds tEek tkxj.k vkSj f'kojkf= ds
volj ij Hkjus okys esys dk o.kZu fn;k x;k gSA bl esys esa lHkh tkfr;ksa ds yksx
fcuk fdlh Hksn&Hkko vkSj NqvkNwr dk /;ku j[ks fcuk eaMyh esa ,d= gksrs gSa vkSj
cykb;ksa ds }kjk fn;s tkus okys izlkn dks xzg.k djrs gSaA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd
e/;dky esa bl volj ij lHkh o.kks± dh L=h&iq#"kksa ds lkFk cSBdj Hkkstu djus dh
izFkk jgh gksxhA esokM+ ds nfyrksºkjd ukFk lEiznk; ds vuq;kf;;ksa] ckck ckyhukFkth
vkSj muds ;ksx f'k"; ckck jkensoth ds gh izpkj dk ;g izHkko ekywe gksrk gSA tjxk
ds izns'k esa ,slh ekU;rk izpfyr gS fd jkensoth Lo;a ;gka vk;s Fks os tjxk uke ds
,d cˇkbZ (fgUnw tqykgk) dks viuk ?kksM+k Fkek dgh pys x;sA 12 o"kksZa i'pkr~ os
ykSV dj vk;s rc rd izrh{kkjr cˇkbZ ?kksMs+ lfgr lw[k dj dadky ek= jg x;kA
jkensoth us mUgsa iqu% thfor fd;k vkSj rHkh ls tjxk cˇkbZ ds uke ls gh bl ioZr
dh izflf) gks xbZ vkSj mlds uke ls ;g /kke pyrk gSA blls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd
jkensoth dk izHkko ekjokM+ esa gh ugha vfirq esokM+ esa Hkh FkkA
bl izdkj egku~ vNwrksºkjd ckck jkensoth ls lEcfU/kr lkfgR; esa vNwrksºkj
dh dY;k.kdkjh Hkko /kkjk lnSo izokfgr jgh gSA
vr% jkensoth us bfrgkl esa ,d uohu v/;k; vkSj vk;ke LFkkfir fd;k tks
Hkfo"; esa vkus okyksa ds fy, ,d izsj.kklzksr mnkgj.k lkfcr gksxkA
ikcwth & ikcwth us Hkh NqvkNwr dks vLohdkj fd;k vkSj šp&uhp esa mudk
dksbZ fo'okl ugha FkkA bldh iqf"V bl izdkj ls gksrh gS fd ^^ikcwth us EysPN le>h
tkus okyh Fkksjh tkfr ds lkr Hkkb;ksa dks u dsoy vkJ; fn;k cfYd vius iz/kku
ljnkjksa esa LFkku nsdj ges'kk mudks vius ikl j[kkA mudk mBuk] cSBuk] [kkuk&ihuk
vkfn lHkh dk;Z mu Fkksfj;ksa ds lkFk gksrk FkkA** bl dFku dh iqf"V bl rF; ls gksrh
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 417 217 418 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

gS fd vkuk c?ksyk tSls 'kfDr lEiUu 'kkld ds HkXkkSMs+ lkr Fkksjh Hkkb;ksa dks tc fdlh gjHkwth & gjHkwth Hkh mikJ;h fparu ds leFkZd FksA os detksj oxZ ds izfr
us Hkh vkuk c?ksyk ds Hk; ls vkJ; ugha fn;k rks ckyd ikcw us mUgsa vkJ; nsdj n;k vkSj izse j[krs FksA ;s detksj] [ksrhgj vkSj fuEu tkfr;ksa esa dksbZ erHksn ugha j[krs
mudh j{kk dh rFkk ,slhs gh vkSj vusd lkgfld dk;Z fd;sA bl izdkj ikcwth us bl rF; dh iqf"V bl ckr ls izekf.kr gksrh gS fd os vtuch esgekuksa dk lRdkj o
lekt esa ?k`f.kr ,oa EysPN le>h tkus okyh Fkksjh tkfr dks ≈ij mBkus ,oa lekt esa lEeku djrs vkSj muds ;gk° ges'kk lnk&ozr caVrh Fkh ftlls dksbZ Hkh O;fDr Hkw[kk
mfpr LFkku fnykus dk iz;Ru fd;k rFkk bu Fkksfj;ksa us Hkh ejrs ne rd ikcwth dk ugha ykSVrk FkkA
lkFk nsdj vius drZO; dk ikyu fd;kA vr% ikcwth us EysPN le>h tkus okyh esgkth & xksxkth vkSj gjHkwth dh Hkkafr esgkth us Hkh detksj oxZ ds izfr
Fkksjh tkfr dks vkJ; nsdj lekt lq/kkjd dk dk;Z fd;kA dY;k.k dk dk;Z fd;kA ;s 'kdqu&'kkL= ds vPNs Kkrk gksus ds dkj.k lcdh ,d
ikcwth dk xk;ksa ds izfr tcjnLr leiZ.k Fkk D;ksafd xk;ksa dh j{kk djrs gq, leku lgk;rk djrs FksA bl rF; dh iqf"V bl ckr ls izekf.kr gksrh gS fd bUgksaus
os ?kk;y gks x, vkSj muds 'kjhj ls [kwu dh /kkjk,a fudy dj Hkhy lSfudksa ds [kwu rkykc [kqnok, tks fdlkuksa ;k [ksrhgj oxZ ds fy, thou;kiu dk ,d egRoiw.kZ lzksr
esa tkdj dj feyus yxh& Fkk os nwljksa ds thou ewY;ksa ds j{kd FksA bl izdkj ge ;g ns[krs gaS fd ekjokM+ ds
ogS :/kj vax lkaoGkaA /kM+ lwa NwVh /kkjAA yksd nsorkvksa us NqvkNwr] šp&uhp vkSj tkfr izFkk dk fojks/k fd;kA [ksrhgj vkSj
jˇds ikcw jkS :gjA fefˇ;kS ftd.k e>kjAA25 fuEu tkfr;ksa esa HkfDr dk lapkj fd;k vkSj HksnHkko dh Hkkouk dks feVk;kA detksj
blh chp nsoy nkSM+dj vk;h vkSj j.kHkwfe esa jsr dh NksVh iky cukus yxh oxZ ds izfr vkJ; vkSj n;k dk Hkko n'kkZ;kA vk/;kfRed mUufr ds lkFk mikJ;h
ftlls ;g [kwu vkil esa u fey tk;s& fparu dks cy iznku fd;kA
nsoy nsoh nksM+usA fiM+esa dh/kh ikˇAA
:/kj jgS ug jkSfM+;kSA [kˇd oyksoG [kkˇAA26 lanHkZ
1- MkW- isekjke] e/;dkyhu jktLFkku esa /kkfeZd vkanksyu] i`- 55] 2009] tks/kiqj
ikcwth dgrs gSa fd nsoy 'kfDr rqe bldks er jksdks! bls Hkhyksa ds lkFk
feyus nks& 2- ogh] i`- 57
Hkkykˇks Hkk[ksgA lkaHkˇ nsoy ns lxrAA 3- MkW- lksukjke fc'uksbZ] ckck jkenso bfrgkl ,oa lkfgR;] i`- 39] r`rh; la'kksf/kr
:/kj erh jk[ksgA feˇok nS Hkhyksa eghAA27 laLdj.k] 2016] tks/kiqj
vkxs ikcwth fQj dgrs gS fd Hkhyksa us eq>s viuk jktk ekuk gS blfy, 4- MkW- foÿeflag HkkVh] jktLFkku ds yksd nsork esa izks- (MkW-) lksukjke fc'uksbZ dk ys[k
j.kHkwfe esa cgrk gqvk gekjk [kwu ,d gksrk gS] rks gksus nks& ^yksd nsork ckck jkensoth*] i`- 68] 2017] tks/kiqj
lj ij xf.k;kS lkaoˇkaA vMx euS u`i ,dAA 5- MkW- dqeqn 'kekZ] yksduk;d ckck jkenso yksd/keZ ,oa yksd ijEijk] i`- 41] 2007]
tq/k esa oS yksgh ftdksA feˇok nS ,desdAA28 t;iqj
bl izdkj ge ns[krs gaS fd ikcwth us vkf[kjh {k.k rd opu ikyurk dk 6- ogh] i`- 70&71
fuokZg vkSj HksnHkko dh Hkkouk dks njfdukj dj ,d vkn'kZ mnkgj.k is'k fd;kA ejrs 7- ogh] i`- 116&117
ne rd vius opu ij vfMx jgs vkSj vkus okys le; ds fy, vfoLej.kh; mnkgj.k 8- ogh] i`- 126&127
izLrqr fd;kA 9- jes'k pUnz xq.kkFkhZ] jktLFkku dh tkfr;k°] ië- 287
xksxkth & jkensoth vkSj ikcwth dh Hkkafr xksxkth us [ksrhgj vkSj fuEu 10- vkj-oh- jlSy ,.M vkj- ch- ghjkyky] n VkbZCl ,.M dkLV vkWQ n lS.V™y izkfs oflt
tkfr;ksa esa uohu HkfDr Hkkouk dk lapkj fd;kA xksxkth dk Fkku [kstM+h ;k uhe o`{k vkWQ bf.M;k] dksLVj gk≈V] 1969] uhnjyS.M
ds uhps fLFkr gksrk gS ftlls LFkkuh; iwtk dk fodkl vkjaHk gqvkA budh vk/;kfRed 11- vk-b- bUFkzksosu] VkbZCl ,.M dkLVt vkWQ cksEcs xouesaV] i`- 50] 1922
mUufr ds lkFk mikJ;h fparu dks Hkh lacy feykA [ksrhgj vkSj fuEu tkfr;ksa ds 12- th-,e- dkjLVs;lZ] iSV™u vkWQ fjfyft;l vksCloslsZt bu Fkzh foyst vkWQ jktLFkku]
yksxksa esa vkRefo'okl dk lapkj gqvkA i`- 69
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 419 218
13- ehjk fcuQksMZ] fefDlax bu n dyj vkWQ jke vkWQ jk.kqtk] bu fganwTe % U;w ,slsZt bu
fgLV™h vkWQ fjfytUl] ,fMfVM chy ,y- fLeFk ysnsu] 1976] bZ-th- fczy
14- lksth izek.k] cka.kh la- 3 iqf"VekxhZ;&oYyHk lEiznk; ,oa v"VNki %
15- ogh
16- eqfDr izek.k] cka.kh la- 7 ,d ,sfrgkfld foospu
17- Kku izek.k] cka.kh la- 15 MkW- fnus'k jkBh
18- ewykjaHk izek.k] cka.kh la- 17
19- yN izek.k] cka.kh la- 21
'kkL= ,d xhrk gh gS] ftldks fd nsodhuUnu Jh d`".k us xk;kA nso Hkh
20- vUu izek.k] cka.kh la- 22
21- gjth HkkVh d`r jkensoth jkS c/kkokS
,d nsodhlqr d`".k gSA ea= Hkh cl muds uke gh gS vkSj deZ Hkh dsoy mldh lsok
22- MkW- lksukjke fc'uksbZ] iwoksZDr] i`- 193&194 gh gSA &egkizHkq Jhen~oYyHkkpk;Z th
23- e#&Hkkjrh] o"kZ&3] vad&3] vDVwcj 1955 esa MkW- czteksgu tkofy;k dk ys[k egkizHkq Jhen~oYyHkkpk;Z us okRlY;jl ls vksrizksr (izsey{k.kk) HkfDr
^jktLFkku ds yksd&nsork if'pek/kh'k jkensoth*] i`- 20 iºfr dh lh[k nh] ftls oYyHk lEiznk; ;k iqf'VekxZ dgk tkrk gSA HkDr dks
24- mn;iqj ls dqaHkyx<+ ds ekxZ esa ephan ds ikl ,d igkM+ dk uke gSA izsejl esa Mqckdj] vgark&eerk dks Hkqykdj] nhurkiwoZd izHkq dh lsok djkus okyh
25 eksMth vkf'k;k d`r ikcw izdkl] i`- 443] 2009] tks/kiqj HkfDr iqf"V&HkfDr dgykrh gSA iqf"V vFkkZr iks"k.k dk vFkZ gS Hkxoku Jhd`".k dk
26- ogh vuqxzg ;k d`ikA iqf"VekxZ esa iwtk dk vFkZ Bkdqjth dh lsok tcfd vU; HkfDr ekxks±
27- ogh] i`- 444 esa Hkxoku dh vpZuk dks iwtk dgk tkrk gSA iqf"VekxZ esa izHkq dh vpZuk dks lsok dgk
28- ogh tkrk gSA
fpŸk dks Hkxoku ls tksM+ nsuk gh lsok gSA iqf"VekxZ esa Hkxoku dh lsok iw.kZ
leiZ.k ds lkFk uanuUnu dks izlUu djus vkSj lq[k nsus ds fy, dh tkrh gSA iqf"VekxZ
esa Hkko gh lk/ku gS vkSj Hkko gh Qy gSA iqf"VHkDr ds ‚n; esa HkkokRed Hkxoku
fojktrs gSa vkSj bl Hkko dh flfº ds fy, og izHkq ds vusd euksjFk djrk gSA izHkq
dks vkjrh] Luku] Hkksx] oL=kyadkj iq'iekyk] dhrZu vkSj fofHkUu mRlo vkfn ls
fj>k;k tkrk gSA iqf"V&HkfDr dh flfº izHkq ds pj.k esa loZLo ru&/ku dk leiZ.k
djus ls gksrh gSA1 oYyHkkpk;Z th dk dFku gS fd lnk loZ= ifr] iq=] /ku] x`g lc
dqN Jh d`".k gh gS bl Hkko ls Jhd`".k dh lsok djuh pkfg, HkDrksa dk ;gh /keZ gSA
iqf"VekxZ esa v'Vk;ke lsok dk fo'ks"k egRo gSA ;g lsok vkB izgjksa (;keksa) esa dh
tkrh gSA izkr%dky ls "k;u rd blds eaxyk] J`axkj] Xoky] jktHkksx] mRFkkiu] Hkksx]
la/;k vkjrh vkSj "k;u ;s vkB :Ik gSA v"Vk;ke lsok dk mn~ns'; Hkxoku dh
yhykvksa esa eu dks yxk;s j[kuk gSA iqf"V lEiznk; esa ckyHkko ,oa xksihHkko ls izHkq
dh lsok gksrh gSA lsok ds vax gS&Hkksx] jkx rFkk J`axkjA Hkksx esa fofo/k O;atuksa dk
Hkksx izHkq dks yxrk gSA jkx esa oYyHkh; (v"VNki) HkDr dfo;ksa ds inksa dk dhrZu
gksrk gS rFkk J`axkj esa Ωrqvksa ds vuqlkj Hkxoku ds foxzg dk J`axkj gksrk gSA2
Jhd`".k dks gh viuk ,dek= vuU; vkJ; ekuuk iqf"VekxhZ; thou
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iz.kkyh dh vko';d 'krZ gSA ^Jhd`".k 'kj.ke ee~* bl ea= dh nh{kk ls HkDr vius
dks Hkxoku esa vfiZr dj nsrk gSA bl izdkj HkxoRLo:Ik dh izkfIr dk vkuUn gh
iqf"VHkfDr dk ,dek= Qy gSA3 rkfRRod n`f"V ls bl lEiznk; dks 'kqºk}Sr flºkaroknh]
cz„oknh rFkk vf/kd`r ifj.kkeoknh dgrs gSa vkSj lk/ku dh n`f"V ls ;g ekxZ iqf"VekxZ
dgykrk gSA
fo".kqLokeh lEiznk; dh mfPNUu xn~nh ij JhoYyHkkpk;Z th cSBs vkSj mUgksaus
Jh fo".kqLokeh ds flºkarksa ls izsj.kk ysdj 'kqºk}Sr flºkUr rFkk Hkxon~ vuqxzg vFkok
iqf"V }kjk izkIr izse HkfDr ds ekxZ dh LFkkiuk dhA v"VNki HkDr blh lEiznk; ls gSA
JhoYyHkkpk;Z ds firk dk uke y{e.k HkV~V FkkA os ,d nf{k.kh rSyax czk„.k Fks vkSj
d`".k ds ije HkDr FksA4 budh ekrk dk uke bYyekxk: FkkA budk tUe fo-l-
1535 eas pEikj.; uked LFkku ij gqvk FkkA Jh oYyHkkpk;Z ds le; fnYyh esa
'kkld fldanj yksnh o fot;uxj esa 'kkld d`".knsojk; FksA JhoYyHkkpk;Z us
dk'kh esa fo|k/;;u fd;k rRi'pkr ekrk ls vkKk ysdj ns'k dh ;k=k vkjEHk dhA
mUgksaus lEiw.kZ Hkkjro"kZ ds rhFkZ rFkk eq[;&eq[; LFkkuksa dh dbZ ckj ;k=k,a dh FkhA ;s
;k=k,a oYyHk lEiznk; esa vkpk;Z th dh ^i`Foh iznf{k.kk* dgykrh gSA lEor~ 1549
esa vkpk;Zth czt esa vk;s vkSj mUgksaus xksoºZu ls JhukFkth ds Lo:Ik dks fudkydj
ogh mUgsa ,d NksVs eafnj esa LFkkfir fd;kA5 mlh le; mUgksaus v"VNki ds HkDr
dfo dqEHkunkl th dks 'kj.k esa fy;kA dkykarj esa lEor~ 1556 esa iw.kZey ds
lg;ksx ls xkso/kZu ij JhukFkth dk ,d HkO; eafnj dk fuekZ.k djok;k x;kA
rRi'pkr ÿe'k% lwjnkl] d`".knkl vkSj ijekuUnkl dks viuk f'k"; cuk;kA lEor~
1587 fo- esa JhoYyHkkpk;Z dk dk'kh esa xaxk izokg voLFkk esa xksyksd okl gqvkA
bl le; vkpk;Z th dh vk;q 52 o"kZ dh FkhA6
JhoYyHkkpk;Z ds nks iq= Fks&JhxksihukFk vkSj xksLokeh foV~ByukFkA oYyHkkpk;Z
ds ckn xksihukFk vkpk;Z gq,A mUgksaus oS".ko /keZ dk izpkj fd;kA lEor~ 1595 fo- esa
yxHkx 28 o"kZ dh vk;q esa xksihukFk dk fu/ku gks x;kA blds ckn JhoYYkHkkpk;Z
th ds f}rh; iq= Jh foV~ByukFk vkpk;Z in ij vklhu gq, mUgksaus bl lEiznk; dk
oSHko cgqr c<k;kA buds Hkh pkj izeq[k f'k"; Fks& uUnnkl] prqHkqZtnkl] xksfoUn
Lokeh RkFkk Nhr LokehA7
iqf"VekxhZ; oYyHk lEiznk; esa vkB dfoHkDr v"VNki ds uke ls izflº gSA
lwjnkl] ijekuankl] dqaHknkl] d`".knkl vf/kdkjh] uUnnkl] prqHkqZtnkl] xksfoUn
Lokeh rFkk Nhr LokehA buesa ls izFke pkj JhoYyHkkpk;Z (laor~ 1535 fo-ls-
lEor~ 1587 fo- rd) ds f'k"; Fks vkSj vafre pkj vkpk;Zth ds mŸkjkf/kdkjh
xksLokeh Jh foV~BukFk (lEor~ 1572 fo-ls- 1642 fo-) ds f'k"; FksA ;s vkBksa
219 422 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
HkDr&dfo xksLokeh foV~ByukFk ds lkfu/; esa (yxHkx lEor~ 1606 fo-ls lEor~
1635 fo- rd) ,d nwljs ds ledkyhu Fks vkSj czt esa xksoºZu ioZr ij fLFkr
JhukFkth ds eafnj esa dhrZu dh lsok vkSj ogh jgdj Hkxon~HkfDr ds :Ik esa
in&jpuk djrs FksA ml le; ds oYyHklEiznk;h vusd dfo;ksa dk mYys[k mDr
lEiznk; dh okrkZvksa esa vkrk gSA ijUrq xksLokeh foV~ByukFkth us vius lEiznk; ds
vuq;k;h HkDr dfo;ksa esa ls loZJs"B HkDr] dkO;dkj rFkk laxhrK] bUgha vkB lTtuksa
dks NkaVk vkSj bu ij viuh iz'kalk vkSj vk'khokZn dh Nki yxkbZA xksLokeh foV~ByukFk
dh bl ekSf[kd rFkk iz'kalkRed Nki ds ckn gh ;s fo}ku&HkDr ^v"VNki* dgykus
yxs FksA8 ;s vkBksa HkDr dfo oYyHklEiznk; esa d`".k ds v"Vl[kk Hkh dgykrs gSaA
dgha&dgha uUnnkl ds uke ds LFkku ij fo".kqnkl dk Hkh mYys[k feyrk gSA
v"VNki ds lHkh mPpdksfV ds HkDr] dfo rFkk laxhrdkj FksA viuh jpukvksa
esa izse dh cgq:fi.kh voLFkkvksa ds tks fp= bu dfo&HkDrksa us mifLFkr fd;s gS] ;s
dkO; dh n`f"V ls mRd`"V uewus gSaA okRlY;] l[;] ek/kq;Z vkSj nkL; Hkkoksa dh HkfDr
dk tks L=ksar vius dkO; esa bu HkDrksa us izokfgr fd;k gS og vR;Ur gh lq[kdkjh gSA
ykSfdd rFkk vk/;kfRed nksuksa vuqHkwfr;ksa dh n`f"V ls budk dkO; egku~ gSA
v"VNki&HkDrksa dh thofu;kssa vkSj jpukvksa dks ns[kus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd muesa
ls dqN us rks oSjkX; vkSj laU;kl&ekxZ xzg.k fd;k Fkk] ijUrq lkFk esa os fcuk os'k cnys
gh ?kj&ckj NksM+dj] lk/kq&laxfr vkSj JhukFkth ds efUnj esa jgdj budh lsok djrs
Fks vkSj dqN x`gLFk esa gh jgdj HkfDr dh lk/kuk djrs FksA lwjnkl R;kxh ds vkjfEHkd
thou ls Kkr gksrk gS fd os ckY;dky ls gh oSjkxh gks x;s FksA mUgksaus viuh jpuk esa
ykSfdd lq[k dh vfuR;rk rFkk oSjkX; /kkj.k djus dk Hkko vusd inksa esa izdV fd;k
gSA x`gLFkh ds tatky esa jgdj LFkk;h vkuUn izkfIr ds lk/ku dks os Hkze vkSj nqfo/kk
dgrs gSA
nkS esa ,dkS rks u HkbZ]
uk gfj HktS u x`g lq[k ikoS c`Fkk fogkbZ xbZA 9
lwjnkl ds vfrfjDr vU; lkr HkDrdfo;ksa esa ls uUnnkl] NhrLokeh vkSj
xksfoUnLokeh oYyHk lEiznk; esa vkus ls igys iw.kZ x`gLFk FksA ijekuUnkl vkSj
d`".knkl vfookfgr jgdj ekrk&firk ds lkFk x`gLFkh esa jg jgs FksA rRi'pkr bu
ikWap HkDrksa us oSjkX; ys fy;k Fkk vkSj ;s Hkh lwjnkl dh rjg JhukFkth dh] fcuk os"k
cnys] lsok HkfDr djrs FksA dqEHkunkl vkSj prqHkqZtnkl x`gLFk HkDr Fks vkSj ej.k&Ik;ZUr
x`gLFkh esa jgdj gh mUgksaus JhukFkth dh lsok dhA10 ijekuUnnkl us vkjEHk esa ?kj esa
jgdj HkfDr dk vH;kl fd;k FkkA ;g Hkko mUgksaus uhps fy[ks in esa O;Dr fd;k gSA
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 423 220
esjks eu xksfoUn lks ekU;ks rkrs vkSj u ft; HkkosA
NksfM+ vgkj fogkj nsg lq[k vkSj u pkyh dk≈A
ijekuUn clr gS ?kj esa tSls jgr cVk≈AA11 yksd nsoh&nsorkvksas dh vo/kkj.kk
lUnHkZ esa lkekftd lejlrk
1- Jh egkizHkqth okrkZ] JhoYyHk iqf"Vn'kZu ekyk&2 i`- 3&4 (izLrksrk& MkW- xtkuu
'kekZ) izks- fnfXot; HkVukxj
2- MkW- isekjke] e/;dkyhu jktLFkku esa /kkfeZd vkUnksyu i`-196&197
3- ogh jktLFkku ohj rFkk ohjkaxukvksa dh Hkwfe jgh gS rFkk ;gk° ds fuokfl;ksa esa ohj
4- jk; cgknqj eqa'kh gjn;kyflag&fjiksVZ ejnqe'kqekjh & jktekjokM+ 1891 bZ- i`- 267 ,oa R;kxh iq:"kksa rFkk ukfj;ksa ds izfr Jºk dh Hkkouk ijEijkxr :Ik ls jgh gSA blh
5- MkW- ,l-ih-O;kl] tks/kiqj jkt?kjkuk vkSj oYyHk lEiznk;] jktLFkku fgLV™h dkaxzsl dkj.k ;gk° vusd foHkwfr;ksa dks ftUgksusa ohjrk] lrhRo] 'kkS;Z] R;kx izfrKk ikyu dh
izksflfMax 18] i`- 266- izfrHkwfr ds :Ik esa rFkk ij fgrkFkZ vkRekslxZ fd;k rFkk lk/kkj.k thou fcrk dj yksxksa
6- ogh ds fy, mnkgj.k izLrqr fd;kA
7- MkW- nhun;kyq xqIr] v"VNki vkSj oYyHk lEiznk;] izFke Hkkx] i`- 1&2
8- ogh yksd nsork dk vFkZ
9- MkW- nhun;kyq xqIr] v"VNki vkSj oYyHk lEiznk;] f}rh; Hkkx] i`- 691 ohj iq#"k tu dY;k.k dh Hkkouk ls vius thou es R;kx] cfynku] lsok vkSj
10- ogh] i`- 692 mnkjrk vkfn xq.kksa dks viukdj vej gks tkrs gSA ,sls iq#"k ns'k] lekt vkSj /keZ dh
11- ogh e;kZnkvksa dk ikyu djrs gq, vius lEiw.kZ thou dks yksdfgr esa yxk nsrs gSA 'kks;Z
vkSj ijkÿe] lwjksa vkSj larksa dh /kjrh jktLFkku ds d.k&d.k esa cfynku dh jaxr
fo|eku gSaA1 bl /kjrh ij vusd yksd ohjksa] iq.;kRekvksa] iztk&ikyd] lekt ds
mºkjdŸkkZ yksd iz'kkldksa dk tUe gqvk ftUgksusa lekt dks vkrafd;ksa rFkk muds
vR;kpkjksa ls cpk;k] xks&j{kk dk vkSj fu/kZu oxZ dks viuk lja{k.k fn;kA bl dkj.k
os tu ekul es brus jp&cl x, fd yksx bu egkiq#"kksa dks nsork dh Hkkafr iwtus
yxsA os vius dk;ks± ds dkj.k nwljksa ds fy, mnkgj.k cu x,A ,sls yksd ohj yksd
nsork ds :Ik es iwT; gks tkrs gSaA bUgh ohjksa ds cfynkuksa ,oa dk;ks± ds Lo:Ik yksx
budk vknj djds mUgas viuk vkn'kZ Lo:Ik ekudj iwtrs yxrs gSaA ;gh yksd nsork
cuus dk jgL; gSaA2
yksd nsork nks 'kCnksa ls ^yksd$nsork* ls fey dj cuk gSA yksd dk vFkZ gS
lkekU; :Ik ls turk ls gS rFkk yksd nsork tks lkekU; turk ls mRiUu gq, gS vkSj
vius dk;ks± ,oa cfynkuksa ds dkj.k yksxksa ds vkn'kZ cu x, ,oa iwts tkus yxs gSa bu
ohjksa dks nsorks dh mikf/k nh x;h gSaA jktLFkku ds vf/kdka'k yksd nsork viuh
ohjrk] R;kx ,oa cfynku ds fy, gh izflº gSaA3 vkt ds ifjos'k esa ;s ^yksd nsork*
gekjh lkekU; turk ds lq[k&nq%[k] vk'kk&fujk'kk] thou&e`R;q vkSj nSfud thou dh
gj leL;k dk lek/kku djrs gSaA bUgsa izlUu djus ds fy, fof'k"V Hkkstu ifjikVh]
N=] efUnj] ;U=&rU= vkfn dh vko';drk ugha gksrh cfYd cksypky dh Hkk"kk ls
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 425 221 426 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

fudyk xhr gh budk eU= gSaA4 4- jkensoth (d`".k vorkj)

e/; ;qx esa fons'kh vkÿkUrkvksa ls ;gkWa dh jktuSfrd O;oLFkk gh ugha 2- mRifr ds vk/kkj ij oxhZdj.k fuEu izdkj gSa %
xM+cM+kbZ cfYd lkekftd ,oa /kkfeZd thou Hkh izLr gks x;k rFkk lkaLd`frd Lo:Ik (d) ohj iq#"k & dYykth] dslfj;k dqaoj] xksxkth] rstkth nsork] jkensoth]
Hkh ifjofrZr gksus yxkA ,sls le; esa ;gk° ds yksd nsorkvksa us tks ekuo ;ksuh esa Fks ikcwth vkfnA
yksxksa dks ,d uohu lans'k o vkRecy iznku dj viuh laLd`fr dh j{kk gsrq izsfjr ([k) flº vkSj R;kxh iq#"k & tkaHkksth] tsly] tkosM]+ gM+cw th vkfnA
fd;kA yksd nsorkvksa esa vf/kdka'k us xk;ksa dh j{kkFkZ vius izk.kksa dk mRlxZ fd;k gSA
3- vejRo ds vk/kkj ij % os yksd nsork gS ftUgksaus vius dk;ks± }kjk vejRo
lekt esa cqjkb;ksa ,oa Jkiksa ls =Lr Fkk vkSj fuEu tkfr oxZ dh n'kk [kjkc gks pyh
xzg.k fd;k tSls mn;iqj ds loZΩrq foykl ds lxl th ckoth ,oa jktegy ds
FkhA ,sls le; esa dbZ yksd nsorkvksa us lkekU; vkSj fuEu tkfr esa NqvkNwr dks feVkus
lxlth ckoth o dYykth th ckoth vkfnA
,oa fofHkUu cqjkb;ksa dks Hkh nwj djus vkSj fuEu tkfr oxks± ds yksxksa dks lEeku
fnyok;k vkSj os vkn'kks± ds :Ik esa iwts tkus yxs ;|fi bu yksd nsorkvksa esa vf/kdka'k yksd nsfo;k°
mPp o.khZ; {kf=; oxZ esa gh iSnk gq, FksA vkt Hkh jktLFkku dh fuEu tkrh; oxZ esa yksd nsfo;kas ls gekjk rkRi;Z ,slh nsoh; 'kfDr ls gS] ftUgksaus /kjrh ij ukjh
bu yksd nsorkvksa dks vknj] lEeku ls iwtk tkrk gS vkSj muds xhr xquxquk;s tkrs gSA :Ik es tUe ysdj vius vlk/kkj.k o yksdksidkjh dk;Z o vius peRdkjksa ds dkj.k
jktLFkku ds bu ohj egkiq#"kksa us /keZ j{kkFkZ vius izk.kksa rd dk mRlxZ fd;kA buds nsoh va'k ds izrhd ds :Ik esa LFkkuh; turk }kjk Lohdkjs x, gSaA
vizfre cfynkuksa ds le{k tu&ekul us bUgs nso&rqY; iwT; rFkk Jºk iznku djds nsoh 'kfDr iwtk dh Hkkouk fo'o ds vusd ns'kksa es izpfyr jgh gSaA ;s nsfo;k°
;qxks&;qxksa rd budh Le`fr vkSj muds flºkUrksa ds izfr viuh vkLFkk dks v{kq..k cuk fdlh egku mÌs'; ds fy, viuk thou vfiZr djrh gSA jktLFkku dk bfrgkl
fn;kA jktLFkku esa ,sls dbZ yksd nsork gS tSls&jkensoth] rstkth] ikcwth] xksxkth] lrhRo o ohjrk dh ?kVukvkas ls le`º gSaA ;gk° ij gj ;qx es lekt es dbZ nsfo;k° gqbZ
gMcwth] lxlth] dYykth ckoth vkfnA5 gS ftUgksusa tkfr&ikafr] tUe o oxZ ds Hksn dks ugha ekudj lkjs ekuo ek= dks viuk
bu yksd nsorkvksa us vius cfynkuksa ls vejRo izkIr dj yksxksa dks ekxZn'kZu lekt ekuk o muds dY;k.k ds fy, dbZ dk;Z fd,] tks nsoh peRdkjkas ds :Ik esa
iznku fd;k gS vkSj lekU; turk ds vkn'kZ Lo:Ik iwtuh; gks x, gSA6 tkus tkrs gaSA ftl rjg Hkxoku iq#"k :Ik es /keZ&v/keZ dk ;FkkFkZ cks/k djkus gsrq
yksd nsorkvksa dk oxhZdj.k le;&le; ij ekrk ds xHkZ ls mRiUu gksrs jgs gS mlh izdkj ^'kfDr* ekrk Hkh
1- yksd ekU;rk ds vk/kkj ij ;qxks&;qxks ls fofHkUu :Ik /kkj.k djrh jgh gS] buesa dbZ nsfo;k° vius xq.kksa o peRdkjksa
ds dkj.k vf/kd izflº gks xbZ ftUgas lekU; turk us cgqr vf/kd lEeku fn;k vkSj
2- mRifr ds vk/kkj ij viuk ;g vknj izdV djus dh Hkkouk ls bu lrh] ohj] R;kxh efgykvksa dks nsfo;k°
3- vejRo iznku gksus ds vk/kkj ij ekuus yxs vkSj ;g yksd nsfo;ksa ds :Ik es iwtuh; gks xbZA fo'ks"kr% jktLFkku es ,slh
1- yksd ekU;rk ds vk/kkj ij oxhZdj.k fuEu izdkj gS % yksdnsoh;ks dh Hkjekj gSa ,oa jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] lkfgR; bu yksd nsfo;ksa ds
(d) mipkj ds nsork lrhRo] peRdkjksa o ohj xkFkkvksa ls vksr&izksr gSaA bu yksd nsfo;ksa dh xkFkkvksa us
1- ≈aVksa ds nsork & icwth lkfgR;] dykvksa] Hktuks] vkjfr;ksa] xhrksa vkfn dks tUe fn;kA
2- liZ&na'k ds nsork & rstkth] xksxkth yksd nsfo;ksa dk vkn'kZ pfj= tulk/kkj.k mudk vuqlj.k djus ds fy, izsfjr
djrk gSA bl izdkj yksd ukV~;ksa dk Lej.k gekjs thou ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gksrk gS bu
([k) vorkjh ds nsork
nsoh;ksa ds lrhRo] ohjrk dh xkFkkvksa ds ckjs esa tkudj gekjs thou esa Hkh lrdeZ
1- xksxkth ('ks"kkorkj) djus dh Hkkouk dk fodkl gksrk gSaA dj.kh ekrk] vkojk ekrk] vkbZ ekrk] vkoM+
2- tkaHkksth (fo".kq vorkj) vk'kkiqjk ekrkA
3- ikcwth (y{e.k vorkj) tgka bu nsorkvksa ds R;kx] cfynku] lkgl o ohjrk dks Hkqyk;k ugha tk
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 427
ldrk ogh nsfo;ksa ds Hkh egRo dk o.kZu feyrk gS] tgkWa ekWa vkoM vklkiwjk us tUe
ysdj tu dY;k.k ds dk;Z fd, rFkk vkBoh o uoha 'krkCnh esa mUgksaus gw.k ,oa bZjkuh
vkÿe.kdkfj;ksa ls lEiw.kZ {ks= eqDr djok;k rFkk rseM+k uked jk{kl dk o/k fd;kA
ogh dj.kh ekrk us Hkh tudY;k.k ds dk;Z fd, rFkk tks/kiqj o chdkusj
jkT;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh mUgksuas yksxksa ds nq%[kksa dks lquk le>k rFkk mldk lek/kku
fd;kA vkojk ekrk dh 'kj.k es tks Hkh vax jksxh ftls ydok gks] va/kk ;k xwaxk vkfn
dksbZ Hkh vkrk gS rks ekrk mlds jksxks dks nwj dj mls uothou iznku djrh gSA vkbZ
ekrk us lhjoh ds tudY;k.k dk dk;Z fd;k mUgksaus dbZ vfHkekfu;ksa ds vfHkeku dk
vUr fd;k] mUgksus yksxksa dks lkalkfjd deZ djrs&djrs izHkq Lej.k rFkk leiZ.k dk
lans'k fn;kA
yksd nsoh nsorkvksa dh ekU;rk
<+k.kh&<+k.kh vkSj xkao&xkao esa yksd nsoh&nsorkvksa ds buds ^/kkrq* ^nsojs*
nsoky;] eaMi LFkkfir gSA pcwrjksa] Nrfj;ksa] eafnjksa] lekf/k;ksa esa bu yksd nsorkvksa dk
izfr o"kZ vuqlj.k fd;k tkrk gSA buds iwtk LFkyksa ij laxejej ij mRdh.kZ izfrek;as
;k ewfrZ;ka LFkkfir jgrh gSaA7 Hkkokos'k esa buds ^?kksMys*8 ?kwers gSa] izrhd fpUgksa] /otk
ds lkFk tqyql fudyrk gSA tke.ks] tkr ^tMwys* buds ^Fkkuksa* nsojksa ij gksrs jgrs gSA9
nsoh&nsork iqtkfj;ksa ds ek/;e ls Jºkyqvksa dks ^ipsZ*10 nsrs gSa] muds eUur
(ekaxs x;s dk;Z) lQy gksrs gSaA Ik'kq/ku dh chekfj;ksa dks Bhd djrs gSaA tPpk&cPpk
dks lqjf{kr j[krs gaS vkSj liZna'k ds fo"k dks lks[k dj LoLFk dj nsrs gaSA11 budk
ikoM+s12] xhr vkSj QM+ksa ds ek/;e ls ;'kLoh thou dk xq.kxku fd;k tkrk gSA
tksfx;ksa] Hkksiks13] iqtkfj;ksa dks nsorkvksa ds fo'ks"k fiz; tkudj mudk vk'khokZn fy;k
tkrk gSaA14
^j[ktxs* fd;s tkrs gaS vkSj ^lokef.k;k° dh tkrh gS rFkk [khj] ekyiwos]
pwjek] nky ckVh dk Hkksx fo'ks"k frfFk;ksa ij yxk;k tkrk gSA pUnu] xqyky] flanwj]
?k`r ds lkFk ^Fkksrs* p<+k;s tkrs gSaA dbZ txg ij 'kjkc dh cksry /kkj ds :Ik es p<+kbZ
tkrh gSA muds Fkkuksa ij /otk&irkdk;sa p<+kbZ tkrh gSaA15 nsojs ds lehi ds o`{kksa ij
euksfr;k° ds /kkxs] ukfj;y cka/k viuh vk'kkvksa vkadk'kkvksa dh iwfrZ gsrq euksfr;k°
ekaxh tkrh gSA fo'ks"k voljksa ij ?k`r ds nhid tykdj ^eksj pqXxk* Mkyk tkrk gSA
lqxaf/kr b=&Qqysy vkSj jax fcjaxh ekyk,° p<+k;h tkrh gSaA
^Fkkuksa* ,oa ^nsojks* dh ifjÿek ^dud n.Mor~* dh tkrh gSa] Nrfj;k°
cukdj laxejej ij mRdh.kZ ^ixY;k*16 LFkkfir dj mudh le;&le; ij vkjk/kuk
dh tkrh gSA dbZ nsojksa ij vkt Hkh ^ikrh*17 ekaxh tkrh gSaA ikrh ds :Ik es Qwy iŸkh
222 428 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
vkfn gksrh gS vkt Hkh yksd nsorkvksa ds nsojks ij vkds fn;s tkrs gSaA bl rjg
tuekul esa izpfyr yksd nsoh&nsorkvksa dh ekU;rk Hkjh iM+h gSaA18
yksd nsorkvksa dh ijEijk,a
1- opu fuokZg & ,d ckj opu ns fn;k rks og vusd ck/kk,a vkus ij Hkh mls
iwjk djrs FksA opu dks iwjk djus ds fy, vius izk.kksa dh ckth yxkus ls ugha
fgpfdpkrs FksA
2- xkSj{kk & xk;ksa dh j{kk ds fy, Hkh jktLFkku ds bu ihjksa us vius izk.k
xok,a vkSj nsorkvksa ds :Ik esa [;kfr izkIr dhA19
3- L=h j{kk & L=h j{kk dks viuk /keZ ekurs gq, ;gka ds ohjksa us vius izk.kksa
dh vkgwfr nh vkSj vejRo xzg.k dj nsorqY; iqtuh; gks x,A
4- nku'khyrk & nku'khy izo`fr mudh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,° jgh gSaA ;kpdksa vkSj
fu/kZuksa ds fy, ;g lnSo rS;kj jgrs gaS vkSj mudh lsok fd;k djrs gSaA
5- ;qº esa vijkUeq[krk & bu egkiq#"kksa us dHkh Hkh ;qº esa ihB ugh fn[kkbZ
cfYd viuh ohjrk] R;kx] cfynku ds dkj.k nso rqY; cu x,A tc rd buds 'kjhj
esas lkal jgh Fkh] rc rd vius 'k=q dk lkeuk djrs FksA ;qº ls foeq[k gksus ds ctk;
e`R;q dk vkfyaxu djuk vf/kd Js;Ldj le>rs FksA
6- 'kj.kkFkhZ ,oa fu'kL= 'k=qvksa ij okj ugha djrs FksA bu egkiq#"kkas] ohjksa us
dHkh cy Ny ls fot; dh dkeuk ugha dh ,oa 'kj.k es vk, gq, 'kj.kkFkhZ dh j{kk
djuk viuk /keZ le>kA20
yksd nsorkvksa }kjk tkrh; dV~VjiUFk dks nwj djus esa gesa ekuoh; Hkkouk vkSj
lekftd lejrk dh vo/kkj.kk fn[kk;h nsrh gSA iakp ihjksa dh ppkZ nardFkk esa
^jkenso th* dks ^ihjksa dk ihj* dgk gS vkSj eqlyekuksa us mUgsa ^jke 'kkg ihj* dg dj
iqdkjk gSA bl izdkj fgUnw eqfLye nksuksa tkfr;ka jkenso esa leku Jºk j[krh gSA21
jerk jkens :f.kpk vk;kA
ijpk fn;k tn ihj dgyk;kAA
jkensoth NqvkNwr dh Hkkouk ls nwj fuEu tkfr ds yksxksa ds ?kj tkdj rEcwjs
dh laxr esa Hktu djrs FksA mudh Hktu e.Myh esa es?koky dU;k ^Mkyh ckbZ* FkhA22
jkenso us vius cguksbZ fotuflag dks lkekftd ljyrk ds egRo dks le>k;k23 lkFk
gh ckck jkenso us xkao&xkao esa ?kwedj yksxksa dks le>k;k fd tc bZ'oj us lHkh
euq";ksa dks ,d tSlk cuk;k gS rks vkil es HksnHkko dk O;ogkj Bhd ugha gSaA
gfjtu Egkjs gkjs fg;sjkA
eksj;ks iq=ksa dgkos Egkjk ykykAA
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 429
ckck jkenso vkSj ikcwth jkBkSM+ us bLykehdj.k dh izfÿ;k dks jksd dj
if'pe Hkkjr esa tu tkx`fr ykus dk dke fd;kA24 jkenso dh lekf/k LFky :f.kpk
ij HkO; esyk Hkknzizn 'kqDyk f}rh;k ,dkn'kh rd Hkjrk gSA bless xqtjkr] iatkc]
fla/k vkfn nwj&nwj ds LFkkuksa ls fgUnw] eqlyeku] lHkh oxksZa ds yksx n'kZukFkZ vkrs gSaA
jktLFkku es dkeM+] es?koky] catkjk] jsckjh vkfn tkfr;ka izeq[k :Ik ls viuk nsork
ekurh gSaA rstkth dk jktLFkku ds vtesj ftys ds gj xkao esa pcwrjk gSA ijorlj
(ukxkSj) es Hkknok dh X;kjl ls pkSnl rd Ik'kq esyk Hkjrk gSA ftlesa nwj&nwj ls
gtkjksa yksx ,d= gksrs gSaA rstkth dks tkV vkSj xqtZj tkfr vf/kd ekurh gSA fdlku
[ksrh ds fy, gy tksrus ls igys rstkth ds uke dh ^tscM+h* gykas o cSyksa ij cka/krs
gSaA
rstkth dh xkFkk ls jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dk fodkl gqvk gS25&
1- gk pkj rks [kweyk dh cksyh cuk[k
pkj rks [kweyk rstkth ;k rks
ekuk edj ykbZ ;s gS ed ykbZ
ekuka rks dhts ;wtjh gka -------------------
2- , thtkth Egkjk ikbZNk rks ckbZ cM+
, thykth Egkjk vkt dk eqtekuh
, eqtekuh gks xwtj dh dekbZ ys gkjs
dYykth jkBkSM+ dY;k.k] lsgj] de/kt] ;ksxh] de/k.k vkfn ukeksa ls iwftr
gS vkSj ekjokM+] esokM+]ckalokM+k] Mwaxjiqj] xqtjkr ,oa e/;izns'k es yxHkx 500 eafnj
gSA fpŸkkSM+x<+ ds fdys es ftl LFkku ij (HkSjks iksy) mudk cfynku gqvk Fkk] ogk°
izfro"kZ vf'ou 'kqDyk uoha dks fo'kky esyk vkt Hkh yxrk gSA
dYyk dhjr jkojh&gsyks dksl gtkjA
ckag idM+ cks<+k djks gS gVofM;ksa vk/kkjAA
bl izdkj tu leL;kvksa dk lek/kku yksd nsoh nsorkvks }kjk fd;k tkrk gS
tSls Ik'kq chekjh] euq";ksa dh chekjh] Hkwr&izsr] Dys'k tSlh leL;kvksa ls ;s NqVdkjk
fnykrs gS] ,slh izpfyr ekU;rk gSA bu izdkj yksd nsoh&nsorkvkssa dk egRo tuekul
ds chp muds dk;ksZa ds dkj.k vius vki izekf.kr gks tkrk gSaA26 bu nsorkvksa dh
izflfº] lqpfj= ,oa vkn'kksZa dks i<+dj ,oa lqudj yksxksa ds fopkjksa esa ifjorZu gq, gSA
blds vykok yksd nsorkvksa dh Lrqfr esa xk;s tkus okys inksa] Hktuksa] xhrksa] iokM+ksa
vkfn ds ek/;e ls fo'kky lkfgR; dk fuekZ.k gqvkA blls ,d vkSj tgka gesa yksd
nsorkvksa lEcU/kh ckrs Kkr gksrh gS ogh rRdkyhu ;qx dh ,sfrgkfld izo`fr;ksa dk irk
223 430 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
pyrk gSA yksd nsorkvksa lEcU/kh jfpr ;g yksd lkfgR; ;gk° dh /kkfeZd Hkkoukvksa
o vU; lkekftd ijEijkvksa dk fnXn'kZu djkrk gSaA bl izdkj ;g lkfgR; ekSf[kd o
fyf[kr nksuksa :iksa es feyrk gSA yksd nsorkvksa lEcU/kh xhr] Hktu] iokM+s (dfork)]
ckr] [;kr bR;kfn vkt Hkh cMs Hkko ls xk;s tkrs gSaA bl izdkj ;gka dk lkfgR; ,oa
LkaLd`fr Hkh yksd nsorkvksa dh gh nssu gSaA27 dgk tk ldrk gS fd lekkftd lejlrk
vkSj /kkfeZd lfg".kqrk ds fopkjksa ls vksr&izksr jktLFkku fofHkUu /keks± dh laxe LFkyh
ds :Ik es vuqie jgrs gq, lnSo lfg".kqrkoknh uhfr dk izsjd jgk gSaA
yksd nsorkvksa dk egRo vkt Hkh yksxks ds nSfud thou esa gS] vkt Hkh yksxks
dh ekU;rk ,oa Jºk iwjh rjg ls gSA thou ds fofHkUu igyqvksa dks izHkkfor djus
okys yksd nsorkvksa dh lkaLd`frd nsu us lekt esa lekftd lejlrk ,oa ekuoh;
Hkkoukvksa ds fodkl dh vk/kkjf'kyk dk fuekZ.k fd;k gSaA thou esa lgtrk] ljyrk
,oa f'k"Vrk dks egRo nsus okys mnkUr thou ewY;ksa ds dkj.k ekuoh; Hkkoukvksa dks
lEcy feykA izR;sd tkfr o oxZ ds yksxks esa Lusg j[kuk o lkeqnkf;d mRFkku gsrq
rRij jgus dh lq[k&nq%[k esa ,d nwljs dk lg;ksx djus dh] izse rFkk HkkbZpkjs dh
Hkkouk ls ^oklqnso&dqVqEcde* dh Hkkouk lkdkj gksrh gSA
lanHkZ
1- txnh'k flag xgyksr] jktLFkku ds yksd nsork] t;iqj] 1971] i`- 6
2- lkxjey 'kekZ] jktLFkku ds yksd nsork] >qa>uq] 1999] i`- 11
3- iq"ik HkkVh] jktLFkku ds yksdnsork ,oa yksd lkfgR;] mn;iqj] 1991] i`- 15
4- lkxjey 'kekZ] rstkth] >qa>uq] 1999] i`- 10
5- fnus'k panz 'kqDyk] jktLFkku ds izeq[k lar ,oa yksd nsork] tks/kiqj] 1992] i`- 2
6- lqj's k lkyoh] jktLFkkuh yksd laLd`fr ,oa yksd nsoh nsork] mn;iqj] 2009 i`- 139&140
7- isekjke] e/;dkyhu jktLFkku esa /kkfeZd vkanksyu] tks/kiqj] 1998] i`- 22
8- ^?kksMys* ls rkRi;Z bldh lokfj;ksa ls gS] tSls jke jsokM+h vkfn
9- ^tMwys* ls rkRi;Z uotkr f'k'kq ds ckyksa dh cksyek mrkjuk
10- ^ipsZ* ls rkRi;Z viuh 'kfDr ,oa lk/kuk dk ifjp; nsus ls gSaA
11- lksukjke fo'ukbZ] ckck jkenso bfrgkl ,oa lkfgR;] dksydrk] 1989] i`- 13
12- ^ikoMs* ls rkRi;Z dfork dh rjg budh xkFkkvksa dk laxzg
13- ^Hkksis* tks nsork dh iwtk djrs gS ,oa muds 'kjhj esa nsork i/kkjrs gSa
14- txnh'k flag xgyksr] jktLFkku ds yksd nsork] t;iqj] 1971] i`- 13
15- fnus'k panz 'kqDy] jktLFkku ds izeq[k lar ,oa yksd nsork] tks/kiqj] 1992] i`- 12
16- ^ixY;k* iSjksa ds fu'kkuksa dks i=ksa Ikj vafdr djus ls gSa
17- ^ikrh* ls vFkZ iŸkh ,oa Qwy fxjus ls gSa
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 431 224
18- lkxjey 'kekZ] jktLFkku ds yksdnsork] >qa>uq] 1999] i`- 17
19- iq"ik HkkVh] jktLFkku ds yksd nsork ,oa yksd lkfgR;] mn;iqj] 1991] i`- 20
20- egsUnz th Hkk.kkor] ikcwth] Hkksiky] 2000] i`- 20 iwoZorhZ mŸkj if'peh jktLFkku esa
21- lksukjke fo'uksbZ] ckck jkenso bfrgkl ,oa lkfgR;] dksydkrk] 1989] i`- 35 tkV tehankjh dk Lo:i
22- lksukjke fc'uksbZ] ckck jkenso bfrgkl ,oa lkfgR;] dksydkrk] 1989] i`- 60
23- lkxjey 'kekZ] jktLFkku ds yksd nsork] >qa>uq] 1999] i`- 78 MkW- dfudk Hkuksr
24- lksukjke fo'ukbZ] ckck jkenso bfrgkl ,oa lkfgR;] dksydkrk] 1989] i`- 72
25- egsUnz Hkk.kkor] yksdnsork rstkth] mn;iqj] 1970] i`- 39&40 ,d tkfr] lkekftd leqnk; vkSj [ksrhgj lekt ds :i esa tkVksa ls lacaf/kr
26- isekjke] e/;dkyhu jktLFkku esa /kkfeZd vkUnksyu] tks/kiqj] 1998] i`- 29
v/;;u dk u dsoy xzkE; {ks= esa oju~ 'kgjh {ks= esa Hkh fof'k"V egŸo jgk gSA
rn~fo"k;d v/;;u u dsoy bfrgkldkjksa oju~ lekt'kkfL=;ksa ds v/;;u dk
27- lkxjey 'kekZ] jktLFkku ds yksd nsork] >qa>uq] 1991] i`- 26
vkd"kZ.k dsUnz Hkh jgk gSA1 fu%lansg tkVksa dk vkckfnd {ks= mŸkjh Hkkjr esa dkQh
QSyk gqvk jgk gSA foLr`r {ks= esa bl tkfr us viuk vfLrRo vkSj izHkko {ks= LFkkfir
fd;k2] ;g ,d fufoZokn lR; gSA dfri; v/;;uksa esa 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa vkSj 'kks/k
v/;s;rkvksa us lelkef;d lzksr lkexzh ds vk/kkj ij ;g izekf.kr djus dk iz;kl
fd;k gS fd e/;;qxhu Hkkjr esa bl tkfr us d`f"k ds {ks= esa vf}rh; ;ksxnku dj
vius vki dks ,d l'kDr [ksrhgj lekt izekf.kr dj fn[kk;k gSA3 tgk° rd jktLFkku
dk iz'u gS ;g ckr fufoZokn :i ls izekf.kr gksrh gS fd ;g leqnk; mŸkj&if'peh
jktLFkku ds iwoZorhZ chdkusj jkT; ds cgqr cM+s {ks= esa vius vki dks vkckn dj ikus
esa lQy jgk gS rFkk vius&vius {ks= ds jktuhfrd] lkekftd] lkaLd`frd rFkk
vkfFkZd ifjn`'; dks izHkkfor djus esa budh vge~ Hkwfedk jgh gSA
vius opZLo {ks=ksa eas tkV tkfr ds yksxksa esa u dsoy xzkE; oju~ 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa
Hkh ogk° ds lkekftd] lkaLd`frd rFkk vkfFkZd {ks= esa tks ;ksxnku fn;k mlds egŸo
ij vHkh rd 'kks/k v/;s;rkvksa us viuh i;kZIr n`f"V ugha Mkyh gSA4 bl lanHkZ esa ;fn
;g dgk tk, rks dksbZ vfr'k;ksfDr ugha gksxh fd bl {ks= ij dk;Z djus okys 'kks/k v/
;s;rkvksa us viuk /;ku vHkh bl fo"k; ij dsfUnzr gh ugha fd;k gS tcfd bl fo"k;
ls lEcfU/kr 'kks/k lkexzh vkSj izkFkfed lzksr lkexzh dh leqiyC/krk dh dksbZ deh
ugha gSA5
e/;dky ds izkjfEHkd nkSj esa Fkkj e#LFkyh; if'peh jktLFkku esa tkV&tkfr
ds dqN lewgksa vFkok leqnk;ksa ds }kjk 'kkld lewgksa ds :i esa mRd"kZ fd, tkus ds
mYys[k ns[kus dks feyrs gSa6] ijUrq ;g Hkh lgh gS fd vkus okys fotsrkvksa us mUgas
vius iz;klksa ls 'kkld ls 'kkflr oxZ esa rCnhy dj fn;k vkSj mUgsa jktuhfrd opZLo
dh fLFkfr esa cnyko vkrk gqvk fn[kkbZ fn;kA7 bl nkSj esa vkSj blds ckn tkVksa dh
fLFkfr esa cgqvk;keh ifjorZu vk,8 ijUrq ;g ifjorZu dSls Fks rFkk lekt dks ,dkaxh
vkSj lexz :i ls bu ifjorZuksa us fdl izdkj ls izHkkfor fd;k bl ij Hkh okafNr
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'kks/k dh lEHkkouk,a cuh gqbZ gSa vkSj ;gk° rRlEcU/kh 'kks/kijd ewY;kadu djus dk
iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gSA lelkef;d fjdkWMZ vkSj vfHkys[kh; lzksr&lkexzh dks vk/kkj
cuk dj ;gk° ge bl ckr dk iz;kl djsaxs fd rRdkyhu lkekftd Lrjhdj.k esa tkVksa
dh D;k fLFkfr Fkh\ rn~fo"k;d v/;;u ds fy, tc ge viuh n`f"V mŸkj if'peh
jktLFkku fLFkfr iwoZorhZ chdkusj ds jkBkSM+ jkT; ij dsfUnzr djrs gSa rks dfri;
vk'p;Ztud tkudkfj;ka eq[kfjr gksdj lkeus vkrh gqbZ fn[kkbZ nsrh gSaA chdkusj ds
iwoZorhZ jkBkSM+ jkT;9 esa jgh tkVksa dh fLFkfr ij viuk v/;;u dsfUnzr djus ds fy,
dqN vge~ dkj.k gSaA bl n`f"V ls igyk dkj.k bl lEHkkx esa jkBkSM+ jkT; dh
laLFkkiuk ls iwoZ gh tkVksa dk opZLo esa gksuk jgk gSA10 jko chdk11 ds bl lEHkkx esa
vkus vkSj ;gk° jkBkSM+ jkT; dks laLFkkfir djus dh fodkl ;k=k ds nkSjku ;gk° fo|eku
jgh tkV [kkaiksa12 dh Hkwfedk dk fo'ks"k egŸoiw.kZ jguk Hkh rRlEcU/kh v/;;u ds
egŸo dks c<+k nsrk gSA jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj esa miyC/k fofo/k
cfg;ka vkSj muds nLrkost bl lEcU/k esa fofo/k izdkj dh le`º tkudkfj;ka vkSj
lwpuk,a iznku djrs gSa13] ftuls Hkh bl v/;;u dk egŸo dbZ xq.kk c<+ tkrk gSA
jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj esa miyC/k izkFkfed lzksr&lkexzh ls
gesa bl lEHkkx ds xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh {ks= esa tkVksa dh fLFkfr] muds egŸo rFkk muds
;ksxnku dh i;kZIr tkudkjh feyrh gSA gkfly cfg;ka14] ijxuk cfg;ka15 rFkk
jkeiqfj;ka fjdkWM~lZ dh dkxnksa dh cfg;ka16 tkVksa ij cgqvk;keh rFkk fofo/k izdkj dh
tkudkfj;ka iznku djrh gSaA bu lzksrksa esa feyus okyh lwpuk,a tkV dkLrdkjksa ds fut
Hkw&LokfeRo] mudh ekyxqtkjh ;k yxku nsunkjh rFkk muds dj ns;rk cks> ij
rF;kRed tkudkfj;ksa ls ;qDr izdk'k Mkyrh gSaA bl lEHkkx ds ledkyhu jktLo
deZpkfj;ksa ds }kjk rS;kj fd, x, ys[kk fjdkWM~lZ vkSj vkadM+ksa ds C;kSjs ls Hkh gesa
buds lEcU/k esa vusd izdkj dh lwpuk,a izkIr gksrh gSa ftuds fo'ys"k.k ls dbZ
egŸoiw.kZ rF; mn~?kkfVr gksrs gSaA vfHkys[kkxkj esa izkIr gksus okyh bl izdkj dh
vfHkys[kh; lkexzh ftls ge vkWfQfl;y fjdkWMZ dg ldrs gSa] ftruk egŸoiw.kZ gS
mruk gh egŸoiw.kZ og fjdkWMZ gS tks oa'kkuqxr cgh&HkkVksa }kjk ;k iqjksfgrksa }kjk viuh
fut&cfg;ksa ds }kjk la/kkfjr fd;k tkrk jgk gSA17 blh izdkj jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk esa jfpr
lar lkfgR; esa Hkh dqN ,slk lkfgR; gS ftldk l`tu tkV larksa ds }kjk fd;k x;kA18
bUgsa Hkh egŸoiw.kZ lwpuk lzksr ds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA bu lHkh lzksrksa dk v/;;u
djus ls bl lEHkkx esa vfLrRoeku jgs tkV tehankj ifjokjksa dh fLFkfr dk vkadyu
rks gksrk gh gS] bl {ks= esa tkV tehankjh {ks=ksa ds lEHkkfor losZ{k.kksa ls Hkh dbZ
ewY;oku tkudkfj;ka izkIr gksrh gSaA19 bu lHkh lzksrksa dk v/;;u djus ls iwoZorhZ
chdkusj lEHkkx esa jgs tkV tkrh; tehankjh oxZ dh fLFkfr vkSj muls tqM+s fofo/k
vk;keksa dks le>us esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA
225 434 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
jkBkSMk+ sa ds }kjk tkaxyw ij fot; izkIr djus ds i'pkr~ tc jkBkSMk+ sa us ;gk° vius
jktRo dks laLFkkfir fd;k ml le; ;gk° dfri; tkV tehankj vfLrRo eas Fks vkSj
dkQh izHkko'kkyh fLFkfr esa FksA20 bu tehankjksa21 dks Hkwfepkjk22 rFkk pkS/kjh23 dgk
tkrk FkkA n;kynkl us viuh [;kr esa bu dqy eqf[k;kvksa vkSj Hkw&Lokfe;ksa dks of.kZr
djrs gq, buds vf/kdkj {ks= ds xk°o rFkk foLrkj ds lEcU/k esa rF;kRed tkudkjh
iznku dh gSA24
n;kynkl us vius bl o`rkUr esa tkV dqy eqf[k;kvksa] muds jkt/kkuh xk°o
rFkk muds v/khu jgs xk°oksa dh la[;k ds ckjs esa tks tkudkjh iznku dh gS og bl izdkj
gS & n;kynkl ds vuqlkj xksnkjk tkfr ds tkVksa dk dqy eqf[k;k ik.Mw xksnkjk FkkA
'ks[klj vkSj yk/kfM+;k ik.Mw xksnkjk dh jkt/kkuh Fkh vkSj buds v/khu 360 xk°o FksA
fl;kx tkfr ds tkVksa dk dqy eqf[k;k pkS[kk tkV Fkk rFkk bldh jkt/kkuh lqbZa Fkh vkSj
blds v/khu 140 xk°o FksA lgqvk tkVksa dk eqf[k;k vejk tkV Fkk vkSj bldh jkt/kkuh
/kkufl;k Fkh rFkk blds v/khu dqy 84 xk°o FksA lkj.k tkVksa dk eqf[k;k iwyk Fkk vkSj
bldh jkt/kkuh HkkMax Fkh] blds v/khu dqy 360 xk°o FksA csuhoky tkVksa dk eqf[k;k
jk;ly Fkk vkSj jk;lykuk bldh jkt/kkuh FkhA blds v/khu Hkh 360 xk°o FksA dLoka
tkVksa dk eqf[k;k daojiky Fkk rFkk lh/keq[k budh jkt/kkuh FkhA blds v/khu Hkh
dqy 360 xk°o FksA iwfu;k tkVksa dk eqf[k;k dkUgk iwfu;k Fkk vkSj bldh jkt/kkuh {ks=
dk uke cM+h yw.Mh Fkk] blds v/khuLFk xk°oksa dh la[;k Hkh 360 gksuk mfYyf[kr
feyrk gSA25
tkV dqy eqf[k;k ds vf/kdkj {ks= ds xk°oksa dh la[;k dks ysdj er&erkarj
ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA26 ijUrq ;g ,d fufoZokn lR; gS fd chdkusj ds iwoZorhZ jkBkSM+
jkT; ds bl {ks= esa ml le; fo|eku fofo/k tkrh; tkV dqy eqf[k;k dkQh
izHkko'kkyh fLFkfr esa FksA mUgksaus jkt/kkuh ds :i esa vius 'kfDr dsUnz Hkh LFkkfir dj
j[ks FksA27 buds v/khu Lotkrh; tkVksa dh vPNh la[;k okys xk°o Hkh FksA xksfoUn
vxzoky d`r ^pw: e.My dk 'kks/kiw.kZ bfrgkl*28 uked xzaFk esa Hkh ml le; bl
{ks= esa fo|eku jgs tkV dqy eqf[k;kvksa ds fo"k; esa tkudkjh iznku dh xbZ gSA mUgksaus
;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk gS fd bu {ks=ksa esa tkV tkfr ds yksx yxHkx 4000 oxZ ehy
{ks= esa foLrh.kZ FksA vU; 'kCnksa esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd xksfoUn vxzoky ds vuqlkj
bl lEHkkx esa yxHkx 4000 oxZ ehy {ks=Qy esa tkV tkfr ds yksx cls gq, Fks ijUrq
bruk egŸoiw.kZ fu"d"kZ izfrikfnr djrs le; os bl ckr ij viuk lansg O;Dr djrs
gSa fd ;g dguk lafnX/k gS fd buds xk°oksa dh la[;k fdruh FkhA29 15oha 'krkCnh ds
vafre iwokZºZ esa bu tkV vf/kd`r {ks=ksa dks tks/kiqj ds jkBkSM+ oa'kh; jko chdk us vius
vf/kdkj esa dj fy;k FkkA30 bl vk'k; ds mYys[k ns[kus dks feyrs gSa fd xksnkjk tkVksa
ds izeq[k ik.Mq xksnkjk us jkBkSMk+ sa dk vkf/kiR; Lohdkj djrs le; ;g fo'ks"k lqfo/kk
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 435
izkIr dh Fkh fd chdkusj ds jkBkSM+ jkT; dh jktxÌh ij xÌh u'khu gksus okys gj u,
jkBkSM+ jktk ds jktflagklukjksg.k ds le; ij ml u, jktk dks jktfryd djus dk
fo'ks"kkf/kdkj xksnkjk tkV izeq[k dks gksxkA xksnkjk tkVksa dks ;g fo'ks"kkf/kdkj chdkusj
jkT; ds laLFkkid ujs'k jko chdk ds }kjk iznku fd;k x;k FkkA31 bl izdkj xksnkjk
tkVksa dh fLFkfr bl {ks= esa fo|eku jgs vU; tkV tehankjksa dh rqyuk esa opZLo rFkk
iz/kkurk izkIr gks x;hA bl ckr dh iqf"V chBw lwtk us vius NUn jko tSrlh jks32 uked
d`fr esa rFkk bfrgkldkj eqg.kksr uS.klh us vius xzaFkksa esa dh gSA33
;gk° ;g iz'u mBrk gS fd uo laLFkkfir chdkusj jkT; esa tkVksa dh fLFkfr D;k
jgh\ D;k mudh fLFkfr dks iwoZ dh vis{kk v/kksewY;kafdr dj mUgsa ,d lk/kkj.k
d`"kd dk ntkZ iznku dj fn;k x;k vFkok mUgsa viuh tehankjh vFkok Hkwfepkjs esa
dqN opZLo ;qDr fLFkfr iznku dh x;hA bl lEcU/k esa oLrqfLFkfr dks le>us esa gesa
jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj esa lajf{kr jktLo lEcU/kh vfHkys[k lkexzh ls
dkQh lgk;rk feyrh gSA bl lEcU/k esa foÿe laor~ 1657 dh ,d iV~Vk cgh dks
fo'ks"k :i ls mº`r fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlesa fd, x, banzktksa ls xk°oksa esa tkVksa ds
vf/kdkjksa dk irk pyrk gSA bl cgh esa vk, mYys[k ls gesa ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd xk°o
esa xk°o dh gkfly ij ^rqMh+ * uked izkfIr ij tkVksa dk vf/kdkj gksrk FkkA34 blls ;g
/ofur gksrk gS fd xk°oksa esa tkV dk'rdkjksa dh fLFkfr xk°o ds vU; dk'rdkjksa dh
rqyuk esa mŸke ntsZ dh FkhA tgk° rd chdkusj jkT; dk iz'u gS gesa bl ckr ds i;kZIr
izek.k feyrs gSa fd ;gk° fo|eku tkV dk'rdkj dfri; Hkw&{ks=ksa ij viuk oa'kkuqxr
vkSj iSr`d vf/kdkj j[kk djrs FksA foÿe laor~ 1822 dh ,d cgh ds nLrkostksa ls
bl ckr dh iqf"V Hkh gksrh gSA rn~uqlkj] iwfu;k uked ijxus ds nl xk°oksa dk
vf/kdkj pkS/kfj;ksa ds ikl gksuk izekf.kr gksrk gSA bl Hkw&{ks= ls izkIr jktLo esa bu
pkS/kfj;ksa dks fgLlsnkjh feyuk Hkh izekf.kr gksrk gSA pkS/kfj;ksa ;k tehankjksa ds }kjk
jktLo dh olwyh lEcU/kh dk;Z dks lEikfnr djus ds izfrQy ds :i esa Hkh
pkS/kfj;ksa dks dqN Hkqxrku izkIr gksrk FkkA
js.klj] lksuikylj] lwgh] jkf.k;ksa] dkyklj bR;kfn xk°oksa ij fl;kx tkfr ds
tkV pkS/kfj;ksa dk vf/kdkj gksuk mYysf[kr feyrk gSA35 bl izdkj ds mYys[kksa ls tkVksa
ds tehankjh vf/kdkjksa ds ckjs esa dqN vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gSA izkIr nLrkostksa ds
fo'ys"k.k ls ;g fu"d"kZ rks fudkyk gh tk ldrk gS fd tkV tkfr ds tehankjksa dks
dqN fo'ks"kkf/kdkj izkIr Fks vkSj mudh fLFkfr bl lEHkkx esa vU; dk'rdkjksa dh
rqyuk esa dgha vPNh FkhA gesa bl vk'k; ds mYys[k Hkh ns[kus dks feyrs gSa fd jkT;
ds }kjk dfri; tkV eqf[k;kvksa dks ilkbrh dk'rdkj dk fo'ks"k ntkZ Hkh iznku fd;k
x;k FkkA bl ntsZ ds dk'rdkj xzkeh.k {ks= eas dfri; fo'ks"k lqfo/kk,a o vf/kdkj
izkIr djus okys dk'rdkj gqvk djrs FksA bUgsa yxku ;k ekyxqtkjh esa Hkh dqN fj;klrsa
226 436 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
izkIr gksrh FkhaA 'ks[klj uked xk°o esa xksnkjk rFkk ?kM+lh lkj.k uked tkV leqnk; dks
ilk;rh dk'rdkj gksus dk ntkZ izkIr gksus ds mYys[k feyrs gSaA36 mUgsa ;s fo'ks"k ntkZ
djksa dh olwyh dk dk;Z lEikfnr djus dh lsokvksa ds izfrQy esa iznku fd;k x;k
FkkA tkVksa ds ikl cM+h la[;k esa xk°oksa dk gksuk Hkh mYysf[kr feyrk gSA pkS/kjh Hkjr
lkj.k uked pw: ds ,d tkV dqy eqf[k;k ds vf/kdkj esa 140 xk°oksa dk gksuk
mYysf[kr feyrk gSA mlds vf/kdkj ds {ks= dks ^tkVk;r*37 uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA
bl uke ls Li"V :i ls /ofur gksrk gS fd bl bykds esa tkV tkfr ds yksx jgk djrs
FksA
mi;qZDr fooj.k ds vk/kkj ij ge ;g ckr cM+h n`<r+ k ls dg ldrs gSa fd
chdkusj lEHkkx esa tkVksa ds ikl tehankjh vf/kdkj FksA ;gh ugha mUgsa xzkeh.k {ks= esa
dqN fo'ks"kkf/kdkj Hkh gkfly FksA ;g fo'ks"kkf/kdkj fuf'pr :i ls mUgas bl i`"BHkwfe
esa iznku fd, x, Fks fd ;s yksx bl {ks= esa jkBkSM+ jkT; dh laLFkkiuk ls iwoZ
opZLo;qDr fLFkfr esa FksA bl v/;;u ls ;g izekf.kr gksrk gS fd bl {ks= esa dqN tkV
tehankjh izHkko {ks= fo|eku FksA ;gk° ;g ckr Hkh de egŸoiw.kZ ugha gS fd bl fcUnq
ij Hkh viuh n`f"V dks dsfUnzr fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd jkBkSM+ 'kkldksa ds v/khu vU;
tkV tehankjh {ks= jgs vFkok ugha] vkSj jgs rks oks dkSu ls {ks= FksA tgk° rd chdkusj
jkT; dk iz'u gS] ;gk° fo|eku tkxhjksa ij viuh n`f"V dsfUnzr djus ls gesa irk pyrk
gS fd ledkyhu chdkusj jkT; esa rhu izdkj dh tkxhjsa gqvk djrh FkhaA izFke izdkj
dh tkxhj oru tkxhj Fkh] nwljh izdkj dh tkxhj dks ge vºZoru tkxhj ds :i esa
ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrs gSa vkSj rhljs izdkj dh tkxhj lkekU; tkxhj gqvk djrh FkhA38
oru tkxhj vkB ijxuksa dh Fkh ftuesa ls N% lwck vtesj ds Fks ftuesa chdkusj]
chdeiqj] iwxy] cjlyiqj vkSj nsnjsok rFkk nks fnYyh lwcs ds Fks ftuesa lhºeq[k vkSj
HkkMax dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k FkkA39 chdkusj ds jkBkSM+ 'kkldksa ds ikl ;g oru
tkxhj lu~ 1570 bZ- ls ysdj 1728 bZ- rd cuh jghA chdkusj ds 'kkldksa dks vius
bl oru tkxhj ij iSr`d rFkk oa'kkuqxr vf/kdkj izkIr Fks vkSj os vius {ks= esa
Lok;Ÿk'kklh FksA
nwljs izdkj dh tkxhj dks ge oru tkxhj rks ugha dg ldrs gSa ijUrq og
blls dqN feyrh tqyrh vo'; FkhaA blesa eqxy 'kkldksa us chdkusj ds 'kkldksa dks
muds oru dh ,ot esa muds iSr`d {ks=kf/kdkj ds ijxuksa dks tkxhj ds :i esa iznku
dj j[kk FkkA chdkusj ds 'kkldksa ds lkFk ;g {ks= ,sfrgkfld :i ls tqMs+ gq, Fks
D;ksafd bUgsa chdkusj ds laLFkkid ujs'k jko chdk vkSj muds mŸkjkf/kdkfj;ksa ds }kjk
thr dj vius {ks= esa feyk;k x;k Fkk vkSj dkykarj esa ;s fnYyh lwcs dh ljdkj
fljlk ds fgLls FksA40 ;s {ks= chdkusj jkT; ds mŸkj rFkk mŸkj&iwohZ {ks= esa fLFkr FksA
buesa HkVusj] iwfu;k] csuhoky] flojku] rkslk.k] fglkj vkfn vkrs FksA ;g lHkh {ks=
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 437 227 438 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

tkV tkfr ds opZLo okys {ks= FksA ;g {ks= chdkusj ds 'kkldksa ds v/khu lu~ 1574 4-
bZ- ls ysdj 1698 bZ- rd cus jgsA bl izdkj ;s bykds yxHkx ,d 'krkCnh ls Hkh 5-
vf/kd o"kks± rd chdkusj ds 'kkldksa ds v/khu jgs vkSj rnuUrj budks oru dh Js.kh
ds varxZr ugha ekuk x;kA
rhljh Js.kh esa os bykds vkrs Fks ftUgsa vLFkk;h rkSj ij iznku fd;k x;k 6-
vFkok ftUgsa rsth ls LFkkukarfjr fd;k x;kA QykSnh (vtesj)] ekjksB] fnikyiqj
y[kh (ykgkSj)] cgykSy] nMhokyk] cSjok] vxzok] vrkx<+ (fnYyh) vkSj dlwj 7-
(FkV~Vk) vkfn ,sls gh ijxus FksA mYys[kuh; gS fd buesa ls QykSnh rFkk vxzok jkBkSM+
'kkldksa ds vf/kdkj esa yEcs le; ls cus jgs FksA41 bu rhuksa gh izdkj dh tkxhjksa esa
tkV tehankj dkQh vPNh la[;k esa FksA [kklrkSj ij chdkusj jkT; ds bu tkxhjh {ks=ksa 8-
9-
esa tkV tehankjksa dk vPNk izHkko FkkA vcqy&Qty }kjk vkbZus&vdcjh esa jkBkSM+
'kkldksa dks vdcj ds }kjk ÁnŸk ijxuksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS ,oa oru ijxuksa esa
10-
lhºeq[k rFkk HkkMax dks tkVksa ds ijxuksa ds :i esa js[kkafdr fd;k x;k gSA ;s nksuksa gh
fnYyh lwcs ds ljdkj fglkj ds fgLls FksA chdeiqj] iwxy] cjlyiqj] nSnjsokyk
11-
(nsnjsok) ds ckjs esa gesa dksbZ fo'ks"k rF;kRed tkudkjh ugha feyrh gSA ;g losZ{k.k
12-
;|fi tkV tehankjh ds ckjs eas dksbZ cgqr Li"V rLohj izLrqr ugha djrk gS rFkkfi
blls ;g rks /ofur gksrk gh gS fd mŸkj&if'peh jktLFkku fLFkr HkwriwoZ chdkusj jkT;
ds cM+s {ks= esa tkV tehankj opZLo iw.kZ fLFkfr esa FksA lelkef;d nLrkostksa esa budh
13-
fLFkfr] fo'ks"kkf/kdkjksa ds ckjs eas vusdkusd mYys[k ns[kus dks feyrs gSa tks bl /kkj.kk
dh iqf"V djrs gSa vkSj ;gk° ds tehankjksa esa tkVksa dks ,d egŸoiw.kZ LFkku iznku djrs 14-
gSaA 15-
lanHkZ 16-
1- ekgs'ojh izlkn] tkV~l bu ,fUl,UV bf.M;k_ foey pUnz 'kqDy] tkV vkSj gw.k vkÿe.k_ 17-
fnyckx flag] vkLiSDV~l vkWQ tkV vijkbftax_ ,l-ih- xqIrk_ ,xzsfj;u d.Mh'kUl
bu n VSjhVjht vkWQ tkV~l_ ch-,y- Hkknk.kh] n jksy vkWQ n tkV~l dYpjy izkQ s kbZy
vkWQ tkV~l bu uksFkZ osLV bf.M;k_ nh tkV~l] ns;j jksy ,.M dUV™hC;w'ku Vw n
lks'kks&bdksuksfed ykbZQ ,.M iksfyVh vkWQ uksFkZ ,.M uksFkZ osLV bf.M;k] laik- & ohj 18-
flag] fnYyh] 2004_ xksfoUn vxzoky_ pw: e.My dk 'kks/kiw.kZ bfrgkl] vtesj]
1974] i`- 100&124_ th-,l-,y- nsoM+k] jktLFkku dh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk
(1574&1818)] chdkusj] i`- 3&4 19-
2- nz"VO; & ohjflag] n tkV~l] ns;j jksy ,.M dUV™hC;w'ku Vw n lks'kks&bdksuksfed ykbZQ
,.M iksfyVh vkWQ uksFkZ ,.M uksFkZ osLV bf.M;k] fnYyh] 2004 20-
3- nz"VO; & MkW tk- nyks'k ,oa MkW- ohj flag] fgUnqLrku esa tkV lŸkk] vkfoHkkZo] fodkl
rFkk 1768 dh fLFkfr] ubZ fnYyh] 2001
ogh
jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj_ jktLFkkuh 'kks/k laLFkku pkSikluh] tks/kiqj_
us'kuy vkdkbZOt] ubZ fnYyh rFkk uVukxj 'kks/k laLFkku] lhrke≈ (e-iz-) esa ,slh
foiqy ewy lzksr lkexzh laxzghr gSA
buesa xksnkjk] flgkx] lksgqok] lkju] csuhoky] dLoka rFkk iwfu;k tkV lewgksa ds uke
fo'ks"k :i ls mº`r fd, tk ldrs gSaA
tks/kiqj ls vk, jko tks/kk ds iq= chdk ds }kjk bUgsa v/khuLFk cuk dj bl lEHkkx esa
chdkusj ds jkBkSM+ jkT; dh laLFkkiuk dh xbZ FkhA nz"VO; & n;kynkl jh [;kr]
ftYn&1] vuwi laLd`r iqLrdky;] ykyx<+] chdkusj
izks- dfydk jatu dkuwuxks ,oa ohjflag] tkVksa dk bfrgkl] fnYyh] 2005
jko chdk }kjk oS'kk[k lqfn cht] foÿe laor~ 1545 dks tkaxy ns'k esa laLFkkfir
chdkusj dk jkBkSM+ jkT;
yk/kfM+;ka] 'ks[klj] lwbZa] /kkukfl;k] HkkMax] jk;lykuk] lh/keq[k] cM+h yw.Mh vkfn
LFky tkVksa ds egŸoiw.kZ 'kfDr dsUnz FksA
tks/kiqj ujs'k jko tks/kk dk iq= ftlus chdkusj jkT; dh laLFkkiuk dh FkhA
;gk° fo|eku tkV [kkaiksa esa eq[; Fkh & xksnkjk] flgkx] lkju] csuhoky] dLoka] lhaoj
rFkk iwfu;kaA nz"VO; & n;kynkl jh [;kr (vizdkf'kr)] vuwi laLd`r iqLrdky;]
chdkusj
jkeiqfj;k fjdkWM~lZ dh dkxnksa dh cfg;ka rn~fo"k;d rF;ksa vkSj tkudkfj;ksa ls Hkjh
iM+h gSaA nz"VO; & chdkusj cfg;kr] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj
gkfly cfg;ka] chdkusj cfg;kr] jk-jk-v-chdkusj
ijxuk cfg;ka] jk-jk-v-ch-
;gk° cfg;ka la[;k esa 51 gSaA nz"VO; & jkeiqfj;k fjdkWM~lZ] jk-jk-v-ch-
xksfoUn vxzoky ,oa lqcks/k vxzoky ds }kjk HkkVksa vkSj iqjksfgrksa dh dfri; cfg;ksa dk
losZ{k.k fd;k x;k gS vkSj mUgsa ^pw: e.My dk 'kks/kiw.kZ bfrgkl* esa mº`r fd;k x;k
gS tks /;ku nsus ;ksX; gSA nz"VO; & xksfoUnz vxzoky] pw: e.My dk 'kks/kiw.kZ bfrgkl]
vtesj] 1974] i`- 115&119
fofo/k tkV larksa ds }kjk jfpr i|kRed jpuk,° vke turk esa cM+h yksdfiz; gqbZ gSaA
bl n`f"V ls /kUuk Hkxr vkSj dekZckbZ tkV.kh dks fo'ks"k :i ls mº`r fd;k tk ldrk
gSA
lqcks/k vxzoky] uxjJh] pw: ds }kjk tkV tehankjh ds dfri; egRoiw.kZ bykdksa dk
losZ{k.k fd;k x;k gS
n;kynkl jh [;kr] la- n'kjFk 'kekZ] nhukukFk [k=h ,oa tloar flag] chdkusj] 1948]
i`- 7_ dSIVu ih-MCY;w- ikmysV] xtsfV;j vkWQ n chdkusj LVsV] chdkusj] jhfizaV
1932] i`- 4
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 439 228
21- eqg.kksr uS.klh jh [;kr] la- cnzhizlkn lkdfj;k] r`rh;] tks/kiqj] 1964] i`- 14_
n;kynkl (chdkusj) us viuh [;kr esa bUgsa ^ekfyd* dk lEcks/ku fn;k gSA nz"VO;
& n;kynkl jh [;kr] la- 'kekZ] [k=h] tloarflag] iwoZ-] i`- 7 chdkusj ds fBdkusnkj (lkear) ,oa muds fdys &
22- ogh
23- n;kynkl jh [;kr] iwoZ] i`- 7 egktu] chnklj (fBdkus ds fdys
24- ogh
25- nz"VO; & n;kynkl jh [;kr] vizdkf'kr] vuwi laLd`r iqLrdky;] chdkusj
ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa)
26- tsEl VkWM }kjk xk°oksa dh la[;k 2200 crkbZ xbZ gSA nz"VO; & tsEl VkWM] ,uYl ,.M MkW- xksiky œ".k O;kl
,UVhfDoVht vkWQ jktLFkku] i`- 139
27- 'ks[klj] lwbZa] /kkufl;k] HkkMax] jk;lyk.kk] lh/keq[k] cM+h yw.Mh vkfnA 1488 bZ- esa jko chdk }kjk jksfir ,d NksVk lk cht vc ,d ?kuk Qynkj
28- xksfoUn vxzoky] pw: e.My dk 'kks/kiw.kZ bfrgkl] iwoZ-] i`- 115&19 o`{k dk :i ys pqdk FkkA chdkusj jktLFkku dh izeq[k fj;klrksa esa fxuk tkus yxk FkkA
29- ogh] i`- 108&109 egkjktk xaxkflag ds le; chdkusj jkT; dk uke u dsoy ns'k vfirq fons'k esa Hkh
30- n;kynkl jh [;kr] vizdkf'kr] vuwi laLd`r iqLrdky;] chdkusj
dkQh izpfyr jgkA ;gk° ds 'kkldksa dk dsUÊh; lŸkk ls ges'kk ls fe=rkiwoZd
31- ikmysV] xtsfV;j vkWQ n chdkusj LVsV] iwoZ-] i`- 4
lEca/k jgk] pkgs os fQj eqxy 'kkld gks ;k fczfV'k gqdwerA blh dkj.k chdkusj
32- chBw lwtk jfpr NUn jk≈ tSrlh jks] la- ewypan izk.ks'k] chdkusj] 1991] i`- 42
33- uS.klh] iwoZ-] r`rh;] i`- 13&15 jkT; dk dksbZ Hk;adj vkÿe.k ns[kus dks ugha feyrk gSA ;g lc ogk° ds 'kkldksa dh
34- chdkusj js iV~Vk js xkaok jh foxr] fo-la- 1657] la- ch-,y- Hkknk.kh (,MfefuLV™s'ku cqfºerk foosd'khyrk ds dkj.k gh lEHko gks ldrk FkkA
vkWQ chdkusj LVsV)] chdkusj] 1979] i`- 27 chdkusj jkT; esa lkeUrksa dh fLFkfr
35- cgh gkly js phjk jh QqVdj xkaoka jh] chdkusj cfg;kr] fo-la- 1761] cgh ua- 17] jko chdk }kjk LFkkfir chdkusj esa jko chdk ds lkFk muds pkpk ,oa vusd
jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj
HkkbZ;ksa dk egŸoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk FkkA bl ckr dks jko chdk Hkyh&Hkk°fr le>rs FksA
36- xk°o 'ks[klj js phjk js gkly jh cgh] fo-la- 1770] chdkusj cfg;kr] cgh ua- 22] jk-
lkFk gh os vius ifjokjtu dks Hkh dkQh egŸo nsrs FksA blh lanHkZ esa mUgksaus vius
jk-v-ch-
37- xksfoUn vxzoky] pw: e.My dk 'kks/kiw.kZ bfrgkl] iwoZ-] i`- 183] ikn fVIi.kh ÿ- 6 uohu jkT; dh iz'kklu O;oLFkk lqlaxfBr ,oa lqjf{kr cuk;s j[kus gsrq vius ifjokjtu
38- th-,l-,y- nsoM+k] chdkusj jkT; dh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk] iwoZ-] i`- 36 dks tkxhjsa vkfn iznku dj ,d egŸoiw.kZ dk;Z fd;kA 1572 bZ- esa eqxyksa ds lkFk
39- n;kynkl jh [;kr] i`- 112&13_ th-,l-,y- nsoM+k] iwoZ-] i`- 36&37 lEca/k ls igys chdkusj ds 'kkldkssa o lkeUrksa ds lEca/k lekurk ij vk/kkfjr FksA
40- n;kynkl jh [;kr] i`- 112&13_ th-,l-,y- nsoM+k] iwoZ-] i`- 36&37 chdkusj esa lkeUrksa dks rhu eq[; Hkkxksa esa foHk‰ fd;k x;kA buesa izFke jko chdk ds
41- vcqy Qty] vkbZus vdcjh] vuq- tSjsV] oksY;we f}rh;] i`- 298&300 oa'kt] nwljk & jko chdk ds HkkbZ ,oa pkpk ds o'kat ,oa rhljk & ijns'kh v/khuLFkA
izFke Js.kh esa chdk chnkor ,oa dkU/kyksr vkrs Fks] bUgsa vklkehnkj] pkdj] iV~Vk;r
dgrs FksA budh tkxhjssa oa'kkuqxr gksrh FkhA nwljh Js.kh esa 'kkldksa ds NksVs HkkbZ vkSj
fudV lEca/kh ftUgsa thou fuokZg ds fy;s tkxhj nh tkrh FkhA r`rh; Js.kh esa os
lkeUr Fks tks chdkusj jkT; esa jkBkSM+ksa dh LFkkiuk ls iwoZ bl {ks= esa fo|eku FksA buesa
fllksfn;k] dPNkok] pkSgku] HkkVh] raoj] ijekj ,oa ifjgkj vkfn izeq[k gSaA buesa
HkkfV;ksa ds ikl vf/kdre fBdkus FksA jkBkSM+ksa us bUgsa muds {ks= esa vf/kdkjksa ds mi;ksx
dh vuqefr nh FkhA
izFke nks Js.kh ds lkeUrksa dks 'kkldksa ls iV~Vk izkIr djuk vko';d FkkA
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 441 229 442 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

ftlesa muds }kjk jkT; dks nh tkus okyh lSfud vkSj vlSfud lsok,° mYysf[kr gksrh bu pkj ds vykok ftu lkeUrksa dks nksyjh rkthe (dqcZgkFk) izkIr Fkh oks bl
FkhA u;s iV~Vsnkjksa dks iV~Vk izkIr djus ds fy, 'kkld dks is'kd'kh dh jkf'k nsuh izdkj ls gS&
iM+rh FkhA ftldh nj fofHkÈk le;ksa ij vyx&vyx gksrh FkhA budh tkxhj ÿe la- fBdkuk mikf/k 'kk[kk
oa'kkuqxr u gksdj LokehHkf‰ vkSj 'kkld dh œik ij fuHkZj djrh FkhA vklkehnkj 1- lka[kw Bkdqj fd'kuflagxksr@chdk
iV~Vk;r Hkh tCrh dk;Zokgh ls eqDr ugha FksA fdUrq jktk lkekU;r% muds vf/kdkjksa
dk lEeku djrs FksA vklkehnkjksa dks viuh tkxhj {ks= dh Hkwfe vius NksVs HkkbZ;kssa dks 2- dqpksj (pq:okyk) Bkdqj dka/ky@cuhjksr
nsus dk vf/kdkj FkkA 3- ek.kdjklj (Hkknjkokyk) Bkdqj dka/ky@lsunklksr
chdkusj jkT; esa lkeUrksa dk eq[; :i ls rhu Lrj Fks tks fuEufyf[kr gSa & 4- fl/keq[k Bkdqj Jhxskr@chdk
5- iwxy jko HkkVh@iwxfy;k
1- jktoh ljnkj & ;s egkjktk ds fudVre lEca/kh gksrs Fks vkSj budk vksgnk
HkkbZ ds leku FkkA egkjkt xtflag ds oa'kt bl Js.kh esa vkrs FksA ftUgs xtflagxksr 6- lkaMok Bkdqj chnkor
jktoh dgdj iqdkjk tkrk Fkk] tks ckn esa nks 'kk[kkvksa esa foHk‰ gks x;sA 7- xksikyiqjk Bkdqj chnkor
1- M~;ks<~h okys jktoh & egkjkt prjflag] egkjktk Mwaxjflag ,oa egkjkt 8- ok; Bkdqj chnkor
xaxkflag vkfn ds oa'kt vkSj vuwix<+] [kkjnk ,oa fjM+h fBdkuk vkfn blesa 'kkfey 9- tlk.kk Bkdqj chnkor
FksA 10- tSriqj Bkdqj chnkor
2- gosyh okys jktoh & egkjktdqekj lqYrku flag] eqde flag vkSj nsoh 11- jktiqjk Bkdqj chnkor
flag ds o'kat vkfn buds fBdkus & csuhlj] ukHkklj] vkylj] lkbZulj] lywafM;k] 12- dqeka.kk Bkdqj chdk@jruflagxksr
dqjtkM+h] fcyfu;kalj vkSj /kjuksd vkfn FksA
13- tSrlj Bkdqj chdk@jruflagxksr
buds vykok dqN vkSj jktoh Fks tks vej flag] rkjkflag ,oa xqnj flag 14- pkaMokl Bkdqj chnkor
(vkuUnflagxksr) ds oa'kt Fks ysfdu buesa ls dqN rktheh ljnkj rk dqN xSj rktheh
15- eylhlj Bkdqj chnkor
ljnkj FksA bu jktoh ljnkjksa dks lsok ,oa dj ls NwV izkIr FkhA chdkusj jkT; esa buds
vykok rktho (lEeku) dh n`f"V ls lkeUrksa dks rhu Hkkxksa esa ck°Vk x;k gS] tks djhc 16- gjklj Bkdqj chnk@i`Fohjktksr
130 rkthe ljnkj Fks] tks fuEu izdkj ls gSa & 17- yksgk Bkdqj chnkor
(1) nksyjh rkthe&dqcZ gkFk (2) bdyksjh rkthe&ck°g ilko (3) vU; 18- [kqMh Bkdqj chnk@[kaxkjksr
rkthe 19- duokjh Bkdqj chnkor
1- nksyjh rkthe & ;s izFke Js.kh lkeUr Fks budh la[;k 33 FkhA bu 20- lk:.Mk Bkdqj chnkor
lkeUrksa ds njckj esa vkxeu ,oa fuxeu ds le; egkjktk dqlhZ ls mBdj viuk gkFk 21- jkuklj Bkdqj chnkor
feykdj Lokxr djrs FksA bl izdkj ds lkeUrksa esa pkj izeq[k fBdkuk egktu] 22- uhek Bkdqj chnkor
chnklj] jkorlj ,oa Hkwdjdk FksA bUgsa flfljk;rfi dgk tkrk FkkA egktu dk jktk
jkT; dk izeq[k lkeUr FkkA chnklj dk Bkdqj] Hkwdjdk dk jko ,oa jkorlj ds jko 23- uks[kk Bkdqj
dk njckj esa leku egŸo Fkk ,oa njckj esa budks mfpr lEekfur LFkku ij cSBk;k 24- tkfj;k Bkdqj
tkrk FkkA 25- nnjsok Bkdqj
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 443 230 444 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

26- lkHklj (lksHkkxnslj) Bkdqj chnkor 16- lŸkklj Bkdqj chnk@i`Fohjktksr

27- xfM+;kyk Bkdqj chnkor 17- t;eylj Bkdqj chnkor
28- gjnslj Bkdqj chdk@vejflagxksr 18- lqbZu Bkdqj chnk@[kaxkjksr
29- exjklj Bkdqj chdk@vejflagxksr 19- es?kkuk Bkdqj chnkor
mi;qZ‰ nksyjh rktheh ljnkjksa us uhek ds Bkdqj] uks[kk] >kfj;k] nnjsok] 20- fFkjkuk Bkdqj chnkor
lksHkklj] xfM;kyk] gjnslj ,oa exjklj dks 1929 esa ljdkjh vkns'k }kjk inksUur 21- yksluk Bkdqj chnkor
dj nksyjh rktheh esa 'kkfey fd;k x;kA 22- yk[klj Bkdqj chnkor
2- bdyksjh rktheh & ck°g ilko & ;s f}rh; Js.kh ds lkear Fks ftudh 23- ?kM+lhlj Bkdqj
la[;k 28 FkhA egkjkt njckj esa buds dsoy vkxeu ij gh viuh xÌh ls mBkdj
24- tks/kklj Bkdqj
vfHkuUnu djrk Fkk] tkus ds le; ughaA ,d rjg ls vkaf'kd Lohdkjksf‰ }kjk budk
vfHkuUnu fd;k tkrk FkkA ck°g ilko ds rkthe ds vUrxZr ftudks lEeku feyrk 25- jlykuk Bkdqj
Fkk mu lkeUrksa dk njckj esa mifLFkr gksus ij viuh ryokj jktk ds pj.kksa esa j[kdj 26- ?kafV;ky (cM+h) Bkdqj chnkor
mldk ?kqVuk ;k vpdu dk iYyk Nwuk iM+rk FkkA ,slk djus ij jktk mlds da/ks ij 27- cslq Bkdqj chnkor
gkFk j[k nsrk FkkA bl izdkj ds lkeUr fuEufyf[kr Fks % & 28- jktklj Bkdqj chdk@vejflagxksr
ÿe la- fBdkuk mikf/k 'kk[kk 3- lkekU; rktheh ljnkj & ;s r`rh; Js.kh ds lkeUr FksA budh la[;k 69
1- ifM+gkj Bkdqj jkBkSM+ tks/kk@chnkor FkhA buds njckj esa vkxeu ij egkjktk xn~nh ls mBdj vfHkuUnu djrk FkkA ijUrq
2- lkarq Bkdqj jkBkSM+ tks/kk@chnkor dksbZ vfrfj‰ Lokxr vkfn dk izko/kku ugha FkkA buesa tks fBdkus vkrs Fks os
3- nsikylj Bkdqj jkBkSM+ tks/kk@chnkor fuEufyf[kr gSa % &
4- lkaorlj Bkdqj jkBkSM+ tks/kk@chnkor ÿ-la- fBdkuk mikf/k 'kk[kk
5- xkjcnslj jko jkBkSM+ tks/kk@chnkor 1- i`Fohlj (fijFkhlj) Bkdqj
2- okMkokj Bkdqj
6- dqnlw Bkdqj jkBkSM+ tks/kk@chnkor
3- dkulj Bkdqj
7- chjdkyh Bkdqj jkBkSM+ tks/kk@chnkor
4- ekgsyk Bkdqj
8- f'keyk Bkdqj jkBkSM+ tks/kk@chnkor
5- vklikylj
9- vthriqjk Bkdqj jkBkSM+ tks/kk@chnkor 6- esulj Bkdqj
10- dukSrk Bkdqj jkBkSM+ tks/kk@chnkor 7- Hkknyk Bkdqj
11- fcljklj Bkdqj jkBkSM+ tks/kk@chnkor 8- dDdw Bkdqj
12- pkjyk Bkdqj jkBkSM+ tks/kk@chnkor 9- iryhlj Bkdqj
13- Qksxk (Qksxu) Bkdqj jkBkSM+ tks/kk@chnkor 10- frgunslj Bkdqj
14- esgjh Bkdqj chnkor 11- julhlj Bkdqj
15- NkuxksbZ Bkdqj chnkor 12- dkrj (cM+h) Bkdqj
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 445 231 446 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

13- eSuklj Bkdqj 45- tkaxyq

14- xkSjhlj Bkdqj 46- Vksdyk
15- ukSlkfj;k (ukslfj;k) Bkdqj 47- gkMyka (cM+h)
16- nw/kok ehBk Bkdqj 48- gkMyka (NksVh)
49- pkusjh
17- fltaxq: Bkdqj 50- >>w
18- [kkjh Bkdqj 51- yw.kklj
19- ijsokM+k Bkdqj 52- /khjklj
20- dYyklj Bkdqj 53- nwyjklj
21- ikjok Bkdqj 54- bUÊiqjk
22- flanw Bkdqj 55- ekyklj
23- ukbZ;klj Bkdqj 56- laenlj
24- tksxfy;k Bkdqj 57- gewlj
25- tcjklj Bkdqj 58- nk≈lj
26- jk;lj Bkdqj 59- ukanjk
27- jktklj Bkdqj 60- f[k;sju
28- lksuikylj Bkdqj 61- fiFkjklj
29- ekgjlkjk 62- [khuklj
30- ckysjh 63- lqjuk.kk
31- [kkjckjk 64- jkeiqjk
32- xr:inslj 65- nslylj
33- ikaMl w j 66- ljksfB;k
34- xtlq[knslj 67- jkorlj dqtyk
35- chuk nslj bl izdkj chdkusj jkT; esa lEeku dh n`f"V ls lkearksa dk foHkktu dj j[kk
36- /kka/kwlj FkkA lkeUrksa dks QkStnkjh ,oa jktLo eqdnesa lquus dk vf/kdkj izkIr ugha FkkA ;s
37- jkstM+h lkear izkjEHk esa iSny lSfud] ?kqMl+ okj] šV lokj vkSj viuh lsuk ls viuh gSfl;r
}kjk jktk dh lsok djrs FksA ysfdu egkjktk lwjrflag ds le; esa udn vnk;xh Hkh
38- chBuksd
vkjEHkj dj nh x;hA dqN lkeUrksa dks njckj esa mifLFkr ls NwV ns j[kh FkhA
39- Hkheykfj;k
40- vklylj 1818 dh laf/k ds i'pkr~ chdkusj jkT; esa lkearksa dh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu
41- iqukylj vaxzstksa ls lgk;d laf/k ds i'pkr~ lkearksa dh fLFkfr xkS.k ,oa nqcZy gks xbZA
42- jkusj budk egŸo loksZifj lŸkk ij fuHkZj jg x;kA jkT; esa 'kf‰'kkyh lkearksa ij fu;a=.k
43- ≈°pk,M+k j[kus ds fy;s fj;klr us vaxzsth laj{k.k dks Lohdkj fd;k FkkA vaxzstksa us foÊksgh
44- dsyk lkeUrksa dks nckus esa chdkusj egkjktk dh lgk;rk dhA bl lgk;rk ds cnys eas
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 447 232 448 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

vaxzstksa us fj;klr ij viuk vf/kdkj tekuk 'kq: dj fn;kA 1868 bZ- esa jkT; esa fdys dk VwVk&QwVk LFkku tgk° ij igys dHkh fBdkusnkj vkfn cSBdsa djrs FksA
iksfyfVdy ,tsUV dh fu;qf‰ blh dk ,d mnkgj.k FkkA bl O;oLFkk ls ;gk° dh chnklj dk fBdkuk
lkeUr O;oLFkk esa Hkh ifjorZu vk;kA chdkusj esa eksgrk ,oa vksloky tkfr ds yksxksa
jko tks/kk ds iq= jko chnk (jko chdk HkkbZ) Nkij&Êks.kiqj dk Lokeh FkkA ;g
dh iz'kklu esa eq[; Hkwfedk jgus yxh vkSj bl izdkj O;ogkfjd lŸkk xSj jktiwr
bykdk chnk us eksfgyks (pkSgkuksa dh ,d 'kk[kk) ls fy;k Fkk] fdUrq eksfgy cjly us
yksxksa ds gkFk esa vk xbZA lkear ns[kus esa rks izHkko'kkyh Fks ijUrq okLrfodrk dqN
fnYYh ds lqYrku dh lgk;rk ls ;g bykdk iqu% vius vf/kdkj esa ys fy;kA rc jko
vyx gh FkhA
chdk us jko chnk dh lgk;rk dj iqu% mls okil ;g bykdk fnyok;kA bl lgk;rk
egkjktk dk fBdkuk dh ,ot esa chnk us chdk dh v/khurk Lohdkj dj yhA Qyr% mlds oa'kt
egktu chdkusj jkT; ds pkj cM+s fBdkuksa esa lcls cM+k fBdkuk FkkA igys chdkusj jkT; ds lkear vkSj muds oa'kt chnkor dgyk;saA budh mikf/k flBkdqjfi Fkh
bldk uke 'kkgksj FkkA jko yw.kd.kZ ds dq°oj jRuflag dks fo-la- 1562 (1505 bZ-) chnkorksa ds fBdkuksa esa chnklj dk fBdkuk eq[; gSA
esa ;g fBdkuk feykA rc ls bldk uke egktu gqvkA ;gk° ds ljnkj jRuflagksr chdk chdkusj jkT; ds fj;klrksa esa egktu ds ckn chnklj ,oa jkorlj ds ljnkjksa
dgykrs gSaA eqa'kh nsohizlkn us fy[kk gS fd jko chdk [kaMsys ds Lokeh fjM+ey dks dk LFkku FkkA
ijkftr dj mldh fo/kok cgu izk.k dqaojh dks chdkusj ds egy esa ys vk;kA mlls
vejk vkSj chlk uke ds nks iq= gq,] ftuesa ls vejk ds oa'kt egktu ds Bkdqj gSa] tks chnklj fBdkusnkjksa dk oa'kÿe
vejkor chdk dgykrs gSaA 1- chnk 10- ds'kjhflag
ysfdu [;krksa vkfn ds v/;;u }kjk mDr dFku vlR; izekf.kr gksrk gSA 2- lalkjpaÊ 11- tkfyeflag
vejk ds oa'kt dks egktu fBdkus ds eq[; dk;ZdŸkkZ (iz/kku) jgs gSaA 3- lkaxk 12- mEesnflag
egktu fBdkusnkjksa dk oa'kÿe 4- xksikynkl 13- jkeflag
1- jRuflag 9- f'konku flag 5- ds'konkl 14- f'koukFkflag (f'konku flag)
2- vtqZu flag 10- 'ksjflag 6- xksfoannkl 15- cgknqj flag
3- tloUr flag 11- oSfj'kky 7- ekuflag 16- gqDeflag
4- nsohnkl 12- vejflag 8- /kujktflag 17- ghjkflag
5- mn;Hkk.k (mn; flag) 13- jkeflag 9- dq'kyflag 18- izrkiflag
6- izrki flag 14- gfjflag eq[; nhoku [kkuk (dksVZ) tgk° fBdkusnkj cSBdsa djrs FksA orZeku esa bl
7- vHk; flag (vHk;jke ;k vtcflag)15- Hkwikyflag nhoku[kkus dks Ldwy d{k esa ifjofrZr dj fn;k x;kA vUnj nhokj ij CySdcksMZ cus
8- Hkheflag fn[kkbZ ns jgs gSaA ck;ka Hkkx dk nkyku tgk° ij ik°p&N% dejs cus gq, gSaA ck;sa Hkkx ds
egktu fdys dk eq[; }kjk flJh xaxkizksyfi orZeku esa ;g fdyk eq[; cktkj ≈ijh fgLls ds dejs esa ch-,l-,u-,l- foHkkx }kjk viuh cSVfj;k° j[k nh gSA
ds utnhd gh fLFkr gSA blds nk;sa ,oa ck;sa nksuksa vkSj nks etcqr cqtZ cus gq, gSaA cSVjh d{k ds lkeus dh rjQ iRFkj dh tkyh ls Hkhrjh Hkkx dk n`'; fy;k
eq[;}kj dks ns[kus ls ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd ;g fdyk vkt Hkh dkQh lqn`<+ gS ijUrq x;kA fQygky ;g Hkkx can dj j[kk gSA fdys dk nk;sa Hkkx dh vksj can iksy] can
vUnj dh vksj ds gkykr dkQh vyx gSA vkSj ikl esa nsork dk Bk.k (LFkku) gSA fdys ds Hkhrj nk;sa rjQ vLrcy dk fgLlk
egktu fdys ds eq[; }kj dk Hkhrjh izksy tks dkQh {kr&fo{kr gks pqdh gSA tks vc iw.kZ :i ls [k.Mgj gks pqdk gSA [k.Mgj dk n`'; tgk° dHkh ?kksM+s] ≈°V vkfn
fdys ds Hkhrj dk n`'; tgk° ij nsoh dk Bk.k (LFkku) Hkh cuk gqvk gSA Hkhrj esa ck°/ks tkrs FksA
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 449 233
lanHkZ
1- phQ ,.M ukscsYl QkbZYl] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj
2- cgh iÍk jh] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj esokM+ esa f'kdkj ijEijk ,d fo'ys"k.k
3- n;ky nkl jh [;kr
MkW- fiz;n'khZ vks>k
4- rokfj[k jktJh eqa'kh lksguykyu
5- rktheh jktoht [koklokYl BkdqlZ vkWQ chdkusj & Jhjke ehj eqa'kh
6- xtsfV;j vkWQ n chdkusj LVsV&ikmysV f'kdkj dk uhfr ls ?kfu"B lEcU/k gSA ,slh voLFkk esa ;fn vk[ksV dks
7- xtsfV;j vkWQ n chdkusj LVsV&vlZfdu uhfr'kkL= dk ewy dgk tk;s rks dksbZ vuqfpr ugha gksxkA ca/ku esa jgus okys ckt tSls
8- ns'k niZ.k tho Hksn uhfr ls euq"; ds fy, f'kdkj vkfn esa mi;ksxh cuk;s x;s FksA1 jktLFkku ds
9- chdkusj jkT; dk bfrgkl Hkkx&2 & xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan vks>k nf{k.kh Hkkx esa fLFkr esokM+ jkT; dk vf/kdka'k Hkkx igkM+h gksus dh otg ls ;gka
10- e/;dkyhu jktiqrkuk dk bfrgkl&jktoh vej flag taxy fo'ks"k gS] ftuesa vke] beyh] egqvk] lkxoku] Qkylk] Vhc: cM+] ihiy]
11- ,ukYl ,.M ,.VhDohVht vkWQ jktLFkku&duZy tsEl VkWM panu] uhe] lhle] [kSj] xqyj] tkequ] [ktwj] [kstM+k] ccwy] :tM+k] vkaoyk] cgsMk+ ]
12- chnkor jkBkSM+ksa dk bfrgkl&Jo.k flag gynw] fgaxksVk] dpukj] f'kjh"k] lkyj] eks[kk] lsey] xwxy] dM+k;k isM+ cgqrk;rrk
ls ik;s tkrs gSaA2 fj;klr ds cgqr ls fgLlksa esa >kM+ vkSj NksVs&NksVs o`{kksa ls <ds fo'kky
Hkwfe ds Hkkx gSa vkSj cgqr NksVh&NksVh igkfM+;ka Hkh vPNh rjg ls vkPNkfnr gSA
vjkoyh ioZr Lo;a ckal vkSj vusd izdkj ds NksVs&NksVs o`{kksa ls <dk gqvk gSA3 fgald
tkuojksa esa ;gka lqugjh 'ksj (ukgj)] c?ksjk (v/kosljk) Vhe;kZ] pkSQwY;k] phrk
(cjxM+k)] HksfM+;k] lwvj] jhN (Hkkyw) rFkk vU; tkuojksa esa lkEHkj] jks> (uhy
xk;)] phry] fgj.k] taxyh dqŸks (d:)] oufcyko] ykseM+h] xhnM+ (fl;kj)
tj[k (ydM+cX?kk)] [kjxks'k vkfn gSaA4
e/;dkyhu jktLFkku esa f'kdkj 'kkldksa ,oa lkearksa dk fiz; euksjatu FkkA5
jkT; ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dks ckY;koLFkk ls gh ?kqM+ lokjh ryokjckth] canwdckth ,oa
vL= 'kL= lapkyu ds lkFk&lkFk ^f'kdkj* djus dh fo|k Hkh fl[kk;h tkrh FkhA6
LoHkkor% esokM+ jkt&ifjokj esa Hkh f'kdkj [ksyus dh ijEijk jgh FkhA egkjk.kk
jktflag izFke dh vk[ksV fiz;rk dk vuqeku ^larq ds exjs* esa fLFkr nsoyh dh ,d
iz'kfLr ls gksrk gS ftlesa egkjk.kk }kjk lkaHkj dk f'kdkj djus dk mYys[k feyrk gSA7
vk[ksV dks ^vgsMk+ * dgk tkrk FkkA8 izfro"kZ f'kdkj [ksyus dk dk;Zÿe ekg
exlj esa ,d jktdh; mRlo ds lkFk izkjEHk gksrk FkkA ftls ^eqgwrZ dk f'kdkj* dgk
tkrk FkkA9 bl 'kqHk volj ij jkT; ds izeq[k ljnkjksa ,oa iklokuksa dks jktegy esa
nkor ij vkeaf=r fd;k tkrk FkkA ckM+h egy uked LFkku ij egkjk.kk vius ljnkjksa
rFkk iklokuksa ds lkFk esa Hkkstu djus ds ckn vkeaf=r O;fDr;ksa dks egkjk.kk dh vksj
ls pkSljs ,oa gjs jax (veok) ds :eky forfjr fd;s tkrs FksA10 :eky dh fdLe
O;fDr ds ntsZ ds vuqlkj fu/kkZfjr FkhA ek= f'kdkj ds njksxk dks mDr volj ij
egkjk.kk }kjk iguh gqbZ iks'kkd izkIr gksrh FkhA jkT; ds if.Mr T;ksfr"kh egkjk.kk dks
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 451
f'kdkj dk eqgwrZ crykrs Fks11 ;fn eqgwrZ esa dbZ fnu ckdh gksrs rks egyksa esa gh nkor
dk vk;kstu gksrk jgrk Fkk vkSj ;fn eqgwrZ 'kh?kzrk dk gksrk Fkk rks nkor dk bartke
fdlh jef.kd LFkku ij gksrk FkkA12 egkjk.kk ,oa vU; lkear ljnkj f'kdkjh iks'kkd esa
uDdkjs dh lokjh ds lkFk ftl fn'kk dk eqgwrZ gksrk Fkk mlh fn'kk esa lwvj vkfn dk
f'kdkj djrs FksA13 lwvj izk;% 'kkdkgkjh gksrs FksA ;s izk;% ?kkl vkSj danQwy gh [kk;k
djrs Fks fdarq Hkw[ks gksus ij izkIr gksus okys ekal dks Hkh [kk tkrs FksA ÿksf/kr gksus ij ;s
lwvj 'ksj ds leku eqdkcyk djrs FksA tkuojksa esa lwvj cgknqjh esa lcls c<+dj FksA ;s
jkT; ds vk[ksV jf{kr taxyksa rFkk ljnkjksa ds bykdksa esa vf/kd la[;k esa ik;s tkrs FksA
jktiwr yksx bldk f'kdkj cM+s gh mRlkg ds lkFk cUnwd vFkok ?kksMs+ ij lokj gksdj
cNsZ ls djrs FksA14 lwvjksa dks jkT; laj{k.k izkIr FkkA15 jkT; ds taxy ,oa mlds
vkl&ikl ds bykds taxyh lwvjksa ds vkrad ls =Lr FksA Qyr% 20oha 'krkCnh ds
izkjfEHkd dky esa buds laj{k.k ds fo#º tu vkanksyu fd;k x;kA esokM+ ljdkj us
d`"kdksa dks jkgr igqapkus ds mÌs'; ls lwvj laj{k.k dks dqN {ks= fo'ks"k rd gh lhfer
dj fn;kA16 f'kdkj [ksyus ds eSnku dks ^je.kk* dgk tkrk FkkA17 lQyrkiwoZd
f'kdkj gksus ij f'kdkj&LFky ij njckj yxrk Fkk ftlesa lHkh mifLFkr ljnkj
ikloku vkfn egkjk.kk dks utjkus is'k djrs FksA blh ekSds ij ckn esa pkj.k dfo&dfork
lqukrs FksA fQj lk;adky esa egkjk.kk iqu% jktegyksa esa tkrs FksA18 bl fnu ds i'pkr~
egkjk.kk ds f'kdkj vfHk;ku dh 'kq:vkr gks tkrh FkhA f'kdkj ij tkus ls iwoZ
egkjk.kk dks LFkku fo'ks"k ij f'kdkjh tkuoj dh ekStwnxh dh [kcj dj nh tkrh FkhA
blds ckn egkjk.kk ds vkns'k ij jkT; dk f'kdkj [kkuk ml LFkku fo'ks"k ij f'kdkj
gsrq izca/k djrk FkkA jkT; dk eq[; f'kdkjh mDr LFkku ij igqapdj taxy dk fujh{k.k
dj mfpr isM+ ij ^epku* rS;kj djokdj vk[ksV dk izcU/k djrs FksA19 tSls ,d
le; egkjk.kk }kjk f'kdkj LFky fpŸkkSM+ ds lehi cksdfM+;k uked f'kdkjxkg FkhA
ogka f'kdkj ds izca/k ds fy, rqylhukFkflag dks Hkstk x;kA nks fnu ogka jgus ds ckn
irk pyk fd 'ksj o 'ksjuh us ,d HkSals dks ekjk gSA rRi'pkr~ mlh LFkku ij 'ksj&'ksjuh
dks vka[kksa ls ns[k ysus ds ckn tc ;g fo'okl gks x;k fd vc ;s dgha vU;= ugha
tk ldrs rc ;g lwpuk egkjk.kk dks igqapkbZ fd f'kdkj rS;kj gaS vki 'kh?kz i/kkjsaA dqN
le; i'pkr~ gh dqN f'kdkjh egkjk.kk ds epku dh dqlhZ o lh<h] jLls oxSjg ysdj
igqap x, vkSj epku rS;kj fd;k x;kA20 ;fn f'kdkj LFky ij ^vkSnh* fufeZr gksrh rks
epku dh vko';drk ugha gksrh FkhA tgka ,d igkM+ <ky ij gks vkSj nwljk igkM+
izkjEHk gks jgk gks] ,slk LFkku vkSnh ;k eksMk (epku) cukus ds fy, mi;qDr gSA vr%
ekNyk exjk mn;iqj] ukgj exjk mn;iqj] jktuxj] fpŸkkSMx+ <+] dqEHkyx<+] xaxjkj
estk dh igkfM+;ksa] cusM+k esa cus vksnh Lekjdksa ls ;g cks/k gksrk gS fd ;s {ks= ou
lEink ,oa taxyh tkuojksa dh vf/kdrk fy, gq, FksA21 jkT; dh egRoiw.kZ f'kdkjxkgksa
234 452 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
esa t;lean] ukgj exjk] fpŸkkSM]+ eka.Myx<+] dqvk[ksMk+ FksA fpRrkSM+ dqEHkyx<+]
dqvk[ksMk+ vkSj dqEHkyx<+ esa 'ksj cgqrk;r ls feyrs FksA22 egkjk.kk Qrgflag ,oa
Hkksikyflag ds jkT;dky esa esokM+ ds izeq[k f'kdkjh jkeukFkflag rFkk rqylhukFkflag
raoj izflº Fks tks le;&le; ij egkjk.kk ds vkns'kkuqlkj O;f‰xr vuqHkoksa ds
vk/kkj ij LFkku fo'ks"k ij f'kdkj vfHk;ku ,oa izca/k fd;k djrs FksA23 tc f'kdkjh
epku ewy ;k ekaMs vkfn ij Bhd izdkj ls O;ofLFkr cSB tkrk rks ml igkM+ ds ftl
rjQ f'kdkj gks m/kj vknfe;ksa }kjk ?ksjk Mkydj gkadj vFkkZr~ vkokt djrs gq, f'kdkj
dks epku ds ikl ys tkrs Fks blds fy, f'kdkj ij iVk[ks] iRFkj QSad dj] 'kksjxqy
djrs gq, f'kdkj dks egkjk.kk ds epku ds le{k rd igqapk;k tkrk FkkA ftl ij
egkjk.kk xksyh pykdj f'kdkj djrs FksA24 gkdk f'kdkj ds fy, izkphu dkyhu
rduhdh gSA25 f'kdkj gsrq dqN izf'kf{kr ikyrq i'kq ,oa i{kh Hkh lkFk ys tk;k djrs
FksA gkFkh] 'ksj dk f'kdkj djus ds oDr etcwr vkSj fnysj gksrs gSaA26 f'kdkj gsrq fo'ks"k
izdkj ds dqŸkksa dks izf'k{k.k fn;k tkrk Fkk tks 'ksj] phrk] Hkkyw vkfn taxyh tkuojksa ds
f'kdkj esa cM+h lgk;rk igqapkrs FksA27 esokM+ ds 'kkld fofHkUu LFkyksa tSls t;lean]
ukgj exjk] fpRrkSM]+ dqEHkyx<+] ekaMyx<+ vkfn {ks=ksa esa vius f'kfoj yxkrs Fks
ftlds ihNs iz;kstu ek= f'kdkj gh ugha gksrk Fkk vfirq jkT; {ks= dk izR;{k fujh{k.k
djuk] iztk ds nq[k lq[k dks tkuuk] izd`fr dks utnhdh ls tkuuk ,oa tuleL;kvksa
ds fgrkFkZ Hkh gksrk FkkA28 tSls mn;iqj ds fj"kHknso dks jkLrs okys xkao ds lehi v/
kosljksa (c?ksjk) }kjk vkrad QSykus ij ogka ds fuokfl;ska }kjk egkjk.kk Hkwikyflag dks
f'kdk;r djus ij egkjk.kk us f'kdkfj;ksa dks ogka f'kdkj gsrq tkus ds fy, vkns'k
fn;kA29 blh rjg 31-1-1847 dks xkao <hadyh ls [kcj vkbZ fd ,d v/kcsljs us xk;
dks ekj fn;k gS rks rqjar izHkko ls egkjk.kk us f'kdkfj;ksa dks ogka tkus ds fy, vkn'ík
fn;kA30 ,d vU; mnkgj.k ;Fkk xkao lkBiqj ls [kcj feyh dh rhu&pkj v/kcsljs
(c?ksjk) cgqr uqdlku djrs gSa vkSj ,d vkneh dks Hkh ekj fn;k gSA bldh lwpuk
feyus ij egkjk.kk Hkwikyflag us 'kh?kz gh f'kdkjh rqylhukFkflag raoj dks ogka Hkstk
vkSj mlus mUgsa ekj fxjk;kA31 egkjk.kk Qrgflag lnSo fgald tkuojksa dk f'kdkj xk;
vkfn i'kqvksa dh lqj{kkFkZ djrs FksA os if{k;ksa ,oa eNfy;ksa dk f'kdkj ugha djrs FksA
f'kdkj dk vk;kstu dHkh&dHkh vfrfFk;ksa ds euksjatu ,oa lRdkjkFkZ Hkh fd;k tkrk
FkkA egkjk.kk Qrgflag us 1890 bZ- esa fczVsu ds fizal ,YcVZ foDVj ds vkfrF; esa
f'kdkj dk vk;kstu fd;k FkkA32
e/;dky esa eqxy gje dh efgyk;sa Hkh ckn'kkg ds lkFk f'kdkj [ksyus tkrh
FkhA Bhd mlh izdkj jktLFkku esa Hkh jktifjokj dh efgyk,a Hkh f'kdkj [ksyus dk
'kksd j[krh FkhA33 nhiax dqy izdk'k esa MksfM;k jko dk viuh uofookfgrk o/kq ds
lkFk f'kdkj [ksyus tkus dk mYys[k feyrk gSA34 1941 bZ- esa esokM+ dh egkjkuh
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 453 235 454 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

ohjtdqaoj us fpŸkkSMx+ <+ ds f'kdkj vfHk;ku esa canwd ls ,d 'ksj dk f'kdkj fd;k 23- iqjksfgr] jktsUnzukFk] esokM+ njh[kkus ds jhfr&fjokt ,oa laLdkj] i`- 146] jktLFkkuh
FkkA35 bl izdkj esokM+ jkT; esa vk[ksV tgka ,d euksjatu dk ,d fgLlk Fkk rks ogh xzaFkkxkj] tks/kiqj 2005
cgknqjh o lkgl crykus dk ,d rjhdk Hkh Fkk ftlesa efgyk;sa Hkh ihNs ugha jghA 24- ogh
T;knkrj f'kdkj mUgha fgald o taxyh tkuojksa dk fd;k tkrk Fkk ftudh otg ls 25- r°oj] rqylhukFkflag] f'kdkjh vkSj f'kdkj] i`- 49
iztk =Lr o ijs'kku gks tk;k djrh FkhA vr% tufgrkFkZ Hkh f'kdkj gsrq dne mBk;s 26- ';keynkl] ohj&fouksn] Hkk- izFke] i`- 135
tkrs FksA 27- vks>k] ts-ds-] esokM+ dk bfrgkl] i`- 298] ,l-pkan] 1980 ubZ fnYyh
28- 'kekZ] /keZiky] esokM+ dh laLd`fr ijEijk] i`- 106] izrki 'kks/k izfr"Bku] mn;iqj
lanHkZ 29- r°oj] rqylhukFkflag] f'kdkjh vkSj f'kdkj] i`- 232
1- r°oj rqylhukFkflag] f'kdkjh vkSj f'kdkj] i`-1 t;iqj 30- ogh] i`- 228
2- vks>k] xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan] mn;iqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] ft- 1] i`-10] oSfnd ;a=ky;] 31- ogh] i`- 230
vtesj 32- iqjksfgr] jktsUnzukFk] esokM+ njh[kkus ds jhfr&fjokt ,oa laLdkj] i`- 146] jktLFkkuh
3- ';keynkl] ohj&fouksn Hkk- izFke] i`- 112 xzaFkkxkj] tks/kiqj] 2005
4- vks>k] xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan] mn;iqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] ft- 1] i`-10 33- 'kekZ] th-,u-] lks'ky ykbZQ bu feMkboy jktLFkku] i`- 137
5- 'kekZ] th-,u-] lksf'k;y ykbZQ bu feMkboy jktLFkku] i`- 137] 1968 bZ- vkxjk 34- la- tkofy;k] ch-,e-] nhiax dqy izdk'k la- i`- 20] izrki 'kks/k izfr"Bku 1995 bZ-]
6- vks>k] xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan] mn;iqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] ft- 2] i`-858 mn;iqj
7- O;kl] vkj-ih-] egkjk.kk jktflag] i`- 163] 1974 bZ- t;iqj 35- iqjksfgr] jktsUnzukFk] esokM+ njh[kkus ds jhfr&fjokt ,oa laLdkj] i`- 146] jktLFkkuh
8- 'kDrkor] lq'khyk] esokM+ dk lkaLd`frd bfrgkl] i`- 140] 2011 mn;iqj xzaFkkxkj] tks/kiqj 2005
9- iqjksfgr] jktsUnzukFk] esokM+ njh[kkus ds jhfr&fjokt ,oa laLdkj i`- 145] jktLFkkuh
xzaFkkxkj] tks/kiqj 2005
10- ogh
11- ogh
12- ';keynkl] ohj&fouksn Hkk- izFke] i`- 133
13- ogh
14- ';keynkl] ohj&fouksn] Hkk- izFke] i`- 115
15- ;sVs] xtsfV;j vkWQ esokM+] i`- 18
16- O;kl] xksiky oYyHk] esokM+ dk lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd thou] i`- 15] 1989] jktLFkkuh
xzaFkkxkj] tks/kiqj
17- 'kDrkor] lq'khyk] esokM+ dk lkaLd`frd bfrgkl] i`- 141
18- ';keynkl] ohj&fouksn] Hkk- izFke] i`- 133
19- r°oj] rqylhukFkflag] f'kdkjh vkSj f'kdkj] i`-159
20- ogh] i`- 92
21- vks>k] ts-ds-] esokM+ ds iqjkrkfRod Lekjdksa dk ,sfrgkfld lzksrksa ds :i esa v/;;u
15oha ls 18oha 'krkCnh i`- 85] vizdkf'kr izkstsDV fjiksVZ
22- fjiksVZ ,MfefuLV™s'ku vkWQ esokM+ LVsV Qksj b;j 1940] 1941 vkSj 1942 i`- 99]
1944] enzkl
 236
in~feuh & bfrgkl ;k feFkd
izksQslj ehuk xkSM+
in~feuh bfrgkl gS ;k feFkd\ izkjEHk ls gh ;g iz'u fookn dk fo"k; jgk
gSA fdUrq gky esa rFkkdfFkr fQYe fuekZ.k ds nkSjku dqN yksxksa ds fojks/k izn'kZu ds
dkj.k ;g eqÌk iqu% ppkZ Eksa gS rFkk lHkh ds fy, ftKklk o mRlqdrk dk dkj.k gSA
dqN bfrgkldkj in~feuh dks ,sfrgkfld ik= ekurs gS rks dqN mls tk;lh }kj jfpr
^inekor^ dk dkYifud ik=A ';keynkl] xkSjh'kadj ghjkpUnz vks>k] MkW- n'kjFk
'kekZ] MkaW vk'khokZnh yky JhokLro izks- ,e- gchc rFkk izks- th-,u- 'kekZ ,sfrgkfld
ik= ekurs gSaA tcfd dqN bfrgkldkj in~feuh dh ,sfrgkfldrk dks vLohdkj djrs
gaSA bu bfrgkldkjksa esa MkW- ds-vkj- dkuwuxks rFkk cukjlh izlkn izeq[k gSA budk
ekuuk gS fd in~feuh e/;;qxhu esokM+ bfrgkl dh dksbZ ,sfrgkfld ik= ugha Fkh
cfYd efyd eqgEen tk;lh jfpr ^inekor* dh dYifud ik= Fkh ftls inekor
dh jpuk ds ckn fpŸkkSM+ dh jkuh in~feuh ds :Ik esa izfr:fir dj fn;k x;kA
in~ekor dFkkud dk vk/kkj gS & jrulsu fpŸkkSMx+ < dk jktk in~feuh ;k
in~ekorh mldh jkuh vkSj vykmn~nhu fnYYkh dk lqYrku Fkk ftlus jRulsu ls
yM+dj fpŸkkSM+ dk fdyk Nhuk FkkA vykmn~nhu ds fpŸkkSM+ vkÿe.k ds jktuhfrd]
vkfFkZd vkSj lSfud dkj.k ds lkFk in~euh dks izkIr djus dh ykylk Hkh ,d dkj.k
crk;k tkrk gSA bldh okLrfodrk dks tkuus ds fy;s vko';d gS fd ge in~euh
dh dFkk rFkk mlls lacaf/kr O;fDr jRuflag] jk?kopsru] xksjk] ckny vkfn O;fDr;ksa
dh ,sfrgkfldrk dk Hkh fo'ys"k.k dj yas vkSj ns[ksa fd bu O;fDr;ksa vkSj ik=ksa ds
vfLrRo esa dksbZ ljyrk gS ;k ughaA bl dFkk dk izkjaHk eq[; :Ik ls efyd eqgEen
tk;lh ds in~ekor uked fganh dkO; xzaFk Lks vkjaHk gksuk ekuk x;k gSA bl xzaFk dh
jpuk 'ksj'kkg lwjh ds le; 1540 esa dh x;h FkhA in~feuh dh dFkk dk iwjk o.kZu
tk;lh ds in~ekor esa bl izdkj gS&
in~feuh flagy}hi ds xU/koZlsu dh iq=h FkhA mlds ikl ghjkeu uked ,d
lqf'kf{kr rksrk FkkA ,d fnu og rksrk fiatM+s ls mM+ x;k vkSj ,d O;k/k ds gkFk iM+kA
O;k/k us mls czk„.k dks vkSj czk„.k us mls jRuflag ds gkFk cspkA rksrs }kjk in~euh dh
lqanjrk dk o.kZu lquus ij jRuflag in~euh ls fookg djus dks O;xz gks mBkA og ;ksxh
cu dj in~feuh dh [kkst djrk gqvk flagy igqWapk vkSj in~euh dks ns[kdj eqX/k gks
x;kA flagy ds jktk dks tc ;ksxh dh vlfy;r dk irk pyk rks mlus viuh iq=h
456 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
dk fookg viuh iq=h ds lkFk dj fn;kA dbZ o"kks± ckn tc jRuflag fpŸkkSM+ vk;k rks
mldh lsuk esa jk?kopsru uked czk„.k tks tknw&Vksus eas flº Fkk vk jgk FkkA jRuflag
dks tc jk?kopsru ds ckjs esa Kkr gqvk rks mlus mls fpŸkkSM+ ls fudyus dh vkKk nhA
fpŸkkSM+ ls tkus ls iwoZ jk?kopsru us in~euh dks ns[kk vkSj mlus fnYyh igqWap dj
lqYrku vykmn~nhu f[kyth dks in~euh dh lqanjrk dk o.kZu fd;k ftls lqudj
lqYrku us in~euh dks izkIr djus ds fy;s fpŸkkSM+ vkdze.k dh BkuhA lqYrku vkB
lky ds ?ksjs ds ckn Hkh fpŸkkSM+ ds fdys dks ugha thr ldk rks mluss Ny dh ;qfDr
fudkyhA jk.kk ls esy dj mlus fnYyh tkus ds iwoZ in~euh dks ns[kus dh bPNk izdV
dhA jk.kk us mldh bPNk dks ns[krs gq, nqxZ esa mldk vkfrF; fd;k vkSj in~euh dk
izfrfcEc niZ.k Eksa lqYrku dks fn[kk;k x;kA lqYrku us in~euh dh lqanjrk ij eqX/k
gksdj mls gfFk;kus dh BkuhA mlus fonkbZ nsus ds fy;s egkjk.kk dks vius [ksesa esa jksd
fy;kA tc jktiwrksa us mls ykSVk nsus dks dgk rks mlus cnys esa in~euh dh ekax dhA
tc bl ?kVuk dk irk in~euh dks pyk rks mlus lkearksa ls ea=.kk dhA mUgksaus Ny ls
jk.kk dks NqM+kus dh BkuhA 1600 Mksfy;ksa es in~euh dh lgsfy;ksa ds Hks"k esa jktiwr
lSfud fcBk;s x;s vkSj mls lqYrku ds [kses rd igqaWpk;k x;kA muds igqWapus ij
vykmn~nhu ds ikl ;g lwpuk Hksth fd in~euh mlds [ksesa esa vk x;h gSA og FkksM+s
le; vius ifr ls feydj lqYrku dh lsok esa mifLFkr gks tk;sxhA lqYrku us mldh
Lohd`fr ns nhA rqjar jktiwr lSfudksa us jRuflag dks lqYrku ds paxqy ls NqM+k dj
fpŸkkSM+ dh vksj Hkst fn;kA tc lqYrku dks laiw.kZ Ny dk irk pyk rks og llSU;
jktiwrksa ds lkFk yM+k ftlesa jRuflag ekjk x;k vkSj in~euh us tkSgj dj vkRekslxZ
fd;kA bl laiw.kZ dk;Z esa xksjk ckny dk 'kkS;Z cgqr iz'kaluh; jgkA bl izdkj fpŸkkSM+
ckn'kkg ds gkFk vk;k ij og in~euh dks izkIr ugha dj ldkA1
in~feuh ds lEca/k esa ekU;rkvksa ds ihNs bfrgkldkjksa ds viuss&vius rdZ gSaA
in~feuh dks dkYifud pfj= ekuus okys bfrgkldkjksa ds rdZ dk loZizeq[k vk/kkj
,sfrgkfld ekinaMksa ij [kjs mrjus okys lelkef;d fyf[kr ekSfyd lzksrksa dk vHkko
gSA ledkyhu Qkjlh bfrgkldkj vehj [kqljks (1253&1325) tks Lo;a vykmÌhu
f[kyth ds fpŸkkSM+ vkÿe.k ds le; mlds lkFk Fkk] in~feuh ds lEca/k esa fdlh
izdkj dk mYys[k ugha fd;k gSA bl dkj.k in~feuh dks dkYifud ik= ekuus okyksa
dks dkQh cy feyk gSA fdUrq in~feuh dh ,sfrgkfldrk dk nkok djus okys
bfrgkldkjksa dk ekuuk gS fd [kqljks r ^rkjh[k&,&vykbZ*] rFkk ^[ktkbu& vy&Qqrgq *
([ktkbZuqy Qqrwg) esa vykmÌhu }kjk fprkSM+ vkÿe.k] jktLFkku dk o.kZu] jktiwrksa
dh ;qº dyk] RkFkk fpŸkkSM+ dh ijkt; dk o.kZu gSA fdUrq viuh nksuksa IkqLrdksa esa
vehj [kqljks us in~feuh dk mYYks[k ugha fd;k gSA [kqljkss ds ckn bl ?kVuk ds lcls
utnhdh bfrgkldkj ft;kmÌhu cjuh (1285&1357) us viuh iq L rd
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 457
^rkjh[k&,&fQjkst'kkgh* rFkk blkeh us ^Qrwgq&ml&lykrhu* (900 bZ- ls 1350 bZ-
rd dk fooj.k) ftlesa lqYrku egEkwn xtuh ls ysdj eksgEen fcu rqxyd rd dk
bfrgkl gSA bu xazFkksa esa Hkh in~feuh ds laca/k esa fdlh izdkj dk mYys[k ugha feyrk
gSA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd bu Qkjlh bfrgkldkjksa us fpŸkkSM+ fot; ds ckn tkSgj dh
?kVuk dks lqYrku ds vieku ds :i esa fy;k gksA tkSgj dh izFkk fuf'pr :Ik ls vius
xkSjo o vkReLokfHkeku dh j{kk ds fy, mBk;k tkus okyk lkgfld dne Fkk] lkFk
gh ;g 'k=q ds izfrdkj vkSj vLohdk;Z dk :Ik FkkA bl dkj.k laHkor% rRdkyhu
eqfLye bfrgkldkjksa us bldh ppkZ ugha dh gksA in~ekor ds yxHkx 70 o"kZ ds ckn
eqgEEkn dkfle Qfj'rk us viuh iqLrd ^rkjh[ks Qfj'rk* fy[khA in~ekorh dh
dFkk tks vke tuthou esa izpfyr Fkh mlesa dqN gsj&Qsj ds lkFk vykmÌhu ds
fpŸkkSM+ vkÿe.k ds izlax dks tksM+ fn;kA2
ftl in~feuh ds lEcU/k esa fdlh izdkj dk mYys[k [kqljks] cjuh vkSj blkeh
us ugha fd;k rFkk Qfj'rk us Hkh vLIk"V mYys[k fd;k] in~feuh ds tkSgj dh ?kVuk
ds yxHkx <+kbZ lkS o"kks± ds ckn vcqy Qty us viuh iqLrd ^vdcjukek*
(1589&1601) esa bldk mYYks[k fd;k gSA3 vcqy Qty ds ys[ku ds iwoZ 'ksj'kkg
ds dky esa efyd eqgEen tk;lh }kjk ^in~ekor* dh jpuk 1540 bZ- esa dh tk pqdh
FkhA ;s nksuksa xzUFk vykmÌhu f[kyth ds fpŸkkSM+ fot; ds yxHkx 240 ls 300 o"kZ
ds mijkUr fy[ks x;s FksA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd vcqy Qty us ^vdcjukek* fy[krs
le; jktiwr ljnkjksa] cM+ok] HkkVksa vkfn ls in~feuh ds laca/k esa tkudkjh izkIr dh
vkSj vius xzUFk esa bldk mYys[k fd;k FkkA
lelkef;d fyf[kr bfrgkl ds vHkko ds vfrfj‰ ckn ds lkfgR; esa
in~feuh ds fooj.k vkSj o.kZu ds lEca/k eas Hkh ,d:irk dk vHkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
Qfj'rk us in~feuh dk mYys[k fpŸkkSM+ ds jktk jruflag dh iq=h ds :i esa fd;k gSA
vcqy Qty vkSj Qfj'rk ds dFkkud dk vk/kkj Hkh fHkUUk gSA blh izdkj vkSjaxtsc
ds ledkyhu bfrgkldkj euwph us viuh iqLrd ^fgLVksfj;k&Mk;ksxksj* esa in~feuh
dh dFkk dks vdcj ds lkFk tksMk+ gSA
in~feuh ds fuokl ds lEca/k esa Hkh bfrgkldkjksa ds e/; fookn gSA dqN
bfrgkldkjksa dk ekuuk gS fd in~ekor esa of.kZr in~feuh dk flagy}hi dk fuoklh
gksuk iw.kZ:i ls dkYifud vkSj vO;ogkfjd gSA jktk jruflag ftldk 'kklu ,d
o"kZ ls Hkh de Fkk ,sls esa mldk ;ksxh cudj flagy}hi tkuk mlds le; esa
flagy}hi dk jktk xa/koZlsu ugha lEHkor% jktk dhfrZfu 'kadnso ijkÿeckgq (prqFkZ)
;k Hkqousu ckgq (r`rh;) FkkA flagy}hu esa xa/koZlsu uke dk jktk gh ugha gqvkA ogk°
ls in~feuh dks fookg dj fpŸkkSM+ ykus dh dFkk iw.kZ:Ik ls dkYifud gSA
237 458 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
dqN vokZphu oa'kkofy;ksa esa in~feuh dk fuokl ^ley}hi ikVu* fy[kk
gqvk izkIr gksrk gS rFkk bu dFkkvksa esa mls pkSgku oa'k dh dU;k ekuk x;k gS tks ekyok
;k if'peh jkTkLFkku ds fdlh Hkw&Hkkx flaxksyh xzke dh jgh gksxhA4 jktk jruflag ds
flagy}hi (flyksu) tkus vkSj ogk° ls in~feuh dks fookg dj ykus dh dFkk iw.kZ :Ik
ls dYiuk gS D;ksafd jruflag dk 'kkludky cgqr vYidkyhu Fkk (1302&1303)
yXkHkx ,d o"kZ] vr% ;g o.kZu loZFkk vuqi;qDr o vO;ogkfjd izrhr gksrk gSA oSls
in~feuh ds fuokl lEcU/kh fookn dks ;fn lEiw.kZ dFkkud ls fudky Hkh fn;k tk,
rks Hkh in~feuh dh ,sfrgkfldrk ij dksbZ vUrj ugha vkrk gSA
Li"V gS fd 'krkfCn;ksa dh bl ,sfrgkfld ;k=k esa in~feuh ds ewy pfj= esa
fofHkUUk dFkk] fdonafr;ks] dYiukvksa us viuk vkdkj xzg.k dj fy;k tks LoHkkfod
gSA lkfgR; lekt dk niZ.k gSA ;g Hkh laHko gS fd tk;lh us in~feuh ds pfj= o
lekt esa O;kIr mldh yksdfiz;rk ls izHkkfor gksdj gh ^in~ekor* dh jpuk dh gksA
ml le; rd HkkVksa] pkj.kksa ds xk;u o yksdxhrksa }kjk ;g ?kVuk lekt esa dkQh
yksdfiz; vkSj pfpZr gks pqdh FkhA ,d ys[kd ;k lkfgR;dkj viuh jpuk ds fy,
vius vkl&ikl ds pfj= ls izHkkfor gksdj gh dFkkud dk p;u djrk gS rFkk mls
izHkkoh cukus ds fy, ewy dFkkud ds lkFk fofHkUUk dkYifud fp=ksa dks Hkh tksM+rk
gSA fdlh Hkh okLrfod ?kVuk dh dykRed vfHkO;fDr esa l`tu dh viuh oS;fDrd
lksp] laLdkj] fopkj/kkjk] n`f"Vdks.k vkSj ifjos'k dk 'kkfey gks tkuk LoHkkfod gSaA5
tk;lh us vius dkO; dks ljl o jkspd cukus ds fy, rRdkyhu dkO; vkSj
lkfgR; ds fu/kkZfjr ekinaMksa dks viuk;kA tSls ml le; ds dFkk ,oa dkO;kas esa leqnz
ikj ds ns'kksa esa tkuk vkSj jktdqekfj;ksa ls fookg dk cgqr o.kZu izkIRk gksrk gSA bl
dkj.k tk;lh us Hkh in~feuh dks flagy}hi dh jktdqekjh crk;kA rRdkyhu dkO;
xzaFkksa esa flagy}hi (flyksu) esa fookg djuk izfr"Bk dk izrhd ekuk tkrk FkkA
mnkgj.k ds fy, viHkza'k ds ^djd.Mqpfj≈* esa uk;d ds flyksu tkdj fookg
djus] ykSVrs le; leqnz esa rwQku vkus dk o.kZu gSA6 ^ft.knrpfjr* ^Hkfol;r
dgk* vkfn esa Hkh blh izdkj ds izlax gSA ^Jhikypfjr* esa leqnz ikj ds ns'kksa ls dbZ
jktdqekfj;ksa dks fookfgr djds ykus dk mYys[k gSA7 ^j;u lsgjh dgk* esa Hkh dbZ
dkYifud izlax gSa tks tk;lh ds iwoZ dh d`fr gSA8 bldh ukf;dk Hkh flagy }hi
dh jktdqekjh gSA bldk dFkkud Hkh in~ekor ls feyrk tqyrk gSA Li"V gS fd
dkYifud dFkk,a Hkkjrh; dFkk lkfgR; esa gh ugha cfYd rRdkyhu Qkjlh lkfgR; esa
Hkh izpfyr Fkh vkSj fdlh Hkh dFkk dss ;s vko';d vax gksrs FksA tk;lh us Hkh vius
xzaFk in~ekor esa in~feuh dks ewy dFkkud esa j[krs gq, vusd dkYifud ckrksa dks
tksM+k ftldk okLRkfodrk ls dksbZ lEca/k ugha FkkA viuh iqLrd ds vUr esa og
dgrk gS bl dFku esa fpŸkkSM+ ns'k dk jktk jRuflag efLr"d dk] flagy}hi mn; dk]
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 459
in~feuh pkrq;Z dk vkSj lqYrku vykmÌhu dk izfr:Ik gSA tk;lh dh bl Vhdk ls
Li"V gS fd og ,d n`"VkUr dFkk fy[k jgk Fkk dksbZ ljy ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk ughaA
dqN yksxksa dh ekU;rk gS fd fpŸkkSM+ esa fLFkr egy ftls in~feuh dk egy
Hkh mldk ugha gS cfYd bldk fuekZ.k cgqr ckn esa lTTkuflag ds dky esa fd;k x;k
Fkk] tc xoZuj tujy ykWMZ fjiu uoEcj 1881 bZ- dks fpŸkkSM+ dh ;k=k ij vkus okys
FksA fdUrq ;g rdZ fcYkdqy xyr gS D;ksafd in~feuh ds egy dk o.kZu ^vej dkO;*
,oa vusd izkphu xhrksa esa Hkh izkIRk gksrk gSA ^vej dkO; oa'kkoyh* esa lkaxk ds izlax
esa of.kZr gS fd in~feuh ds egyksa esa dqN le; ds fy;s ekyok ds lqYrku dks canh
j[kk x;k FkkA dqN izkphu yksdxhrksa esa chdkusj ds ujs'k jkeflag dk fookg tc
fpŸkkSM+ esa egkjk.kk mn;flag dh iq=h ls gqvk rc in~feuh ds egyksa esa tkus vkSj
izR;sd lh<+h ij tkrs gq, nku nsus dk o.kZu feyrk gSA
MkW- th-,u- 'kekZ dk er gS fd in~feuh dh dFkk ijEijk tk;lh ds ^in~ekor*
ls vkjEHk gksrh gS ;g loZFkk Hkze gSA in~ekor dh jpuk ds iwoZ gh ^fNrkbZ pfjr*
uked xzUFk fy[kk tk pqdk FkkA ;g xzUFk fo-l- 1583 raoj 'kkld lygnh ds 'kklu
dky esa iwjk gqvk FkkA bl xzUFk esa vykmÌhu }kjk fpŸkkSM+ vkÿe.k dk o.kZu vkSj
in~feuh ds tkSgj dk mYys[k gSA9 LIk"V gS fd tk;lh ds iwoZ gh in~feuh dh ?kVuk
lekt rFkk yksd thou esa ohj xkFkk ds :i esa izflº o yksdfiz; gks pqdh FkhA gseUr
ds xksjk ckny pkSikbZ esa rFkk yC/kksn; ds in~feuh pfj= esa bl dFkk dks Lora= :i ls
fy[kk x;k gSA
in~feuh dh lR;rk ij lansg djus okys bfrgkldkjksa dh ekU;rk gS fd
in~feuh ds lEca/k esa dksbZ Hkh lelkef;d f'kykys[k ;k ekSfyd lzksrkas dk vHkko gS
bUgha fopkjksa dks ekU;rk nsrs gq, MkW- cukjlh nkl fy[krs gSa fd dksbZ Hkh bfrgkldkj
tks ewy xzUFkksa dks i<+rk gS og buds 1303 bZ- esa in~feuh ds dFkkud dks izkIr djus
esa vle;rk dk vuqHko djrk gSA10 vr% in~feuh dh dFkkud dh izkekf.kdrk Li"V
ugha gksrhA fdUrq tSlk fd iwoZ esa Hkh mYys[k fd;k tk pqdk gS fd jru flag dk
dky cgqr ,d o"kZ ls Hkh de FkkA jruflag vius firk lejflag dh e`R;q ds Ik'pkr~
1302 bZ- esa esokM+ dh xÌh ij cSBk Fkk vkSj 1303 bZ- esa vykmÌhu ds fo#º ;qº
djrk gqvk ekjk x;kA bl laca/k esa ;g /;ku j[kuk Hkh egRoiw.kZ gksxk fd f'kykys[kksa
esa jkf.k;ksa ds ukeksa dk mYys[k izk;% cgqr de gqvk gSA fdlh Hkh f'kykys[k esa ehjk]
gkMh jkuh] djesrh (d.kkZorh) ;k vU; ds ukeksa dk mYys[k Hkh ugha feyrk gSA
fdUrq bl vk/kkj ij bu lHkh dh ,sfrgkfldrk badkj djuk xyr gksxk] mlh vk/kkj
Ikj in~feuh dh ,sfrgkfldrk ij lansg djuk vuqfpr gksxkA11
in~feuh ds dFkkud dks vk/kqfud dky esa lokZf/kd egRo vk/kqfud bfrgkldkj
tsEl VkWM dh iqLrd ^,ukYl ,.M ,UVhDohfVt vkWQ jkTkLFkku* 1829 ds }kjk
238 460 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
feykA blesa VkWM us in~ekor ds vk/kkj ij gh vykmÌhu }kjk in~feuh ds lkSUn;Z dh
ppkZ lqudj mldks izkIr djus ds fy, fpŸkkSM+ ij vkÿe.k djus dh ckr dgh gSA
tsEl VkWM us jruflag dk uke Hkheflag fn;k gSA12 mlus HkkVksa dh iqLrdksa esa lejflag
ds ihNs jruflag dk uke u gksus ls in~feuh dk lEca/k Hkheflag ds lkFk tksMk+ gS vkSj
mls y{e.kflag ds le; dh ?kVuk ekuk gS fdUrq ;g o.kZu xyr gSA VkWM us viuh
iqLrd esa in~ekor dk vuqlj.k djrs gq, ukVdh; ?kVukÿe dk mYys[k fd;k gS vkSj
vafre yM+kbZ esa jktiwrksa dh gkj vkSj in~feuh }kjk tkSgj dh ?kVuk dk o.kZu fd;k gSA
laHkor% duZy VkWM us in~feuh dh dFkk esokM+ ds cM+ok HkkVksa ls yh gks vkSj HkkVksa us
;g dFkk in~ekor lsA
ohj fouksn (1874&1887) esa ';keynkl us egkjk.kkvksa dh oa'kkofy;ksa ds
laca/k esa fofHkUUk izek.k izLrqr fd;s gSaA mUgksaus rokjh[kksa ds vk/kkj ij vykmÌhu ds
lkFk jruflag dh yM+kbZ vkSj ijkt; ds ckn xksjk&ckny vkSj gtkjksa fL=;ksa ds lkFk
in~feuh dk vkx esa tydj tkSgj fd;s tkus dk mYys[k fd;k gSA13
vykmÌhu vius le; dk ,d lkezkT;oknh 'kkld vkSj ohj lsukuk;d FkkA
dwVuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd izHkqRo gkfly djuk mldk izeq[k mn~ns'; FkkA mlus vius
lkezkT; dk foLRkkj nwj&nwj rd fd;k FkkA blh dkj.k mls ^fldUnj&,&lkuh* ;k
^fldUnj f}rh;* dh laKk nh xbZ FkhA lkezkT; izlkj dh bl dM+h esa jktLFkku
(jktiwrkuk) lcls egRoiw.kZ {ks= FkkA mŸkj Hkkjr ds vusd 'kfDr'kkyh jkT;ksa dk ;g
dsUnz LFky FkkA fot; ds mÌs'; ls mlus igys tSlyesj ij vf/kdkj fd;k rFkk mlds
ckn j.kFkEHkkSj ds nqxZ dk ?ksjk Mkyk vkSj j.kFkEHkkSj dh fot; ls mRlkfgr gksdj mlus
fpŸkkSM+ fot; dh ;kstuk cukbZA nf{k.k Hkkjr dh fot; rFkk mŸkjh Hkkjr ij mlds
izHkko dk LFkkfiRo rHkh lEHko Fkk tc og fpŸkkSM+ tSls vHks| nqxZ dks vius vf/kdkj
esa djsA ;gk° ls gksdj xqtjkr] ekyok] e/; izns'k] la;qDr izkUr flU/k vkfn Hkkxksa esa
O;kikfjd ekxZ tkrs FksA O;kikfjd mi;ksfxrk ds fy,A vr% in~feuh dks izkIr djus
ds mn~nsí; ls fpŸkkSM+ ij vykmÌhu }kjk vkÿe.k dh ckr csrqdh] csekuh vkSj diksy
dfYir gSA
mijksDr er erkUrjksa ds e/; esa fu"d"kZ ds :Ik esa izflº bfrgkldkj xkSjh
'kadj ghjkpUn vks>k ds fopkj cgqr egRoiw.kZ izrhr gksrs gaS&^in~ekor*]
rkjh[k&,&Qfj'rk] rFkk VkWM ds jktLFkku ds ys[kksa dh ;fn dksbZ tM+ gS rks dsoy
;gh gS dh vykmÌhu us fprkSM+ ij p<+kbZ dj 6 ekl ds ?ksjs ds ckn mls 1303 bZ- esa
fot; fd;kA ogk° dk jktk jruflag bl ;qº esa vusd lkearksa lfgr ekjk x;kA jkuh
in~feuh us dbZ fL=;ksa lfgr tkSgj dh vfXu esa izk.kkgqrh nhA fprkSM+ ij FkksMs+ le; ds
fy, eqlyekuksa dk vf/kdkj gks x;kA ckdh ckrs dYiuk ls [kM+h dh xbZ gSA14 MkW-
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 461 239 462 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

vks>k us bl lEca/k esa fy[kk gSS fd ^^bfrgkl ds vHkko esa yksxksa us in~ekor dks 3- vdcjukek Hkkx &2] i`- 274
,sfrgkfld iqLrd eku fy;k] ijUrq okLro esa og vktdy ds ,sfrgkfld miU;klksa 4- Hkkjrh; lkfgR; o"kZ 2] vad 2 esa izdkf'kr Jh jrupUnz vxzoky dk ys[k
dh rjg dforkcº dFkk gSA dgkuh ds ijEijkxr o.kZu dks rkd ij j[kus ds Ik'pkr~ 5- xksihukFk 'kekZ] jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] i`- 170
lR; ;g gS fd lqYrku vykmÌhu us 1303 bZ- esa fpŸkkSM+ ij vkÿe.k fd;k vkSj vkB 6- e:ok.kh ekpZ 1967] esa izdkf'kr jktoYYkHk lksekuh dk ys[k i`- 21&24
ekg ds fodV la?k"kZ ds Ik'pkr~ mls vf/kd`r dj fy;kA ohj jktiwr ;ksºk vkÿkUrkvksa 7- mijksDr
ls ;qº djrs gq, Losr jgs vkSj ohj jktiwr fL=;k° tkSgj dj Tokyk esa lEkkf/kLFk gks 8- mijksDr
x;hA tks fL=;k° lekf/kLFk gqbZ muesa jRuflag dh jkuh Hkh Fkh ftldk uke in~feuh 9- xksihukFk 'kekZ] jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] i`- 172
10- , dkWEizhgsalu fgLV™h vkWQ bafM;k Hkkx 5] i`- 370
FkkA bu rF;ksa ds vfrfjDr vkSj lc dqN ,d lkfgfR;d la ;uk gS vkSj mlds fy,
11- 'kks/k if=dk] o"kZ 19] vad 3] i`- 72&73 esa izdkf'kr jke oYYkHk lksekuh dk ys[k
,sfrgkfld leFkZu ugha gSA15
12- ,ukYl ,.M ,UVhDohfVt vkWQ jkTkLFkku] tsEl VkWM Hkkx&1] i`- 307&11
^in~feuh* dh ,sfrgkfldrk ,oa dYiuk ds fookn ls ijs Hkh ,d vyx i{k 13- ';keynkl] ohj fouksn] Hkkx&1] i`- 237
gSaA og ;g fd in~feuh dk pfj= lEiw.kZ Hkkjrokfl;ksa ds tuekul esa foy{k.k 14- (i) mn;iqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] xkSjh 'kadj ghjkPkUnz vks>k] Hkkx& 1] i`- 189
vkn'kZ vkSj xkSjo'kkyh ukjh ds :i esa izfrLFkkfir gks pqdk gSA vius vkRe lEeku dh (ii) MkW- yky] f[kyth oa'k dk bfrgkl] i`- 102&107
j{kk ds fy, 'k=q ds gkFkksa esa tkus ds ctk; in~feuh }kjk fd;k x;k tkSgj Hkkjrh; 15- MkW- yky] f[kyth oa'k dk bfrgkl] i`- 102&107
lekt dks ges'kk&ges'kk vuqizkf.kr djrk jgsxkA ;g dFkk ,d jktiwr iz.kkyh ds 16- xksihukFk 'kekZ] jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] i`- 172
vuq:Ik fo'kqº rFkk LOkLFk ijEijk ds :Ik esa pyh vkbZ gS mls lgt esa vLohdkj
djuk Bhd ughaA ;|fi le; ds lkFk mlds okLrfod bfrgkl esa vusd izdkj dh
dkYifudrk dk lekos'k gks x;k gS dbZ ckrsa ikB Hksn ls rFkk o.kZu 'kSyh ls fofHkUu
:Ik esa izpfyr jgh gks fdUrq mudk vk/kkj lR; ls gVdj ugha <wa<k tk ldrkA16 fdUrq
bl rjg ds pfj= dk O;olk;hdj.k ;k izfr:fir Nfo ds lkFk fdlh izdkj dh
NsMN+ kM+ lekt eas ruko] varfoZjkss/k vkSj vkÿks'k dks gh tUEk nsxk Hkys gh mldk
fp=.k dYiuk esa gh D;ksa u fd;k x;k gksA
in~feuh dh ,sfrgkfldrk dks vfo'ouh;] diksy dfYir ekuus okyks dks
viuk n`f"Vdks.k cnyus dh vko';drk gSA bfrgkl ys[ku flQZ Qkjlh rokjh[kksa ;k
fdlh ,d lzksr ij vk/kkfjr ugha gks ldrs gSaA jktLFkku ds fMaxy lkfgR;] xhr]
ijEijk ,oa tSu HkaMkjksa esa laxzfgr lkaLd`frd bfrgkl Hkh cgqr egRoiw.kZ ,sfrgkfld
L=ksr gSA bfrgkl esa tuJqfr;ksa dk Hkh viuk lkaLd`frd egŸo gS] ftldk mi;ksx
fyf[kr bfrgkl ds iwoZ ds bfrgkl dks tkuus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ,d ;k nks
vfHkys[kksa ds vk/kkj ij Hkh fdlh vo/kkj.kk ;k flºkUr dks izfrikfnr djus dh
ijEijk mfpr ugha gSA miyC/k ,oa ekU; lHkh ,sfrgkfld lzksrksa ,oa lanHkZ ds vk/kkj
ij vkt bfrgkl ys[ku vkSj mlds fo'ys"k.k dh vko';drk gSA
lUnHkZ
1- efyd eksgEen tk;lh d`r in~ekor rFkk yksdizpfyr dFkk dk lkjka'k
2- fczXt] Qfj'rk] ft- 1] i`- 592&93
 240
fHkfŸk fp=ksa ls lqlfTtr egkeafnj (tks/kiqj)
MkW- Hkjr nsoM+k
ekjokM+ egkjkt fot;flag dh e`R;q 1793 bZ- esa gksus ds i'pkr~ mudks ikS=
Hkheflag ekjokM+ dk 'kkld cukA 'kkld cuus ds mijkUr Hkheflag us vius jktuhfrd
izfr}af};ksa vFkkZr~ vius HkkbZ&Hkrhtksa dks ejokuk 'kq: fd;kA Hkheflag ds ppsjs HkkbZ
ekuflag (tks fot;flag ds iq= xqekuflag dk iq= Fkk) us tkyksj nqxZ esa 'kj.k ysdj
Lo;a dks ekjokM+ dk 'kkld ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA mlh chp Hkheflag dh lsuk us
ekuflag dks tkyksj ds fdys esa ?ksj fy;k ;g ?ksjk 10 o"kks± rd pyrk jgkA vUrr%
ekuflag dks tks/kiqj dh lsuk ls cpus dks dksbZ jkLrk ugha fn[kkbZ fn;k rks mUgksaus tkyksj
nqxZ NksM+us dk fu'p; fd;kA tc ;g lekpkj tkyksj nqxZ esa fLFkr tyU/kjukFk ihB
ds ;ksxh vk;l nsoukFk us lquk rks mUgksaus ekuflag ls 4&5 fnu (21 vDVwcj 1803 bZ-
rd) fdyk ugha NksMu+ s dk vkxzg fd;k rFkk dgk fd ^^;fn dkfrZd lqfn 6 rd
tkyksj fdys esa gh jgs rks ekjokM+ dk jkt rqEgsa gh feysxkA** bl chp 19 vDVwcj
1803 bZ- (dkfrZd lqnh 4) dks ekjokM+ egkjktk Hkheflag dk LoxZokl gks x;kA1
vc ekjokM+ ds lsukifr bUÊjkt fla?koh us ekuflag dks ekjokM+ dk 'kkld ?kksf"kr dj
mUgsa vknj lfgr tks/kiqj ys vk;kA 17 tuojh 1804 bZ- dks ekuflag ekjokM+ dh xÌh
ij cSBsA2 egkjktk ekuflag 'kkld gh ugha cfYd dyk ,oa lkfgR; ds izseh Hkh FksA
mUgksaus HkfDr] dkO; vkSj dyk dh f=os.kh gh izokfgr dj nh FkhA mlds ckjs esa dgk
x;k gS fd&
tks/k clkbZ tks/kiqj] czt dhuh fctikyA
y[ku≈] dk'kh] fnYyh] eku djh] usikyAA
vFkkZr jko tks/kk us tks/kiqj clk;k] fot;flag us bls (i'kq&fgalk can djds
rFkk oS".ko /keZ dk izpkj&izlkj djds) czt cuk;k vkSj egkjktk ekuflag us tks/kiqj
dks (jfldrk esa) y[ku≈] (fo}rk esa) dk'kh] jktuhfr esa (fnYyh) rFkk ukFk
lEiznk; ds :i esa usiky cuk fn;kA3 egkjktk ekuflag }kjk ukFk lEiznk; ds ;ksfx;ksa
ds fy, cuok;s x;s izeq[k eafnjksa esa egkeafnj ,oa mn;eafnj dk uke vkrk gSA ;g
eafnj LFkkiR; ,oa fHkfŸk fp=dyk ds vf}rh; dykd`fr gSA ukFk lk/kq vk;l nsoukFk
dh Hkfo";ok.kh ds lgh lkfcr gksus ls izlUu gks] egkjktk ekuflag us mUgsa tks/kiqj
cqyk dj viuk xq# cuk;kA4 egkjktk ekuflag us tks/kiqj 'kgj esa tya/kjukFk dk ,d
HkO; eafnj cuk;k ftls egkefUnj ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA bl eafnj dh izfr"Bk fo-
464 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
la- 1861 ek?k lqnh 5 (4 Qjojh 1805 bZ-) dks dh xbZ rFkk ;gk° dk izeq[k vk;l
nsoukFk dks fu;qDr fd;k x;kA5 egkjktk ekuflag us 23 flrEcj 1805 bZ- dks ukFk
lEiznk; dh nh{kk yh rFkk og izR;sd lkseokj dks vius xq# vk;l nsoukFkth ds
n'kZukFkZ egkeafnj tkrs FksA6
egkeafnj dk eq[; }kj mŸkj fn'kk esa [kqyrk gSA eafnj dh vn~Hkqr dyk dk
n'kZu mlds izos'k }kj ls gh gks tkrk gSA izos'k }kj ds ≈ijh Hkkx esa daxwjksa] xok{kksa rFkk
>jks[kksa dh mRd`"V dkjhxjh fn[kk;h nsrh gSA laxejej ds rksj.k }kj ij x:M+ ewfrZ;ka
eafnj esa izos'k djus okyksa dks lh/ks nsoyksd ys tkus dh izrhd ekuh x;h gSA eafnj
,d fo'kky pcwrjs ij cuk gSA blds xHkZx`g ds pkjksa vksj 100 dykRed LrEHk ;qDr
cjkenk cuk gqvk gSA eq[; efUnj dk dk"B}kj Hkh dykRed [kqnkbZ djds cuk;k x;k
gSA eq[; eafnj ds }kj ds ikl nk;ha rjQ laxejej dk f'kykys[k yxk gSA bl
vfHkys[k ds vuqlkj egkjktk ekuflag rFkk jktdqekj Nrjflag ds opuksa ls fo-la-
1866 fexlj lqnh 5 ls egkeafnj (ukFkiqj) ds 'kj.k esa vk, gq, O;fDr dh j{kk dh
e;kZnk cka/kh x;h gSA7 eafnj esa tya/kjukFk ds pj.k fpg~u ij panu dh ydM+h dk
xqEct cuk gqvk gS rFkk tya/kjukFk dh laxejej dh ewfrZ flagklu ij LFkkfir gSA
ydM+h ds bl xqEct ij ckjhd uDdk'kh rFkk lksus dh iksfy'k dj j[kh gSA eafnj ds
Hkhrjh Hkkx esa 84 ;ksxkluksas rFkk izflº ukFk ;ksfx;ksa ds fHkfŸkfp= cus gq, gSA
NksVs&NksVs f'k[kjksa ds chp cuk eq[; f'k[kj vR;Ur HkO; izrhr gksrk gSA8 egkjktk
ekuflag us eafnj ifjlj esa vius xq# vk;l nsoukFk rFkk tya/kjukFk ds fy, Hkou
cuok;sA tya/kjukFk ds fuokl ds ckjs esa ekuk tkrk gS fd blesa ;ksfx;ksa dh vkRek
fuokl djrh gSA9 eafnj dh lqj{kk ds fy, pkjksa vksj fo'kky izkphj cuok;h x;h gSA
eafnj [kpZ ds fy, ekuflag us vk;kr] fu;kZr] foÿ; vkfn midj dh vk; esa ls ,d
Hkkx nsus dk fu'p; fd;k FkkA10 egkeafnj dks tks/kiqj lhek 'kqYd dh vk; ls
izfrekg 375 #i;s vuqnku izkIr djus dk vf/kdkj FkkA11
egkjktk ekuflag dk fp=dyk esa fo'ks"k #fp FkhA mudk le; ekjokM+
fp=dyk dk pjeksRd"kZ dky ekuk tkrk gSA bl le; ds izeq[k fp=ksa esa ckjgeklk]
tqywl ,oa f'kdkj n`';ksa] uk;d&ukf;dkvksa ds fp=ksa ds lkFk&lkFk gesa ukFk HkfDr
xzaFkksa tSls ^ukFk pfjr*] ^flº&flºkar iºfr*] ^f'ko jgL;* dk fp=.k ,oa ukFk
eafnjksa ds fHkfŸk fp=ksa dk fp=kadu O;kid Lrj ij ns[kus dks feyrk gSA ukFk lEiznk;
ls lacaf/kr cus fp=ksa ls gesa egkjktk ekuflag dh ukFk lEiznk; ds izfr vVwV vkLFkk
,oa fp=dyk esa mudh :fp n`f"Vikr gksrh gSA12 egkjktk ekuflag }kjk fHkfŸkfp=ksa dk
fuekZ.k muds le; dh izeq[k miyfC/k gSA muds }kjk cuok;s x;s egkeafnj ds fHkfŸk
fp= vius vki esa vf}rh; gSA egkjktk ekuflag vius vki dks ukFk ;ksfx;ksa Jh tya/
kjukFk] Jh nsoukFk] ykMwukFk ds lkFk fpf=r djokus esa fo'ks"k #fp ysrs FksA13
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 465
egkeafnj ds eq[; xHkZx`g dh nhokj ds ckgjh rjQ ukFk&;ksfx;ksa] yksd nsorkvksa rFkk
ukFk&HkDrksa ds eq[;r% Nfo fp= ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA ;g fp= gesa xq#&f'k"; ijEijk
esa cus gSaA ;gk° xq# ds :i esa xksj[kukFk] tya/kjukFk] nsoukFk vkfn ds fp= feyrs gSa
rFkk ukFk HkDrksa ds :i esa xksihpUn] xksxk pkSgku] tsilk jkBkSM]+ fpfM+;kukFk] jru
jkBkSM]+ xksxkns jkBkSM]+ eYyhukFk] xkSMj+ keflag] nyk pkj.k] dkuk pkj.k] Hkhek pkj.k]
lcyk ykyl] /kjelh lksuh] rksyh dfB;ka.kh] lkgl/khj] nks Mkgyh;k jktiqr]
t;hey lk] eksgEen eqLrQk vkfn ds fp= feyrs gSA14 eafnj xHkZx`g dh nhokj ds
ckgjh rjQ cus xq#&f'k"; ijEijk ds fp=ksa esa dqN fp= egkjktk ekuflag ds ukFk
;ksfx;ksa ds lkFk fpf=r fd;s x;s gaSA bl fp=ksa esa ukFk ;ksfx;ksa ds izfr mudh
Jºk n`f"Vikr gksrh gSA gjs&Hkjs izkd`frd okrkoj.k ds chp cus iDds cjkenksa esa Jh
tya/kjukFk] vk;l nsoukFk rFkk ykMwukFk ds fp= vyx&vyx fp=ksa esa vklu ij cSBs
gq, fpf=r fd;s x;s gaSA bu ;ksfx;ksa ds lkeus HkDr (f'k";) ds :i esa egkjktk
ekuflag dks gkFk tksM+s gq, [kM+s fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA ukFk ;ksfx;ksa dks lk/kq os'k esa
gkFk rFkk xys esa #Êk{k ekyk /kkj.k fd;s gq,] flj ij Vksih rFkk flj ds ihNs
vkHkke.My dk fp=.k ns[kus dks feyrk gSA15 egkjktk ekuflag dks ?ksjnkj yEck
tkek igus fn[kk;k x;k gSA ;g tkek bl le; dh fp=dyk ij eqxy izHkko dk
lwpd gSA
xHkZx`g dh nhokj ds ckg~; rjQ cus fHkfŸkfp=ksa esa gesa xq#&f'k"; ijEijk ds
,d vU; fp= esa ukFk ;ksxh dks oV o`{k ds uhps rsanw, dh [kky ij cSBs fn[kk;k x;k
gS ftlds lkeus xksxk pkSgku uked ukFk HkDr gkFk tksM+s [kM+k gSA jktLFkku ds iap
ihjksa (ikcwth] gjHkwth] jkensoth] esgkth vkSj xksxkth) dk ukFk lEiznk; ds lkFk
xgjk laca/k FkkA tgk° ,d rjQ bu iap ihjksa dh okf.k;ksa esa ukFkksa dk o.kZu feyrk gS
rks ogh nwljh rjQ egkeafnj ds fHkfŸkfp=ksa esa ukFk ;ksxh xksj[kukFk ds lEeq[k
xq#&f'k"; ijEijk ds vUrxZr xksxkth pkSgku dk fp= feyrk gSA yksd nsork xksxkth
pkSgku ij ukFk ;ksxh xksj[kukFk dk izHkko FkkA16 ;g fp= gesa ;ksfx;ksa ds izfr iap ihjksa
dh Jºk dk fp=.k djrk gSA bl fp= ds ≈ijh Hkkx esa ,d eafnj fpf=r gS ftl ij
dslfj;k jax dh /otk yxh gSA bl fp= esa gesa unh] rkykc ,oa eksjksa ds fp= Hkh
feyrs gSaA blh ds ikl ?kus gjs&Hkjs ouksa] iM+ksa ij u`R; djrs eksjksa ds ikl fpf=r ukFk
;ksxh ,oa ukFk HkDr fpfM+;kukFk dk fp=.k vR;f/kd eueksgu yxrk gSA Nr dks Hkh
vUrj dh rjQ ls Qwy&ifŸk;ksa] csy&cwVksa ls fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA17 ,d vU; fp=
esa gjs&Hkjs isM+&ikS/kksa ds chp uDdk'khnkj iRFkj dh jSfyax ds chp cus tydq.M rFkk
mlesa yxs QqOokjsa rFkk ty esa rSjrh cr[kksa dks fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA blesa ukFk ;ksxh
ds lkeus nks jktiwr ukFk HkDrksa dks cSBs gq, fpf=r fd;k x;k gS ftuds gkFk esa #Êk{k
ekyk,a /kkj.k dj j[kh gSA 18 vU; fp= esa gesa ou ds izkd`frd n`';ksa ds chp ukFk
;ksxh dks fopj.k djrs gq, fn[kk;k x;k gS ftuds ihNs ,d L=h rksrh dBh;ka.kh dk
241 466 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
fp= gS ftlds gkFk esa pkoj xzg.k fd;k gqvk gSA19 ukFk ;ksfx;ksa us /kkfeZd vk/kkj ij
dksbZ HksnHkko ugha fd;k bldh tkudkjh gesa mu fHkfŸk fp=ksa ls feyrh gS ftuesa
xq#&f'k"; ijEijk ds vUrxZr ukFk ;ksfx;ksa ds lEeq[k ukFk HkDr ds :i esa eksgEen
eqLrQk rFkk lkg l/khj dk fp=.k feyrk gSaA ukFk flºksa dks ihj ds uke ls iqdkjk
tkrk FkkA bl izdkj ukFk ;ksfx;ksa us fgUnw&eqfLye leUo; LFkkfir djus dk dk;Z Hkh
fd;kA gesa xksj[kukFk ds in ls Hkh fgUnw&eqfLye leUo; dk Kku gksrk gS ftlesa
dgk x;k gS fd&
fgUnw /;koS nsgqjk] eqlyeku elhrA
tksxh /;koS ijein] tgka nsgqjk u elhrAA 20
eafnj ds vkrafjd Hkkx esa chpks&a chp cuk gqvk panu dh ydM+h dk uDdk'khnkj
xqEct ftl ij lksus dh ikSfy'k dh gqbZ gS dk"B dyk dk vf}rh; uewuk gSA bl
xqEct ds uhps flagklu ij ;ksxh tya/kjukFk dh laxejej dh ewfrZ j[kh gSA xHkZx`g
ds Hkhrj dh nhokj o Nr ij fHkfŸkfp=ksa dk fp=.k fd;k x;k gS buesa Jh tya/kjukFk]
vk;l nsoukFk vkfn ukFk ;ksfx;ksa ds fp= nhokj ds ≈ijh Hkkx esa fpf=r feyrs gSa
vkarfjd Hkkxksa ds fHkfŸk fp=ksa esa gesa lqugjs] gjs] lQsn ,o xgjs uhys jax dh iz/kkurk
ns[kus dks feyrh gSA lksus dh iksfy'k bu fp=ksa esa cgqrk;r esa feyrh gSA buesa
xqEct ds uhps ukFk ;ksfx;ksa dks fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA bu ukFk ;ksfx;ksa dks Hkxok os'k
esa] /;ku dh eqÊk esa] ekyk tirs gq, fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA xqEct o mlds LrEHkksa dks
LoxZ jax ls iksfy'k fd;k x;k gSA ukFk ;ksxh dk fp=.k xgjs uhys jaax dh i`"BHkwfe ij
fd;k x;k gSA21
egkeafnj ds vkarfjd fHkfŸk fp=ksa ds uhps ds Hkkxksa esa 84 ;ksxkluksa dk fp=.k
fd;k x;k gSA ;g fp= gesa ukFk ;ksfx;ksa dk ;ksx lk/kuk ds izfr #fp ,oa vklfDr dks
n'kkZrs gSaA ;ksxkluksa ds izfr mudk izse bl mfDr ls pfjrkFkZ gksrk gS ftlesa dgk x;k
gS fd] ^vklu NwVs ugha] ca/kk VqVs ughaA* ukFk ;ksxh viuh 'kkjhfjd fod`fr;ksa dks nwj
djds LoLFk thou fcrkus ds fy, vklu djrsA gB;ksx ds xzaFkksa esa 84000 vkluksa
dks o.kZu gS ftuesa ls 84 fo'ks"k mi;ksxh gS rFkk buesa Hkh flºklu] in~eklu] flagklu
vkSj HkÊklu dks ;ksxlk/kuk ds loksZŸke vklu ekurs gS tks 72 gtkj ukfM+;ksa dks 'kqº
dj eqfDr dk ekxZ [kksyrs gaAS vklu dk vFkZ fLFkj rFkk lq[kiwoZd cSBuk crk;k x;k
gS ^fLFkj lq[ke~ vklue~*A ukFk ;ksxh izk.kk;ke esa Hkh fuiq.k FksA izk.k;ke ds ek/;e ls
izk.kok;q dks fu;af=r fd;k tkrk gSA22 ukFk ;ksfx;ksa dks vklu ,oa izk.kk;ke #fp dk
izeq[k mÌs'; ijekRek esa /;ku yxkuk rFkk lekf/k dh fLFkfr dks izkIr djuk bldh
tkudkjh gesa ukFk lkfgR; ls Hkh gksrh gS ftlesa dgk ik;k gS fd &
tksxh tk js tk] vius izhre lks usg yxkA
vkSju dks ukgh dks cfr;k] viuh iSat c<+kAA (jkx fryax)
Lkks tksxh tkds eu esa eqÊk] jkr fnol u djbZ fuÊkA
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 467
eu ;s vkl.k eu esa jg.kk] eu dk ti] ri] eu lwa dg.kkaAA 23
bu xhrksa esa ijekRek ds izfr ;ksxh dh fu"Bk dsfUÊr gksus dh ckr dgh x;h
gSA blh dkj.k egkeafnj dks Hkh eqfDr dk LFkku ekuk x;k gSA egkeafnj ds fHkfr fp=ksa
esa cus 84 ;ksxkluksa dk fp=.k izkd`frd n`';ksa ds chp fd;k x;k gSA ;gk° pÿkdkj
cknyksa] ?kus ouksa] unh&ukyksa rFkk rkykcksa ds chp ukFk ;ksfx;ksa dh ?kkl&Qwl dh cuh
dqfV;kvksa dk fp=.k ns[kus dks feyrk gS tks oV] ihiy] vke] [ktwj tSls isMk+ sa rFkk
fofHkUu ikS/kksa dh Qwy&ifŸk;ksa ls f?kjh gqbZ gSA bu isM+ksa ij eksjksa dk fp=.k lokZf/kd
ns[kus dks feyrk gSA blesa gesa ,d ;ksxh ds ikl nks lkjl rFkk ,d vU; ;ksxh ds
ikl ,d dks;y dk fp=.k feyrk gSA bu 84 fHkfŸk fp=ksa esa 84 ukFk;ksfx;ksa }kjk
viuh dqfV;ksa ds lEeq[k] [kqys izkd`frd okrkoj.k esa ;ksx djrs gq, fpf=r fd;k
x;k gSA bu ;ksxkluksa esa eq[;r% flºklu] lq[kklu] e;wjkeu] f'k'kkZlu] lw;Z HkÊklu]
in~eklu] if'peksŸkkuklu] ckyklu ds lkFk&lkFk vuqykse&foyksx tSls izk.kk;keksa
dks djrs gq, ukFk ;ksfx;ksa dks fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA bu ukFk&;ksfx;ksa }kjk vius
fcNkSus ds :i esa rsanw,a dh [kky] oL= ds :i esa yaxksVh dk iz;ksx] dkuksa esa dqaMy]
xysa esa :Êk{k ekyk rFkk tus≈ /kkj.k fd;s gq, fpf=.k fd;k x;k gSA bu fHkfŸk fp=ksa
esa dqN ;ksfx;ksa ds yEcs cky tks ihNs dh rjQ eqM+s gq, rFkk nk<+h&ewaN ds lkFk
fn[kk;k x;k gS rks dqN ukFk&;ksfx;ksa ds ?k°q?kjkys ckyksa dk fp=.k feyrk ysfdu muds
nk<+h&ewaN dk fp=.k ugha fd;k x;k gSA bu fp=ksa esa lqugjs o lQsn jaxksa dh iksfy'k]
gjs rFkk uhys jaxksa dh iz/kku ns[kus dks feyrh gSA24
egkeafnj ds fHkfŸkfp=ksa dh jax ;kstuk cM+h vkd"kZd gSA ;gk° eafnj ds
xHkZx`g dh nhokjksa ij igys vkykxhyk (›sLdks&ckuks) iºfr ds rgr~ xhys iyLrj
ij lQsn jax dk ysi fd;k x;k gS ftlls nhokj pednkj cu x;h rFkk lQsn jax us
LFkkf;Ro izkIr dj fy;kA rRi'pkr~ VsEijk iºfr (›sLdks&lsdks) }kjk bl nhokj ds
lw[kus ds i'pkr ;g fHkfŸk fp= cuk;s x;sA bldh tkudkjh gesa orZeku esa dkydyfor
gks jgs bu fHkfŸk fp=ksa ds uhps fudyus okyh fpdus lQsn LFkk;h iyLrj ls Kkr
gksrh gSA nhokjksa ij lhi o 'ka[k ds pw.kZ ds lQsn jaxksa dk iz;ksx eqxyksa us bZjkfu;ksa ls
rFkk jktiqrksa us eqxyks ls lh[kk FkkA 'ka[k o lhi ds lkFk&lkFk ekjokM+ esa lQsn jax
[kfM+;k iRFkj] tLrk rFkk lhls dh [kkd feykdj cuk;k tkrk bl jklk;fud jax dk
uke ftad vkWDlkbM FkkA bu fHkfŸk fp=ksa esa gjk] uhyk] dkyk rFkk lqugjh jax dk
iz;ksx vf/kd ns[kus dks feyrk gSA gjk jax nkuk Qkjax (iUubZ gjk jax) rFkk gjk HkkVk
ls rFkk uhy jax yktonZ uked iRFkjksa ls curk tcfd dkyk jax dkty esa frYyh dk
rsy feykdj ,oa lqugjk jax Lo.kZ ls rS;kj fd;k tkrk FkkA Lo.kZ dk vkd"kZ.k ,oa
mldh ped ds vk/kkj ij egkeafnj ds fHkfŸkfp=ksa dk fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA Lo.kZ
pw.kZ dks fgykdkjh uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA fp= esa cM+s LFkku ij Lo.kZ yxkus gsrq Lo.kZ
242 468 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
i=ksa dks fpidk;k tkrk Fkk ysfdu tgk° de LFkku ,oa ckjhd vyadj.k dh vko';drk
gksrh] ogk° Lo.kZ pw.kZ esa xkasn vkfn feykdj rwfydk ls lqugjk jax Hkjk tkrk FkkA
rqfydk eq[;r% fxygjh dh iawN ds ckyksa ls cuh gksrh FkhA fp=kadu ls iwoZ fp=dkj
loZizFke vius fopkjksa dks lkdkj :i nsus ds fy, ,d eksVk&eksVk [kkdk rS;kj djrs
Fks ftls fVikbZ js[kkadu dgk tkrk FkkA25 egkjktk ekuflag ds le; ds izeq[k fp=dkjksa
esa gesa vejnkl HkkVh] nkuk HkkVh] 'kadjnkl HkkVh] jkeflag HkkVh] mnSjke] eksrhjke]
ek/kksnkl] lfrnkl vkfn ds uke feyrs gSa ftUgksaus ekjokM+ fp=dyk 'kSyh dks
peksZRd"kZ rd igq°pk;kA26
bl izdkj egkeafnj ds fHkfŸk fp=ksa esa gesa egkjktk ekuflag rFkk vU; ukFk
HkDrksa dk ukFk ;ksfx;kas ds izkd`frd n`';ksa ds chp xq#&f'k"; ijEijk esa cus fp= gesa
egkjkt ekuflag] xksxkth pkSgku] eksgEen eqLrQk vkfn dk ukFk ;ksfx;ksa dks izfr
Jºk dks n'kkZrk gSA izkd`frd lkSUn;Z ds :i esa isM+&ikS/kksa] Qwy&ifŸk;ksa rFkk csy&cqVksa
ds fp=.k ds lkFk&lkFk pÿkdkj cknyksa] if{k;ksa] ty lzksrksa] QOokjksa dk fp=.k
feyrk gSA eafnj ds vkarfjd Hkkx esa izkd`frd lkSUn;Z ,oa ouksa ds chp 84 ukFk
;ksfx;ksa dks fofHkUu vkluksa esa mudh dqfV;k ds le{k uhys jax dh i`"BHkwfe esa
fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA ;ksfx;ksa dks /;ku eqÊk esa fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA27 bu fHkfŸkfp=ksa
ij gesa eqxy fp=dyk dk izHkko Li"V :i ls ns[kus dks feyrk gSA tSls egkjktk
ekuflag dk yEck ?ksjnkj tkek] lQsn o lqugjs jaxksa dh iz/kkurk] csy&cqVksa] xqEctksa]
QOokjksa vkfn dk fp=.kA28 bl izdkj egkeafnj ds fHkfŸkfp= gesa ekjokM+ ds 'kkld
egkjktk ekuflag dh fp=dyk esa :fp rFkk ukFk lEiznk; ds izfr vVwV vkLFkk n'kkZrs
gSaA izkd`frd okrkoj.k esa cus 84 ;ksxklu gesa ukFk ;ksfx;ksa dh ;ksx ,oa izk.kk;ke esa
#fp o fuiw.krk n'kkZus ds lkFk&lkFk ;g fHkfŸkfp= ;ksx] izk.kk;ke rFkk izd`fr ds
egŸo dks tu lkekU; esa lapkfjr djrs gSA HkkSfrdokn ds ;qx esa tgk° vkt ekuo eu
dh v'kkafr o ruko tSlh chekfj;ksa ls xzflr gksrk tk jgk gSA ,sls esa ;ksx o izk.kk;ke
ls eu dh 'kkafr ,oa LoLFk 'kjhj ds fy, bu ;ksxkluksa dh mi;ksfxrk vkSj vf/kd c<+
tkrh gSA vkt vko';drk dyk ds bl vf}rh; lkaLd`frd fuf/kdks"k dks lajf{kr
djus dh gSA D;ksafd i;kZIr ns[kjs[k o lqj{kk ugha gksus ds dkj.k ;g euksje ,oa Kkuo/
kZd fHkfŸkfp= dkydyfor gksrs tk jgs gSaA
lanHkZ
1- tks/kiqj jkT; dh [;kr] ftYn & 4] i`- 1&5_ ohjfouksn Hkkx&2] i`- 860
2- tks/kiqj jkT; dh [;kr] ftYn & 4] i`- 6
3- nk/khp] MkW- jkeizlkn] egkjktk ekuflag (tks/kiqj) %O;fDrRo ,oa d`frRo] jktLFkkuh
'kks/k laLFkku] pkSikluh] tks/kiqj 1972] i`- 94
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 469 243
4- tks/kiqj jkT; dh [;kr] ftYn & 4] i`- 15_ ohjfouksn] Hkkx&2] i`- 861
5- tks/kiqj jkT; dh [;kr] ftYn & 4] i`- 25
6- Jhekyh] xksfoUnyky] jktLFkku ds vfHkys[k] Hkkx&2] jktLFkkuh xazFkkxkj]tks/kiqj ekjokM+ lun ijokuk cfg;ksa esa iapk;r O;oLFkk
2000] i`- 512_ egkeafnj f'kykys[k ds ewyikB lsA
7- ogh fo"k;d lanHkZ (1700&1800 ,-Mh-) &
8- 'kekZ] in~etk % tks/kiqj ds egkjktk ekuflag ,oa mudk dky] jktLFkku fgUnh xazFk
vdkneh] t;iqj] 1974] i`- 242_ O;fDrxr losZ ij vk/kkfjr tkudkjhA
,d v/;;u
9- lka[kyk] dey fd'kksj] jktLFkku ds ukFk lEiznk; dk lkaLd`frd bfrgkl] egkjktk izks- f'ko dqekj Hkuksr
ekuflag iqLrd izdk'k 'kks/k dsUÊ] tks/kiqj] 2011] i`- 155&156
10- {khj lkxj] Mh-ch- ,oa uoyd`".k (lEiknd)] jktLFkku ds ukFk lEiznk; vkSj vBkjgoha 'krkCnh dkyhu ekjokM+ jkT; esa iapk;r&O;oLFkk fo"k;d v/;;u
lkfgR;] [k.M& prqFkZ] jktLFkku izkP;fo|k izfr"Bku] tks/kiqj] 1997] i`- 147 ds fy;s ftu ewy iqjkys[kh; lzksrksa1 dk mi;ksx cgqr gh egŸoiw.kZ flº gks ldrk gS]
11- 'kekZ] in~etk] mijksDr] i`- 147&48 muesa ls dfri; vR;Ur egŸoiw.kZ iqjkys[kh; lzksr ‹k`a[kyk,a chdkusj fLFkr jktLFkku
12- jkBkSM]+ MkW- xksfoUnflag] ekjokM+ dh lkaLd`frd /kjksgj] lq/ku izdk'ku] tks/kiqj 1990] jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj esa lqjf{kr ,oa lax`ghr gSa rFkk 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa ds mi;ksxkFkZ leqiyC/k
i`- 199_ HkkVh] MkW- gqdeflag] Hkkjr esa ukFkka jk vkl.k] jktLFkkuh 'kks/k laLFkku] gSaA jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj ds tks/kiqj [k.M esa izkI; cfg;ksa2 esa ekjokM+ lun ijokuk
pkSikluh] tks/kiqj 2003 i`- 88
cfg;ka] ekjokM+ jkT; esa iapk;r O;oLFkk fo"k;d fofo/k vk;keksa ds lkaxksikax
13- HkkVh] MkW- gqdeflag] mijksDr] i`- 89_ O;fDrxr losZ ij vk/kkfjr tkudkjhA
foospu ds fy;s vfr le`º lwpukvksa ,oa tkudkfj;ksa ls vVh iM+h gSaA jkT;
14- ogh
vfHkys[kkxkj esa ekjokM+h Hkk"kk rFkk eqfM+;k (dkenkjh) fyfi esa fy[kh xbZ bl
15- O;fDrxr losZ ij vk/kkfjr tkudkjhA
16- lka[kyk] dey fd'kksj] mijksDr] i`- 170
J`a[kyk dh dqy 157 cfg;ka leqiyC/k gSaA buesa ls 18oha 'krkCnh dkyhu cfg;ksa dh
17- O;fDrxr losZ ij vk/kkfjr tkudkjhA dqy la[;k 54 gS tks fo-la- 1821 ls izkjEHk gksdj fo-la- 1857 rd ds dkykuqÿe
18- ogh ls lEcfU/kr gSaA3
19- ogh ekjokM+ lun ijokuk cfg;kr Ja`[kyk dh bu cfg;ksa esa ijokuksa rFkk njckjh
20- lka[kyk] dey fd'kksj] mijksDr] i`- 170 i=ksa vkfn dh udysa gSaA bu cfg;ksa esa lekfgr cgqvk;keh lwpukvksa ls gesa vBkjgoha
21- O;fDrxr losZ ij vk/kkfjr tkudkjhA 'krkCnh dkyhu jkt ekjokM+ esa fo|eku jgh iapk;rksa ds Lo:i] izdkj] xBu] iapksa
22- cuthZ] v{k; dqekj] ukFk ;ksx] i`- 33&34_ ukFkk jk vkl.k] [k.M&2] izkP; fo|k dh fu;qfDr] iapk;rksa dh cSBd cqyk;s tkus dh fLFkfr;ksa] iapk;rksa ds dk;Z{ks= ,oa
izfr"Bku] i`- 39 fo"k;] dk;Z iºfr] fofo/k izdkj ds fooknksa] tkfr4] xkao5 ,oa O;kolkf;d iapk;rksa6
23- ukFkk jk vkl.k] [k.M&3] izkP; fo|k izfr"Bku] i`- 32&33 ds fÿ;kdykiksa] muds fu.kZ;ksa ,oa iapk;r&jkT; lEcU/kksa ij foiqy ,oa rF;kRed
24- O;fDrxr losZ ij vk/kkfjr tkudkjhA tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA xzkE; tuthou esa mRiUu gksus okys fofo/k izdkj ds ikjLifjd
25- of'k"B] MkW- /keZohj] ekjokM+ dh fp=kadu ijEijk ,oa fp=dkj] jktLFkku fgUnh xazFk fooknksa ds Lo:i rFkk mUgsa fucVkus esa jgh lEcfU/kr iapk;rksa dh Hkwfedk] U;kf;d
vdkneh t;iqj] 2011] i`- 126_ O;fDrxr losZ ij vk/kkfjr tkudkjhA izfÿ;k vkfn dks le>us vkSj foosfpr&fo'ysf"kr djus dh n`f"V ls Hkh bu cfg;ksa esa
26- xgyksr] lq[kohj flag] tks/kiqj dk lkaLd`frd oSHko] jktLFkkuh xzaFkkxkj] lkstrh xsV] lekfgr tkudkfj;ka viuk fof'k"V ,oa vlekukUrj egŸo j[krh gSa vkSj 'kks/k ds
tks/kiqj 1996] i`- 113 vusd uohu vk;ke iz'kLr djrh gSaA
27- lka[kyk] deyfd'kksj] mijksDr] i`- 41&42_ O;fDrxr losZ ij vk/kkfjr tkudkjhA
28- of'k"B] MkW- /keZohj] mijksDr] i`- 92_ O;fDrxr losZ ij vk/kkfjr tkudkjhA bu cfg;kr esa lekfgr cgqvk;keh lwpukvksa dk foospu vkSj fo'ys"k.k ;g
ladsr djrk gS fd bl dkykof/k ds nkSjku ekjokM+ jkT; esa iz'kklu esa dsUnzhdj.k dh
izo`fŸk dh fo|ekurk ds ckotwn iz'kklu ds fodsUnzhdj.k dh egŸkk dh LohdkjksfDr
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 471
iapk;r laLFkk dks jkT; }kjk iznŸk Lok;Ÿkrk ,oa laj{k.k ds :i esa n`f"Vxr gksrh gSA
tgk° ,d vksj bl dkykof/k esa jkt ekjokM+ ds jkBkSM+ ujs'kksa7 }kjk bl 'krkCnh esa lŸkk
vkSj iz'kklu ds dsUnzh;dj.k ,oa lqn`<+hdj.k ds iz;klksa ls LFkkuh; Lrj ij dqyh;
jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh Lora=rk ,oa Lok;Ÿkrk dks vadqf'kr ,oa fu;af=r dj mu ij
l'kDr u`ira= dh idM+ dks lqn`<+ cuk;k x;k ogha LFkkuh; Lrj ds lkekftd&
lkaLd`frd] vkfFkZd tuthou dks izpfyr ijEijkvksa vkSj ekU;rkvksa ds ifjos'k esa
thfor j[krs gq, iapk;r tSlh Lok;Ÿk'kklh laLFkk dks leqfpr Lok;Ÿkrk ,oa izksRlkgu
iznku fd;k x;kA blls bl dkykof/k esa bl laHkkx esa ^iapk;r* laLFkk dk egŸo rFkk
izHkko vkSj vf/kd eq[kfjr gksdj lkeus vkrk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj dh cfg;kr 'kk[kk ds tks/kiqj [k.M esa
lajf{kr bl dkykof/k dh bu ekjokM+ lun ijokuk cfg;ksa esa lekfgr cgqvk;keh
lwpukvksa vkSj foiqy rF;ksa ls gesa vHkh rd vuqŸkfjr jgs iapk;r O;oLFkk fo"k;d
dbZ egŸoiw.kZ iz'uksa ds rF;kRed mŸkj <wa<+us esa Hkh enn feyrh gS tSls & bl
dkykof/k esa gekjs v/;;u {ks= esa iapk;rksa dk Lo:i D;k Fkk\_ tkfr vkSj xkao
iapk;rksa ds vfrfjDr D;k dksbZ vU; izdkj dh iapk;r Hkh gqvk djrh Fkh\_ ;fn gk°]
rks mlds xBu ,oa dk;Z iºfr fo"k;d fdl izdkj dh lwpuk,a izkIr gksrh gSa vkSj
muls fdl izdkj dh fHkUu iapk;r dk Lo:i eq[kfjr gksdj lkeus vkrk fn[kkbZ nsrk
gS\_ budh lajpuk o xBu dSlk Fkk\_ iap dkSu O;fDr gqvk djrs Fks\_ lqifjfpr
dk;Z {ks= ds vfrfjDr buds dk;Zikfydk ,oa U;k;ikfydk lEcU/kh vkSj D;k dk;Z
Fks\_ D;k iapk;rsa izpfyr ijEijkvksa dh laj{kk dk dk;Z gh djrh Fkh\_ budh
Lok;Ÿkrk dh ifjlhek,a D;k Fkha\ jkT; }kjk buds fÿ;kdykiksa o {ks=kf/kdkj esa D;k
dksbZ gLr{ksi fd;k tkrk Fkk\_ ;fn gk°] rks og gLr{ksi fdl izdkj dk gksrk Fkk\_
iapk;r vkSj jkT; dh ikjLifjd fuHkZjrk fdl izdkj dh Fkh\ jkT; dk gLr{ksi fdl
lhek rd izHkkoh Fkk rFkk ml gLr{ksi ds mijkar iapk;rksa dk Lok;Ÿk'kklh Lo:i
viuh ewy izd`fr cuk;s j[kus esa fdl lhek rd lQy jgk\ lkekU; O;fDr dks bu
laLFkkvksa ls fdruk U;k; fey ldk ,oa lekt ds ewy Lo:i dks fod`r gksus ls
cpkus dh n`f"V ls ,oa ;FkkfLFkfr cuk;s j[kus dh n`f"V ls iapk;rksa dk D;k ;ksxnku
jgk\ vkfnA8
bu ekjokM+ lun ijokuk cfg;ksa esa fofo/k tkfr&iapk;rksa ds tkrh; vkSj
lkekftd vk/kkj ij xfBr gksus ds mYys[k ns[kus dks feyrs gSa tks u dsoy xkaoksa oju~
dLcksa rFkk 'kgjksa esa Hkh lfÿ; FkhaA9 ,sls xkao Hkh Fks tks ,d gh tkfr ds yksxksa ls
vkckn Fks vr,o mu xkaoksa esa ogk° dh tkfr iapk;r gh xkao&iapk;r dk dk;Z Hkh
djrh gqbZ fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA10 tkfr iap dkSu gksrs Fks rFkk muds p;u ;k fu;qfDr dk
vk/kkj D;k Fkk\11 budh cSBd fdu&fdu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa cqykbZ tk ldrh Fkh ;k
244 472 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
,rnFkZ tkfr iapksa dks fu;qfDr fd;k tkrk Fkk\12 D;k jkT; dks Hkh tkfr iapksa dh
fu;qfDr dk vf/kdkj Fkk vkSj vko';drk iM+us ij D;k jkT; ,slk djrk Fkk\13 D;k nks
fHkUu xkaoksa ds leku tkfr ds O;fDr;ksa ds ikjLifjd lkekftd fooknksa dk fuiVkjk
djus gsrq rhljs xkao ds leku tkfr ds iap Hkh fu;qDr fd;s tk ldrs Fks\14 D;k ,d
xkao esa ,d tkfr ds FkksMs+ ls ifjokj gksus dh fLFkfr esa os vius lkekftd fooknksa ds
fuLrkj.k ds fy;s fudVLFk xkao dh leku tkfr&iapk;r ls tqM+ ldrs Fks\15 tkfr
iapk;rksa dh cSBdsa izk;% fdu LFkkuksa ij vk;ksftr gksrh Fkha\16 mudh dk;Z iºfr vkSj
izfÿ;k D;k jgk djrh Fkh17] bR;kfn iz'uksa ds mŸkj <aw<+us esa bu cfg;ksa esa lekfgr
lkexzh cgqr gh mi;ksxh izekf.kr gksrh gSA bu cfg;ksa ds v/;;u ls gesa ;g Kkr gksrk
gS fd tkfr iapk;rksa ds dk;Z {ks= esa vkus okys fookn izeq[k :i ls lxkbZ18] fookg19]
fookfgr thou20] ifr dh e`R;qijkar fo/kok L=h dh n'kk21] iqufoZokg (ukrk] iys
yxkbZ] ?kj esa ?kkyuk vkfn)22] [kksyk23] ukjh dk ÿ;&foÿ;24] iSr`d lEifŸk ds
caVokjs25 rFkk vU; fofo/k izdkj ds lkekftd fdLe ds fooknksa vkfn ls lEcfU/kr
gksrs FksA buds }kjk fd;s x;s fooknksa ds fuLrkj.k dk vkSj fn;s x;s n.Mksa dk Lo:i
D;k Fkk\26 tSls fo"k; ij Hkh bu cfg;ksa esa lekfgr lwpuk,a dkQh ewY;oku lwpuk,a
iznku djrh gSa tks lelkef;d ekjokM+ ds lkekftd&lkaLd`frd bfrgkl dh n`f"V
ls vius vki esa vR;Ur egŸoiw.kZ dgh tk ldrh gSaA
bu cfg;ksa esa lekfgr tkudkfj;ksa ls ;g Hkh fofnr gksrk gS fd xkao Lrj ds
vf/kdka'k ukxfjd izd`fr ds rFkk xzke&leqnk; Lrj ds vU; fooknksa dk fuLrkj.k
lelkef;d jkt ekjokM+ esa xkao&iapk;rksa ds }kjk fd;k tkrk FkkA budk Lo:i
dSlk Fkk rFkk budk xBu fdl izdkj gqvk djrk Fkk\27 budh cSBd dc vkSj fdu
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa cqykbZ tkrh Fkh rFkk budh cSBd izfÿ;k D;k Fkh\28 bu xkao iapk;rksa
ds dk;Z{ks= esa fdu&fdu fo"k;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk Fkk\29 vkfn iz'uksa ds mŸkj
<wa<+us ds fy;s ;s cfg;ka cgqr gh mi;ksxh lkfcr gksrh gSaA bu cfg;ksa dk voyksdu
djus ij gesa ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd xkao ds iqfyl iz'kklu ,oa Hkw&jktLo olwyh ds
iz'kklu dks lapkfyr djus esa xkao iapk;rksa dh dksbZ Lora= Hkwfedk ugha FkhA xkao
lEcU/kh {ks= esa 'kkafr O;oLFkk LFkkiuk dk nkf;Ro lEcfU/kr Fkkusnkj ,oa QkStnkj dk
gksrk FkkA xkao dk eqf[k;k] Bkdqj vkSj tehankj vkfn lEcfU/kr xkao esa ;g Hkwfedk
fuHkkrs FksA blh izdkj jktLo olwyh Hkh lEcfU/kr deZpkfj;ksa ds }kjk gh dh tkrh
FkhA30 xkao iapk;rksa ds le{k tks leL;k,a lek/kku gsrq izLrqr gksrh Fkha ;k tks fookn
muds }kjk lqy>k;s tkrs Fks os eq[; :i ls HkwLoRo vf/kdkj lEcU/kh d`f"k fookn tSls
[ksr] ?kj] tehu] dq,a ds LokfeRo lEcU/kh >xM+ksa31_ buds caVokjs vFkkZr~ fgLlk&ikarh
lEcU/kh ekeyksa32_ [skrksa dh lhao vFkkZr~ gn ;k lhek lEcU/kh fooknksa33_ iSr`d
Hkwfe&?kj] lEifŸk ds caVokjs lEcU/kh ekeyksa34_ lk>s dh tehu ds caVokjs35_ [ksr&tehu
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 473
ij vuf/kd`r dCts36_ d`f"k mit ,oa vfrfjDr mit ds caVokjs ls lEcfU/kr fooknksa37]
nku&vuqnku dh Hkwfe ds LokfeRo ls lEcfU/kr >xM+ksa38_ Hkw&Lokeh dks viuh Hkwfe
dk'r ugha djus nsus lEcU/kh fooknksa39_ eyck40 ,oa eqdkrk41 O;oLFkk ls tqM+s fooknksa
vkfn ls lEcfU/kr FksA42 blh ds lkFk gh lkFk xzkeh.k Lrj ds vkijkf/kd ekeyksa43]
ukxfjd izd`fr ds fooknksa44_ nks xkaoksa dh lhek dks ysdj gq, >xM+ksa45_ fofo/k izdkj
ds dj&vockc dks ysdj mRiUu fooknksa46_ djksa ds fu/kkZj.k] ysg.kk&dtZ dks ysdj
gq, fooknksa47_ Hkwfe ;k oLrq jsgu j[kus ls lEcfU/kr fooknksa48_ larkughu O;fDr dh
lEifŸk ds caVokjs49] ÿ;&foÿ; ls tqM+s fofo/k izdkj ds fooknksa vkfn dks Hkh bUgha
xkao&iapk;rksa ds }kjk gh lqy>k;k tkrk FkkA bu xkao iapk;rksa }kjk fooknksa dks fdl
izdkj fuLrkfjr fd;k tkrk Fkk vkSj buds }kjk fn;s x;s n.Mksa dk Lo:i D;k Fkk\50
vkfn fo"k;ksa dks le>us dh n`f"V ls Hkh ;s cfg;ka csgn mi;ksxh lkfcr gksrh gSaA
bu cfg;ksa esa leqiyC/k tkudkfj;ksa ls gesa vBkjgoha 'krkCnh dkyhu jkt
ekjokM+ esa ,d rhljs izdkj dh iapk;rksa ds vfLrRoeku gksus ds izek.k Hkh feyrs gSa
tks fdlh fof'k"V O;olk; ls tqM+s yksxksa }kjk vius O;kolkf;d fgrksa ds lEoºZu ,oa
fooknksa ds fuLrkj.k gsrq xfBr gksrh Fkha vkSj ftUgsa ge O;kolkf;d iapk;rksa dk uke ns
ldrs gSaA bu iapk;rksa ds Lo:i] xBu] dk;Z {ks=] dk;Z iºfr ,oa fu.kZ; fu iknu dks
ysdj fofo/k izdkj dh lwpuk,a bu cfg;ksa esa ns[kus dks feyrh gSaA buds le{k
fuLrkj.k ds fy;s izLrqr gksus okys fo"k; eq[;r% fuEukafdr izdkj ds Fks & nks
O;kolkf;;ksa ds e/; gksus okyk fglkc dk >xM+k vFkkZr~ ^ys[ks&pks[ks dk vljpk*51_
lk>s ds >xM+s52_ eky ds >xM+s53_ ysu&nsu ds >xM+s54_ Ω.k rFkk C;kt vnk;xh ls
tqMs+ >xM+s55 rFkk gq.Mh Hkqxrku lEcU/kh >xM+s56 vkfnA buds }kjk fn;s tkus okys n.M
eq[;r% vkfFkZd gh gksrs FksA ;s iapk;rsa vius lnL;ksa ds lkewfgd O;kolkf;d fgrksa
ds lEoºZu ,oa j{k.k dk dk;Z Hkh djrh FkhaA
fu"d"kZr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd vBkjgoha 'krkCnh dkyhu jkt ekjokM+
ds lkekftd&lkaLd`frd ,oa vkfFkZd tuthou ds ,d vR;Ur egŸoiw.kZ vk;ke
^iapk;r&O;oLFkk* lEcU/kh fofo/k i{kksa dks le>us ,oa rf}"k;d Vhdk&fVIi.kh ,oa
'kks/kijd ehekalk djus ds fy;s jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj esa lax`ghr
ekjokM+ lun ijokuk cfg;ka vkSj muesa lekfgr cgqvk;keh tkudkfj;ka viuk ,d
fof'k"V egŸo j[krh gSa vkSj 'kks/k ds uohu vk;ke izLrqr djrh gSaA
lanHkZ
1- nz"VO; & th-,l-,y- nsoM+k] fjdkWM~lZ vkWu nh iapk;r flLVe bu nh jktLFkku
vkjdkbZOt (1700&1800 ,-Mh-)] 'kks/k ys[k] izdkf'kr] fn lkslsZt vkWQ lks'ky
,.M bdksuksfed fgLV™h vkWQ jktLFkku] lsUVj QkWj jktLFkku LVMht] jktLFkku
245 474 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
fo'ofo|ky;] t;iqj] 1977_ f'ko dqekj Hkuksr] jktLFkku esa iapk;r O;oLFkk] v/
;k;&1] t;iqj] 2000
2- nz"VO; & f'ko dqekj Hkuksr] if'peh jktLFkku esa iapk;r iz.kkyh ds iqjkys[kh; lzksr]
'kks/k ys[k] izdkf'kr] le vkLiSDV~l vkWQ lks'kks&bdksuksfed fgLV™h vkWQ jktLFkku
,.M ekyok (la- MkW- ukjk;.k flag HkkVh)] i`- 155&165] tks/kiqj] 1989
3- lun ijokuk cgh (ekjokM+)] ua- 1] fo-la- 1821_ ogh] ua- 2] fo-la- 1822_ ogh] ua-
3] fo-la- 1822_ ogh] ua- 4] fo-la- 1823_ ogh] ua- 5] fo-la- 1823_ ogh] ua- 6] fo-la-
1824_ ogh] ua- 7] fo-la- 1824_ ogh] ua- 8] fo-la- 1825_ ogh] ua- 9] fo-la- 1826_
ogh] ua- 10] fo-la- 1827_ ogh] ua- 11] fo-la- 1828_ ogh] ua- 12] fo-la- 1829_ ogh]
ua- 13] fo-la- 1830_ ogh] ua- 14] fo-la- 1831_ ogh] ua- 15] fo-la- 1832_ ogh] ua-
16] fo-la- 1833_ ogh] ua- 17] fo-la- 1833_ ogh] ua- 18] fo-la- 1834_ ogh] ua- 19]
fo-la- 1834_ ogh] ua- 20] fo-la- 1835_ ogh] ua- 21] fo-la- 1835_ ogh] ua- 22] fo-
la- 1836_ ogh] ua- 23] fo-la- 1836_ ogh] ua- 24] fo-la- 1837_ ogh] ua- 25] fo-la-
1838_ ogh] ua- 26] fo-la- 1838_ ogh] ua- 27] fo-la- 1839_ ogh] ua- 28] fo-la-
1839_ ogh] ua- 29] fo-la- 1840_ ogh] ua- 30] fo-la- 1841_ ogh] ua- 31] fo-la-
1841_ ogh] ua- 32] fo-la- 1842_ ogh] ua- 33] fo-la- 1842_ ogh] ua- 34] fo-la-
1843_ ogh] ua- 35] fo-la- 1843_ ogh] ua- 36] fo-la- 1844_ ogh] ua- 37] fo-la-
1844_ ogh] ua- 38] fo-la- 1845_ ogh] ua- 39] fo-la- 1845_ ogh] ua- 40] fo-la-
1846_ ogh] ua- 41] fo-la- 1846_ ogh] ua- 42] fo-la- 1847_ ogh] ua- 43] fo-la-
1848_ ogh] ua- 44] fo-la- 1849_ ogh] ua- 45] fo-la- 1850_ ogh] ua- 46] fo-la-
1851_ ogh] ua- 47] fo-la- 1852_ ogh] ua- 48] fo-la- 1853_ ogh] ua- 49] fo-la-
1854_ ogh] ua- 50] fo-la- 1854_ ogh] ua- 51] fo-la- 1854_ ogh] ua- 52] fo-la-
1855_ ogh] ua- 53] fo-la- 1856_ ogh] ua- 54 fo-la- 1857
4- nz"VO; & f'ko dqekj Hkuksr] vkWxsZukbZts'ku ,.M jksy vkWQ dkLV iapk;Rl bu oSLVuZ
jktiwrkuk (1700&1800 ,-Mh-)] 'kks/k ys[k] izdkf'kr] le vkLiSDV~l vkWQ
lksf'k;ks&bdksuksfed fgLV™h vkWQ jktLFkku (la- th-,y-,y- nsoM+k)] i`- 226&39]
chdkusj] 1980
5- nz"VO; & f'ko dqekj Hkuksr] foyst iapk;Rl ,.M #jy fMLI;wV~l bu oSLVuZ jktiwrkuk
(1700&1800 ,-Mh-)] 'kks/k ys[k] izdkf'kr] bf.M;u fgLV™h dkaxzsl (59oka ifV;kyk
ls'ku)] izkslhfMaXl] 1999
6- nz"VO; & f'ko dqekj Hkuksr] if'peh jktLFkku esa O;kolkf;d iapk;rsa (1750&1818
bZ-)] 'kks/k ys[k] izdkf'kr] jktLFkku fgLV™h dkaxzsl izkslhfMaXl vkWQ fljksgh ls'ku] i`-
97&102] tks/kiqj] 1984
7- egkjktk Hkheflag th (1793&1803 bZ-)] bdrhlosa ujs'k_ egkjktk ekuflag th
(1803&1843 bZ-)] cŸkhlosa ujs'k_ egkjktk r[krflag th (1843&73 bZ-)] rsrhlosa
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 475 246 476 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

ujs'k_ egkjktk tloar flag th (f}rh;) (1873&95 bZ-)] pkSrhlosa ujs'k_ egkjktk 29- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 39] 56] 65] 71] 73] 85_ ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`-
ljnkjflag th (1895&1911 bZ-)] iSarhlosa ujs'kA nz"VO; & ia- fo'os'ojukFk jsm] 32] 51] 119] 142] 243] 301
ekjokM+ dk bfrgkl] Hkkx&1 ,oa 2] i`- 396&517] tks/kiqj] 1938 ,oa 1940 30- ogh] fo-la- 1835] ua- 20] i`- 68_ ogh] fo-la- 1857] ua- 54] i`- 6
8- ikn fVIi.kh ÿ- 3 dh fofo/k ekjokM+ lun ijokuk cfg;ka] tks/kiqj cfg;kr [k.M] 31- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 40_ ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] vklk<+ lqn 3] 89] 90
jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj 32- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 39
9- lun ijokuk cgh (ekjokM+)] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 20] 90] 99_ ogh] ua- 5] fo-la- 33- ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] vklk<+ lqn 3
1828] i`- 236] 257] jk-jk-v-ch- 34- ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 89] 90
10- ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 54_ ogh] fo-la- 1824] ua- 6] i`- 7] jk-jk-v-ch- 35- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 56
11- ogh] fo-la- 1821] ua- 1] i`- 22] jk-jk-v-ch- 36- ogh
12- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 30] 90] 94_ ogh] fo-la- 1828] ua- 10] i`- 261_ ogh] fo- 37- ogh] i`- 57
la- 1830] ua- 3] i`- 40_ ogh] fo-la- 1832] ua- 15] i`- 6 38- ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 32] 51] 119] 142] 143
13- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 93&94 39- ogh] i`- 119] 142] 143
14- ogh] i`- 24 40- dksbZ Hkh ^pkS/kjh* ;k ^vklkeh* viuh vfrfjDr Hkwfe] fdlh vU; dks tksr ij nsus ij
15- ogh] i`- 56 mlls ^eyck* uked dj olwyk djrk FkkA
16- ogh] fo-la- 1830] ua- 13] i`- 74 41- tc dksbZ dk'rdkj viuh Hkwfe dks tksrus ds fy;s mls fdlh vU; dks Bsds ij nsrk Fkk
17- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 22_ ogh] fo-la- 1824] ua- 6] i`- 5] 30_ ogh] fo-la- rks mls ^eqdkrk* dgk tkrk FkkA
1830] ua- 13] i`- 74 42- lun ijokuk cgh (ekjokM+)] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 191
18- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 90_ ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 28( ogh] fo-la- 1824] 43- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 73
ua- 6] i`- 3_ ogh] fo-la- 1825] ua- 8] i`- 149 44- ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 190
19- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 28_ ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 105] 257_ ogh] fo-la- 45- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 65
1824] ua- 6] i`- 152_ ogh] fo-la- 1825] ua- 8] i`- 149 46- ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 113] 127
20- ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 106_ ogh] fo-la- 1828] ua- 11] i`- 10 47- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 71_ ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 130] 131
21- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 56_ ogh] fo-la- 1824] ua- 6] i`- 37 48- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 85_ ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 74
22- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 20_ ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 52] 176] 236_ ogh] fo- 49- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 71] 85_ ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 140] 144] 243]
la- 1830] ua- 13] i`- 40] 136_ ogh] fo-la- 1832] ua- 15] i`- 7 301
23- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 61_ ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 167 50- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 39_ ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 119
24- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 130_ ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 54] 67] 114_ ogh] fo- 51- ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 79] 273
la- 1824] ua- 6] i`- 27_ ogh] fo-la- 1825] ua- 8] i`- 252 52- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 73
25- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 2] i`- 68_ ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 83] 87] 119] 132] 53- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 2] i`- 156_ ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 28
133] 135 54- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 59_ ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 84
26- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 31&32_ ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 260_ ogh] fo-la-
55- ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] i`- 127] 128
1824] ua- 6] i`- 152_ ogh] fo-la- 1830] ua- 13] i`- 136
56- ogh] fo-la- 1855] ua- 52] i`- 10] 18
27- ogh] fo-la- 1823] ua- 5] lko.k cn 3_ ogh] fo-la- 1832] ua- 15] i`- 37_ ogh] fo-la-
1845] ua- 38] i`- 7] 13_ ogh] fo-la- 1857] ua- 54] i`- 2
28- ogh] fo-la- 1822] ua- 3] i`- 39_ ogh] fo-la- 1835] ua- 20] i`- 68_ ogh] fo-la- 1840]
ua- 29] i`- 2] 7_ ogh] fo-la- 1857] ua- 54] i`- 6
 247 478 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

4- t;iqj6 diM+k] xksVk fdukjh] /kku] dkxt] uhy] ghjs]

eksrh vkfnA
18oha lnh esa ekjokM+ ds O;kikfjd dLcksa dk 5- dksVk7 xsgw°] puk] vQhe vkfnA
6- esokM+8 xqM+A
fodkl ,d iqjkys[kh; v/;;u 7- QykSnh9 uedA
MkW- rkjkpUn cSjok 8- flU/k10 šV] ?kksMs+] lw[ks Qy vkfnA
9- tSlyesj11 lkth[kkjA
vBkjgoha 'krkCnh ds nkSjku ekjokM+ esa vusd O;kikfjd dsUÊksa dk fodkl 10- eqYrku12 ?kksMsA+
gqvk ftuesa tks/kiqj] ukxkSj] ikyh] tkykSj] esMr+ k] ijcrlj] lkaHkj] ew.Mok] ipinjk 11- xqtjkr13 diwj] eksrh] gkFkh nk°r] elkys] [ktwj lksgkxk]
vkfn izeq[k FksA bu dLcksa dk O;kikfjd dsUÊksa ds :i esa ÿe'k% fdl izdkj fodkl ukfj;y] dRFkk ,oa rEckdwA
gqvk rFkk mudk O;kikj esa D;k egŸo Fkk\ bldk o.kZu ge fuEu izdkj djsaxs & tks/kiqj ls fu;kZr dh tkus okyh oLrq,°
tks/kiqj ekjokM+ jkT; dk lcls cM+k dLck FkkA O;kikfjd n`f"V ls bldk ÿ-la- dLcksa ds uke tgk° ls fu;kZr dh tkus okyh oLrqvksa ds uke
LFkku cM+k egŸoiw.kZ FkkA tks/kiqj esa dkikl dh lcls cM+h e.Mh Fkh] tgk° jkT; ds oLrq,° fu;kZr dh tkrh Fkha
leLr ijxuk ls dikl fcÿh ds fy, vkrh Fkh vkSj ;gk° ls vU; LFkkuksa ij O;kikfj;ksa 1- t;iqj16 lkQs] xqyqcUn vkSj cSyA
}kjk ys tk;h tkrh FkhA1 tks/kiqj diM+ksa dh jaxkbZ&NikbZ] cU/kst] pk°nh ds Nkis ds 2- chdkujs17 lkQs] cSy] fephZ] ydM+h dk lkeku vkfnA
vks<+us] ydM+h vkSj dk°p ds fgUMksysa vkfn m|ksxksa ds fy, izflº FkkA2 ;s oLrq,° ;gk° 3- vtesj18 ?kksM+s vkSj ≈°VA
ls jktLFkku ds fofHkÈk izns'kksa ds vykok ns'k ds vU; izkUrksa dks Hkh fu;kZr dh tkrh
4- dksVk19 cSyksa dh tksM+hA
FkhA tks/kiqj dk O;kikfjd lEcU/k jktLFkku ds gh ugha ns'k ds vU; Hkkxksa ls Hkh Fkk]
5- lkstr20 dikl vkS rkacs ds crZu
ftuesa tSlyesj] mn;iqj] dksVk] chdkusj] flU/k] eqYrku] xqtjkr] fnYyh] cqjgkuiqj
vkfn izeq[k FksA bu izns'kksa ds O;kikjh vius lkFk ogk° dh fufeZr oLrq,° fcÿh ds fy, 6- jryke (ekyok)21 ?kksMsA+
;gk° ykrs Fks vkSj ;gk° dh fufeZr oLrq,° ys tkrs FksA tks/kiqj dh vk;kr vkSj fu;kZr dh 7- nD[k.k (gSnjkckn)22 ≈°V ,oa ?kksM+sA
oLrq,° fuEu izdkj Fkh & 8- flU/k23 ≈°VA
9- QkftYdk24 ≈uA
tks/kiqj esa vk;kr dh tkus okyh oLrq,°
ÿ-la- dLcksa ds uke vk;kfrfroLrqvksa ds uke ikyh
tgka ls oLraq,° ikyh ekjokM+ dk tks/kiqj ds ckn lcls cM+k vkSj egŸoiw.kZ O;kikfjd dLck
vk;kr dh tkrh Fkha FkkA 18oha 'krkCnh ls iwoZ Hkh ikyh ekjokM+ dk ,d le`º O;kikfjd dLck ekuk tkrk
1- ukxkSj3 ≈uh dEcy] cSyksa dh tksM+h] yksgs dh ?kjsyw FkkA th-,p- vks>k ,oa duZy VkWM us vBkgjoha 'krkCnh ds nkSjku ikyh dks ekjokM+ dk
oLrq,°] ≈°V] rkack ,oa dkalk ds crZu] /kku] gkFkh ,d cM+k egŸoiw.kZ O;kikfjd dsUÊ cryk;k gSA25 ledkyhu Úksrksa ls gesa bl nkSjku
nk°r dh oLrq,°A ikyh esa vusd O;kikfj;ksa ds uke feyrs gSa ftuesa eq[; eSllZ v[kSpUn] dsljhpUn]
2- lkstr4 ?kksM+s dh dkfB;k°] cUnwdsa] ryokjsa] ydM+h ds 'kkg ukuwjke] jkexksiky eksgunkl [k=h] rstHkku eqYrkuh] lsB dq'kkypUn vkfn FksA26
f[kykSusA ledkyhu Úksrksa ls gesa mu O;kikfj;ksa ds ckjs esa Hkh tkudkjh feyrh gS ftudh ikyh
3- ikyh5 rkacs ds crZu] vQhe] pUnu dk rsy] pkoy] esa Hkh viuh O;kikfjd 'kk[kk,° Fkh & muesa t;iqj ds ukuwjke] xksikynkl] chdkusj ds
gkFkh nk°r dh pwfM+;k°] flUnwj] ukfj;y] diM+kA v[kSpUn] dsljhpUn vkfn izeq[k FksA27 ikyh esa lwrh oL=ksa] cUnwdksa] ryokjksa] yksgs ,oa
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 479 248 480 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

pÌj ds cDlksa rFkk yksgs ,oa rkacs ds crZuksa dk fuekZ.k cM+s iSekus ij gksrk FkkA28 6- tSlyesj43 mŸke fdLe dh lwrh diM+k] eksVk diM+k (fjtk) ,oa
duZy VkWM us ikyh dk O;kikfjd egŸkk dk mYys[k djrs gq, fy[kk gS & vQheA
^ikyh iwoZ ,oa if'peh izns'kksa ds fy, O;kikj fofue; dk dsUÊ Fkk] tgk° ij dk'ehj] 7- mejdksV44 vQhe] xqM]+ rEckdw] rsy ,oa dkyh fepZA
ekyok vkSj phu ds mRiknksa dks ;wjksi] v›hdk] Qkjl vkSj vjc ds mRiknksa ds lkFk 8- flU/k45 diM+k] lwr] ghax] fdjkuk] dkyh&fepZ] gYnh] dRFkk]
fofue; fd;k tkrk FkkA O;kikfj;ksa ds dkjok° dPN vkSj xqtjkr ds cUnxkgksa ls ;gk° vQhe] ghaxyw] xqM+ ,oa ≈°VA
gkFkh&nk°r] rkack] [ktwj] lqgkxk] ukfj;y] diM+s] dkWQh] pUnu dh ydM+h vkSj ukxkSj
elkys ykrs Fks cnys esa ;gk° eqYrkuh ghax] NhaV] lw[ks esos] oL=] thajk dksVk vkSj ukxkSj Hkh ekjokM+ dk ,d izflº O;kikfjd dLck FkkA ^rokjh[k rgQrqydke*
ekyok dh 'kDdj vkSj vQhe vkSj ekjokM+ esa fufeZr js'ke] mŸke&eghu diM+s] uked œfr esa mYys[k gS fd ukxkSj ,d izeq[k O;kikfjd dLck Fkk] tgk° ldjyrk
iksVk'k] 'kkWy] jaxs gq, dEcy] gfFk;kj vkSj ude vious lkFk ys tkrs FksA29 ikyh ds (cukr) fgUnqLrku ds nwljs 'kgjksa ls vPNs curs FksA egkjktk c[rflag us O;f‰xr
vk;kr vkSj fu;kZr fuEu izdkj Fks & :fp fn[kkdj nwj&nwj ds izkUrksa ls izR;sd dyk&dkS'ky ds n{k dkjhxjksa dks ukxkSj esa
ikyh esa vk;kr dh tkus okyh oLrq,° clus ds fy, vkeaf=r fd;kA ^≈u* ds mRiknu esa ukxkSj dk lcls izeq[k LFkku FkkA46
ÿ-la- dLcksa ds uke tgk° ls vk;kfrr oLrqvksa ds uke dyk&dkS'ky esa gkFkh&nk°r ds f[kykSus] ihry ds crZu] ≈uh] dEcy] yksgs] ds
dM+ko] rkys] gfFk;kj vkfn oLrq,° mPp dkjhxjh ds lkFk fufeZr dh tkrh FkhA47
oLrq,° vk;kr dh tkrh Fkha ukxkSj ds cSy viuh mPp uLy ds fy, lewps Hkkjro"kZ esa izflº FksA flU/k] eqYrku
1- chdkusj30 /kku vkSj jktLFkku ds fofHkÈk jkT;ksa dks ukxkSj ls cSy fu;kZr fd, tkrs FksA48 [kfut inkFkks±
2- ipinjk31 ued dh n`f"V ls Hkh ukxkSj dkQh le`º FkkA [kfut inkFkks± esa ;gk° yky iRFkj] vHkzd vkSj
3- tkykSj32 'kksjk ftIle dh [kkusa Fkh] lkFk gh ukxkSj ds fofHkÈk xkaoksa esa tsls pwVhljk] Hknkuk] ekaxyksn
4- fd'kux<+33 vQhe ,oa [ksjkV esa [kM~Mh dh [kkusa fLFkr FkhA49
5- cjsyh] dkuiqj vkSj eqtQjuxj35 'kDdj ,oa pkoy ledkyu Úksrksa esa gesa mu vusd O;kikfj;ksa ds uke feyrs gS tks ;gk° fofHkÈk
O;kikfjd xfrfof/k;ksa esa lfÿ; FksA eywdpUn xk°/kh] tho.knkl] Hkkjey] t;dj.k
6- dksVk] esokM+36 vQhe
tks'kh] Bkdqjnkl [k=h] cqykdhnkl vkfn ukxkSj ds izflº O;kikjh FksA50 buds vykok
7- flU/k36 pkoy ,oa lw[ks esos ;gk° vusd ,sls ckgjh O;kikjh Hkh Fks ftudh ;gk° O;kikfjd 'kk[kk,° Fkh] buesa jk/
8- ekyok37 rEckdw kkfd'ku] ';kepUÊ] o/kZeku] tSr:i] v[kSpUn] dsljhpUn vkfn izeq[k FksA51 lun
ikyh ls fu;kZr dh tkus oLrq,° ijokuk cgh ua- 21 esa mYys[k gS fd vusd eqYrkuh O;kikjh ukxkSj esa LFkk;h :i ls
ÿ-la- dLcksa ds uke tgk° fu;kZr dh tkus okyh oLrqvksa ds uke cl x, Fks ftuesa eSllZ uouhr jk;] Bkdqj Hkokuhnkl vkfn izeq[k FksA52
ls oLrq,° fu;kZr ukxkSj esa vk;kr dh tkus okyh oLrq,°
dh tkrh Fkha ÿ-la- dLcksa ds uke vk;kfrr oLrqvksa ds uke
1- tks/kiqj38 fde[kkc ds diM+s] tk;Qy] MksMk] pUnu] dslj] tgk° ls oLrq,°
diwj ,oa rkackA vk;kr dh tkrh Fkha
2- ipinjk 39
xU/kd] yksgk] lwryh] ued ,oa pkoyA 1- tks/kiqj53 diM+kA
3- ukxkSj40
yksgkA 2- chdkusj54 /kku] fdjkuk] js'ke] lw[ks esos] lsa/kk ued] ghax]
4- lkstr41 yksgkA vnjd ,oa tk;QyA
5- tkykSj 42
xa/kdA 3- ikyh55 yksgk ,oa tLrkA
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 481 249 482 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

4- d/kkj56 ?kksMsA+ ued dh [kkusa dkijM+k] dkadk.kh] fcykM+k] nlksj] HkkaHkh] [kkjyk vkfn xkaoksa esa FkhA69
5- dk'ehj57 i'ehukA ipinjk
ukxkSj ls fu;kZr dh tkus oLrq,° ;g dLck tks/kiqj ds if'pe esa fLFkr gSA ipinjk dk egŸo Hkh ^ued*
ÿ-la- dLcksa ds uke tgk° fu;kZr dh tkus okyh oLrqvksa ds uke m|ksx ds dkj.k jgk gSA ;gk° ued dh >hy gS ftlesa cM+s iSekus ij ued rS;kj fd;k
ls oLrq,° fu;kZr dh tkrk FkkA ;gk° ls ued jktLFkku ds leLr Hkkxksa dks fu;kZr fd;k tkrk FkkA lun
tkrh Fkha ijokuk cgh ua- 9 esa mYys[k gS fd ikyh ds O;kikjh cSyxkfM+;ksa ds }kjk ipinjk
1- tks/kiqj58 /kku] eyey] ≈uh dEcy] yksgs dh ?kjsyw oLrq,°A ued ysus vkrs FksA70 ;gk° ls ftu uxjksa dks ued dk cM+s iSekus ij fu;kZr fd;k tkrk
2- t;iqj59 cSyA Fkk muesa ikyh] tks/kiqj] chdkusj] t;iqj] cwanh] dksVk] esokM+ vkSj vkxjk eq[; FksA71
3- mn;iqj60 cSyA ipinjk esa ckgj ls tks oLrq,° vk;kr dh tkrh Fkh os bl izdkj Fkha &
4- mejdksV61 diM+k] dkals ,oa ihry ds crZu] /kku] ≈uh dEcy
vkfnA ipinjk esa vk;kr dh tkus okyh oLrq,°
5- nD[k.k (gSnjkckn)62 ?kksMsA+ ÿ-la- dLcksa ds uke vk;kfrr oLrqvksa ds uke
6- eqYrku63 ≈°VA tgk° ls oLrq,°
7- flU/k64 diM+k] lwr] :bZ] feJh] fdjkuk] yksgs dh ?kjsyw vk;kr dh tkrh Fkh
oLrq,°] vHkzd] ≈uh dEcyA 1- tks/kiqj72 rkacs ds crZu ,oa diM+sA
2- ikyh73 xa/kd] yksgk] rkack ,oa yksgs dh ?kjsyw oLrq,°A
lkaHkj
3- t;iqj74 pkoyA
lkaHkj dk O;kikfjd egŸo ued m|ksx ds dkj.k FkkA lkaHkj esa ^ued dh
4- ijcrlj75 cSy ,oa šVA
>hy* fLFkr gksus ls ;g dLck ekjokM+ dk ,d izeq[k O;kikfjd dsUÊ cu x;k FkkA65
5- ukxkSj76 cSy] ≈°V ,oa peM+s dh oLrq,°A
lkaHkj esa ued ds f[kykSus vkSj dkals ds crZu vPNs curs FksA ;gk° jktLFkku dh ued
dh lcls cM+h e.Mh FkhA ;gk° ls ued fuEu LFkkuksa dks cM+s iSekus ij fu;kZr fd;k ijcrlj
tkrk FkkA66 ijcrlj Hkh ekjokM+ ,d egŸoiw.kZ O;kikfjd dLck FkkA ;gk° cgqr cM+k i'kq
1- tks/kiqj 6- t;iqj esyk yxrk Fkk ftlesa cSyksa dk cM+h la[;k esa ÿ;&foÿ; gksrk FkkA ;gk° jktLFkku ds
2- 'ks[kkokVh 7- Xokfy;j leLr Hkkxksa ls i'kq ,oa vU; O;kikfjd oLrq,° ÿ;&foÿ; ds fy, vkrh FkhA77
3- chdkusj 8- >kalh lekdyhu lkfgfR;d ,oa vfHkys[kh; lk{;ksa esa gesa ,sls vusd O;kikfj;ksa ds fooj.k
4- cwUnh 9- xqtjkr feyrs gSa ftudh 'kk[kk,° ijcrlj esa fo|eku FkhA chdkusj ds dksBkjh KkupUn vkSj
5- dksVk xqykcpUn ;gk° ds lcls cM+s O;kikjh FksA78 [kkl :Ddk ijokuk cgh ua- 1 esa mYys[k
gS fd chdkusj ds O;kikjh gfjukjk;.k ds csVs&iksrs ijcrlj esa O;kikj djrs FksA79 bUgha
QykSnh
lk[;ksa esa ijrclj ds vusd LFkkuh; O;kikfj;ksa ds uke Hkh feyrs gSa ftuesa izeq[k
QykSnh Hkh 18oha lnh ds nkSjku ekjokM+ dk ,d izeq[k O;kikfjd dsUÊ FkkA lksHkkxpUn] gjfd'kksj vkSj thojke FksA80 lun ijokuk cgh ua- 24 esa mYys[k feyrk
;gk° ds O;kikjh vR;Ur dq'ky Fks vkSj Hkkjr o"kZ ds cM+s&cM+s uxjksa esa O;kikfjd gS fd dsljhyky czk„.k Hkh ijcrlj dk ,d izflº O;kikjh Fkk] tks ijcrlj vkSj
xfrfof/k;ksa esa lfÿ; FksA gdhdr cgh ua- 3 esa mYys[k gS fd lwjrjke QykSnh ds ukxkSj ds chp esa O;kikj djrk FkkA81
lcls cM+s O;kikjh Fks ftudh mejdksV tks/kiqj ikyh vkfn esa Hkh 'kk[kk,° FkhA67 lun
ijokuk cgh ua- 14 esa mYys[k feyrk gS fd QykSnh esa ued dh vusd [kkusa Fkha tgk° ew.Mok
ls bldks tks/kiqj Hkstk tkrk FkkA68 ekjokM+ jh ijxuk jh foxr ds vuqlkj QykSnh eas ew.Mok dLck ftyk ukxkSj esa fLFkr gSA O;kikfjd n`f"V ls ew.Mok Hkh ,d
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 483 250 484 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

lEiUUk dLck FkkA ;gk° gj o"kZ pS= eghus esa cgqr cM+k i'kq esyk yxrk FkkA ftlesa vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA
i'kqvksa ds ÿ;&foÿ; ds vykok vU; oLrqvksa dk Hkh O;kikj gksrk FkkA82 lun 13- lun ijokuk cgh ua-2 fo-la- (1765 bZ-)] lun ijokuk cgh ua- 13] fo-la- 1830
ijokuk cgh ua- 19 esa mYys[k gS fd 'kkg gjfd'ku 9 šV eky ls Hkjs gq, mejdksVls (1773 bZ-)] lun ijokuk cgh ua- 19] is-ua- 17] fo-la- 1834 (1777 bZ-)
ewaMok yk;kA83 lun ijokuk cgh ua- 23 eas mYys[k feyrk gS fd tks/kiqj ds lwjrjke 14- gdhdr cgh ua- 4 i`- 110] 1841 (1784 bZ-) gdhdr cgh ua- 8] i`- 445] fo-la-
O;kl esa ,d eu vukjnkuk ewaMok ls [kjhndj tks/kiqj ys x;kA84 lun ijokuk cgh 1860 (1803 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA
ua- 23 esa mYys[k gS fd tks/kiqj dk ewypUn dlsjk nks eu rkack [kjhndj ys x;kA85 15- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 25] i`- 257] fo-la- 1838 (1781 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l]
gdhdr cgh ua- 1 esa mYys[k feyrk gS fd nkSyriqj ds euksgjnkl] eksgdenkl jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA
16- jktiwrkuk xtsfV;j Hkkx i`- 119A
ewaMok esys ls 500 šV [kjhndj ys x;sA86
17- lkok e.Mh cghua- 4] fo-la- 1807&10 (1950&53 bZ-)] [kkl :Ddk ijokuk cgh ua-
lanHkZ 1] fo-la- 1821&88 (1764&1831 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkM~lZ ] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj]
1- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 9 fo-la- 1826 (1769) tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; chdkusjA
vfHkys[kkxkj chdkusjA 18- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 25] i`- 139] fo-la- 1838 (1781 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l]
2- txnh'k flag xgyksr] ekjokM+ jkT; dk bfrgkl i`- 220A jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA
3- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 21 i`- 275 fo-la- 1835 19- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 25] i`- 470] fo-la- 1838 (1781 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l]
(1778 bZ-)] lun ijokuk cgh ua- 27] i`- 10 fo-la- 1838 jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA
(1781 bZ-)] lun ijokuk cgh ua- 13] i`- 8 fo-la- 1830 20- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 20] fo-la- 1835 (1778 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT;
(1773 bZ-)] lun ijokuk cgh ua- 10] i`- 56 fo-la- 1827 vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA
(1770 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA 21- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 13] i`- 13] fo-la- 1830 (1773 bZ-)_
4- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 25] i`- 259 tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l fo-la- 1838(1781 bZ-)] jktLFkku tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA
jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA 22- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 17] i`- 299] fo-la- 1833 (1776 bZ-)_
5- lun ijokuk cghua- 13] i`- 366] fo-la- 1830 (1775 bZ-)]cgh ijxuk jh dpsM+h jh tks/kiqj fjdkM~Zl] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA
tek[kpZ jh eklokj] ua- 26 (n∂rjh gtqjh) tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] 23- fMfLV™DV xtsfV;j vkWQ tks/kiqj i`- 220&223
chdkusjA tks/kiqj dksrokyh pkSarjk tekcUnh cgh ua- fo-la- 1825 (1768 bZ-) tks/ 24- jktiwrkuk xtsfV;j Hkkx f}rh; i`- 119&120
kiqj fjdkMZ~l] tks/kiqj ftyk vfHkys[kkxkj] tks/kiqjA 25- th-,p- vks>kk] tks/kiqj jkT; dk bfrgkl] i`- 56 ,oa 57
6- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 21 i`-292] fo-la- 1835 (1778 bZ-) gdhdr cgh ua- 7 i`- fo- 26- [kkl :Ddk ijokuk cgh ua- 1] 1825 (1768 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkM~Zl] jktLFkku jkT;
la- 1857 (1800 bZ.) cgh [kklS [ktkus jh cgh tek[kpZ (n∂Rkjh gtwjh) i`- 4] fo- vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA
la- 1810 (1735 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA 27- [kkl :Ddk ijokuk cgh ua- A] 1847 (1790 bZ-)+ i`- 84 fo-la- 1848 (1791 bZ-)]
7- jktiwrkuk xtsfV;j Hkkx f}rh;] i`- 119 tks/kiqj fjdkM~Z] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA
8- ogh 28- VkWM Hkkx f}rh; i`- 27
9- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 11] i`- 44] fo-la- 1829 (1772 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku 29- ogh
jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA 30- gdhdr cgh ua- 4] i`- 109] fo-la- 1841 (1784 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku
10- tks/kiqj dksrokyh pkSarjk tekcUnh cgh ua- 884] fo-la- 1824 (1764 bZ-)] tks/kiqj jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA
fjdkMZ~l] tks/kiqj ftyk vfHkys[kkxkj] tks/kiqjA 31- gdhdr cgh ua- 4] i`- 105] fo-la- 1841 (1784 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkM~Zl] jktLFkku
11- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 5] i`- 312 fo-la- 1823 (1766 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA
jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA jktiwrkuk xtsfV;j & Hkkx f}rh; i`- 119 32- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 25] fo-la- 1838 (1781 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkM~Zl] jktLFkku jkT;
12- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 28] fo-la- 1838 (1781 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkM~l] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA
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33- gkFk cghua- 4] fo-la- 1885 (828 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] 52- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 21] i`- 279] fo-la- 1835 (1778 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l]
chdkusjA jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA
34- fMfLV™DV xtsfV;j vkWQ ikyh i`- 170 ,oa 178 53- ukxkSj gqdqer tekcUnh cgh ua- 1295] fo-la- 1834] (1777 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l]
35- ogh tks/kiqj ftyk vfHkys[kkxkj] tks/kiqjA
36- ogh 54- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 9] fo-la- 1825 (1768 bZ-)] lun ijokuk cgh ua- 21 i`- 285]
37- ogh fo-la- 1835 (1778 bZ-)
38- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 25] i`- 205] fo-la- 1839 (1781 bZ-)_ tks/kiqj fjdkM~Zl] 55- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 21] i`- 285] fo-la- 1835 (1778 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l]
jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA
39- ijxuk ikyh tek[kpZ jh gkde jh nQrj jh cgh ua- 1529 fo-la- 1835 (1778 bZ-)] 56- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 21] i`- 283] fo-la- 1835 (1778 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l]
cgh ijxuk iapinjk js dpsM+h js dpsM+h jh tek [kpZ jh cgh ua- 26] fo-la- 1833 jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA
(1776 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA 57- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 25] i`- 77] fo-la- 1838 (1781 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkM~Zl] jktLFkku
40- ukxkSj gqdqer tekcUnh cgh ua- 1295] fo-la- 1834] (1777 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkM~Zl] jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA
tks/kiqj ftyk vfHkys[kxkj] tks/kiqjA 58- tdrk cgh ua- 81] fo-la- 1807 (1750 bZ-)_ chdkusj fjdkMZ] lun ijokuk cgh ua-
41- lkstr dksrokyh pkSrjk tekcUnh cgh ua- 1830] fo-la- 1840] (1738 bZ-)] tks/kiqj 21] i`- 285] fo-la- 1835 (1778 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj]
fjdkM~Zl] tks/kiqj ftyk vfHkys[kkxkj] tks/kiqjA chdkusjA
42- tkykSj dkSrokyh pkSrjk tekcUnh cgh ua- 759] fo-la- 1878 (1827 bZ-) tks/kiqj 59- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 6] i`- 31] fo-la- 1824 (1767 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku
fjdkMZ~l] tks/kiqj ftyk vfHkys[kkxkj] tks/kiqjA jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA
43- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 21 i`- 235] fo-la- 1835 (1778 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku 60- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 5] i`- 313] fo-la- 1823 (1766 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku
jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA
44- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 25] i`- 203] fo-la- 1838 (1781 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] 61- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 25] i`- 28] fo-la- 1838 (1781 bZ-)] lun ijokuk cgh ua- 29]
jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA i`- 39] fo-la- 1840 (1783 bZ-)_ tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj]
45- ijxuk QykSnh jh dpSM+h jh tekcUnh cgh ua- 1500] fo-la- 1852 (1795 bZ-)] chdkusjA
chdkusj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA 62- lun ijokuk gh ua- 26] i`- 25] fo-la- 1838 (1781 bZ-)_ tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku
46- lkok e.Mh lknj cgh ua- 4] fo-la- 1807&10 (750&1753 bZ-)] chdkusj fjdkMZ~l] jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA
jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA 63- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 21] i`- 39] fo-la- 1835 (1778 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku
47- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 13] i`- fo-la- 1830 (1773 bZ-)] lun ijokuk cgh ua- 20] i`- jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA
17] fo-la- 1838 (1778 bZ-) lun ijokuk cgh ua- 30 i`- 371] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] 64- ijxuk QykSnh jh dpSM+h jh tekcUnh cgh ua- 1490] fo-la- 818 (1761 bZ-)] tks/kiqj
jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] tks/kiqjA
48- lkok e.Mh lknj cgh ua- 4] fo-la- 18078&10 (1750&1753 bZ-)] chdkusj fjdkMZ~l] 65- ijxuk QykSnh jh dpSMh+ jh tekcUnh cghua- 1490] fo-la- 1818 (1761 bZ-)] tks/kij
jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] tks/kiqjA
49- ekjokM+ jk ijxuk jh foxr] Hkkx f}rh; i`- 423&24 A 66- gkFk cgh ua- 2] i`- 71 fo-la- 1838 (1781 bZ-)] tks/kiqj cfg;kr~] cgh [ksek js
50- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 14] i`- 44] fo-la- 1831 (1774 bZ-) lun ijokuk cgh ua- 19] dkj[kkus jh] ua- 9] fo-la- 1823 (1766 bZ-)_ tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT;
i`- 43] fo-la- 1835 (1778 bZ-)_ lun ijokuk cgh ua- 22 i`- 138] fo-la- 1836 vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA
(1779 bZ-) tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA 67- gdhdr cghua- 3] i`- 454] fo-la- 1840 (1783 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkM~Zl] jktLFkku
51- [kkl :Ddk ijokuk cgh ua- A] i`- 34] fo-la- 1827 (1770 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA
jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA 68- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 14] i`- 212] fo-la- 1831 (1774 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l]
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 487 252
jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA
69- ekjokM+ jk ijxuk jh foxr Hkkx f}rh; i`- 34] 35 A
70- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 9] i`- 152] fo-la- 1826 (1769 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku lkgwdkjh O;olk; % fj;klrksa ,oa fBdkusnkjksa ds
jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA
71- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 25] fo-la- (1781 bZ-)_ lun ijokuk cgh ua- 21] i`- 240] fo- ,sfrgkfld nLrkostksa dk egŸo
la- 1835 (1778 bZ-)_ lun ijokuk cgh ua- 15 i`- 4] fo-la- 1832 (1775 bZ-)_ gkFk MkW- dqyOkUr flag 'ks[kkor
cgh ua- 4] i`- 407] fo-la- 1906 (1849 bZ-) gdhdr cgh ua- 4 i`- 109] fo-la- 1841
(1784 bZ-) tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA ijxuk ikyh
tek[kpZ jh cgh ua- 1529 fo-la- 1835 (1778 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkM~Zl] tks/kiqj ftyk ns'kh; foŸkh; O;oLFkk esa lkgwdkjksa dh cksgjxr cfg;k° lkgwdkjh O;oLkk; ds
vfHkys[kkxkj] tks/kiqjA laca/k esa fofHkUu rF;kRed lwpuk,° vkSj O;oLFkkvksa ij izdk'k Mkyrh gSaA esM+rh dh
72- cgh ijxus iapinjk js dpsM+h jh eklokj ua- 26] fo-la- 1833 (1776 bZ-) tks/kiqj yksde.kh laxzg cfg;k° ,oa uxj&Jh pw: esa miyC/k iksÌkj lsBksa dh cfg;ksa ds
fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA nLrkostksa ls Ω.kh Ω.knkrk dh lwpuk C;kt njksa Ω.k olwyh ds rjhdksa ,oa tekurh
73- ogh O;oLFkk dh vPNh tkudkjh feyrh gSaA jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj chdkusj esa
74- ogh miyC/k fofHkÈk fj;klrksa % chdkusj tks/kiqj jkT; dh ÿe'k% dkxnksa&jh&cfg;ksa
75- ogh vkSjlun ijokuk cfg;ksa ds nLrkostksa rFkk jktLFkku v/;;u dsUÊ] jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky;
76- ogh t;iqj esa miyC/k esokM+ ds csnyk isijl ,oa :ikgsyh isijl uke ds uked laxzg
77- jktiwrkuk xtsfV;j] Hkkx f}rh;] i`- 258 A fBdkuksa ds nLrkostksa ls lkgwdkjh O;olk; ds laca/k esa jkspd ,oa egŸoiw.kZ tkudkfj;k°
78- [kkl :Ddk ijokuk cgh ua- A] 103] fo-la- 1850 (1793 bZ-) tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] feyrh gS ftlesa Ω.knkrk ds vkilh fookn jkT; ds }kjk fd;s x;s fu.kZ;] Ωf.k;ksa
jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA
ds fgrksa dh j{kk ds fy, fd;s x;s mik; ,oa Ω.k olwyh ds rjhds izeq[k gSA
79- [kkl :Ddk ijokuk cgh ua- A] i`- 225] fo-la- 1824 (1767 bZ-) tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l]
jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA chdkusj jkT; ds nLrkost & chdkusj jkT; dh dkxnksa&jh&cfg;k° 'kkldh;
80- oghA vkns'kksa dk ,d vPNk laxzg gS ftlesa 'kklu ds vkns'kksa esa lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd
81- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 24] i`- 237 fo-la- 1827 (1770 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku bfrgkl dh Hkh tkudkjh feyrh gSA dkxnksa&jh&cgh ua- 33@2 esa jkT; ds }kjk Hkknjk]
jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA N=x<+] uksgj ,oa jkorlj ds goynkjksa dks 'kkldh; i= Hksts x;sA mlesa mu jktLo
82- [kkl :Ddk ijokuk cgh ua- A] i`- 25&29] fo-la- 1824 (1767 bZ-) tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] vf/kdkfj;ksa dks Hkknok cnh f}rh;k foÿe lEor~ 1884 (1827 bZ-) esa vkns'k fn;k
jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA x;k fd os Ω.k olwyh dh izfÿ;k esa lsB ds equhe xqek'rksa dh lgk;rk djsaxs bu
83- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 19] i`- 43] fo-la- 1835 (1788 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku i=ksa ls vMk.k j[ks x;s jktLo Úksrksa dh izfÿ;k dh vPNh tkudkjh feyrh gSaA
jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA fpV~Bk [kkrk jh cgh ua- 1 ,oa dkxnksa&jh&cgh ua- 33@2 eas chdkusj jkT; esa NksVs
84- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 23] i`- 20] fo-la- 1837 (1780 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku
lkgwdkjksa }kjk Ω.k nsus dh izo`fr fn[kkbZ nsrh gSa tks 24 ,oa 36 izfr'kr okf"kZd C;kt
jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA
nj ij jkT; dks Ω.k miyC/k djokrs FksA dkxnksa&jh&cgh ua-10 ds i= ds vuqlkj
85- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 23] i`- 22] fo-la- 1837 (1780 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku
jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA vtdqeks.kh jh cgw ds iwoZtksa dk [ksr vMk.ks j[kk gqvk Fkk tcfd mldh n;uh; ,oa
86- gdhdr cgh ua- A] i`- 640] fo-la- 1828 (1771 bZ-)] tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku detksj fLFkfr dks ns[krs gq, njckj us lkgwdkj ls fj;klr cjrus dh fgnk;r nhA
jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusjA tks/kiqj jkT; ds nLrkost & tks/kiqj jkT; dh lun ijokuk cgh ua- 105 ,oa
116 ds fofHkÈk nLrkostksa ls dbZ Ω.k fooknkssa dk mYys[k feyrk gSaA tks lkgwdkjh
O;olk; esa izpfyr fu;eksa izko/kkuksa dks js[kkafdr djrk gSaA jkT; ds U;k;ky;ksa }kjk
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 489
izpfyr izko/kkuksa ds vuqlkj fu.kZ; fn;s FksA lun ijokuk cgh ua- 105 esa mYys[k
feyrk gS fd tks/kiqj jkT; ds lkgwdkj cS.kh jke ds ikl laor~ 1865 (1808 bZ-) esa
rsyh eqlrk vy nknjh us ,d /kku dk dksBk (vukt dks"Bkxkj) vMk.ks j[kk Fkk ftls
1812 bZ- esa mldh iq=h v.kns us vU; lkgwdkj ds ikl fxjoh j[k fn;k FkkA bl ij
tks/kiqj jkT; lkgwdkj cS.kh jke ds i{k esa fu.kZ; fn;kA lun ijokuk cgh ua- 116 esa
izkIr nLrkost ds vuqlkj jkT; dh ijcrlj dpsMh+ esa ,d fookn vk;k ftlds
vuqlkj cxlhjkr ds ikl fgUnwey dh nqdku fxjoh FkhA Ω.k jkf'k pqdkus ij Hkh
nwdku nsus ls cxlhjke bUdkj dj jgk FkkA jkT; dh dpsMh+ us cxlhjke dks Ω.k
jkf'k ysdj fgUnwey dks nwdku lkSaius dk vkns'k fn;kA
fBdkusnkjksa ds nLrkost &fBdkusnkj vius fBdkus {ks= esa dqN fo'ks"kkf/kdkj
j[krs FksA og U;kf;d 'kf‰;k° Hkh j[krs Fks ftlls vius {ks= dh O;oLFkk cuk;s j[k
ldsA blh ifjis{; esa fBdkus dh vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;k° lqpk: :i ls lapkfyr jgs]
bl gsrq fBdkusnkjksa us lkgwdkjksa dks bl izdkj ds funsZ'k fn;s tks lkgwdkjh O;oLkk; ds
izko/kkuksa ds brj vkns'k Fks fQj Hkh fBdkusnkj }kjk ekuoh; vk/kkj ij ,slh O;oLFkk Fkh
ftlls Ω.kh ds fgrksa dh lqj{kk ds lkFk lkgwdkjh O;Oklk; Hkh pyrk jgsA csnuk
fBdkusnkj ds foÿe lEor~ 1827 ,oa 1908 ds ijokuksa esa ÿe'k % lkgwdkj xqeku
cksgjk dks tq.knk xk°o ds prqHkqZt pekj dks mldk [ksr lkSaius dk vkns'k fn;k ,oa
jkex<+ 'kkg /kUuk lqjk.kk ds ikl dkyw tS flag dh nwdku fxjoh Fkh og xk°o NksM+ dj
pyk x;k rc fBdkusnkj us mls iqu% cqyk;k vkSj lkgwdkj /kUuk lqjk.kk dks mlls lok
#i;k izfrekg dh fd'r esa olwyus ds funsZ'k fn;s blls Li"V gS fd fBdkusnkj vius
{ks= ds œ"kd ,oa NksVs O;kikfj;ksa ds fgrksa dh j{kk ds fy, fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ,sls
funsZ'k nsrs FksA bl rjg ijEijkxr lkgwdkjh O;oLkk; ds lacaf/kr bu nLrkostksa ls Ω.k
olwyh dh izfÿ;k U;kf;d fooknksa jkT; dh Hkwfedk vkSj Ω.k iz.kkyh dh lkekftd
i`"BHkwfe dh vPNh tkudkjh feyrh gSaA
lUnHkZ
1- dkxnks&jh&cgh ua- 33@2 fo-la- 1884 (1827 bZ-) chdkusj fjdkMZ~l] jktLFkku jkT;
vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj
2- fpV~Bk [kkrk jh cgh ua-1 fo-la- chdkusj fjdkWMZ~l] jk-jk-v-ch-
3- dkxnks&jh&ch ua- 10 fo-la- 1854 (1797 bZ-) chdkusj fjdkWMZ~l] jk-jk-v-ch-
4- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 105 fo-la- 1899 (1824 bZ-) tks/kiqj fjdkWMZ~l] jk-jk-v-ch-
5- lun ijokuk cgh ua- 116 fo-l- 1906 (1849 bZ-) tks/kiqj fjdkMZ~l] jk-jk-v-ch-
6- fBdkuk csnyk ds ijokus] jktLFkku v/;;u dsUÊ] jk-fo-fo- t;iqj
253
ekjokM+ fj;klr ds ekyk.kh ijxus dh œf"k ,oa
Hkw&jktLo O;oLFkk % Lku~ 1707 ls1818 rd
'kadjflag iksVfy;k
ekyk.kh ijxuk ekjokM+ fj;klr dk if'peh lhekUr ijxuk FkkA tks viuh
HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr ds dkj.k ekjokM+ fj;klr ds ^jkBkSM+ jktoa'k dk ikyuk* dgykrk
FkkA1 ekyk.kh ijxus dk ukedj.k 14oha 'krkCnh ds ,d jkBkSM+ ljnkj ,oa lUr Jh
efYyukFk ds uke ij fd;k x;k FkkA os jkoy dh mikf/k /kkj.k djus okys bl {ks= ds
igys 'kkld FksA efYyukFk th ds i'pkr~ ;g ijxuk lEiw.kZ e/;dky esa v/kZ Lora=
fLFkfr esa LFkkuh; fBdkusnkjksa ds v/khu gh jgkA2 lu~ 1818 bZ- esa tks/kiqj jkT; rFkk
bZLV bf.M;k ds e/; gqbZ lgk;d lfU/k ds le; ekyk.kh ijxus dks Hkh tks/kiqj jkT;
dk gh Hkkx eku fy;k x;kA lu~ 1892 bZ- esa tks/kiqj ds egkjktk tloUrflag f}rh;
ds vkns'k ij ekyk.kh ijxus ds rRdkyhu lqifjUVsUMsUV eaq'kh gjn;kyflag }kjk
fyf[kr ^fCkzQ vdkm.V vkWQ ekyk.kh* ds vuqlkj ekyk.kh ijxus dk dqy {ks=Qy
6]488 oxZ fdyksehVj ,oa lu~ 1891 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj tula[;k 2]31]184
FkhA lEiw.kZ ekyk.kh ijxuk 9 fBdkuksa esa foHkkftr Fkk] tks bl izdkj Fks&tlksy] fl.k/
kjh] ckM+esj] fclkyk] fl;kuh] lsrjk≈] pkSgVu] xqMk+ ,oa uxjA
bl le;kof/k esa ekyk.kh ijxus dh vkcknh eq[;r% xzkeh.k Fkh rFkk ;g
fojy :i ls vf/kokflr Fkh vFkkZr~ ?kjksa ds e/; i;kZIr nwjh gksrh FkhA orZeku esa Hkh
bl {ks= esa vf/kdka'k fojy vf/kokl gh feyrk gSA ,d xkao esa dbZ tkfr;ksa ds yksx
,d lkFk jgrs FksA ftl tkfr ds yksx vf/kd gksrs Fks] ml tkfr dk dksbZ ,d O;f‰
xkao dk eqf[k;k gksrk FkkA xkao esa fdl tkfr ds yksx cLkrs Fks\ bldh tkudkjh
fBdkuksa dh cfg;ksa esa feyrh gSA3 tkV] iVsy] dych] jsckjh vkfn tkfr;ka [ksrhckM+h
,oa i'kqikyu dk dk;Z djrh FkhA xkao nSfud mi;ksx dh oLrqvksa ds fy, vkRefuHkZj
gqvk djrs FksA vr% yxHkx ÁR;sd xkao esa feÍh ds crZu cukus ds fy, dqEgkj] gy]
pkjikbZ o ydM+h dh vU; oLrq,a cukus ds fy, lqFkkj] yksgs dh oLrqvksa dk fuekZ.k
djus fy, yksgkj] ?kkuh ls rsy fudyus ds fy, rsyh] diMs jaxus ds fy, Nhik tSlh
tkfr;k° fuokl djrh FkhA dqN xkaoksa esa dalkjk] njth] dyky] gyky[kksj] ukbZ vkfn
tkfr;k° Hkh fuokl djrh FkhA ;s tkfr;k° Lo;a ÁR;{k :i ls œf"k ls tqM+h gqbZ ugha Fkh
vfirq vius }kjk miyC/k lsokvksa ds cnys ykVk ykVrs le; vFkok gksyh] nhikoyh
ij œ"kdksa rFkk fBdkusnkjksa ls vukt (eq[;r% cktjk) ÁkIr djrh FkhA4
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 491
œf"kxr ifjfLFkfr;k° ,oa izeq[k œf"k mRikn
ekyk.kh ijxus dh tyok;q 'kq"d o m".k Ádkj dh FkhA ;gk° flapkbZ ds lk/
kuksa dk furkar vHkko FkkA vr% œf"k eq[;r% o"kkZ ds lk/kuksa ij gh fuHkZj FkhA o"kkZ ds
ty dk lap; Vkadksa rFkk ckofM+;ksa esa fd;k tkrk FkkA dqN xkaoksa esa dq,° Hkh gksrs FksA
ftUgsa LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa ^csjk* ;k ^rˇk* dk dgk tkrk FkkA dqvksa ls ikuh cSyksa ;k ≈aVksa
dh lgk;rk ls fudkyk tkrk FkkA orZeku esa bl {ks= esa [kjhQ dh Qlyksa ds :i esa
cktjk] ewax] eksB] Xokj] fry vkfn dh [ksrh dh tkrh gSA vkyksP; vof/k esa Hkh bUgha
Qlyksa dh [ksrh dh tkrh Fkh] fTkUgsa ^lko.kw* vFkok ^cjlkyh* Qlysa dgk tkrk FkkA
Qly dh fujkbZ&xqMk+ bZ ls ysdj Hkwlh ls /kku vyx djus rd ds dk;Z ?kj&ifjokj
ds lHkh lnL;ksa }kjk feydj laiUu fd;s tkrs FksA gkly rFkk vU; djksa dh vnk;xh
ds ckn bruk vukt cp tkrk Fkk fd vxys o"kZ dh Qly idus rd i;kZIr gksA
Qlyksa dh Hkwlh dks i'kqvksa ds pkjs ds :i esa Á;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA vPNh o"kkZ gksus
ij dqN vfrfj‰ vukt cp tkrk Fkk] ftls cspdj fdlku vU; vko';d oLrq,a
[kjhn ldrk FkkA
Hkw&jktLo fu/kkZj.k dh i}fr ,oa œf"k dj
ekjokM+ ds vU; ijxuksa dh vis{kk ekyk.kh ijxus ds cgqr de Hkkx iw.kZ :i
ls vkckn FksA Hkwfe dh ≈oZjk 'kf‰ rFkk tula[;k cgqr de FkhA vr% ;gk° dk'rdkjksa
ij Hkw&jktLo dh nj Hkh de gh fu/kkZfjr FkhA ;gh dkj.k gS fd bl ijxus ds
fBdkusnkjksa dh vkenuh ekjokM+ ds vU; ijxuksa ds fBdkusnkjksa dh rqyuk esa de FkhA
tkxhjnkjksa dh vk; dk eq[; lzksr Hkw&jktLo gh Fkk] ftls ^gkly* dgk tkrk FkkA
;g dqy Qly dh mit ij olwy fd;k tkrk FkkA Qly dh mit dk fgLlk Hkwfe
dh ≈oZjk 'kf‰ ij fuHkZj djrk FkkA ekyk.kh ijxus dh Hkwfe dh moZjk 'kf‰ cgqr
de FkhA vr% gkly dh nj Hkh de gh FkhA lu~ 1843&44 bZ- esa tc vaxzstksa us
ekjokM+ ds vU; ijxuksa ls dqN œ"kdksa dks ekyk.kh ijxus esa clkuk ÁkjEHk fd;k] rc
fBdkusnkjksa us dsoy cktjs dk pkSgnok° fgLlk gkly ds :i esa ysuk r; fd;k FkkA5
bl rF; ls ;g vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd blls igys Hkh gkly dh nj bruh
gh jgh gksxhA gkly ds fu/kkZj.k dh dbZ Á.kkfy;k° Ápfyr FkhA ^dwark Á.kkyh*
Áeq[k :i ls Ápfyr Fkh] ftlesa [kfygku esa Hkwls ls vukt dks vyx djus ds ckn
cuk;s x, vukt ds <sj dks ns[kdj tkxhjnkjksa ds d.kokfj;s mldk vuqeku yxkdj
fu/kkZfjr Hkkx Hkwfedj ds :i esa ys tkrs FksA dHkh&dHkh d.kokfj;s [ksr esa [kM+h
Qly dks ns[kdj Hkh dqy mit dk vuqeku yxk ysrs FksA bl iºfr dks ^dkadj
dwark* dgk tkrk FkkA6 ^ykVk Á.kkyh* dk Hkh Ápyu Fkk] ftlesa vukt dks rksydj
fu/kkZfjr mit dj ds :i esa olwy dh tkrh FkhA7 œ"kdksa ls dqN vU; dj Hkh olwy
254 492 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
fd;s tkrs FksA tSls&lsjh.kks] /kqekyks] iku pjkbZ] ?kklekjh] fy[kok.kh] rqykoV] ckM+
vkfnA8
œ"kd oxZ dk tehankjksa ds lkFk lEcU/k
bl le;kof/k esa ekyk.kh ijxus dh Á'kklfud O;oLFkk ekjokM+ fj;klr ds
vU; ijxuksa ls fHkUu FkhA vU; ijxuksa esa tgk° ekjokM+ ds egkjktk }kjk Hkw&jktLo
olwy djus rFkk lqj{kk lEcU/kh dk;ks± ds fy, gkfde dh fu;qf‰ dh tkrh FkhA ogha
ekyk.kh ijxus esa blds varxZr vkus okys fBdkusnkjksa dks gh ;s dk;Z djus gksrs FksA
tkxhjnkj vius Lrj ij gh Hkw&jktLo dh olwyh vius deZpkfj;ksa dh lgk;rk ls
djrk FkkA gkly rFkk vU; djksa dk vuqeku yxkdj mudks olwy djus okyksa dks
LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa ^d.kokfj;ka* cksyk tkrk FkkA9 xk°o dk eqf[k;k pkS/kjh gksrk Fkk tks
d.kokfj;ksa dh enn djrk FkkA tehu dh fdLe] iSekb'k] yxku] vk; vkfn dk
fglkc&fdrkc d.kokfj;ksa dks gh j[kuk gksrk FkkA fdlkuksa }kjk mUkdh vPNh f[kner
dh tkrh Fkh] rkfd os mit dks fjdkWMZ esa de gh vafdr djs ftlls fd mUgsa de
gkly vnk djuk iM+sA
tkxhjnkjksa rFkk fdlkuksa ds e/; lEcU/k lkeUrh O;oLFkk ij vk/kkfjr FksA
mUgsa fBdkusnkjksa dks xÌh&u'khuh] fookg ,oa fo'ks"k lekjksgksa rFkk R;ksgkjksa ij utjkuk
HksaV djuk iM+rk FkkA fBdkusnkj] xk°o ds yksxksa ls ykx&ckx olwy djrs rFkk csxkj esa
dk;Z djokrs FksA dqN fBdkusnkj dke ds cnys etnwjh Hkh fn;k djrs FksA ijxus esa
Hkwfe&fo"k;d vf/kdkj cgqr Li"V ugha FksA rkRdkfyd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa bldh
vkoík;drk Hkh ugha FkhA œ"kd fBdkus dh tehu ij [ksrh ds cnys fu;fer gkly
dh vnk;xh djrk FkkA fBdkus dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr vPNh gksus ij fBdkusnkj xkao ds
yksxksa dks vko';drkuqlkj #i;s m/kkj nsrs FksA fookg] e`R;q&Hkkst] rFkk xk;] cSy
vkfn i'kqvksa dks [kjhnus ds fy, fBdkus ls jkf'k miyC/k djokbZ tkrh Fkh] ftldk
C;kt ,d ls nks #i;s rd fy;k tkrk FkkA10
lu~ 1707 ls 1818 bZ- Rkd ekyk.kh ijxus dh œf"k Hkw&jkTkLo O;oLFkk
viuh HkkSxksfyd ,oa LFkkuh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k ekjokM+ fj;klr ds vU; ijxuksa
dh Hkw&jktLo O;oLFkk ls fof'k"V FkhA bldh fof'k"Vrk ds izeq[k dkj.k&vuqitk≈
Hkwfe] de tula[;k ?kuRo] i'kqikyu ,oa œf"k ds vykok thfodksiktZu ds U;wure
lk/ku] le;&le; ij iM+us okys vdky o lw[ks dh fLFkfr] vklikl ds {ks=ksa ds
tkxhjnkjksa rFkk Mkdqvksa }kjk le;&le; ij dh tkus okyh ywVikV] ijxus ds fBdkuksa
ij tks/kiqj jktnjckj ds U;wure opZLo dh fLFkfr vkfn FksA bl le;kof/k esa ijxus
ds fBdkuksa }kjk dj eq[; :i ls œf"k ,oa i'kqikyu ij gh olwy fd;k tkrk FkkA
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 493 255
ijxus dh lkekftd ,oa jktuSfrd O;oLFkk dk bldh œf"k ,oa Hkw&jktLo O;oLFkk
ls ?kfu"B lEcU/k FkkA
lUnHkZ œf"k vkSj ty Áca/ku %
1- UkXkj] egsUÊ flag] jkM+/kjk ds tSrekyksr jkBkSMk+ sa dk ,sfrgkfld ,oa lkaLœfrd bfrgkl] chdkusj ds lanHkZ esa fo'ys"k.k
egkjktk ekuflag iqLrd Ádk'k 'kks/k dsUÊ] tks/kiqj] 2012] i`- 15
2- flag] eqa'kh gjn;ky] czhQ vdkm.V vkWQ ekyk.kh] tks/kiqj njckj ds vkns'k }kjk MkW- Ekhuk dqekjh
Ádkf'kr] tks/kiqj] 1892] i`- 17&18
3- HkkVh] MkW- gqdeflag] ekjokM+ ds fBdkuksa dh iqjkys[kh; lEink] jktLFkkuh 'kks/k jktiwrkusa esa fLFkr chdkusj fj;klr dk vf/kdka'k d`f"k {ks= o"kkZ ty ij
laLFkku] pksikluh tks/kiqj] 2002] i`+- 14- vk/kkfjr FkkA chdkusj dh HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ;gk° dk vf/kdrj Hkw&Hkkx
4- Okgh] i`- la 12 jsrhyh Hkwfe ls vkPNkfnr ,oa o"kkZ dh vfu;ferrk vkSj U;wurk ls ;q‰ Fkk bl dkj.k
5- pkS/kjh] egs'k dqekj] ekyk.kh ds egkeuk ÿkafrohj pkS/kjh jkenku] Jh fdlku cksfMaZx œf"k mfpr ty&Áca/ku ij fuHkZj FkhA tgk° œf"k gsrq mfpr ty O;oLFkk ,oa mi;q‰
gk≈l ckM+esj] ckM+esj] 2002] i`- 148 Hkwfe gksrh Fkh mlh ds vuq:i ml {ks= esa tula[;k dk ?kuRo gksrk FkkA jkT; dk
6- lun ijokuk cgh la[;k 52] i`- 33] (osclkbV&jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj) mrj&iwohZ Hkkx vf/kd ?kuk clk gqvk Fkk] tcfd nf{k.kh ,oa e/; Hkkx fNrjk clk
URL:- http://rsadapp.rajasthan.gov.in/RSAD.aspx
gqvk vkSj if'peh Hkkx dh vkcknh cgqr gh de FkhA1 th-,l-,y- nsoM+k us ;gk° dh
7- lun ijokuk cgh la[;k 63 i`- la- 16] (osclkbV&jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] Hkwfe dks ikap fHkUu&fHkUu :iksa esa oxhZd`r fd;k gS tks bl Ádkj ls gS& /kksjk& og
chdkusj) URL:- http://rsadapp.rajasthan.gov.in/RSAD.aspx
Hkwfe tks NksVs&cM+s jsrhys Vhyksa ;q‰_ rky&lery o dqN l[r Hkwfe tgk° ikuh
8- Ekqgrk] uS.klh] (laiknd&Qrsg flag) ekjokM+ jk ijxuka jh foxr] [k.M&1] jktLFkku
,df=r gks tkrk gks] [kkjh iÍh&{kkjh; rRo ;q‰ Hkwfe_ exjk& chdkusj ds nf{k.k Hkkx
ÁkP; fo|k Áfr"Bku] tks/kiqj] 1968] i`- 158&159
9- Lkun ijokuk cgh la[;k 14] fo- la 1831] i`- 59- (osclkbV&jktLFkku jkT; esa dadjhyh l[r Hkwfe ,oa lwabZ&lery ,oa fpduh HkwfeA2 mfpr Á'kklfud
vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj) URL:- http://rsadapp.rajasthan.gov.in/RSAD.aspx O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr Hkh Hkwfe dh mRiknu {kerk ds vuq:i foHkktu fd;k x;k FkkA3
10- HkkVh] MkW- gqdeflag] ekjokM+ ds fBdkuksa dh iqjkys[kh; lEink] jktLFkkuh 'kks/k Hkwfe dh cukoV gYdh gksus ds dkj.k rst vka/kh ckj&ckj bldh mitk≈ 'kf‰ dks
laLFkku] pksikluh tks/kiqj] 2002] i`- 13 lekIr djrh jgrh gSA ;gk° œf"k ds vf/kdka'k {ks= esa mRiknu {kerk c<+kus ds fy,
o"kkZ ds vykok flapkbZ ds lk/ku u ds cjkcj gh FksA ikuh ihus ds fy, rhu lkS&pkj
lkS QqV xgjs dq,a ls ikuh fudkydj flapkbZ djuk ukeqefdu FkkA4 Hkwfe dh moZjrk
ds lkFk&lkFk ;gk° dh tehu dk ty ds vk/kkj ij ;k fQj œf"k gsrq flapkbZ dh
O;oLFkk ds vuqlkj Hkh foHkktu fd;k x;k FkkA ;gk° flpkbZ ds dkSu&dkSu ls lk/ku
Fks\ fdruh vkSj dkSulh Hkwfe flafpr gksrh Fkh\ flapkbZ ds vfrfj‰ bl e#Hkwfe esa
œf"k gsrq mfpr ty Áca/ku ds dkSu&dkSuls rjhds viuk;s tkrs Fks\
'kks/ki= ^œf"k vkSj ty Áca/ku % chdkusj ds lanHkZ esa fo'ys"k.k* ds vUrxZr
chdkusj fj;klr dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr ds vuqlkj œf"k gsrq ty Áca/ku ds fofHku
mik;] :iksa ,oa Á;Ruksa dk xos"k.kkRed v/;;u djsaxs] lkFk gh ;gk° ds lekt ij
buds ÁHkkoksa dks Li"V dj orZeku esa bldh Áklafxdrk dks Hkh O;‰ fd;k tk;sxkA
chdkusj fj;klr ds lEiw.kZ {ks= esa o"kkZ dh vkSlr ek=k esa T;knk foHksn ugha
Fkk ogh ;gk° dh HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj ;gk° ds Hkw&ty (ikrky ty)
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 495
dh Ád`fr ,oa miyC/krk fHkUu&fHkUu FkhA œf"k Hkwfe dks ftl :i vkSj Ádkj ls
flapkbZ gsrq ty miyC/k gksrk Fkk] mlh ds vuqlkj ml œf"k Hkwfe dk ukedj.k gksrk
Fkk tSls&tqrkbZ ;ksX; tehu et#vk uke ls tkuh tkrh gS vkSj blesa rky dh tehu
mŸke gksrh FkhA cjlkr ds ikuh ls flafpr gksus ds mijkUr ;gha Hkwfe ckjkuh uke
ls tkuh tkrh gSA5 og Hkwfe tks œf"k gsrq Á;ksx esa ugha yh tkrh gks vkSj ysfdu
vR;f/kd o"kkZ gksus ds dkj.k dHkh&dHkkj dke esa vk;s ^catj* Hkwfe dgykrh FkhA6
;gk° dh nf{k.k&e/;orhZ Hkw&Hkkx esa Js"B Js.kh dh tehu gksrh FkhA lkFk gh ;gk°
Hkw&ty dh Ád`fr ,oa miyC/krk œf"k ;ksX; Fkh] ftlls ;gk° dh tehu dqvksa }kjk
flafpr gksrh FkhA dqvksa ls flafpr ;g Hkwfe ckM+h] pkgh] ,oa csjh uke ls tkuh tkrh
FkhA7 blh Ádkj ls ftl œf"k Hkwfe dh ty dh vko';drk dh iwfrZ cjlkrh ukys
ls gksrh Fkh og tehu mUuko dgykrh FkhA ;g Hkwfe [ksrh ds fy, loZJs"B Js.kh esa
vkrh Fkh ogha chdkusj dk mrj&iwohZ {ks= iatkc ls cgdj vkus okys ikuh ls flafpr
gksrk Fkk mls ukyh dh tehu dgk tkrk FkkA8 guqekux<+] uksgj] Hkknjk o jkorlj {ks=
esa ukyh }kjk [ksrh fd;s tkus ds rRdkyhu iqjkys[kh; lzksrksa esa mYys[k feyrs gSaA9 tgka
iatkc ls tqM+h dqN ugjksa dk ikuh yxrk Fkk vkSj ukyh ds ikuh ls Hkh vPNh Qlysa
gksrh FkhA fo-la- 1749@1692 bZ- esa ;gk° mUgkˇw lk[k dh Qly lko.kh lk[k esa Hkh
mRikfnr djus dk mYys[k feyrk gSA ftlls jkT; dks 7048 #i;s 4 vkuk gkly ds
:i esa ÁkIr gksus dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA bl {ks= esa lkekU;r% o"kZ Hkj esa rhu Qlysa
iSnk dh tkrh Fkh] ifj.kker% jkT; dks rhu ckj gkly Hkh ÁkIr gksrk FkkA10 lqtkux<+
esa Hkh bl rjg dh tehu Fkh] ftleas ogk° dh igkfM+;ksa ls fudy dj vkus okys ty
ls flapkbZ gksrh FkhA11
blh rjg jkT; dk pq: {ks= Hkh cgqr mitk≈ {ks= Fkk tgk° o"kkZ ty ds
vfrfj‰ dqvksa o rkykcksa ls Hkh œf"k dh tkrh FkhA ;gk° ds /khjlkxj] jkelkxj]
ck?kyksa dk dqvk°] ikoVk dqvk°] u[krjk; dh dqbZ] pksykok dqvk°] vkfn eq[; cM+s
rkykc o dq,° Fks] buds vfrfj‰ cfu;ksa] [kkfr;ksa] lqukjksa] ukbZ;ksa] fllxhj] ef.kgkjh]
dqEgkj] jsxj] eksph rFkk [kVhd vkfn vusd tkfr;ksa ds yksxksa ds ikl dq,° Fks] ftuls
jkT; ch?ksM+h dj olwy djrk FkkA12 blls Li"V gS fd jkT; dks œf"k mRiknu ds c<+us
ls vPNh vk; izkIr gksrh FkhA13
v/;;u dh lqfo/kkuqlkj chdkusj ds œf"k {ks= dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr djrs
gSa ftles ÁFke iw.kZ :i ls o"kkZ ij fuHkZj œf"k ,oa f}rh; og œf"k tks o"kkZ ds
lkFk&lkFk laxzfgr o"kkZ ty ,oa Hkw&ty ls Hkh flafpr gksrh FkhA ÁFke œf"k {ks= esa
Qly ml {ks= dh o"kkZ ds vk/kkj ij dh tkrh Fkh] tcfd o"kkZ dh deh ,oa
vfu;ferrk ds dkj.k nwljs lw[kk {ks= esa ty dks /kjkry ij ;k ikrky (Hkw&ty) esa
T;knk ls T;knk ek=k esa laxzghr fd;k tkrk FkkA bl e#LFkyh; {ks= esa cgqr gh de
256 496 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
{ks= dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr bl Ádkj ls Fkh fd ogka ij flapkbZ ds fy, ty laxzfgr
fd;k tk ldsA ;gk° dh vf/kdrj œf"k Hkwfe esa tek o"kkZ ds ty ij vkfJr gksrh
Fkh] blfy, ;gk° mxkbZ tkus okyh Qlyksa dks mi;q‰ le; ij vkSj lgh ek=k esa
mudh vko';drkuqlkj ty fey lds] ds fglkc ls gh œf"k dh tkrh FkhA14 bu
lHkh fo'ks"krkvksa ls ;q‰ gksus ij Hkh œf"k esa mRiknu vPNk gks] blds fy, ;gk° ds
lekt us ,slh Qly dk p;u fd;k tks ;gk° dh Hkwfe ,oa HkkSxksfyd okrkoj.k ds
vuqdwy gksA15
HkkSxksfyd n`f"V ls chdkusj dh Hkwfe iM+r dh Hkwfe FkhA jsrhyh vuqitk≈
Hkwfe] flapkbZ ds lk/kuksa dk vHkko is;ty dh U;wurk] [kk|&Qlyksa dh vf/kd
egŸkk] Ákd`frd vkink (vdky) dh vf/kdrk ,oa œf"k ;ksX; tehu Hkh vR;Ur
flfer FkhA ;gk° rd dh tksr okyh tehu Hkh fcuk o"kkZ ,oa flapkbZ ds lk/kuksa ds
vHkko esa catj jg tkrh FkhA16 ;gk° dh Hkwfe esa ty dh egŸkk vius vki esa Áfrikfnr
gksrh gS fd o"kkZ ty ls catj Hkwfe esa Hkh mRiknu laHko gksrk gSA
;gk° dh HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj LFkkuh; fdlku us œf"k dh
O;oLFkk o Áca/ku bl Ádkj fd;k Fkk fd o"kkZ dh deh ds ckotwn ;gk° [ksrh&ckM+h
gksrh FkhA bl ijEijkxr [ksrh gsrq ;gk° ds œ"kd o"kkZ ds vkxeu ls iwoZ gh rS;kfj;ksa
esa yx tkrs FksA o"kkZ dk ty vPNh Ádkj ls tehu esa lekfgr gks tk,] blds fy,
Hkwfe dh mijh ijr ij dqN lq/kkj dj mls tyl· cukdj o"kkZ ty dh miyC/k
ek=k dks cgqr gn rd c<+k;k tkrk FkkA o"kkZ ls iwoZ [ksr esa ikM+ dh tkrh FkhA ikM+ esa
[kkyh tehu ij gy ls cku (tqrkbZ) fd;k tkrk Fkk] ftlls dh ogk° ij mxs
>kM+&?kkl dVdj tehu esa nc tkrs vkSj muls cksbZ tkus okyh Qly ds fy, [kkn
rS;kj gks tkrh FkhA lkFk gh ikM+ ls tks [kwM (gyjs[kk) curh Fkh mleas vka/kh ls
mM+dj mitk≈ feÍh Hkh Bgj tkrh FkhA17 ftlls Hkwfe dh moZjrk c<+ tkrh FkhA
blds ckn o"kkZ ds vkus ls vuqekfur nl&iUÊg fnu igys lwM+ dkVh tkrh FkhA lwM+
esa ogk° ij [kM+s Qksx] [khEi] >kM+h] cqbZ] ?kkl] ljd.kk dks dkVdj bdÎk djds
vˇlksVh 18 dh tkrh FkhA rRi'pkr ≈°V ;k cSy ij yxs gq, gy ls [ksr dh tqrkbZ dh
tkrh Fkh]19 rkfd Hkwfe ls ty lks[kus dh {kerk vf/kdkf/kd cuh jgs vkSj ml
Hkwfe&lrg ij fxjus okyk o"kkZ dk lkjk ty mlh LFkku ij lks[k fy;k tk, vkSj ogk°
ls de ls de ty cg ik,A blh ds lkFk tSls gh cjlkr gksuh 'kq: gksrh Fkh] fdlku
dLlh20 ysdj [ksr esa esM+ ca/kkbZ 'kq: dj nsrs FksA ,d [ksr ds ikuh dks nwljs [ksr esa
tkus ls jksdk tkrk Fkk] ftlls fd [ksrksa esa ikuh dh lkE;rk vkSj mitk≈iurk cuh
jgsA21 o"kkZ ds gksus ds mijkUr Qly gsrq fctkbZ dh tkrh ftleas eq[; Qly cktjk]
eksB] Xokj ,oa ewax Fkh] bls rsMk+ 22 dk vukt dgk tkrkA blh ds lkFk bl vksj fo'ks"k
/;ku fn;k tkrk Fkk fd Hkwfe }kjk lks[kk ;k xzg.k fd;k gqvk lkjk ty ogk° ij mxh gqbZ
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 497
vFkok mxk;h tkus okyh Qly ds fy, gh miyC/k jgs vkSj mldh tM+kas dh igq°p ls
ckgj u pyk tk,A23 blh flºkar dks viukrs gq, Qly ds mxus vkSj mlds vkB&nl
lseh- c<+us ds ckn] Qly ds lkFk iSnk gksus okyh ?kkl dks dkVk ;k [kksnk tkrk Fkk]
ftls ;gk° fuuk.k24 ;k ^[kqnkbZ* dgrs FksA bu lHkh dk;ks± ls de o"kkZ ty esa Hkh ;gk°
dh Qly ygygkrh FkhA mi;qZ‰ lHkh dk;Z [kjhQ dh Qly ds fy, fd, tkrs Fks
ftls ;gk° lko.kh Qly dgk tkrk gSA25
lko.kh dk vukt fudkyus ds ckn jch dh Qly gsrq d`"kdksa ds Á;kl 'kq:
gks tkrs FksA ;gk° jch dh Qly lk<+h ds uke ls tkuh tkrh gSA tSls gh cht cksus dk
le; vkrk [ksr dh ikM+ dh tkrh FkhA lk<+h dh [ksrh ds fy, nks ikM+ dh tkrh Fkh]
,d Qly dh fctkbZ ls yxHkx ,d eghus igys vkSj nwljh nl&ckjg fnu igys
ftlls dh tks Hkh ?kkl mxh gqbZ gS oks vPNs ls dV tk;sA nwljh ikM+ (tqrkbZ) ds ckn
lqgkxk26 yxk;k tkrk FkkA lqgkxs }kjk tqrkbZ ls tks gyjs[kk cuh gksrh Fkh mUgsa ikVdj
[ksr dks lery fd;k tkrk Fkk] ftlls dh tehu dh vky (ueh ;k vkÊrk) cuh
jgsA jch dh Qly mxus ds mijkUr mlds FkksMk c<+us ij] Qly ds lkFk mxh gqbZ
?kkl (xafn;k ?kkl] ?kksHkh] csyM+h bR;kfn) dks dkVk tkrk Fkk] ftls [kksnh djuk dgrs
FksA27 jch dh Qly ds nkSjku ckfj'k gksrh gS og ekoB dgykrh gSA bl Ádkj ls ;gk°
dk fdlku viuh esgur vkSj lw>cq> ls vius thou;kiu gsrq vPNh iSnkokj ÁkIr dj
ysrk FkkA
nwljh Js.kh dh Hkwfe tgk° dh lrg ls dqN xgjkbZ ij dM+h lrg dk
gksuk] Hkwfe dh ty jksdus ,oa lks[kus dh {kerk esa deh yk nsrk gS vkSj o"kkZ dk
vf/kdkf/kd ty laxzg&LFky tSls&dqvk°] rkykc] >hy ,oa ukyh esa laxzfgr fd;k
tkrk FkkA ogha rky dh Hkwfe okyh txg Hkh o"kkZ dk ikuh bdÎk gks tkrk FkkA
lqtkux<+ ds rkyNkij] ifM+gkjk ,oa chnklj ds {ks= esa rky dh Hkwfe Fkh] ftl ij
,df=r o"kkZ ty ls [ksrh dh tkrh FkhA lqtkux<+ ds vklikl o"kkZ ty ds rj gks
tkus okyh ukyh esa xsgw° vkSj tkS Hkh cks;k tkrk FkkA chnkorksa dh [;kr esa fy[kk gS fd
jko nwnk ls tc esMr+ k NwV x;k rc og jko chnk ds ikl Nkij] Êks.kiqj vk;k vkSj jko
chnk us nwnk dks dqN tehu nh Fkh ftleas xsgw° gksrh FkhA28 ;g tehu Nkij ds rky esa
nwnk&Mkcj ds uke ls vkt Hkh [;kr gSA bl rjg ls ;gk° xsgw° dh [ksrh 16oha 'krkCnh
esa Hkh gksrh FkhA chdkusj cfg;kr ds vuqlkj chdkusj fj;klr esa rkykcksa vkSj dqvksa ls
flapkbZ dk mYys[k feyrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ pw: dh lkok cgh fo-la- 1882@1825 bZ-
ls Kkr gksrk gS fd chdkusj ds pw: esa dqvksa vkSj rkykcksa ls [ksrksa esa flapkbZ gksrh FkhA29
chdkusj fj;klr esa dqvksa ls flafpr Hkwfe ckM+h uke ls tkuh tkrh FkhA bl rjg dh
tehu dk mYys[k feyrk gS fd jkT; ljdkj }kjk tc dqvka fufeZr djus dh eatwjh
nh tkrh Fkh rks dqN cM+s dqvksa ds lkFk tehu dk iÍk Hkh tkjh djus dh tkudkjh
257 498 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
feyrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ uxj&Jh] pw: ds laxzgky; ls ÁkIr rkez i= dh Áfrfyfi ls
Kkr gksrk gS fd 1812 bZ- esa egkjktk lwjr flag (1787&1828 bZ-) us jrux<+ esa ,d
efUnj vkSj dqvk° cuok;k Fkk] lkFk gh dq,a ds uhps ckM+h dh ikap ch?kk tehu Hkh nh
FkhA30 blh rjg ls jktx<+ dLcs esa fo-la- 1974@1917 bZ- dks f'koÁrki jkeukjk;.k
fVdek.kh dks fVdek.kh dq,a ds fuekZ.k ds lkFk&lkFk ckM+h dh tehu dh Hkh vuqefr
feyh FkhA31 pw: ds tksgjh lkxj ds nf{k.k esa djepUn uS.klq[k] #DekuUn yksfg;k us
Hkh fo-la- 1921@1964 bZ- dks 25 ch?kk tehu ckM+h gsrq feyh Fkh] blh ds lkFk dqvk°
Hkh cuk;k x;k Fkk lkFk gh ekfy;ksa dks clkus dk vkns'k gqvk rkfd ckM+h&dq,° dh
lkj&lEHkky gks ldsA32 vkt Hkh bl ckM+h dks yksfg;ksa dh ckM+h ds uke ls tkuk
tkrk gSA ekfy;ksa }kjk [ksr o ckM+h cgkbZ tkrh Fkh vkSj jkT; }kjk mu ij bl dk;Z gsrq
dj olwy fd;k tkrk FkkA33 chnkorksa dh [;kr ds vuqlkj chnklj ds Bkdqj
ds'konkl us pkpk fel.k dks MksHkM+k uke ls ftgyh xk°o esa 2000 ch?kk tehu
dq,a&rkykc ds lkFk nh FkhA34 blls Kkr gksrk gS fd lqtkux<+ ds ikl ds {ks= esa
dq,a&rkykcksa ls Hkh flapkbZ gksrh FkhA
o"kkZ dh vfu;ferrk vkSj flapkbZ ds lk/kuksa ds lhferrk us ;gk° ds tu&thou
dks vR;Ur ÁHkkfor fd;kA tgk° ftl {ks= esa flapkbZ ds lk/ku vkSj Hkwfe dh fdLe
vPNh gksrh Fkh] ogh txg yksxksa dks jgus ds fy, vuqdwy yxrh FkhA Hkwfe dh
moZjrk vkSj œf"k gsrq ty dk ÁcU/ku dqN Á;Ruksa ds mijkUr gks tkrk Fkk ogha jkT; esa
cfLr;ka clkbZ tkrh FkhA ;gh dkj.k Fkk phjksa esa xk°o dh la[;k dk de T;knk gksukA
mŸkj&iwoZ {ks= ds phjs vkSj ijxus uksgj] jh.kh ,oa jktx<+ esa ÿe'k% 124] 129 ,oa
157 xk°o Fks] tcfd egktu] [ksnM+k vkSj iwxy esa ÿe'k% 69] 25 vkSj 50 xk°o FksA35
œf"k dh vk/kkjHkwr t:jrksa ds vHkko esa 50 Áfr'kr ls T;knk tehu œf"k ;ksX; gksus
ds ckotwn Hkh] ,d frgkbZ ls de tehu esa tqrkbZ&cqokbZ gksrh FkhA36 chdkusj jkT; ds
vf/kdkaíkr% e/; o nf{k.kh Hkkx esa œf"k dk;Z eq[;r% o"kkZ ds ty ij gh fuHkZj
djrk FkkA bu {ks=ksa esa cktjk] eksB] Tokj rFkk fry vkfn dh [ksrh dh tkrh FkhA37
chdkusj jkT; ds HkVusj] vuwix<+ {ks= esa ukyh (?kX?kj unh dk ikuh) dk viokg ra=
foLrkfjr Fkk tgk° ukyh ds ikuh ls o"kZ esa 3 ckj Qlysa mRikfnr dh tkrh FkhA ukyh
ds ÁHkko {ks= esa Hkh jS∏;r }kjk ty ds forj.k dks ysdj vojks/k mRiUu fd;s tkrs Fks
ftls ljdkj }kjk fuckZf/kr fd;k tkrk FkkA38 bl izdkj jkT; iz'kklu }kjk œf"k dks
izksRlkkgu nsus ds fy, Hkjld iz;Ru fd, tkrs FksA
œf"k gsrq ijEijkxr ty&Áca/ku gksus ij Hkh ;g i;kZIr ugha Fkk] blh dkj.k
;gk° ds d`"kd oxZ us iíkqikyu dks viuh vkthfodk ds i;kZ; ds :i esa viuk;kA
lu~ 1930 dh cSfdax bUDok;jh desVh ds vuqlkj ;gk° ds vf/kdka'k xzkeh.k yksx
fo'ks"k :i ls i'kqikyu ij gh fuHkZj FksA39
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 499 258 500 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

fu"d"kZr% dg ldrs gS fd chdkusj jkT; esa œf"k ds foijhr ifjLFkfr;ksa ds 9- lkok cgh guqekux<+] tek [kpZ] ua- 5] fo-la- 1888&94@1831&37 bZ-] i`- 55] 59]
gksus ds ckn Hkh ;gk° ds d`"kd oxZ us de o kkZ ty dk œf"k gsrq bl rjg ls Áca/ku chdkusj fjdkWMZ~l
fd;k fd mlls ;gk° [kk| Qly dh iSnkokj vPNs ls gks tkrh FkhA mfpr Qly ds 10- jktsUÊ dqekj] Fkkj e#LFky esa ty forj.k ls lEcº djk/kku Á.kkyh (18&19oha lnh
fy, u dsoy ;gk° dq,&rkykc ls flapkbZ gksrh Fkh cfYd tks o"kkZ ty tehu ij ds lUnHkZ esa) mº`r & ty] thou vkSj lekt (laik-) MkW- ftczkby] ,uh ifCyds'ku]
fxjrk Fkk mldh ,d cwan Hkh vius ijEijkxr rjhds ls O;FkZ ugha tkus nsrs FksA œf"k fnYyh] 2018] i`- 134&136
gsrq mfpr ty Áca/ku cqokbZ ls igys gh 'kq: gks tkrk Fkk vkSj dVkbZ ds ckn Hkh vxyh 11- chnkorksa dh [;kr] i`- 19_ xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan vks>k] chdkusj jkT; dk bfrgkl] ÁFke
Qly gsrq [kkn&ty dh O;oLFkk gsrq vko';drkuqlkj dk;Z fd;s tkrs FksA ty Hkkx] oSfnd ;U=ky;] vtesj] 1939] i`- 9
12- jktsUÊ dqekj] Fkkj e#LFky esa ty forj.k ls lEcº djk/kku Á.kkyh (18&19oha lnh
ÁcU/ku vkSj Hkwfe lq/kkj ds tks Hkh dk;Z fd;s tkrs Fks oks i;kZoj.k dks fdlh rjg ls
ds lUnHkZ esa)] i`- 134&136
uqdlku ugha igqapkrs FksA vkt dh rjg oSKkfud rduhdh ;q‰ [ksrh ugha Fkh] tks
13- jktsUnz dqekj ds vkys[k & ^Fkkj e#LFky esa ty forj.k ls lEcº djk/kku Á.kkyh
iSnkokj rks Hkjiwj nsrh gS ijUrq i;kZoj.k ds fy, vR;Ur gkfudkjd flº gksrh tk jgh (18&19oha lnh ds lUnHkZ esa)* ls tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gS fd chdkusj jkT; esa catj
gSA vr% vkt ds bl vk/kqfud nkSj esa ;fn lhfer oSKkfud œf"k iºfr ds lkFk tehu dks vf/kd ls vf/kd [ksfrgj cukus ds fy, jkT; }kjk vusd fu;e cuk, x,
ikjEifjd œf"k Á.kkyh dks viuk;k tk;s rks u dsoy ge i;kZoj.k dks nwf"kr gksus ls Fks] ftudk ikyu d`"kd oxZ rFkk ilk;fr;ksa ds fy, vfuok;Z FkkA
cpk;saxs vfirq ty dh deh dh leL;k ls Hkh fuiV ysaxsA bl leL;k dks 14- dkxn cgh] ua- 33] fo-la- 1884@1827 bZ-] i`- 69] chdkusj fjdkWM~Zl
e#LFkyh; {ks= esa œf"k gsrq cwan&cwan ;k QOokjk Á.kkyh viukdj de ty esa Hkh 15- ehuk dqekjh] pq: eaMy dk ijEijkxr ty Áca/ku (vÁdkf'kr 'kks/k Áca/k)] dksVk
vPNh iSnkokj ÁkIr dh tk ldrh gSA fo'ofo|ky;]dksVk 2015] i`- 245
lUnHkZ 16- th-,l-,y- nsoM+k] jsfxLrkuh {ks= esa œf"k Hkwfe o mldk oxhZdj.k] jktLFkku fgLV™h
1- Tkh-,l-,y- nsoM+k] jktLFkku dh Á'kklfud O;oLFkk (1574 ls 1818 bZ-)] /kjrh dkaxzsl ÁksflfMax] oksY;we 9] dksVk 1976] i`- 37&38
17- losZ ds nkSjku JhMwaxjx<+ ds o;kso`º fdlkuksa ls tkudkjh feyh Jh 'kEHkwyky] Jh
Ádk'ku] chdkusj] ÁFke laLdj.k 1981] i`- 213
gjnr jkeA
2- th-,l-,y- nsoM+k] jktLFkku dh Á'kklfud O;oLFkk] i`- 211_ /kku js Hkksx jh cgh]
18- vˇlksVh & ?kkl&Qwl dks bdÎk dj <sj yxkuk] ftls ;gk° dh {ks=h; Hkk"kk esa fejM+k
fo-la- 1736@1679 bZ-] ua- 57_ Qsxu & lsVyesaV fjiksVZ] i`- 3&4_ lks<+h gqdqeflag]
Hkh dgrs gaSA
T;ksxzkQh vkWQ chdkusj] i`- 3&5
19- lk{kkRdkj& LFkkuh; fdlkuksa lsA
3- th-,l-,y- nsoM+k] jsfxLrkuh {ks= esa œf"k Hkwfe o mldk oxhZdj.k] jktLFkku fgLV™h 20- dLlh & yksgs dk vk;rkdkj QkoM+k] ftldk gRFkk [kstM+h ds isM+ dh ydM+h dk gksrk
dkaxzsl ÁksflfMax] oksY;we 9] dksVk] 1976] i`- 37&38 gSA
4- ehuk dqekjh] pq: eaMy dk ijEijkxr ty Áca/ku (vÁdkf'kr 'kks/k Áca/k)] dksVk 21- losZ{k.k ds nkSjku cuokjh yky tkafxM+ (d`"kd mez 87 o"kZ)] jkstM+h] flºeq[k ls
fo'ofo|ky;] dksVk 2015] i`- 244_ th-,l-,y- nsoM+k] jsfxLrkuh {ks= esa œf"k Hkwfe tkudkjh ÁkIr gqbZA
o mldk oxhZdj.k] jktLFkku fgLV™h dkaxzsl ÁksflfMax] oksY;we 9] dksVk 1976] i`- 36 22- rsM+k & ewax&eksB&cktjk&xokj pkjks vukt dh bdÎh cqokbZA
5- lwjtHkku] ckjkuh {ks=ksa esa ty Áca/ku] Hkkjrh; œf"k vuqla/kku ifj"kn~] ubZ fnYyh 23- lwjt Hkku] ckjkuh {ks=ksa esa ty Áca/ku] Hkkjrh; œf"k vuqla/kku ifj"kn~] ubZ fnYyh
2006] i`- 1] 2_ th-,l-,y- nsoM+k] jktLFkku dh Á'kklfud O;oLFkk] iwoksZ‰] i`- 2006] i`- 5
211 24- fuuk.k & dfl;s ls] tks dh yksgs dk ,d f=Hkqtkdkj vkstkj gksrk gS ftldk gRFkk
6- th-,l-,y- nsoM+k] iwoksZ‰] i`- 211 lkr&vkB QqV dk ckal dk gksrk gS Ω [ksr dh xqM+kbZ ;k [kqnkbZ djukA
7- e:&Jh] yksd&laLd`fr 'kks/k laLFkku] uxj&Jh]pq:] tqykbZ&fnlEcj 1982 o"kZ 11] 25- lk{kkRdkj&dquukjke] fxj/kkjhyky ,o f[kjktjke (lHkh dh mez yxHkx 85 ls ≈ij)]
vad&4] o"kZ 12] vad&1] i`- 48_ th-,l-,y- nsoM+k] jktLFkku dh Á'kklfud fcjeh cM+h] jktx<+
O;oLFkk] i`- 212 26- lqgkxk & [kstM+h ds isM+ dk ,d yEck&pksdksj QÍk] ftls ≈aV ;k cSy ds ihNs cka/kk
8- th-,l-,y- nsoM+k] iwoksZ‰] i`- 212 tkrk Fkk vkSj vPNs ncko gsrq mlij ,d O;f‰ Hkh [kM+k gks tkrk FkkA
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 501 259
27- lk{kkRdkj & t;ey eaMoky] vejpan [kkrh] euhjke cSuhoky] fHkjkuh] guqekux<+
28- xksfoUn vxzoky] pq: e.My dk 'kks/kiw.kZ bfrgkl] yksd laLd`fr 'kks/k laLFkku]
uxj&Jh] pw:] ÁFke laLdj.k 1974] i`- 9_ chnkorksa dh [;kr (vÁdkf'kr)] i`- jktLFkku esa es?koky tkfr dk ,sfrgkfld vk/kkj
19_ xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan vks>k] chdkusj jkT; dk bfrgkl] ÁFke Hkkx] oSfnd ;U=ky;]
vtesj 1939] i`- 9 ,oa lkekftd Lo:i % ,d n`f"Vdks.k
29- lkok cgh] pw#] ua- 2] fo-la-1882@1825 bZ- best 49&63 (vkWuykbu loZj)] jktLFkku izks- vjfoUn ifjgkj
jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj
30- rkez i= udy] yksd laLd`fr 'kks/k laLFkku] uxj Jh] pw:_ xksfoUn vxzoky] iwoksZ‰
i`- 353 izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl iVy ij dbZ ,slh dkSesa gqbZ gSa ftUgksaus Hkkjrh;
31- uEcj fely 398 rkjh[k ejtqvk 27-6-17 uke rglhy jktx<+ uEcj 96] fVdek.kh laLd`fr dks le`º fd;k] fdUrq vkt muds ckjs esa miyC/k bfrgkl cgqr de gS ;k
equhe y{ehukjk;.k ds lkStU; ls iÍk udy ÁkIr gqbZ yqIr izk;% gSA fotsrk tkfr;ksa us ijkHko dks izkIr bu dkSeksa dk bfrgkl ds iUuksa ls
32- e:&Jh] tqykbZ&fnlEcj 1982 iwoksZ‰] i`- 48 ukeks&fu'kku feVkus dk iz;kl fd;kA QyLo:i vkt dh nfyr&fiNM+h tkfr;ka
33- cgh tek [kpZ] ua- 2] fo-la- 1855@1798 bZ-] i`- 2] chdkusj fjdkWMZ~l Lo;a ;g eku cSBh fd os lnk ls gh ,slh n;uh; fLFkfr esa jgs gSaA
34- xksfoUn vxzoky] iwoksZ‰] i`- 359 vrhr ds dbZ xkSjo'kkyh tkfr;ka tks dHkh&dHkh 'kkld oxZ ls Hkh lEcfU/kr
35- th-,l-,y- nsoM+k] iwoksZ‰] i`- 213 jgh] vkt cfg"d`r vFkok oafpr lekt ds :i esa tkuh tkrh gSA orZeku ;qx dh dbZ
36- th-,l-,y- nsoM+k] iwoksZ‰] i`- 213] mº`r&Qsxu lsVyesaV fjiksVZ] chdkusj] i`- 6&7
nfyr&fiNM+h tkfr;ka viuk xkSjo'kkyh bfrgkl [kkstus esa lQy gks jgh gSaA vrhr esa
37- dkxn cgh] ua- 24] fo-la- 1875@1818 bZ-] i`- 180] chdkusj fjdkWMZ~l
fotsrk tkfr;ksa us ijkHko dks izkIr bu dkSeksa ds u dsoy vf/kdkj gM+ius vfirq
38- jktsUÊ dqekj] Fkkj e#LFky esa ty forj.k ls lEcº djk/kku Á.kkyh (18&19oha lnh
ds lUnHkZ esa)] i`- 134&154 bfrgkl ds iUuksa ls mudk ukeks&fu'kku rd feVkus dk dk;Z Hkh fd;kA dbZ tkfr;ka
39- fxfjtk'kadj 'kekZ] ekjokM+h O;kikjh] d`".k tulsoh ,.M dks-] chdkusj] i`- 99 mº`r dky&dyfor gks xbZ vkSj vkt budk uke ysus okyk rd dksbZ ugha gSA ,sls esa
& fjiksVZ vkWQ chdkusj cSfdax bUDok;jh desVh] 1930] i`- 70] jk- jk- vfHk- chdkusj es?koa'k vFkkZr~ es?koky tkfr us viuk ijkHko ds ckn Hkh [kqn dk otwn cuk;s j[kk rks
bfrgkl ds ifjizs{; esa budk lkekftd v/;;u dkQh egRoiw.kZ gks tkrk gSA bl
tkfr dh dkykof/k bZ-iw- izFke lnh ls pkSFkh lnh bZ- rd cSBrh gSA gkykafd es?koa'k
;k es?koky 'kCn dk ukedj.k] mn;] budk eq[; dsUnz dgka Fkk\ izkjEHk esa fdl
Hkw&Hkkx ij foLr`r :i ls fuokl fd;k] bR;kfn iz'uksa ls lEcfU/kr U;wukf/kd 'kks/k&
dk;Z gh izdk'k esa vk;k gSA es?kokyksa ij nklRo dh csfM+;ka 'kk;n cgqr ckn esa iM+h
vksj lekt esa fuf'pr :i ls fo|k o /keZ dh btkfjnkjh us gh vojks/k dk dke
fd;kA
;fn ge izkphu es?kksa (es?koky) ds lkekftd vkSj /kkfeZd okrkoj.k ij utj
Mkysa rks gesa fu%lUnsg ;g vuqHkwr gks tkrk gS fd e/; o vk/kqfud dky ds bl lekt
ds thou esa ewY;ksa ds fcuk thou dks thuk fdruk fujFkZd gks x;k FkkA izkphu o
e/;dkyhu eBksa] fogkjksa vkSj eafnjksa dh ewfrZ;ksa ij mRdh.kZ ys[k u Lekjd bR;kfn dks
ns[kdj buds izkphu xkSjo dks Hkyh&Hkkafr vuqHko fd;k tk ldrk gSA flºksa] ukFkksa]
lUrksa dh okf.k;ksa esa Hkh es?kokyksa dk xkSjo'kkyh mYys[k mudh lkaLd`frd fojklr
dh vuojrk dks cuk;s j[kus ds i;kZIr izek.k izLrqr djrs gSaA es?kokyksa us euq"; tkfr
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 503
ds ,dk,d fojkV :i dks ns[kk tks lnSo tkfr] /keZ&etgc vkfn [kf.Mr lksikuksa ls
≈ij mBk gqvk FkkA ;g lekt fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.k ls ns[kus ij izkphu dkyhu ckSº
ijEijkvksa dks viukus okyk ;k cqºkuq;k;h gksus dk vkHkkl Hkh fnykrk gSA
vktknh ds i'pkr~ bfrgkl v/;;u&ys[ku dh uohu fopkj/kkjk ds vUrxZr
fof'k"V O;fDr;ksa ;k ?kVukvksa] jktk&egkjktkvksa ;k lkezkT;ksa ds mRFkku&iru] vkfFkZd]
lkekftd o lkaLd`frd xfrfof/k;ksa rd gh lhfer u jgdj uohu bfrgkl 'kks/k dk
dsUnz og vke vkneh ;k lekt cuk] ftldh Hkwfedk bfrgkl fuekZ.k esa vc rd
visf{kr FkhA Hkkjr dh tfVy tkrh; lajpuk esa pkSFks o.kZ esa /kdsys x;s 'kwnzksa dks
lekt esa fuEure LFkku fn;k x;k fdUrq lekt ds vk/kkjHkwr fuekZ.k esa ,oa ,sfrgkfld
iM+koksa ij nfyr&fiNM+s fuEu oxZ us viuk ,d fuf'pr egRoiw.kZ LFkku cuk;s j[kkA
tula[;k dh n`f"V ls jktLFkku esa es?koky lekt yxHkx r`rh; LFkku ij jgk tks fd
lfn;ksa ls bl Hkw&Hkkx ij fuokl dj jgk gS ysfdu bl cgqla[;d oxZ dh mPp oxZ
}kjk lkekftd&lkaLd`frd :i ls mis{kk dh x;hA es?koky tkfr dh mRifŸk ewyr%
,d oS".ko /kekZoyEch (fo".kqHkDr) cM+s vkpkj&fopkj okys rstkse;] iwT; O;fDr
}kjk gqbZ gksxh tks fuf'pr :i ls ,d jktk ;k oSfnd ea=ksPpkj.k ds lkFk ;K fÿ;k
djus okyk ,d czk„.k (nso) jgk gksxkA ftlds izrhd xq.k vkfn dky ls bl lekt
ds yk{kf.kd deks± esa n`f"Vxkspj gksrs gSa] Hkys gh cnyrh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa bl tkfr us
dbZ mrkj&p<+ko ns[ks gksaA ;g Hkh lEHko gS fd le; ds lkFk&lkFk ;g tkfr vius
ewy Lo:i ls HkVd x;h ysfdu Hkkjrh; lekt esa mldk otwn ftUnk jgkA
QyLo:i iwoZe/;dkyhu (jktiwr ;qxhu) o e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; {kf=;ksa o czk„.kksa
us ifjfLFkfro'k ;k lekt cfg"d`r ds ckn ^es?koky* lekt dks viuk;k] orZeku esa
Hkh bu o.kks± dh fofHkUu tkfr;ksa ds xkS= bl lekt esa ifjyf{kr gksrs gSaA
es?kokyksa ds bfrgkl ys[kd Lokeh xksdqynkl us bl tkfr dk vkfniq#"k es?k
Ωf"k crk;k gSA vkSj mls cz„k dk ekul iq= ekuk gSA vU;= xksdqynkl us bl tkfr
dks jktlŸkk ls Hkh tksM+k gSA1 vkj-lh- xq.kkFkhZ es?kokyksa dks gkjs gq, ;k dqpys gq,
{k=i ekurs gSa]2 ogha eqa'kh gjn;kyflag bl tkfr dk vkfn iwoZt czk„.k ekurs gSaA3
fczfV'k dkyhu bfrgkldkj duZt fczt4 us fy[kk gS fd jktiwrkuk esa ukxkSj bR;kfn
,dk/k LFkku ij es?kokyksa dks pekj Hkh dgrs gSa tcfd os pekj ugha gSA ckdh lHkh
txg bl tkfr dks es?koky uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ;g tkfr ukxiapeh dk mRlo]
rqylh o ihiy dh iwtk bR;kfn /kkfeZd dk;Z djrh gSA 'kadjjko [kjkr ds vuqlkj
egkjk"V™ izns'k esa egkj la?k"kZ esa tc egkj tkfr ijkHkwr gks x;h rks og xqtjkr]
jktLFkku] iatkc] mŸkjizns'k] nf{k.k Hkkjr esa pys x;s vkSj ogh egkj vkt Hkkjr ds
fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa vyx&vyx vLi`'; tkfr esa lfEefyr gSa ftuesa ls es?koky Hkh
,d gSA bls vyx&vyx izns'k esa esj] es?k] eks/kh;k] e?k] ekyks] es?koky uke ls tkuk
260 504 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
tkrk gSA5 es?koa'k bfrgkl o laLd`fr ds ys[kd rkjkjke6 us es?kokyksa ls lEcfU/kr
fofHkUu vo/kkj.kkvksa ij fopkj&foe'kZ djrs gq, iqjkrkfRod o lkfgfR;d lk{;ksa ds
vk/kkj ij rFkk ds-ih- tk;loky] ,l-vkj- xks;y] ,l-,u- jk; vkfn bfrgkldkjksa
ds er dk vuqlj.k djrs gq, bls ,d izkphu {kf=; dkSe xosf"kr fd;k gSA muds
vuqlkj iqjk.kksa esa tgka ukS es?k jktkvksa dk mYys[k gksuk es?kksa dk izcy jktuhfrd lk{;
izLrqr djrk gS] ogha ckSº tkrd dFkkvksa esa es?koa'k dh mRifŸk ds ckjs esa ,d cM+h
tkrd dFkk dk mYys[k mUgksaus viuh iqLrd esa fd;k gSA ftldh dgkuh es?koky
tkfr esa izpfyr dgkuh ds vykok fjiksVZ ejnqe'kqekjh jktekjokM+&1891 esa of.kZr
fdaonafr vkfn ls Hkh feyrh gSA
jktLFkku dh fofHkUu tkfr;ksa esa es?koky] ,d izeq[k tkfr gSA ftls es?k]
es?koky] es?koa'kh] cykbZ] cqudj] fj[kh] ckEch] jktcykbZ] lkyoh] lw=dkj vkfn
ukeksa ls iqdkjrs gSaA orZeku esa bl tkfr dk dksbZ ,d is'kk ugha gSA izkphu dky esa gh
bl tkfr ds fofHkUu izdkj ds O;olk; vkSj lsok pkdjh ls tqM+us ds dkj.k fofHkUu
izkUrksa esa blds fHkUu&fHkUu uke izpyu esa vk;sA orZeku esa ;g tkfr Hkkjrh; lafo/kku
esa 1956 bZ- esa la'kks/ku ds rgr vuqlwfpr tkfr esa ifjxf.kr dh tkrh gSA jktLFkku ds
vykok ;g tkfr p.Mhx<+ o iatkc esa es?k] NŸkhlx<+ o fnYyh esa es?koky] xqtjkr esa
easxokj] es?koky] gfj;k.kk esa es?k] fgekpy izns'k esa es?k] tEew o d'ehj esa es?k o
dchjiaFkh] dukVZd esa es?koky] esxokj] ekyk] egkjk"V™ esa egkj] esxw] esgjk] ?ksxw&esxw]
es?koky] esxokj vkfn ukeksa esa eq[;r% es?k uke ls vfHk/ks; djrs gq, bls vuqlwfpr
tkfr esa ifjxf.kr fd;k x;k gSA bl izdkj yxHkx lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa bl tkfr ds
foLrkj dks ns[kus ds lkFk blds laxfBr :i ls mHkj dj lkeus vkuk Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrk
gSA
le; ds izokg us es?koky tkfr dks Hkh vNwrk ugha NksM+kA ;g tkfr vusd
'kk[kkvksa esa foHkDr gksdj vyx&vyx Hkw&Hkkx ij vyx&vyx ukeksa ls QSy x;hA
bldh thfodk ds lk/ku Hkh ifjfLFkfr vkSj dky Hksn ds dkj.k ,d nwljs ls fHkUu gks
x;s rFkk os'kHkw"kk esa vUrj vkus yxkA vyx&vyx VqdM+ska esa caV tkus rFkk nwljh
tkfr;ksa ds lekos'k ds dkj.k es?kokyksa dk lkekftd Lrj ,d lk ugha jg ldrkA
jhfr&fjoktksa dh vlekurk ds lkFk dbZ lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa us Hkh ?kj dj fy;kA
fczfV'k 'kklu dh LFkkiuk rd ;g tkfr vR;Ur ghu voLFkk esa igqap pqdh FkhA
es?kokyksa dh lkekftd fLFkfr dk irk muds }kjk 'kqº o fo'kqº dk;ks± }kjk yxk;k tk
ldrk gSA tgka 'kqº dk;Z mUgsa mudh ikSjkf.kd okLrfodrk ds lkFk muds ohj]
lkglh] HkfDr] flºrk] bZekunkjh] Hkjkslk o xEHkhjrk ds vykok viuh fuEure
lkekftd fLFkfr rd igqapus ds ckotwn ckach] ckach jktk] fjf[k;k] cykbZ vkfn ukeksa
o foHkw"k.kksa ls viuh igpku LFkkfir j[kus esa lQy jgs ogha izR;sd ifjfLFkfr esa
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 505
'kqº&v'kqº gj rjg ds dk;Z dj viuk otwn dk;e j[kk o mlds cnys ik;k rks uke
ek= dk] cl flQZ [kks;k gh [kks;kA
jktLFkku dk es?koky lekt eq[;r% pkj 'kk[kkvksa ([kkaiksa) esa foHkkftr gSaA
ftlesa izFke 'kk[kk vknw es?kokyksa dh gS] tks es?kokyksa dh ewy 'kk[kk gSA bleas jkxh]
pUnsy] vknjk] tksxM+] egpUn vkSj tksxpUn gSA f}rh; 'kk[kk ek: es?kokyksa dh gS]
tks eq[;r% jktiwrksa ls vyx gq, gSaA ftlesa v.kf[k;k] vghfu;k] vkxyspk] vknjk]
vk;pk] ≈py] ,Hkk] dpkok] dM+sy] duM+] dyspk] dkx;k] dkyk] dqn.kspk]
dksguh] [kru] [knsV] [k;kyh] [kkM+;] xM+cM+] xkaxyh] x.Msj (HkkVh)] xwtkbZ;k]
xwtj] xqjM+k] xksnk] xks;y] ?kkVk] pMsy] pokfM;k] fp[kM+k] fpjy] pqfM;ky]
pqjkf.k;k] pkSgku] Nkxf.k;k] t.kokf.k;k] tke] tsiky] tksb;k] tksxy] tksxpUn]
HkkfV;k] >fj;k] VaMksfy;k] Mkaxh] Mkch] Mkspjk] rhjxj] rqjfd;k] Fkkoyspk] nknfy;k]
nsb;k] nsiu] iaokj] nsofj;k] nsIiw] /krjoky] /kuns] uek] pksgkf.k;k] ujkf.k;k] fucsy]
iUuw] iykfl;k] ijekj] ikjxhj] ikyspk] ikapy] ikapky] fifM+;kj] isxM+] cjcM+]
cyksp] cxk.kk] ckf.k;k] ckefu;k] ck:iky] cksfp;k] cksjk.kk] ckslh] ckoy] csxM+]
fcdqfn;k] cksxjspk] cksxw] Hkofj;k] Hkknjk] Hkko:] fHkVy] HkhxkfM;k] HkwxfM+;k]
edk.kh] ejo.k] ekxsl] eknksdh] eknksfy;k] ehVh] eqokLik] espj] esjM+k] jkaxh]
jkM+cM+k] jkBkSfM+;k] jk.kok] jhM+k] :yk] jkBkSM]+ ygqvk] fydkyk] yhyM+] ywdM+k]
ysok] yksb;k] yksfFk;k] yksgk] okykp] flxy] lqny] lstq] lsusVk] lksry] lksnjk]
lksya[kh] gVsyk] fgaxM+A Lokeh xksdqynkl us jktiwrksa dh 18 tkfr;ksa ds xkS= es?koky
tkfr ls feyrs crk;s gSa] ftuesa es?kokyksa ds dqN mixkS= 196 crk;s gSaA r`rh; 'kk[kk
tkVk es?kokyksa dh gS] tks eq[;r% tkVksa ls vyx gqbZ gSA ftlesa vkyk] [kfV;k]
dwf.k;k] xMsj] xqanp s ] pokf.k;k] tksvkl[k] tksjeoh] nsiu] iufM+;kuy] iaokj] yhyM+]
yw.kks] yksbZ;k] cjcM+] ckf.k;k] ckef.k;k] fcjB] csxM+] ehM+k] esjM+k bR;kfnA pkSFkh
'kk[kk ckef.k;k es?kokyksa dh gS tks fd iYyhoky czk„.kksa ls vyx gq,] blesa
iYyhoky] ihyoky] ikjxh bR;kfn vkrs gSaA
bl izdkj es?koky lekt ,d fo'kky leqnk; gksus ds lkFk&lkFk Hkkjr ds
fofHkUu izkUrksa esa vyx&vyx ukeksa ls tkuk tkus okyk vius vki esa fNUu&fHkUu o
izR;sd n`f"V ls fiNM+k gqvk lekt gSA ;|fi bl tkfr esa fo}kuksa] egkiq#"kksa]
fopkjdksa] lk/kq&lUrksa dh dksbZ deh ugha gS] 'kkyhurk] dqyhurk] lqlaLd`r o
la?k"kZ'khyrk esa Hkh ;g tkfr vxz.kh gS ysfdu bl tkfr esa ?k`f.kr] ladqfpr o 'kksf"kr
Hkko vkt Hkh ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA bldk eq[; dkj.k 'kk;n :f<+oknh ekU;rk,a] nklrk
ds laLdkj] xqykeh ds Hkko] ladh.kZ fopkj/kkjk gh izeq[kr;k jgs gSaA bl tkfr esa
vkifŸk dks] le; dh ekax dks] lkgl ds lkFk mBkus okyksa dh vkt deh gSA tcfd
;fn ns[kk tk; rks lekt dh fo'kkyrk] oSHko'kkfyrk] vk/;kfRedrk] jk"V™okfnrk esa
261 506 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
fdlh vU; tkfr ls deh fn[kkbZ ugha nsrh] fQj Hkh blesa lkekftd fiNM+kiu gSA
21oha lnh ds Hkkjr esa jktLFkku ds es?koky lkekftd fodkl] tkx`fr] LokfHkeku]
ifjJe o fgEeriu dh n`f"V ls vxz.kh cu jgs gSaA es?koky lekt ds xkSjo'kkyh
bfrgkl dh >yd] cqfºthfo;ksa] lkekftd dk;ZdrkZvksa rFkk vius&vius {ks= esa
egkjr gkfly egkuqHkkoksa ds thou ifjp;] lkekftd] jktuSfrd] vkfFkZd o lkaLd`frd
igyqvksa ds ckjs esa tkudkfj;ka nsus ds iz;kl fd;s tk jgs gSaA fofHkUu ys[kdksa us
lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa ds vykok efgyk f'k{kk ij vf/kd tksj nsdj lekt dks vkxs
c<+kus rFkk HkkoukRed :i ls ,drk ds lw= esa cka/kus ds lUns'k fn;s gSaA ;|fi
lkeUrhdky esa bl lekt dh fLFkfr vU; nfyrksa dh rjg xwaxs O;fDr ds leku Fkh
ijUrq vkt le; o ifjfLFkfr;ka vuqdwy gks jgh gSa] cy o ryokj dh txg cqfº o
dye us ys yh gSA iztkra= esa jktk o jad ds er dk ewY; leku gS] vr% es?koky
tkfr dks cnyh ifjfLFkfr;kas ds lkFk vius vkidks le;ksftr djrs gq, f'k{kk o
LokfHkeku izkIr djuk gksxk] vius gd ds fy, Hkh[k ekaxdj la?k"kZ djds U;k; ikrs
gq, ,d xwaxs O;fDr dh rjg cscl ugha jguk gksxk rHkh ;g tkfr o lekt vius
izkphu xkSjo dks gkfly djus esa lQy gks ldsxkA
lUnHkZ
1- Lokeh xksdqynkl] es?koa'k dk bfrgkl] i`- 58&59
2- jes'kpUn xq.kkFkhZ] jktLFkku dh tkfr;ksa dh [kkst] i`- 257
3- eqa'kh gjn;kyflag] n dkLV vkWQ ekjokM+] i`- 196] 527
4- duZy fczt] n pekj] i`- 21
5- 'kadjjko [kjkr] egkjk"V™ ds egkjksa dk bfrgkl] i`- 69
6- rkjkjke] es?koky bfrgkl&laLd`fr] i`- 11
 262
mÈkhloha lnh ds esokM+ dh jktuhfrd&vkfFkZdh
ds dfri; igyw % xksxqUnk dh [;kr ij
vk/kkfjr v/;;u
foÿe flag vejkor
jktuhfrd&vFkZ'kkL= dk lSºkfUr <k°pk ekDlZoknh ys[ku iºfr dk ,d
egŸoiw.kZ <k°pk gSA bfrgkl ds Úksrksa dks fofHkÈk n`f"V;ksa ls ns[kus ds lanHkZ esa
jktuhfrd&vFkZ'kkL= ds lSºkfUr <k°ps ds varxZr fdlh Úksr dks ns[kus ls ledkyhu
bfrgkl ds vU; nwljs vk;keksa dks tkuk tk ldrk gSA jktLFkku ds bfrgkl ys[ku esa
[;krksa dk mi;ksx gqvk gS vkSj vkxs Hkh vyx&vyx lanHkks± esa gksrk jgsxkA 19oha lnh
ds mŸkjkºZ esa tc jktiqrkuk ds fofHkÈk jkT;ksa vkSj vU; fBdkuksa] jktiwr [kkaiksa dk
bfrgkl fy[kk tk jgk Fkk mlh le; jkT; ds funsZ'kkuqlkj tkxhjnkjksa us vius&vius
fBdkuksa ls lacaf/kr bfrgkl fo"k;d lkexzh Hksth] tks [;kr ;k rokjh[k ds uke ls
FkhA esokM+ jkT; ds ,d egŸoiw.kZ fBdkus xksxqUnk dh [;kr Hkh blh izfÿ;k dk
ifj.kke FkhA mDr [;kr esa esokM+ jkT; ds ,d izeq[k fBdkus xksxqUnk ds >kyk
jktjk.kkvksa dh eq[; miyfC/k;ksa] jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa vkSj mudh larfr dk o.kZu
esokM+ ds 'kkldksa ls muds laca/k] rRdkyhu lkekftd] vkfFkZd fLFkfr vkfn ij
foLrkj ls izdk'k Mkyk x;k gSA1 ;g [;kr flQZ ,d fBdkus dh gS fdUrq blls
esokM+ jkT; ds bfrgkl ds fofHkÈk igyqvksa ij i;kZIr izdk'k iM+rk gSA izLrqr 'kks/k i=
eas blh [;kr (xksxqUnk dh [;kr) ds dqN fooj.kksa ds vk/kj ij 19oha lnh esa esokM+
dh jktuhfrd&vkfFkZdh dks le>us dk iz;kl fd;k tk,xkA
ekDlZokn jktuhfrd vFkZ'kkL= ds v/;;u dk fo"k; mRiknu lEcU/k gksrs gSaA
,axsYl ds vuqlkj] vFkZ'kkL= oLrqvksa dh ugha cfYd yksxksa ds chp ds lEcU/kksa vkSj
vUrr% oxks± ds chp ds lEcU/kksa dh tk°p&iM+rky djrk gSA mRiknu lEcU/kksa ds bl
v/;;u dks ns'k&dky ds lanHkks± esa vyx&vyx rjg ls le>k tk ldrk gSA
mRiknu ds fy;s yksxksa ds chp dqN fuf'pr vkilh lEcU/k dk;e gksuk t:jh gSA
mRiknu dh izfÿ;k ds nkSjku yksxksa }kjk cuk;s x;s bl izdkj ds laca/kksa dks mRiknu
laca/k dgrs gSaA oxZ lekt esa ;s lEcU/k oxZ lEcU/kksa esa izfrfcfEcr gksrs gSaA bu
mRiknu lEcU/kksa dk ,d egŸoiw.kZ igyq LokfeRo dk Lo:i gS vkSj nwljk egŸoiw.kZ
igyw mRiknu esa yksxksa dh Hkwfedk vkSj muds vkilh lEcU/k gSA
508 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
mRiknu izfÿ;k dk ifj.kke lh/ks rkSj ij vk; ls gSA bl izdkj vk; dh
izfÿ;k,° vfuok;Z :i ls mRiknu lEcU/k ls tqM+h gSaA ekDlZ fy[krs gS fd] mRiknu esa
yxus ds fy,s yksx dqN lEcºrk,° vkSj lEcU/k cukrs gSaA bu lkekftd lEcºrkvksa
vkSj lEcU/kksa ds chp gh muesa rFkk izœfr esa lEcU/k gks ldrk gS rFkk mRiknu gks
ldrk gSA bl izdkj vk; ds fy;s dh tkus okyh lHkh gh izdkj dh izfÿ;kvksa dks
mRiknu izfÿ;kvksa dk fgLLkk dgk tkuk pkfg, vkSj blhfy;s bl iwjh izfÿ;k esa tks
lEcU/k curs gSa oks mRiknu&lEcU/kh gksaxsA mijks‰ lSºkfUr <k°ps esa 19oha lnh ds
esokM+ ds fBdkus xksxqUnk ls lEcfU/kr dqN rF;ksa vkSj vkadM+ksa] tks fd xksxqUnk dh
[;kr ls izkIr gksrs gSa] ds vk/kkj ij ledkyhu jktuhfrd&vFkZO;oLFkk dks le>k tk
ldrk gSA ;g dky jktiwrkuk ds fofHkÈk jkT;ksa esa lkeUrh; O;oLFkk dk lqn`<+ <k°pk
Fkk vkSj ;g iz'kklfud&jktuhfrd O;OkLFkk dk egŸoiw.kZ vax FkkA ysfdu lkFk gh
;g lkeUrh; O;oLFkk dh jktuhfrd&vkfFkZdh dk Hkh egŸoiw.kZ vax FkhA [;kr esa
dfri; jktuhfrd&vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd&lEcU/kksa ds lanHkZ esa vusd fc[kjs gq,
rF; izkIr gksrs gSaA [;kr eas ewy :i ls ;s fooj.k jktuhfrd&lkaLœfrd fooj.k ds
cRkkSj fn;s x;s gSa fdUrq lw{e v/;;u ls bu fooj.kksa dks vU; fofHkÈk lanHkks± esa Hkh
ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ;gk° ge mUgha fooj.kksa esa ls dqN fooj.kksa ds vk/kkj ij ledkyhu
jktuhfrd&vkfFkZdh dks ns[kus dk iz;kl djsaxsA [;kr esa NVwan] ryokj ca/kkbZ]
utj&fuNjkoˇ&c['kh'k vkSj csxkjls lEcfU/kr dfri; U;wukf/kd fooj.k izkIr gksrs
gSaA bu fooj.ksa esa izR;{k rkSj ij mRiknu&lEcU/kksa dks ugha ns[kk tk ldrk fdUrq
vizR;{k :i ls mRiknu&lEcU/kksa dks vo'; le>k tk ldrk gSA
[;kr ds fooj.kksa ls irk pyrk gS fd jktuhfrd lEcU/kksa dks vkfFkZd&O;ogkj
iwjh rjg ls izHkkfor djrk gSA [;kr esas fo'ks"k :i ls le;&le; ij xksxqUnk ds
jktjk.kkvksa dks esokM+ ds 'kkldksa }kjk fn;s x;s iV~Vs ds udysa nh gqbZ gSA2 bu udyksa
esa xk°oksa ds uke vkSj mudh vk; dk fooj.k Hkh fn;k x;k gSaA blls xksxqUnk fBdkus
jktjk.kk vkSj esokM+ ds 'kkld ds chp jktuhfrd lEcU/kksa ds mrkj p<+ko dks vkfFkZd
vk°dM+ksa ds vk/kkj ij ns[kk tk ldrk gSA vk; vkSj mRiknu lEcU/kksa esa LokfeRo ds
Lo:i dk fo'ks"k egŸo gSA ekDlZoknh jktuhfrd&vFkZ'kkL=ksa ds lSºkfUr <k°ps esa
lkeUrh lekt ds mRiknu lEcU/k HkwLokeh oxZ }kjk Hkwfe ds LokfeRo vkSj Hkwnklksa ij
muds yxHkx iw.kZ fu;a=.k ij vk/kkfjr FksA bl lanHkZ esa ;fn ge vkyksP;dky dks
ns[ksaxs rks mlesa mRiknu&lEcU/k nks Lrjksa ij izkIr gkasxsA mPp Lrj ij jkT; vkSj fBdkus
;k 'kkld vkSj lkeUr ds chp ds lEcU/k vkSj nwlj Lrj tks fd fupyk ;k tehuh
Lrj gS] og gS lkeUr vkSj mldh jS∏;r ds chp ds lEcU/kA
ewy :i ls HkwLokeh rks 'kkld gh Fkk vkSj le;&le; ij ml HkwLokferk ds
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 509 263 510 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

n'kZu [;kr ds fooj.kksa esa izkIr gksrs gSaA ;gh LokehRo 'kkld oxZ vkxs c<+krs gq, :i ls muds vLFkkbZ LokfeRo dk ifj.kke FkhA ;gh vk; lkeUrksa ds 'kkld oxZ ls
lkeUrksa dks iznku djrk Fkk fdUrq ;g LFkkbZ ugha FkkA ;gh vLFkkbZRo ≈ijh Lrj ds izk;% lHkh izdkj ds lEcU/kksa ;Fkk & jktuhfrd] lkaLœfrd ,oa lkekftd lEcU/kksa]
mRiknu&lEc/kksa dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA lkeUrh oxZ blh vLFkkbZ LokfeRo dk miHkksx dks r; ,oa izHkkfor djrh FkhA D;ksafd ;gk° ij LokfeRo 'kkld oxZ dk gS tks fd
djrs gq, mlh Hkwfe dks viuh jS∏;rksa dks mRiknu&izfÿ;kvksa ds fy;s ns nsrs FksA bl mUgksaus lkeUr oxZ dks vLFkkbZ :i ls iznŸk fd;k FkkA
izdkj LokfeRo dk ;g Lrjhdj.k u flQZ jktuhfrd&vkfFkZd lEcU/kksa dks fn[kkrk gS lUnHkZ
cfYd blds ifj.kkeLo:i ,d u;k lkekftd&lkaLœfrd ifjn`'; fodflr gksrk 1- xksxwank dh [;kr] eT>fedk] vad & 28&29] MkW- gqdeflag HkkVh (laik)] izrki
gS] ftldks ge lkekftd&oxhZ; lEcU/kksa ds lanHkZ esa ns[krs gSaA 'kks/k izfr"Bku] mn;iqj 1996] laikndh;A
[;kr esa ,d vU; izFkk dk fooj.k gS ftls ryokj&cankbZ dh jLe dgk x;k 2- ogh] i`- 11] 13] 28&30] 46&50
gSA ryokj ca/kkbZ ,d egŸoiw.kZ lkaLœfrd jLe gksrh Fkh fdUrq blds lkFk gh blds 3- ogh] i`- 10
vkfFkZd ljksdkj Hkh FksA blh le; tkxhjnkj dh tkxhj esa o`fº vkfn dh ?kks"k.kk dh 4- ogh] i`- 29
tkrh FkhA dbZ ckj bl jLe ds ugha gksus dh otg ls tkxhjnkj dks vkfFkZd uqdlku 5- ogh] i`- 42&43
Hkh mBkuk iM+rk FkkA jktjk.kk 'k=qlky tc xn~nh ij cSBs rd mudh mez egt lkr
lky gh Fkh vkSj egkjk.kk us mudh ryokj canh dh jLe ugha djokbZ blls HkaMkj vkfn
esa tks xgus vkfn Fks os ugha fey ik,A fQj l=g o"kZ i'pkr~ tc ryokj canh dh
jLe vnk dh xbZ rc ijouk Hkh fy[k dj fn;kA ryokj ca/kkbZ dh jLe vnkbZxh ds
le; tkxhjnkj jkT; dks ,d fuf'pr jde nsrk Fkk ftl ryokj ca/kkbZ dh jde dgk
tkrk FkkA egkjk.kk vejflag izFke us xksxqUnk ds jktjk.kk dkUgnkl ds ryokj ca/kkbZ
dh jde esa NwV ns nh FkhA3 ;gh NwV jktjk.kk 'k=qlky dks Hkh feyh FkhA4 ryokj ca/
kkbZ dh jLe esa gksus okys [kpZ dk foLr`r fooj.k [;kr esa izkIr gksrk gSA lu~ 1867 esa
jktjk.kk ykyflag dh ryokj ca/kkbZ dh jLe ds le; dk [kpZ [;kr esa fn;k x;k gSA
ml le; fn;k tkus okyk utjkuk] fljksiko] c['kh'k vkfn dk fooj.k fn;k x;k gSA5
bl izdkj ryokj ca/kkbZ dh jLe eq[; :i ls laLœfr dk fgLlk Fkh ysfdu
;g jktuhfrd ijEijkvksa dks iznf'kZr djrh FkhA fdUrq bldk ,d egŸoiw.kZ igyw
vkfFkZd Fkk tks fd [;kr ds fooj.kksa ls izkIr gksrk gSA [;kr esa bl jLe dks
vkfFkZd&lEcU/kksa esa gh izk;% fn[kk;k x;k gSA ryokj ca/kkbZ ds le; jkT; dks nh tkus
okyh jde dks egŸo fn;k x;k gSA lkFk gh mlesa NwV fn;s tkus dks Hkh bafxr fd;k
x;k gSA ryokj ca/kkbZ dh ;g jde jkT; dh vk; dk Úksr FkhA lkFk gh blh ekSds ij
tks vkfFkZd&O;ogkj gksrs Fks tks fd utj&fuNjkoˇ&c['kh'k vkfn dh lkaLœfrd
izo`fŸk;ksa ds uke ls tkuh tkrh Fkh] Hkh =h&Lrjh; lekt (jS∏;r&lkeur&'kkld) ds
f}&Lrjh; LokfeRo ds jktuhfrd&vkfFkZd lEcU/kksa dks izHkkfor djrs FksA ewy :i
ls mRiknu dk;Z jS∏;r }kjk gh fd;k tkrk Fkk fdUrq bl mRiknu ls izkIr vk; fofHkÈk
Lrjksa ij] fofHkUu izdkj ls forfjr gksrh FkhA vk; ds eq[; Úksr ds :i esa Hkw&jktLo
dks gksuk LokHkkfod FkkA Hkw&jktLo ls tks vk; lkeUr oxZ dks izkIr gksrh Fkh og ewy
 264
jkojktk fou; flag dk vyoj jkT; esa
LFkkiR;dyk esa ;ksxnku
MkW- va'kqy 'kekZ
vyoj jkT; dh LFkkiuk 18oha 'krkCnh esa jko izrki flag ds }kjk dh xbZA
vyoj jkT; esa jko izrki flag] jko jktk c[rkoj flag] fou; flag] ';ksnku flag]
eaxy flag] t; flag vkfn u:dk 'kkldksa us vius 'kklu dky esa LFkkiR; dyk ds
{ks= esa vHkwriwoZ ;ksxnku fn;kA1 jko jktk fou; flag us vyoj jkT; esa fofHkUu
fdyksa dk fuekZ.k djok;k vkSj dbZ;ksa dk th.kksZºkj djok;kA2
vyoj jkT; ds laLFkkid jko izrki flag ds dky ls gh LFkkiR; dyk ij
fo'ks"k tksj fn;k x;kA3 jktx<+ ds fdys dk fuekZ.k bUgha ds dky esa fd;k x;k lkFk
gh dbZ Nf=;ksa] fp='kkykvksa o efUnjksa dk fuekZ.k bUgha ds dky fo'ks"k esa gqvkA4 blh
izdkj c[rkoj flag }kjk jktx<+ ds egyksa esa fp= cuok;sA LFkkiR; dh n`f"V ls
tukuk egy dk fuekZ.k djok;k vkSj d`".k dq.M ds ikuh dks jksddj fo'kky lkxj
cuok;kA ogha fou; flag }kjk LFkkiR; dh n`f"V ls vyoj dh LFkkiR; dyk esa pkj
pk°n yxk fn;sA fo'ks"kdj ewlh egkjkuh dh N=h] fou; foykl egy o flVh iSysl
budh vuwie d`fr gS ftldk foLr`r o.kZu fuEufyf[kr gSA5
jko jktk fou; flag vkSj LFkkiR; dyk
jko jktk fou; flag dk le; 1815 bZ- ls 1857 bZ- rd jgk gSA bUgksaus vius
le; esa vyoj jkT; ds vUrxZr dyk ,oa laLd`fr dks špk Lrj iznku fd;kA
LFkkiR; ,oa vU; dykvksa esa mudh xgjh :fp Fkh blfy, vyoj jkT; esa iksFkh[kkuk]
ihy[kkuk] jFk[kkuk] jRu'kkyk] 'kL='kkyk vkfn dh LFkkiuk ds lkFk gh 'kgj esa fou;
foykl egy] eksrh Mwaxjh] flyhls<]+ njckj gkWy vkfn dk fuekZ.k djok;kA6 jko
fou; flag dk O;fDrRo vR;f/kd izHkko'kkyh Fkk vkSj LFkkiR; dyk ds {ks= esa budk
dky fo'ks"k Lof.kZe ;qx ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA vyoj dks dykRed ifjos'k ls
lq'kksfHkr djus dk Js; bUgha dks gSA LFkkiR; dyk dh n`f"V ls jko jktk fou; flag
us gj egy ls ysdj fou; foykl rd dykRed vfHk:fp Li"V :Ik ls fn[kkbZ nsrh
gSA7 LFkkiR; dyk ds izfr ftrus tkx:d egkjktk fou; flag th Fks mruk vU; dksbZ
'kkld ugha fn[kkbZ nsrkA buds dyk izseh ‚n; ds dkj.k turk dks buesa vVwV
fo'okl FkkA8 LFkkiR; ds {ks= fo'ks"k esa 'khry fuokl ;k 'kh'k egy dk fuekZ.k Hkh
512 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
bUgha ds }kjk djok;k x;kA ogha flVh iSysl esa ,d fo'kkydk; iqLrd 'kkyk dk
fuekZ.k Hkh buds }kjk djok;k x;kA9 vyoj 'kgj ds 'kh'k egy] nhokus [kkl o
fofHkUu Nf=;k° jktiwr ,oa eqxy LFkkiR; ls izHkkfor gSA buds izeq[k LFkkiR; esa
loZizFke ewlh egkjkuh dh N=h egRoiw.kZ gSA10
ewlh egkjkuh dh Nrjh
vyoj jkT; dks nks jkT;ksa vyoj ,oa frtkjk esa foHkktudky fou; flag ds
gh dky esa gqvkA vyoj dk jktk jko fou; flag jgs tcfd frtkjk ds 'kkld ewlh
egkjkuh ds iq= cyoar flag FksA ckn esa iqu% bUgsa vyoj jkT; esa feyk fy;k x;k rc
fou; flag us ewlh egkjkuh dh Nrjh cuok;hA vyoj lkxj ij fLFkr ewlh egkjkuh
dh fo'kky ,sfrgkfld Nrjh u:dk oa'kh; jktiwr 'kku rFkk LFkkiR; dyk dh ,d
egku /kjksgj ds :Ik esa vkt Hkh fo|eku gSA11 bl lkxj ds nf{k.k dh vksj ;g
fo'kky xksykdkj yky ik"kk.k rFkk laxejej dh cuh lqanj Nrjh gSA bl Nrjh dks
egkjktkf/kjkt Jh c[rkoj flag dh Nrjh Hkh dgrs gSA lkxj ds rV ij bl Nrjh dks
cukus dh vkKk Lo;a egkjktkf/kjkt Jh c[rkoj flag us viuh e`R;q ls igys gh iznku
dj nh FkhA muds LoxZokl gksus ds i'pkr~ muds mŸkjkf/kdkjh lokbZ egkjkt Jh
fou; flag th us bls iw.kZ djok;kA
vyoj uxj ds nk'kZfud LFkkuks esa ;g Nrjh Hkh n'kZuh; gSA bldh f'kYidkjh
iz'kaluh; gSA lkxj ds ≈ijh nf{k.k fn'kk esa yxHkx 150 QqV yack rFkk mruk gh
pkSM+k ,d pcwrjk gSA bl pcwrjs ds chpksa&chp nks eafty dh ;g Nrjh cuh gqbZ gSA
Nrjh ds fupyh eafty ij ukyh] yky iRFkjksa ls cuh gS ftls Hkh vayd`r fd;k x;k
gSA ewlh jkuh dh Nrjh ds pkjks vksj ,d ifjÿek iFk Hkh gS vkSj Nrjh ds e/; esa
vyad`r fp=dkjh dh xbZ gSA Nrjh ds pkjksa vksj yky iRFkjksa ls pkj cqtZ cuk, x, gS
vkSj bu pkjksa cqtksZ dks yky iRFkjksa ls vyad`r fd;k x;k gSA bl Nrjh esa laxejej ds
fo'kky LraHk Hkh cuk, x, gS ftu ij ;g Nrjh fVdh gqbZ gSA blds ckgj pkjks vksj
lŸkkbl laxejej ds LraHk Hkh gesa fn[kkbZ nsrs gSA ftl le; egkjktk c[rkoj flag
e`R;q dks izkIr gq, rks egkjkuh blh txg lrh gqbZ FkhA mudh pj.k iknqdk,a ;gka ij
e/; esa fLFkr gSA lkFk gh lkFk Jh d`".k] Jh jkepUnz th] y{e.k rFkk lhrk ekrk th
vkfn nsorkvksa ds fp= gesa fn[kkbZ nsrs gSA12
bu fp=ksa ds mij gesa egkjktk dh vkd`fr [kqnh gqbZ fn[kkbZ nsrh gS tks fd
gkFkh ij lokj ;qº dkS'ky ds fp= esa fn[krh gSA bl Nrjh esa izos'k ds fy, rhu ekxks±
dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA jktnjckj ls lacaf/kr yksx lkxj ds mij ls blesa izos'k djrs Fks
tcfd vketu ,d NksVs ls rcsys ls blesa izos'k djrs FksA bl lEiw.kZ Nrjh ds fuekZ.k
esa yxHkx nks yk[k :Ik;s [kpZ gq, FksA13
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 513 265 514 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

fou; foykl egy fuekZ.k mÌs'; 'kgj ls ckgj dh vksj djuk FkkA ;g jkuhokl ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk
fou; foykl jko fou; flag th }kjk 1849 bZ- eas cuk;k x;k ftls egkjktk gSA19 egkjktk fou; flag ftldk vyoj jkT; esa LFkkiR; dyk ds varxZr vuqie
fou; flag us vius vkokl ds :i esa j[kkA14 ;g dykRed n`f"V ls cgqr egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA fo'ks"kdj fp=dyk] Hkou fuekZ.k dyk vkfn esa jktiwr ,oa eqxy 'kSyh
egy gSA cgqr cM+k ckx yxokdj mlds chp esa mUgksaus laxejej ds LrEHkksa ,oa dk izHkko ns[kus dks feyrk gSA egkjktk fou; flag dk vyoj ds bfrgkl esa ogha
tkfy;ksa ls ;qDr jktiwr ,oa eqxy 'kSyh dk ;g lqUnj egy cuok;kA mlds lkeus LFkku gS tks eqxy bfrgkl esa 'kkgtgka dk gSA
laxejej ds iRFkjksa dh tM+kbZ dk cuk ljksoj dyk dk vuwie mnkgj.k gSA15 ;g lanHkZ
egy eqxy dyk dh pkjckx iz.kkyh dks Hkh n'kkZrk gSA bl egy dh 'kSyh Hkjriqj 1- MkW- t;flag uhjt] vyoj dh fp=kadu ijaijk] i`"B 5&13
jkT; ds Mhx ds egyksa ds vuq:i gSA iqjkus egyksa dh vis{kk blesa ,d fo'ks"krk 2- ';keynkl] ohj fouksn] i`"B 1377
;g gS fd blds dejs cM+s gS tks fd ik'pkR; n`f"Vdks.k ls izHkkfor gksdj vf/kd 3- fou;-------- vyoj] vad 1969 i`"B 80
lqfo/kkizn cuk;s x;s gSA 4- MkW- t;flag uhjt] vyoj dh fp=kadu ijaijk] i`"B 21
;|fi fou; foykl egy iwjh rjg orZeku esa ttZj vkSj [k.Mj gS fdUrq 5- ogh] i`"B 21&22
bldk vrhr vR;Ur le`º jgk gSA tgka ,d vksj egy ds ckx esa vke] tkequ] 6- ogh] i`"B 23
ve:n vukj] uhacw ds Qynkj o`{k Fks ogha nwljh vksj xqyeksgj lqxfU/kr nsonkj tSls 7- jktkjke flag] t;txnEcs lq;'k] i`"B 13
Nk;knkj o`{k Hkh FksA16 dgha&dgha laxejej dk iz;ksx egy ds fuekZ.k esa fd;k x;kA 8- MkW- t;flag uhjt] fou;] vyoj] vad i`"B 50
egy esa clUrksRlo euk;k tkrk FkkA bl volj ij u`R;xku] ukVd vkfn dk;Zÿeksa 9- MkW- thou flag ekuoh] vyoj jkT; ds laLFkkid jko izrki flag u:dk i`"B 65
dk vk;kstu gksrk FkkA ftlesa jktifjokj ds lnL; Hkkx ysrs Fks vkSj ;g dk;Zÿe 10- ogh] i`"B 66
laHkor% jkr Hkj pyrk FkkA fou; foykl egy b.Mkslksjlsfud 'kSyh dk vuqie 11- MkW- t;flag uhjt] fou;] vyoj] vad i`"B 50
n`"Vkar gSA17 ftlesa vktdy jktf"kZ dkWyst py jgk gSA ;g egy dk prq"dks.kh; 12- jktkjke flag] t;txnEcs lq;'k] i`"B 4
izkax.k cgqr gh HkO; gSA vusd lhf<;k° njckj] lHkkxkj rd ys tkrh gS vkSj lhf<;ksa 13- MkW- t;flag uhjt] fou;] vyoj] vad i`"B 136] 137
ds nksuksa vksj lQsn Nrfj;k° cuh gS] ftlesa Hkh gesa jktiwr o eqxy 'kSyh dk izHkko 14- MkW- t;flag uhjt] fou;] vyoj] vad i`"B 137
Li"V :i ls fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA 15- vfuy tks'kh] vyoj dk dykRed [ktkuk] i`"B 30
16- deys'k] lSykfu;ksa dk LoxZ jktLFkku] i`"B 152
flVh iSysl 17- MkW- t;flag uhjt] fou;] vyoj] vad i`"B 60&61
egkjktk fou; flag }kjk fufeZr HkO; flVh iSysl cuok;k x;kA ;|fi fou;
flag ,d lk/kkj.k vui<+ O;fDr ds :i esa izfrf"Br Fks] ijUrq mudh dyk ij[k
ekfeZd FkhA dyk izseh gksus ds ukrs egkjktk us Hkkjr ds dksus&dksus ls dyk fo'ks"kKksa
fp=dkjksa dks vkeaf=r dj Js"Bre cuok;s ftldh orZeku esa Hkh >yd ns[kh tk
ldrh gSA18 flVh iSysl Hkh eqxy o jktiwr 'kSyh dk lfEeJ.k dk vuqie mnkgj.k
gSA orZeku esa bls laxzgky; ds :i esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA
flyhls<+ egy
vyoj uxj ls nf{k.k if'pe dh vksj 9 fdeh- dh nwjh ij fd'kuiqjk xzke
ds ikl flyhls< uked cka/k gS tks fd ,d je.kh; LFky gSA bl cka/k dk fuekZ.k jktk
fou; flag us djok;k FkkA bl cka/k ds mij ,d igkM+h ij lqanj Hkou cuk;k x;k gS
tks orZeku esa vkj-Vh-Mh-lh- ds gksVy ds :i esa fodflr gks pqdk gSA bl egy ds
 266 516 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

ekus x;s gSaA f'ko }kjk izofrZr iaFkksa esa ls vkbZ lEiznk; gfj;k.kk ds vLFky cksgj]
jksgrd esa LFkkfir gqvkA10 nwljk ukFk iaFk dk izflº rhFkZLFky isgksok gSA jktk&egkjktkvksa
egkjktk ekuflag vkSj gfj;k.kk esa ukFk lEiznk; dh vVwV Jºk vkSj tuleqnk; ds JºkHkko ls ukFk ;ksfx;ksa ds Msjs uxj&uxj vkSj
xkao&xkao esa LFkkfir gks x,A jkT; dh vksj ls mudh Hkj.k&iks"k.k dh O;oLFkk gksus ls
MkW- txnh'k izlkn
vkluksa dh la[;k c<+rh xbZ] tks fuEu gSa&
rkezi= vfHkys[k bfrgkfld iqufuZekZ.k esa ,d egRoiw,.kZ lzksr gSA ;g jkT; jsokM+h ls izkIr rkezi= & jsokM+h ls izkIr rkezi= dh yEckbZ 12-74 bap o
ds lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj lkaLd`frd thou dh >yd fn[kkrs gSaA ledkyhu lzksr pkSMk+ bZ 8-8 bap rFkk Hkkj 1-114 fdyksxzke gS tks fnuakd 15 tqykbZ 1972 dks xq#dqy
gksus ds dkj.k rkezi= vU; L=ksrksa ls vf/kd Hkjkslsean ,oa fo'oluh; gSaA tks/kiqj ds >Ttj laxzgky; dks izkIr gqvk Fkk] bldks rkez QqVdj cktkj ls [kjhnk x;k Fkk tks
egkjktk ekuflag (1803&43 bZ-) us gfj;k.kk jkT; ds vusd ukFkksa ds vkluksa@Msjksa dksa jsokM+h ds vkl&ikl ds fdlh xkao ls vk;k gksxkA ftldks Jh fojtkuUn nSodjf.k
rkezi= nku fn,A gfj;k.kk jkT; vfHkys[kksa] f'kykys[kksa rFkk rkezys[kksa esa cgqr le`º us izFke ckj viuh iqLrd izkphu rkezi= ,oa f'kykys[k] lu~ 2003 esa izdkf'kr fd;k
gSaA gfj;k.kk ls gesa pkj rkezi=ksa dk irk pyk gSa tks tks/kiqj ds egkjktk ekuflag us bu FkkA11 bl nkui= dks jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk eas mRdh.kZ fd;k x;k gS (fp= 1) tks fuEu gS&
vkluksa dksa nku Lo:i fn, FksA bu rkezi=ksa ij ijxus ds xkao dh Qly dh iSnkokj Jhtya/kjukFk th lgk;S
rFkk ,deq r jde egar ,oa buds oa'kt dks ih<+h&nj feyrh jgsxhA ,sfrgkfld Jhtya/kjukFk th (dVkj ds lkFk fpg~u fo'ks"k)
v/;;uksa esa vfHkys[kksa dk v/;;u cM+s iSekus ij vuns[kk fd;k x;k gSA bl 'kks/ki= AA fLofLr Jh jktjkts oj egkjktkf/k&
esa gfj;k.kk jkT; ds ukFk rkezi=ksa1 dh [kkst djds] bu nkui=ksa ds ;ksxnku dks mtkxj jktegkjktk Jh ekufla?kth opukr
djus dk ek= iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA A rFkk doky fger'kka ldj'kka vykcan'kka
ukFk lEiznk; dks ckjg eq[; iaFkksa essa ckVk x;k gSa] gkykafd lEiznk; ds Hkhrj jkuS ukxksj jkS xko f[kMksn ijxuS bnka.kkS js"k
dksbZ fuf'pr lgefr ugh gSA2 ckjg iaFkksa dk xq# xzFa k lkfgc3 vkSj nfclrku&,&etkfgc4 7000) 1 v"kjs lkr gtkj jh eSa laor~ 1884 jh
esa lanHkZ feyrk gSa] nksuks xzaFk lrjgoha 'krkCnh ds igys ds gSA vkbZ iaFk bl leqg esa Lk[k lko.kq Fkk rkacki= bauk;r dh;ks gS lks
lcls yksdfiz; gSA tks fceyk ;k foeyk nsoh xksj[kukFk dh efgyk f'k";k ds :i esa gkly oxSjs iSnk lfnjh th;kdjlh uS ba.k vk&
irk pyrk gSA pkSngoh 'krkCnh esa ,d izflº 'kS{kf.kd Vdjko esa gtjr xslwnjkt y øl vkSykn ik;ka djlh uS njckj uSnokns lh
dks ,d rkaf=d ;ksxh dk lkeuk djuk iM+k Fkk ftlds uke ds vUr esa Hkh vkbZ A laor~ 1884 jk lko.k cn 5 eqdke ik;r
ckYxqaMkbZ5 FkkA 'kr x<+ tks/kiqjAA 'yksdAA LonŸkkaa ijnkŸkka ;s ik
ukFk lEiznk; lewps Hkkjro"kZ esa QSyk gqvk gSA gfj;k.kk esa Hkh buds vusd yafr clqa/kjkaAA rs ujk% Lojxa ;kafr ;koPpUnzfnokdjkSAA1AA
vklu@eB gSaA gfj;k.kk ,UlkbDyksihfM;k esa gfj;k.kk esa ukFkksa ds 53 Msjksa dk o.kZu LonŸkka ijnŸkka ok ;s gjafr clqa/kjkaAA Rks ujk ujda
fn;k x;k gSaA6 egkjktk ekuflag us Hkkjr Hkj ds ukFkksa ds vkluksa dk losZ{k.k djokdj ;kafr ;koPpUnzfnokdjkSAA2AA
mudh ,d lwph cgh esa fyficº djkbZ]7 ftlesa gfj;k.kk rFkk fnYyh esa 57 vkluksa Rkkezi= ds nwljs i{k dk ys[k &
dk o.kZu feyrk gSa8 blls irk pyrk gS fd 4 ;k 5 vklu fnYyh esa jgs gkasxas rFkk 'ks"k 1- udy yhoh Jh gtqj jS nQrj
52&53 gfj;k.kk esa] tSlk fd gfj;k.kk ,UlkbDyksihfM;k esa fn;k x;k gSaA lcls vf/ 2- udy yhoh nhok.k jS nQrj udy yhoh o['kh jS nQrj
kd vklu vkbZ iaFk ds 26] nwljs LFkku ij diy (dfiy) iaFk ds 22] cSjkx rFkk jke 3- udy yhoh pksdhUosl jS nQrj udy yhoh pkSdh Uosl jS nQrj
iaFk ds nks&nks rFkk /kjeukFk] lrukFk] iko iaFkh] vnjke iaFkh] ukVsljh iaFk dk 4- udy yhoh pksdhuosl jS nQrj udy yhoh pkSdh Uosl jS nQrj
,d&,d vklu feyrk gSaA Hkkjr esa ukFk lEiznk; dk izorZd dk vkfnukFk dks ekuk 5- udy yhoh pksdhuosl jS nQrj udy yhoh pkSdh Uosl jS nQrj
tkrk gSA9 bl ijEijk ds vUrxZr ekuo xq#vksa esa flº&iq#"k eR;sUnzukFk izFke vkpk;Z 6- udy yhoh pksdhuosl jS nQrj udy yhoh pkSdh Uosl jS nQrj
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 517 267 518 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

7- udy yhoh pksdhuosl jS nQrj udy yhoh pkSdh Uosl jS nQrj ik; r[kr x<+ tks/kiqjAA 'yksdAA Lon
8- udy yhoh pksdhuosl jS nQrj udy yhoh pkSdh Uosl jS nQrj rka ijnkŸkka ok ;s ikyafr clqa/kjkaAA rs
9- udy yhoh udy pksdhUosl jS nQrj udy yhoh pkSdh Uosl jS nQrj ujk Lojax ;kafr ;koPpUnz fnokdjkSAA
vuqokn & Jh tya/kjukFk th dh t; gks! Jh tya/kjukFk th! dY;k.k gks! LonŸkka ijnŸkka ok ;s gjafr clqa/kjkaAA
;g rkezi= tks/kiqj ds jktkvksa ds jktk] egkjktkf/kjkt egkjkt Jh ekuflag th ds Rks ujk ujda ;kafr ;koPpUnz fnokdjkSAA2AA
vkns'k ls fgEer [kka] ldj [kka vkSj vykon [kka dks ijxuk bnk.ks dk xzke f[kM+ksn dh vuqokn & dY;k.k gks! ;g rkezi= jktkvksa dk jktk] egkjktkf/kjkt egkjktk
Jko.kh Qly lkr gtkj #i;s esa nsus gsrq laor~ 1884 Jko.k cfn 5 esa fn;k FkkA bl ekuflag ds vkns'k ls rFkk tksxs oj Jh dsljukFk th o ineukFk th ds x<+ tks/kiqj eas
Hkwfe dh vk; mi;qZDr yksxksa dh larku dks Hkh feyrh jgsxhA blds vkxs nku nsus ds isgok xkao ds fBdk.ks dks 3750 #i; (v{kjksa esa lk<+s lSrhl lkS #i,) HksV fd;kA
Qy rFkk nku nsdj okfil ysus ds iki dks n kkZus okys nks 'yksd fy[ks gSa 1) viuh nh loar~ 1883 lko.k esa lk[k equkQs ds #i esa izkIr djds igqapk;k djsaxsaA ;g nkui=
gqbZ vFkok nwljs }kjk nku esa nh gqbZ Hkwfe dh tks j{kk djrs gSa os yksx rc rd LoxZ esa Qkxqu ekg dh lqnh 4] loar~ 1883 dks izkIr fd;kA r[krx<14] tks/kiqjA blds vkxs
jgrs gSa] tc rd pUnz vkSj lw;Z fo|eku gSa 2) viuh vFkok nwljs }kjk nku esa nh xbZ nku nsus ds Qy rFkk nku nsdj okfil ysus ds iki dks n'kkZus okys nks 'yksd fy[ks gSa
Hkwfe dks tks yksx Nhu ysrs gSa] os rc rd ujd esa clrs gSa] tc rd pkan vkSj lw;Z 1) viuh nh gqbZ vFkok nwljs }kjk nku esa nh gqbZ Hkwfe dh tks j{kk djrs gSa os yksx rc
fLFkr jgsaxsA rd LoxZ esa jgrs gSa] tc rd pUnz vkSj lw;Z fo|eku gSa 2) viuh vFkok nwljs }kjk
rkezi= ds nwljs i{k esa mu dk;kZy;ksa ds uke fy[ks gSa] ftuesa bl rkezi= dh nku esa nh xbZ Hkwfe dks tks yksx Nhu ysrs gSa] os rc rd ujd esa clrs gSa] tc rd pkan
izFke izfr egkjktk ekuflag ds dk;kZy; esa] nwljh izfr nhoku ds dk;kZy; esa rFkk vkSj lq;Z fLFkr jgsaxsA
rhljh izfr c['kh ds dk;kZy; esa j[kh xbZ FkhA bl rkezi= dh 'ks"k 14 izfr;ka pkSdh xkao Nkrj ftyk dSFky ls izkIr rkezi= (fp= 3) tks bl izdkj gS&
uohl ds pkSng dk;kZy;ksa esa lqjf{kr dh xbZ FkhaA bl lwph ds i'pkr rkezi= dh Jhtya/kjukFk th lgk;S
lekfIr&lwpd Jh in fy[kk gSA Jhtya/kjukFk th (dVkj ds lkFk fpg~u fo'ks"k)
isgok ftyk dq#Js= ls izkIr rkezi=12 & isgok rglhy dq#{ks= ftys eq[;ky; AA fLofLr Jh jktjkts oj egkjktkf/kjkt egkjk&
ls 27 fdeh- dh nwjh ij fLFkr gSA isgok ls 9 oha 'krkCnh dk laLd`r Hkk"kk esa tk Jh ekufla?kth opukrA rFkk vk;l th Jh
xjhcukFk efUnj ij izfrgkj jktk egsUnziky dk ,d egRoiw.kZ vfHkys[k Hkh feyk X;kau ukFkth lq[ke ukFkth jk;s ok dSFky jS xkao
gSA13 isgok ,d /kkfeZd LFkku gksus ds dkj.k Hkh ;gka jktk&egkjktk vkrs jgs gSaA Nkrj jS vkl.k fojkts fr.kka jS ijxus lks>r jks
ftlls irk pyrk gS fd isgok dks izkphu dky ls gh jktdh; laj{k.k feyrk jgk gSA Xkako v"kk ol js"k 2700) 1 lrkbZl lksjh eSa lao
egkjktk ekuflag dk nkui= vfHkys[k tks isgok ds ukFk Msjs dks feyk gS (fp= 2) r~ 1878 jh Lkk"k lko.kq ok HksV dh;ks gS lks gkl
og bl izdkj gS& y iksag ph;ka dj lhA laor 1877 jk vlk<+ c
AA fLofLr Jh jktjkts oj egkjktkf/kjk& n 10 eqdke ik; r"krx<+ tks/kiqjAA 'yksdAA Lo
t egkjktk Jh ekufla?kth opukr nŸkkaa ijnkŸkka ;s ikyafr clqa/kjkaAA rs ujk% Lo
A rFkk tksxs'oj Jh dsljukFk th Jh Q jxa ;kafr ;koPpUnzfnokdjkSAA1AA LonŸkka ijnŸkka
neukFk th jS x<+ tks/kiqj jks xako caSu ok ;s gjafr clqa/kjkaAA Rks ujk ujda ;kafr ;kok
.kr iSgos th js"k 3750) 1 v"kjs lk<k laS PpUnzfnokdjkSAA2AA
rhl lks jh eSa HksV fd;ks gS lks laor~ 1883 Rkkezi= ds nwljs i{k dk ys[k &
jh lk;.kw ukoqFkk gkly iksgpk;k dj 1- udy yhoh Jh gtqj jS nQrj
lhA laor~ 1883 jk Qkxq.k lqn 4 eqdke 2- udy yhoh nhok.k nQrj
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 519
3- udy yhoh nhok.k jS nQrjk udy yhoh c"klh jS nQrj
4- udy yhoh pksdh uosl jS nQrj udy yhoh pkSdh uosl jS nQrj
5- udy yhoh pksdh uosl jS nQrj
vuqokn & Jh tya/kjukFk th dh t; gks! Jh tya/kjukFk th! dY;k.k gks!
;g rkezi= jktkvksa dk jktk] egkjktkf/kjkt egkjktk ekuflag ds vkns'k ls rFkk vk;l
th] Jh KkuukFk th] Jh lq[keukFk th ds x<+ tks/kiqj eas dSFky ds Nkrj xkao ds
fBdk.ks dks ijxus lks>r ds xkao ls dj 2700) #i;s (v{kjksa es lrkbZl lkS #i;s)
loar~ 1878 dh Qly lk[k lko.k dh equkQs ds #i esa HkasV izkIr djds igqapkbZA ;g
nkui= vklk<+ ekg dh cfn 10] loar~ 1877 dks r[krx<+ tks/kiqj ls izkIr fd;kA
blds vkxs nku nsus ds Qy rFkk nku nsdj okfil ysus ds iki dks n'kkZus okys nks
'yksd fy[ks gSa & 1) viuh nh gqbZ vFkok nwljs }kjk nku esa nh gqbZ Hkwfe dh tks j{kk
djrs gSa os yksx rc rd LoxZ esa jgrs gSa] tc rd pUnz vkSj lw;Z fo|eku gSa 2) viuh
vFkok nwljs }kjk nku esa nh xbZ Hkwfe dks tks yksx Nhu ysrs gSa] os rc rd ujd esa clrs
gSa] tc rd pkan vkSj lw;Z fLFkr jgsaxsA
bl rkezi= ds nwljs i{k esa mu dk;kZy;ksa ds uke fy[ks gSa] ftuesa rkezi= dh
izFke izfrfyfi Jh egkjkt ekuflag ds dk;kZy; esa] nks izfr;ka nhoku ds dk;kZy; esa
rFkk rhljh izfr c['kh15 ds dk;kZy; esa j[kh xbZ FkhA bl rkezi= dh 'ks"k rhu izfr;ka
pkSdh uohl ds rhu dk;kZy;ksa esa lqjf{kr dh xbZ FkhaA
xkao ckyUn ftyk jksgrd ls izkIr rkezi=
ckyUn16 xzke jksgrd esa csjh ekxZ ij fLFkr gSA blesa ukFk lEiznk; ls lEcº
nks eB (Msjs] xÌh) gSaA bues cM+k eB yxHkx rhu lkS o"kZ iwoZ LFkkfir gqvk FkkA blds
laLFkkid egUr ckck eLrukFk ds f'k"; ckck fejpukFk FksA eB esa cgqr ls vk/ks&
v/kwjs gLrfyf[kr xzUFk iM+s Fks tks vc xq#dqy >Ttj esa lqjf{kr gSaA mUgha ds lkFk ;g
rkezi= Hkh Fkk ftldks Jh fojtkuUn nSodjf.k us izFke ckj lq/kkjd esa 1995 bZ- esa
izdkf'kr fd;k Fkk17 tks bl izdkj gS & ^;g rkezi= tks/kiqj ds egkjktkf/kjkt Jh
ekuflag us laor~ 1885 fo- (lu~ 1837 bZ-) esa ckyUnokyh ehUr ohj Jh fejpukFk
dh xn~nh dks 2000) #i;s (nks gtkj #i;s)] dqEHkkjh ijxus ds vUrxZr HkaqMsy dk
jSuxksj xkao rFkk mldh Jko.kh Qly nku esa nh FkhA ;g egku nkuik= r[krx<+ tks/
kiqj esa fn;k x;k FkkA ;g nkui= Jko.k ekg dh cfn 3] laor~ 1884 dks fn;k x;k
gSA nkui= esa nku nsus okys dh iz'kalk rFkk nku nsdj okfil ysus okys dh fuUnk nks
'yksdksa ds }kjk of.kZr dh xbZ gSA tSls & 1- viuh nh gqbZ vFkok nwljs }kjk nku esa nh
gqbZ Hkwfe dh tks j{kk djrs gSa os yksx rc rd LoxZ esa jgrs gSa] tc rd pUnz vkSj lw;Z
fo|eku gSaA nwljk viuh vFkok nwljs }kjk nku esa nh xbZ Hkwfe dks tks yksx Nhu ysrs gSa]
268 520 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
os rc rd ujd esa clrs gSa] tc rd pkan vkSj lw;Z fLFkr jgsaxsA
'yksdksa ds vUr esa jktk] nhoku] pksdhuohl vkfn vkB vf/kdkfj;ksa ds
dk;kZy; dh Lohd`fr fy[kh gSA lEHko gS bu vkBksa ds ikl bl rkezi= dh izfrfyfi
vkfn jgh gksxhA buds dk;kZy; esa bl nkuik= dk mYys[k rks vo ; gh jgk gksxkA*
vLFky cksgj] jksgrd esa ,d fHkfr&fp= esa eLrUkkFk vius flagklu ij
fojkteku gS rFkk egkjktk ekuflag muds ikl [kM+s muls ckrsa djrs gq, fn[kkbZ ns jgs
gS (fp= 4)A ,slk gh fp=.k tya/kjukFk ds egkefUnj esa Hkh fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA
ekU;rk ds vuqlkj] ekuflag dks ekjokM+ jkT; dk flagklu ij cSBkus esa enn djus esa
eLrukFk us Hkh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ FkhA JheLrukFkpfjre~ ls irk pyrk gS fd nsoukFk us
eLrukFk ds vkns'k ij dke fd;k FkkA blds vykok] /kekZuqlkj 'kklu djus ds fy,
ekuflag dks vkns'k fn;kA18
rkezi=ksa dh fo'ks"krk
rkezi=ksa esa jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx djrs gq, rRdkyhu izpfyr mnwZ Hkk"kk ds
'kCnksa dks nsoukxjh fyfi esa fy[kk x;k gSA [k v{kj dks "k ds }kjk fy[kk x;k gSA tSls
fgEer [kka dks fger "kka rFkk c['kh dks o"klh fy[kk gSA ^vkl vkSykn* 'kCn ds
LFkku es Hkwy ls ^vky vkSykn* fy[kk x;k gSA blh izdkj ^iky;afr* ds LFkku esa
^ikyafr* 'kCn v'kqº fy[kk gSA
rkezi=ksa }kjk nku nsus dh ;g xqIrdkyhu ijEijk 19 oh 'krkCnh rd izpfyr
jgh gS] ;s rkezi= bldk izek.k gSA nkunkrk 'kkld us Jhtya/kjukFk ds ;'k dk o.kZu
djrs gq,] nku dks laLd`r Hkk"kk esa 'yksd ds ek/;e }kjk] nku dh efgek crkdj fn;s
gq, nku dks okfil ysus okys dks feyus okys iki dh ppkZ dh gSA nku dh efgek
vkfn fo"k;d 'yksd izk;% lHkh rkezi=ksa esa feyrs gSaA ;s 'yksd izkphu ijEijk ls
pys vk jgs gSaA
jktk dh vksj ls ukFk Msjs@vklu dks Msjs esa iwtkikB vkSj mldh j{kk vkfn ds
fufer dj fn;k tkrk FkkA ;g lc lEifr jkT; dh gksrh FkhA fuR; dh iwtk esa gksus
okys O;;] iqjksfgr ds ifjokj dk O;; rFkk Msjs@vklu dh lqj{kk] mldh ejEer vkSj
ifjorZu] ifjoºZu vkfn ij gksus okyk O;; jkT; dh vksj ls feyrk FkkA ;g O;;
ckj&ckj u fn;k tk;s] blfy, Msjs rFkk mlds fudVorhZ HkwfeHkkx vFkok ijxus dk
iwjk xzke ukFk Msjs@vklu ds uke fy[k nsrs FksA mldh vk; ls ;g lkjk O;; iwjk djrs
jgrs FksA blfy, ukFk rFkk mlds lEcfU/k;ksa vkfn ds fy, rkezi= fy[kdj iznku dj
fn;k tkrk Fkk] ftlls mudh Hkkoh ih<+h Hkh ml vk; ls viuk thou fuokZg dj
ldsA ,sls nkuxzkgh Msjs bu nkui=ksa dks ih<+h nj ih<+h lqjf{kr j[krs pys tkrs FksA ,sls
rkezi=ksa ls bfrgkl dh lgh&lgh tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 521 269 522 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

lanHkZ 12- egkjktk ekuflag 'kks/k dsUnz] esgjkux<+] iV~Vk cgh u- 12] laor 1883] i`- 6
1- eSa MkW- bZlk dqekjh] 'kks/kkFkhZ] iatkc fo'ofo|ky;] p.Mhx<+ dk gkfnZd /kU;okn 13- th- cqg~yj] isgok ds xjhcukFk efUnj dk vfHkys[k] ,fixzkfQ;k bf.Mdk] [k.M 1]
djrk gwa ftUgksaus eq>s Nkrj rFkk isgok ds rkezi=ksa ds fp= miyCn djok;s] blds 1892] i`- 184&90
vykok eSa MkW- lqes"Vk rFkk Jh fojtkuUn nSodjf.k th dk Hkh /kU;okn djrk gwa 14- r[rx<+ jktLFkku jkT; ds ikyh ftys dh lqesjiqj rglhy dk ,d dLck gS] tks fd
ftUgksaus bu rkezi=ksa dks i<+okus esa gekjh enn dhA tkykSj ftys dh lhek js[kk ij fLFkr gSA
2- bu ckjg iaFkksa ds vykok] dbZ vU; mi&laiznk; gSa tks ;k rks laiznk; esa 'kkfey ugha 15- c['kh ml vf/kdkjh dks dgrs Fks tks lSfudksa dks osru nsrk FkkA uxjksa ls dj ysus okyk
fd, x, ;k lisjk (lisyk) dk vk/kk ntkZ fn;k x;k gSA vf/kdkjh Hkh c['kh dgykrk Fkk rFkk nkui= nsus okys dk;kZy; dks c['kh'kukek
3- xq# xzaFk lkfgc] (vuq-) izhre flag pkfgy] [k.M&3] N= flag thou flag] ve`rlj] dgrs FksA
2000] i`- 939] fl| xks"Bk jkedyh egkyk&1] 'yksd&8- 16- fojtkuUn nSodjf.k] ckyUn esa fLFkr ukFk lEiznk; dk eB] lq/kkjd] ebZ 1995] i`-
4- nfcLrku&,&etkfgc % ;k f'k"Vkpkj dk Ldwy] (vuq-) MsfoM 'kh vkSj ,aFkuh V™kW;j] 13&16
[k.M&2] xzsV&fczVsu vkSj vk;jySaM dk izkP; vuqokn dks"k] 1843] i`- 128- blls irk 17- ogh] i`- 14
pyrk gS fd bu ckjg lEiznk;ksa dks ^usd iaFk* ;k ^vPNs laEiznk;* ds uke ls tkuk 18- iafMr gjnŸk 'kkL=h] Jh eLrukFkpfjre~] (vuq- fgUnh) Mk-W lqHkkX;orh uany] 1999]
tkrk gSA i`- 311&338
5- tsEl efYyUlu] ukFk lEiznk;] fgUnw /keZ dk fczy ,UlkbDyksihfM;k] [k.M&3]
2011] i`- 10-
6- 'kehe 'kekZ (lEiknd)] ukFk lEiznk; vkSj muds eB] gfj;k.kk ,UlkbDyksihfM;k]
laLd`fr [k.M] Hkkx&nks] ubZ fnYyh] ok.kh izdk'ku] 2010] i`- 152&153 (gfj;k.kk esa
ukFkksa ds eB fuEu gSa & 1- dksFkdyka than] 2- dksjM+ik;k] 3- vEckyk] 4- isgok] 5-
Fkkuslj] 6- dSFky] 7- fljlk] 8- fglkj] 9- ys?kk] 10- fHkokuh] 11- iqj] 12- cokuh
[ksM+k] 13- c.khiqj] 14- jsokM+h] 15- ukjukSy] 16- vLFky cksgj] 17- cyEHkk] 18
ckyan] 19- fldUnjiqj] 20- jksgrd] 21- xn~nh [ksM+h] 22- cqVk.kk] 23- diwjh dh
igkM+h] 24- lhek] 25- ohLlk] 26- duhuk] 27- tks.kokl] 28- >k.k] 29-/kukSjh] 30-
[kjd ikaMks] 31- ukaxyh] 32- xksj[kiqj] 33- lksaxy] 34- xaMhy] 35- vysok] 36-
(gwVk) NkŸkj] 37- ckyw (ckrk)] 38- fleyk] 39- djfla?kq] 40- jkex<+] 41- vyhiqjk]
42- yks/kj] 43- ujokuk] 44-djksMk+ ] 45( ikbZ] 46- Qrsgiqj] 47- iq.Mjh] 48- usios kyk]
49- djkM+] 50- nwcy] 51- gFkokyk] 52- eksVkyk] 53- fytokuk] 54- Nksxjh dyka
vkSj 55- lqUnjiqj)
7- MkW- gqdeflag HkkVh] Hkkjr esa ukFkka jk vkl.k] pkSikluh] tks/kiqj] jktLFkkuh 'kks/k
laLFkku] 2003] i`- 5&6
8- ogh] i`- 37&39
9- MkW- /khjsUnz oekZ (lEiknd)] fgUnh lkfgR; dks"k] f}rh; [kaM] okjk.klh] Kku eaMy]
1964] i`- 72
10- ogh
11- fojtkuUn nSodjf.k] izkphu rkezi= ,oa f'kykys[k] xq#dqy >Ttj] gfj;k.kk izkUrh;
iqjkrRo lxzagky;] 2003] i`- 27&28
 270
Tkks/kiqj jkT; esa ns'kt cSafdax ,oa Ω.k O;oLFkk
(19oha lnh ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa)
MkW- lq[kkjke
tks/kiqj jkT; dk O;kikfjd dsUnz ikyh vius LFkkuh; O;kikj o vUrj jkT;h;
O;kikj ds lkFk&lkFk vUrj jk"V™h; O;kikj ds fy, Hkh izflº FkkA1 blds vykok
jkT; esa vU; O;kikfjd dsUnzksa esa esMr+ k] ijcrlj] ukxkSj] MhMokuk] ipinjk] Qyksnh]
tkyksj +vkSj ckyksrjk bR;kfn FksA2 jkT; esa Ω.knkrk o cSadlZ Fks ftUgsa egktu] cksgjk]
lsB o ljkZQ ds uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA3 ekjokM+ jkT; ds fofHkUu xk°oksa o dLcksa esa
vusd cSadlZ dk;Zjr jgrs FksA ;s cSadlZ nks izdkj ds gksrs Fks&1- dksBhoky o 2- cksgjsA
dksBhoky cMs+ /kuh lsB gksrs Fks tks tu lkekU; o O;kikfj;ksa dks okf.kfT;d dk;ks± ds
fy, /ku miyC/k djokrs gh Fks lkFk gh vko';drk iM+us ij jkT; dks Hkh /ku m/kkj
fn;k djrs FksA bu dksBhokyksa dh jktiwrkuk ds lHkh egŸoiw.kZ O;kikfjd dsUnzksa ds
lkFk&lkFk ns'k ds vU; uxjksa esa Hkh viuh O;kikfjd 'kk[kk,° gksrh tks muds equhe&xqekLrksa
}kjk lapkfyr gksrh FkhA cksgjs ftUgsa lkgwdkj Hkh dgk tkrk Fkk tks dksBhokyksa dh
rqyuk esa NksVs CkSadlZ gksrs FksA
cSadlZ Ω.k laca/kh dk;ksZa ds lkFk&lkFk eqnzk&fofue; dk dk;Z Hkh djrs FksA
jkTkLFkku ds izR;sd jkT; dh viuh&viuh Vdlkysa gksrh Fkh vkSj bu cSadlZ }kjk jkT;
esa izpfyr eqnzkvksa dk ewY; o eqnzk&fofue; njsa fuf'pr dh tkrh FkhA4 blds vykok
;s cSadlZ gqf.M;k° tkjh djus o budh vU; 'kk[kkvksa }kjk tkjh dh xbZ gqf.M;kas dk
Hkqxrku djus dk dk;Z Hkh izeq[krk ls fd;k djrs FksA
bl ckr ds izek.k feyrs gSa fd mUuhloha lnh ls igys Hkh cMs+ cSadlZ o
foŸkh; ?kjkus ;gk° ij ekStwn FksA buesa ls tks izeq[k O;kikjh o Ω.knkrk gksrs Fks os uxj
lsB dgykrs FksA ;s cSadlZ brus /kuh gksrs Fks fd ;qº o vU; dkj.kksa ls tc jkT; ij
foŸkh; ladV vk tkrk Fkk rc jktk dh ekax ij mudks Hkh Ω.k miyC/k djokrs FksA
uanokyk cksgjk us lu~ 1766 bZ- esa 1]10]000 #i;s rFkk lsB dq'kkypan us lu~ 1806
bZ- esa 50]000 #i;s tks/kiqj jkT; dks m/kkj fn, FksA [kkl :Ddk ijokuk cgh ds
vuqlkj lu~ 1790 bZ- esa tks/kiqj ds izflº cSadj lsB n;kjke :ipan us ejkBk rqdksth
gksYdj dh ekax dks iwjk djus ds fy, tks/kiqj njckj dks <+kbZ ekg ds fy, ,d yk[k
#i;s dk Ω.k fn;k rFkk Ω.k ds iquHkqZxrku ds fy, njckj dh vksj ls njhck ukoka]
MhMokuk] ijcrlj vkSj ekjksB dh lk;j dh vkenuh dh olwyh dk vf/kdkj lsB
524 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
n;kjke dks fn, x,A blh izdkj 1809 bZ- esa ghjkpan us 1]25]000 vkSj 1811 bZ- esa
fla?koh ykyk tXxh us tks/kiqj egkjktk dks 2012 #i;s dk Ω.k fn;k FkkA5 lun
ijokuk cgh esa lsB lehjey mesney us jkT; dks [kpZ gsrq 1]25]000 #i;s m/kkj
fn, ftudk C;kt 8-25 izfr'kr dh nj ls rFkk Ω.k dh vnk;xh njckj dh dqy
vkenuh esa ls nsus dk mYys[k cgh esa fd;k x;k gSA6
tks/kiqj jkT; ds NksVs cSadlZ cksgjs tks dksBhokyksa dh rjg T;knk /kuoku ugha
gksrs FksA ;s yksx LFkkuh; Lrj ij NksVs O;kikfj;ksa] nLrdkjksa] f'kYidkjksa o fdlkuksa dks
mudh vko';drkuqlkj Ω.k miyC/k djokrs FksA xk°o ds fdlkuksa o vU; yksxksa dh
vkfFkZd fLFkfr vPNh ugha Fkh blh dkj.k bu cksgjkssa ls Ω.k ysuk iM+rk FkkA Ω.k ds
cnys esa cksgjs fdlh O;fDr dh tekur ysrs ;k mudh dksbZ vpy lEifŸk fxjoh
j[kokrs Fks vkSj ≈°ph C;kt njksa ij Ω.k fn;k tkrk FkkA Qly idus ij fdlku dks
viuk vukt cksgjs dks cspuk gksrk FkkA cksgjs }kjk fdlku dk vukt cktkj Hkko ls
de dher ij [kjhnk tkrk FkkA bl izdkj cksgjs dks vius Ω.k O;olk; }kjk nksgjk
Qk;nk rFkk Ω.kh O;fDr dks nksgjh gkfu gksrh FkhA7
lkekU;r% fdlkuksa dks Ω.k bl 'krZ ij fn;k tkrk Fkk fd os Qly idus ij
Ω.k ykSVk nsaxsA ysfdu cMs+ o yEch vof/k ds Ω.k py ;k vpy lEifŸk dks fxjoh
j[kdj gh fn, tkrs FksA Ω.k nsus ls igys Ω.knkrk }kjk Ω.kh ds uke viuh [kkrk
cgh esa ,d :Ddk (Deed) fy[kk tkrk Fkk ftlesa Ω.k nkrk o mlds firk dk uke
o Ω.kh o mlds firk dk uke] nksuksa dk iwjk irk] Ω.k dh jkf'k] C;kt dh nj o
vof/k ftlds fy, Ω.k fn;k x;k gS] fxjoh j[kh lEifŸk dk iwjk fooj.k] Ω.kh o
xokgksa ds gLrk{kj o igpku vkfn dk foLr`r C;ksjk fy[kk gksrk FkkA bl izdkj lkapksj
dk ,d Ω.k [kkrk] pS= ekl dh d`".k i{k dh lIreh] fo- la- 1869@1811 bZ- dk
feyk gS tks Ω.k [kkrksa dk ,d izdkj gSA blesa fy[kk x;k gS fd ekyth Hkalkyh us
ckyth ls 140 #i;s vius ?kj dks fxjoh j[kdj bl 'krZ ij fy, Fks fd ?kj dk dCtk
ckyth ds ikl jgsxkA ekyth Hkalkyh ls C;kt ugha fy;k tk,xk rFkk ckyth ?kj dks
fdjk, ij ns ldsaxsA8
lkgwdkjksa }kjk fdlh O;fDr dks /ku m/kkj nsrs le; ;g ns[kk tkrk Fkk veqd
O;fDr dh lk[k vPNh gS rFkk og le; ij C;kt lfgr Ω.k pqdrk dj nsxkA ;fn
lkgwdkj dks blesa dksbZ la'k; yxrk rks og Ω.k ds cnys nwdku] ?kj] [ksr ;k xgus
vMk.kk9 ds :Ik esa fxjoh j[kok ysrk FkkA 18oha o 19oha lnh esa CkSadlZ dk ,d vU;
izeq[k dk;Z Fkk eqnzk&fofue;A bl le; jktiwrkuk o ns'k dh vU; fj;klrksa esa
viuh&viuh Vdlkyksa esa vyx&vyx otu o 'kqºrk ds #i;s <kys tkrs FksA O;kikj
o okf.kT; ds fy, ;g vko';d Fkk lHkh izdkj dh eqnzkvksa dh Lohdk;Zrk muds
vius jkT; esa rFkk jkT; ds ckgj Hkh gksA vr% ,slh fLFkfr esa vko';drk Fkh
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 525
eqnzk&fofue; dhA eqnzk fofue; dk dk;Z djus okys oxZ dks ^LkjkZQ*10 ds uke ls
tkuk tkrk FkkA ljkZQksa dk eq[; dk;Z eqnzk dh 'kqºrk dh tk°p djds mlds cktkj
ewY; dk fu/kkZj.k djukA bl dk;Z ds fy, ljkZQksa dks eqnzk ds ewY; dk 1@16 ls
1@30 Hkkx rd dk 'kqYd Hkh ysrs FksA
ljkZQ eqnzk fofue; }kjk eqnzk ds izpyu dks cuk, j[krs FksA jkTkLFkku esa
izpfyr fofHkUu izdkj ds flDds otu o ewY; esa ,d nwljs ls fHkUu FksA ljkZQ bu
flDdksa dks FkksM+k lk deh'ku ysdj LFkkuh; izpfyr eqnzk esa cny nsrs FksA buds
deh'ku dh njsa flDdksa ds otu o 'kqºrk ds vk/kkj ij fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh FkhA ljkZQ
bl O;olk; }kjk vPNk equkQk dekrs FksA eqnzk fofue; dk ;g O;olk; bruk
ykHkizn Fkk fd dqN O;kikfjd QeZsa dsoy ;gh dke djus yxh FkhA bl dk;Z gsrq tks/
kiqj njckj dh vksj ls jkT; esa dbZ eqnzk fofue;&dsUnz cuk, x, rFkk ;gk° ij flDdksa
dh 'kqºrk dh ij[k ds fy, ljkZQksa dks fu;qDr fd;k x;k FkkA11
Ω.k iºfr;k°&izkphu dky ls gh bfrgkl esa Ω.k o lwn ds fooj.k gesa
feyrs gSA mUuhloha lnh esa tks/kiqj+ jkT; esa Ω.k dh vko ;drkuqlkj fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa
Ω.k fn, tkrs Fks&
1- d`f"k {ks= & fdlkukssa dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr vPNh ugha gksrh FkhA vr%
fdlkuksa dks viuh vkfFkZd vko';drkvksa&d`f"k dk;ksZa o Ik'kqvksa dh [kjhn gsrq Ω.k
dh vko';drk gksrh FkhA dbZ ckj vdky dh fLFkfr ;k Qly [kjkc gksus ds dkj.k
fdlkuksa dks yxku pqdkus ds fy, lkgwdkjksa ls Ω.k Yksuk iM+rk Fkk ftldh C;kt nj
cgqr šph gksrh FkhA gkykafd tks/kiqj jkT; dh vksj ls lu~ 1894&96 bZ- esa ykxw fd,
x, d`f"k cankscLr }kjk fdlkuksa dks de C;kt ij rdkch Ω.k fn, tkus ls fdlkuksa
dh n'kk eas dqN lq/kkj vk;kA12
2- nLrdkjh {ks= & ekjokM+ jkT; esa fdlkuksa ds ckn nLrdkj oxZ vkrk Fkk
tks xSj d`f"k dk;kss± esa layXu FkkA nLrdkjksa dks dPPkk eky [kjhnus ds fy, /ku dh
vko';drk gksrh Fkh rks os Hkh lkgwdkjksa dk njoktk [kV[kVkrs FksA lkgwdkjksa }kjk
nLrdkjksa dks Ω.k rks fn;k tkrk ysfdu nLrdkjksa dks vius mRikn cktkj Hkko ls de
ewY; ij bUgha lkgwdkjksa dks cspus iM+rs FksA lkgwdkj }kjk nLrdkj dks fn;k x;k
vfxze Ω.k is'kxh dgykrk FkkA
3- okf.kfT;d {ks= & lHkh O;kikjh Hkh /kuh ugha gksrs Fks blfy, mUgsa vius
O;kikj dks 'kq: djus ds fy, /ku dh vko';drk gksrh FkhA vr% ;s O;kikjh Hkh
dksBhokyksa ;k cMs+ O;kikfj;ksa ls Ω.k ysdj viuk O;oLkk; 'kq: djrs FksA lun
ijokuk cgh ds vuqlkj tkyksj ds egktu eksrhpan /khjtey us egktu /khjk fdluk
dks #i;s m/kkj nsdj O;kikj djok;k FkkA13
271 526 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
4- jktdh; {ks= & ekjokM+ tSls e:LFkyh jkT; ds vk; ds lk/ku lhfer
FksA jkT; dks dbZ ckj izkd`frd vkinkvksa ls fuiVus] ;qº ds le;] fodkl dk;kZas tSls
jsyos dk fodkl rFkk vU; iz'kklfud o futh [kpks± ds fy, /ku dh vko';drkvkssa
dks iwjk djus ds fy, Ω.k ysuk iM+rk FkkA14 lun ijokuk cgh esa jkT; }kjk fy, x,
Ω.k ds :Dds dk fooj.k feyrk gSA ftlesa lsB b±njey ls 24281 #i;s jkT; us
m/kkj fy, x;s Fks rFkk bu #i;ksa dk C;kt 9 izfr'kr dh nj ls yxk;k x;k FkkA15 blh
izdkj lsB jk/kkfd'kuth :?kukFkth us 9 izfr'kr dh C;kt nj ls 5000 #i;s jkT;
dks m/kkj fn, vkSj ;s Ω.k njhck lkaHkj o ipinjk ls gksus okyh vk; ls okil pqdk;k
tkuk FkkA16
Ω.kksa ds izdkj & lkgwdkjksa o cSadlZ }kjk fofHkUu izdkj ds Ω.k fn, tkus ds
fooj.k vfHkys[kkxkfj; cfg;ksa o vU; lzksrksa esa feyrs gS ftuesa Ω.k nsus ds dqN
izpfyr rjhds bl izdkj ls Fks&
1- vkHkw"k.kksa ds cnys Ω.k & tc fdlh O;fDr dks /ku m/kkj ysuk gksrk rks
og vius lksus o pkanh ds xgus lkgwdkj ds ikl vMk.kk j[kdj Hkh Ω.k ys ldrk
FkkA lkgwdkj }kjk mls vMk.kk dh dqy dher dk 50 ls 75 izfr'kr jkf'k dk Ω.k ns
fn;k tkrk FkkA D;ksafd ;g Ω.k lqjf{kr izdkj dk ekuk tkrk Fkk blfy, bldh C;kt
nj lkekU; ls de gksrh FkhA
2- lk[k vk/kkfjr Ω.k & bl izdkj ds Ω.k mudks fn, tkrs Fks ftudh
cktkj o lekt esa lk[k vPNh gksrh Fkh vkSj lkgwdkj dks mu ij Hkjkslk gksrk FkkA ,sls
Ω.kksa esa Ω.kh dks fdlh lkgwdkj ds ikl dksbZ vMk.kk ugha j[kuk gksrk Fkk vkSj
lkgwdkj dsoy fdlh ifjfpr O;fDr dh tkeuh17 (xkjUVh) ij gh #i;k m/kkj ns
nsrk FkkA ,sls Ω.kksa dh C;kt njsa vMk.kk ds fo#º fn, x, Ω.kksa ls dqN T;knk gh
gksrh Fkh tks fd 15 izfr'kr ;k mlls Hkh vf/kd gksrh FkhA
3- vpy laifŸk ds fo#º Ω.k & bl izdkj dk Ω.k nsrs le; lkgwdkj
}kjk Ω.kh O;fDr dh dksbZ vpy laifŸk tSls [ksr] ?kj ;k nwdku vkfn fxjoh j[kok
ysrs FksA ,sls ekeyksa esa Ω.k pqdkus dh vof/k :Dds (Ω.k dk fooj.k i=) esa fy[k
nh tkrh FkhA fu/kkZfjr vof/k esa ;fn Ω.k u pqdk;k x;k rks dtZnkj dh fxjoh laifŸk
ij lkgwdkj dk vf/kdkj gks tkrk FkkA lun ijokuk cgh la- 116 ds vuqlkj ijcrlj
ds lkgwdkj fgUnwey dh nwdku lwjtdj.k cxlhjke ds vMk.ks Fkh ftlds #i;s nsdj
fgUnwey viuh nwdku NqM+kuk pkgrk Fkk ysfdy lwjtdj.k cxlhjke #i;s ys ugha ys
jgs FksA vr% tks/kiqj njckj dh vksj ls lkgwdkj dks #i;s nsdj nwdku okil ekfyd
dks fnykus dk vkns'k dpsM+h ijcrlj dks fn;kA18 blh izdkj ls ukxkSj ds ljkoxh
nkSyrjke dk ?kj ljkoxh jkethnkl ds fxjoh Fkk ftls Ω.k u pqdk ikus ds dkj.k
jkethnkl ds ikl gh jg x;k vkSj mlus caVokjs esa ;g ?kj vius iksrs dks ns fn;kA bl
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 527
dkj.k Ω.kh o Ω.knkrk ds e/; >xM+k gks x;k rks gtkj :i;s bl ?kj ds pqdkus ij
?kj okil fn;k x;kA19
4- [kk|kUu Ω.k & mUuhloha lnh esa vukt dks Hkh Ω.k ds :Ik esa fn;k tkrk
FkkA ;g ijEijk lkekU;r% xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa izpyu esa FkhA bl izdkj ls fn, x, Ω.k
dk Hkqxrku ewy/ku dk 25 izfr'kr vf/kd djuk gksrk FkkA cksgjksa }kjk bl izdkj ds
Ω.kksa ds Hkqxrku dh 'krsZa vukt dh miyC/krk o ml le; ds Hkko ds vuqlkj yxkbZ
tkrh Fkh ftlesa Ω.k dk C;kt 50 ls 100 izfr'kr rd olwy fd;k tkrk FkkA20
jkT; esa Ω.k dks pqdkus ds nks rjhds izpyu esa FksA ,d&,d eq'r o
nwljk&fd'rksa esaA ,d eq'r pqdk, tkus okys Ω.k dks Ω.kh O;fDr }kjk fu/kkZfjr
vof/k esa ewy/ku o C;kt nksuksa dks ,d lkFk pqdk;k tkrk FkkA tcfd fd'rksa esa
pqdk, tkus okys Ω.k dh jkf'k C;kt lfgr fuf'pr fd'rksa esa pqdkbZ tkrh FkhA ;g
Ω.k izfrekg fd'rksa ds :Ik esa pqdk;k tkrk FkkA fo-la- 1866@1809 bZ- esa lsB
jktkjke tks'kh Jhfd'ku ls duZy ghjkflag us 2080 #i;s m/kkj fy, ftlesa 80 #i;s
dkVk ds 4 #i;s izfrfnu ds fglkc ls 20 fnu rd pqdkus rFkk 20 fnu dk C;kt Hkh
vfxze ns fn;k x;kA 'krZ ds vuqlkj vxj ;g Ω.k 20 fnu esa ugha pqdk;k x;k rks
ewy/ku 2000 #i;s ij 24 izfr'kr dh nj ls C;kt fy, tkus dh 'krZ Hkh fy[kh xbZ
FkhA21 jktLFkku dh ns'kh fj;klrksa ij vaxzsth loksZPprk ds izHkko ds dkj.k gh
fj;klrksa dh viuh ijEijkxr vkfFkZd iºfr;k° tSls jkT; dh eqnzk] ns'kh cSafdax
O;oLFkk] Ω.k iºfr;k°] vMk.kk O;oLFkk] gq.Mh O;olk; tSlh ns'kh o ekSfyd
O;oLFkkvksa esa ;k rks vkSifuosf'kd vko';drkvksa ds vuq:i ifjorZu dj fn;k x;k
vU;Fkk mUgsa lekIr gh dj fn;k x;kA
lUnHkZ
1- tsEl VkWM] ,uYl ,.M ,fUVD;wVhTk vkWQ jktLFkku (czwd laikfnr)] Hkkx&2] i`- 81
2- fueZyk mik/;k;] n ,MfefuLV™'ku vkWQ tks/kiqj LVsV (1800&1947)] i`- 135
3- th- ,u- 'kekZ] lksfl;y ykbQ bu esfMoy jktLFkku] i`- 337
4- th- ,u- 'kekZ] mi;qZDr] i`- 338
5- th- ,u- 'kekZ] lksfl;y ykbQ bu esfMoy jktLFkku] i`- 338&39
6- lun ijokuk cgh la- 145] fo- la- 1932@1875 bZ-] tks-fj-jk-jk-v-ch-] i`- 526 c-
7- cksgjksa dks vf/kd C;kt rFkk fdlkuksa ls cktkj Hkko ls de dher ij vukt fey
tkrk Fkk vkSj fdlkuksa dks fy, x, Ω.k ij vf/kd C;kt o vius vukt dk de
ewY; feyrk FkkA ;g ,d 'kks"k.k pÿ Fkk tks ih<h nj ih<h pyrk jgrk FkkA
8- th- ,u- 'kekZ] mi;qZDr] i`- 340
9- lun ijokuk cgh la- 105] fo-la- 1899@1842 bZ-] tks-fj-jk-jk-v- ch-] (tks/kiqj
fjdkWM~lZ jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj)] i`- 215
272 528 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
10- ^ljkZQ* oxZ dk mn; eqxydky esa gqvk FkkA ;g oxZ HkwjktLo dh olwyh ds lkFk&lkFk
eqnzk fofue; dk Hkh dk;Z djrk FkkA Vsojfu;j ds vuqlkj ^^Hkkjr esa og xk°o okLro
esa cgqr NksVk gksuk pkfg, tgk° ljkZQ ekStwn ugha gSA**
11- ds- Mh- vlZfdu] jktiwrkuk xtsfV;lZ] Hkkx&3 v] nk osLVuZ jktiwrkuk LVsV~l jsftMsUlh
,.M nk chdkusj ,tsUlh] i`- 144
12- Mh- lh- tkslsQ] xtsfV;j vkWQ bf.M;k] jktLFkku] ckM+esj] 1962] i`- 123
13- pkSarjk tkyksj] ferh vklkst cn 11 xq:] rFkk mBkjks egktu /khjk fd'kuk us egktu
eksrhpan /khjtey :ih;k ns; O;kikj djk;ks Fkks lqa iwath ys cSBks gS gekj cksikj Hkh.kt
vkNhrjS lqa djs uS vkxyk :ih;k nsos ugha lqa oktch ekaxs NS fnjk; fntksA Jh gtqj jks
gqde NSA lun ijokuk cgh la- 105] fo- la- 1899@1842 bZ-] tks-fj-jk-jk-v-ch-] i`-
192
14- tks/kiqj njckj dh vksj ls le;&le; ij jkT; esa fLFkr lkgwdkjksa o cM+s O;kikfjd
?kjkuksa ls Ω.k fy;k tkrk FkkA lu~ 1898 bZ esa tks/kiqj jkT; us tks/kiqj&chdkusj jsyos
ds fodkl o foLrkj ds fy, 25-5 yk[k #i;s dk Ω.k eSlwj jkT; ls fy;k FkkA ds-Mh-
vlZfdu] jktiwrkuk xtsfV;lZ] Hkkx&3 v] nk osLVuZ jktiwrkuk LVsV~l jsftMsUlh ,.M
nk chdkusj ,tsUlh] i`- 142
15- lun ijokuk cgh la- 126] fo- la- 1914@1857 bZ-] tks- fj- jk- jk- v- ch] i`- 614
16- lun ijokuk cgh la- 116] fo-la- 1906@1849 bZ-] tks- fj- jk- jk- v- ch-] i`- 545-
17- Ω.k ds iquHkZqxrku dh xkjUVh dks tkeuh dgk tkrk FkkA vxj dksbZ Ω.kh O;fDr Ω.k
pqdkus esa vleFkZ jgrk rks tkeuh nsus okys O;fDr dks Ω.k dk Hkqxrku djuk gksrk
FkkA blh dkj.k tks O;fDr tkeuh nsrk Fkk og iwjh dksf'k'k djrk dh Ω.kh O;fDr fu/
kkZfjr vof/k esa viuk Ω.k pqdk,A tkeuh nsus okys O;fDr dh lk[k vPNh gksrh FkhA
Ω.k ds iwjs ysu nsu esa tkeu O;fDr dks fdlh Hkh izdkj dk dksbZ Qk;nk ;k deh'ku
ugha feyrk Fkk] fQj Hkh og O;fDr Ω.k lEcU/kh lkjh tksf[ke vius mij ys ysrs FksA
fdlh Hkh O;fDr ds Ω.k dh tkeuh ogh O;fDr nsrk tks ;k rks mldk fjlrsnkj gksrk ;k
ftlls mlds ikfjokfjd lEcU/k cgqr vPNs gksrs FksA
18- lun ijokuk cgh la- 116] fo- la- 1906@1849 bZ-] tks- fj- jk- jk- v- ch-] i`- 314
19- lun ijokuk cgh la- 106] fo- la- 1900@1843 bZ-] tks- fj- jk- jk- v- ch-] i`- 170
20- xk°o ds fdlkuksa o vU; xjhc yksxksa dks lkekU;r% ml le; vukt dh vko';drk
gksrh Fkh tc vukt dh miyC/krk de o cktkj Hkko vf/kd gks tkrs FksA ,sls le; esa
Hkko lkekU; Hkkoksa ls yxHkx nqxqus gks tkrs FksA vr% fdlku dh tc Qly idrh Fkh
rc mlds Hkko iqu% de gks tkrs FksA vr% fdlku dks cksgjs ls m/kkj fy, x, vukt
dk yxHkx nqxquk gh nsuk iM+rk FkkA
21- lun cgh la- 308] fo- la- 1866@1809 bZ-] ftyk vfHkys[kkxkj] tks/kqij] i`- 443
 273
jktLFkku ls vk, vkS|ksfxd ?kjkuksa dk bUnkSj
fj;klr esa ;ksxnku % egkjktk rqdksthjko gksYdj
(f}rh;) ds lanHkZ esa
MkW- jf'e flag
lu 1730 ds ckn ekyok ds nf{k.kh {ks= ij gksYdj ?kjkus dk vkf/kiR; gks
tkus ds ckn lwck ekyok] ljdkj mTtSu] ijxuk dEisy ds vUrxZr dLck bUnkSj /khjs
/khjs mUufr djus yxk FkkA jktLFkku ds vusd /kfud O;kikjh ?kjkus bUnkSj vkSj bUnkSj
ds vklikl vk clsA esyde Lo;a fy[krk gS fd ejkBksa dk ekyok ij vf/kdkj gksus
ds ckn jktLFkku ls vk;s O;kikfj;ksa dh la[;k xqtjkr ls vk;s O;kikfj;ksa ls vf/kd
FkhA1 bUnkSj dks ekyok dk izeq[k O;kikfjd uxj gksus dk xkSjo foxr ,d 'krkCnh ls
izkIr gks jgk gSA bUnkSj ds gksYdj jktkvksa us bu O;kikfj;ksa dks vkSj c<+kok fn;k rFkk
O;kikj laca/kh dbZ lqfo/kk,a iznku dhA fnukad 27 twu 1844 dks egkjkt rqdksthjko
cgknqj gksYdj&f}rh; xÌh ij vklhu gq,A rqdksthjko cgknqj ,d dq'ky iz'kkld
vkSj nwjn'khZ FksA flagklu :< gksus ds i'pkr mUgksaus loZizFke jkT; esa O;kIr vfLFkjrk
dks nwj fd;k vkSj O;kikj okf.kT; rFkk vkS|ksfxd {ks= dks ubZ fn'kk iznku dhA
X;kjg iap laLFkk dh LFkkiuk egkjktk eYgkjjko gksydj f}rh; ds 'kkludky
esa gqbZ FkhA ;g ewyr% ,d v'kkldh; laLFkk Fkh] fdUrq bl laLFkk dk lokZf/kd
egRoiw.kZ dk;Z nhokuh U;k;ky; ds :i esa fd;k tkrk FkkA bl laLFkk esa bUnkSj ds
izeq[k ,oa izHkko'kkyh O;kikfj;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk FkkA nwljk egRoiw.kZ dk;Z
egkjktk rqdksthjko f}rh; dk Fkk fd mUgksaus jktLFkku ls vk, vusd /kfud O;kikfj;ksa
dks gksydj fjlk;r esa clus vkSj O;kikj djus esa iw.kZr% lgk;rk iznku dhA ,sls
jktLFkkuh O;kikfjd ?kjkuksa dh ‹k`a[kyk esa lj lsB ek.kdpan] lsB jkeizrki gjfoykl
th] lsB f'kokthjko lkfyxjke] lsB fcuksnhjke ckypanth] egktu c[krjke cPNjkt
vkSj egktu cynsonkl xksj[kjke FksA ;s leLr O;kikjh] tks jktLFkku ls uoLFkkfir
gksydj uol/kkuh bUnkSj dh vkSj O;kikj dh ykylk ls vkdf"kZr gq, Fks vkSj bUnkSj esa
vk cls FksA jktLFkku ds O;kikfjd ?kjkus tks rqdksthjko (f}rh;) ds dk;Zdky esa
bUnkSj vk cls FksA
1- Jsf"B ek.kdpan euxhjke&,sls jktLFkkuh O;kikjh ?kjkuksa dh ‹k`a[kyk esa
lj lsB gqdqepan dklyhoky ds nknkth dk uke vkrk gSA lsB gqdqepanth ds
530 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
nknkth lsB ekudpanth bUnkSj esa ^ekudpan euxhjke* QeZ ds uke ls O;kikj djrs
FksA lsB ekudpan euxhjke ekjokM+ ds vUrxZr MhMokuk rglhy ds fuoklh FksA
ekjokM+ dh MhMokuk rglhy us O;kikfjd Hkkjr dks vusd jRu fn;s gSa] ftuesa lsB
euxhjke (exuhjke) ckaxM+ rks loZ fofnr gSA lsB euxhjketh ckaxM+ us MhMokuk ls
fudydj u dsoy bUnkSj dks vfirq lqnqjiwoZ dh jkt/kkuh dydRrk egkuxjh dks
vius O;kikfjd cqfº oSHko dk dsUnz cuk;k FkkA2 bl QeZ dh izflfº o O;kikfjd
izxfr ls izHkkfor gksdj egkjktk us QeZ dks dj esa vk/kk dj ekQ dj fn;k FkkA rFkk
bUnkSj ekyok dh izflº QeZ ^ekudpan euxhjke* dks egkjktk f'kokthjko gksydj
ds 'kkludky esa bZ- 1890 esa jkT; dh ^X;kjg iap* uked laLFkk dh lnL;rk iznku
dh xbZ Fkh] tks ,d nqyZHk lEeku FkkA3
ekudpanth ds ikap iq= Fks] ftuesa ls nks iwoZ esa gh dky dyfor gks pqds FksA
'ks"k rhu iq= l:ipan] vkSadkjth rFkk fryksdpan us laor 1915 ls 1954 rd la;qDr
:i ls vQhe dk O;kikj fd;k vkSj bl O;kikj esa vrqyuh; /ku dek;kA4 pkSFkh
ih<+h ds lsB l:ipanth ds iq= gqdqepan] vkSadkjth ds iq= dLrwjpan rFkk lsB
fryksdpanth ds iq= dY;k.key gq,] ftUgksaus mRrjkf/kdkj esa vius&vius firk ds
O;kikj dh ckxMksj laHkkyh vkSj mRrjksRrj O;kikj&O;olk; esa rFkk cSafdax ds dkjskckj
esa [;kfr vftZr dhA
2- lsB jkeizrkith gjfoykl & jktLFkku ds jkT; t;iqj dk xkao Qrsgiqj
ds fuoklh lsB jkeizrkith us bUnkSj dh [;kfr lqudj viuk HkkX; vtekus dk
fu'p; fd;k vkSj os egkjktk gjhjko gksydj ds 'kkludky esa bZ- 1844 esa bUnkSj vk
x;sA bUnkSj esa mUgksaus ljkZQ dk O;olk; izkjaHk fd;kA5 mudh bZekunkjh vkSj fu"Bk us
mUgsa 'kh?kz gh uxj dk izfrf"Br ljkQZ cuk fn;kA 1862 esa egkjkt us ,d vkns'k ls
lsB dks jktdh; gq.Mh foHkkx dk dk;Z lkSaik x;k ftldk fuokZg mŸke rjhds ls
fd;k x;kA6 lsB jkeizrki 'kh?kz gh bUnkSj uxj ds ,d izfrf"Br O;kikjh cu x;s vkSj
mudh [;kfr egkjktk rqdksthjko gksydj (f}rh;) ds dkuksa rd Hkh igqaphA rc
egkjktk us bl O;kikfjd ifjokj dks u dsoy izksRlkgu o viuk laj{k.k iznku gh
fd;k vfirq jkt ifjokj ds fy, ÿ; fd;s tkus okys ewY;oku vkHkw"k.kksa rFkk Lo.kZ
fufeZr oLrqvksa dk ÿ; lsB jkeizrkith ds ijke'kZ o vuqeksnu ij gh fd;k tkus
yxkA jktifjokj dk fo'okl lsBth us iwjh rjg ls vftZr dj fy;k FkkA7
bUnkSj&[k.Mok ds e/; tc fczfV'k ljdkj us jsyos ykbu Mkyus dk dk;Z
vkjaHk fd;k rc egkjktk gksydj us fczfV'k ljdkj dks 1 djksM+ dk Ω.k Lohd`r
fd;k FkkA8 Ω.k dh ;g jkf'k lsB jkeizrki ds ek/;e ls gh fczfV'k ljdkj dks lkSaih
xbZ FkhA blds vfrfjDr Hkh egRoiw.kZ vkfFkZd ysu&nsu dk dk;Z egkjktk gksYdj] lsB
jkeizrki ds ek/;e ls gh fd;k djrs FksA9
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 531
egkjktk gksydj lsB dh ;ksX;rk ij vR;f/kd fo'okl j[krs FksA vr% mUgksaus
lsB jkeizrki dks jkT; dh ^X;kjg iap* laLFkk esa mUgsa ^usLVj* ds in ij fu;qDr fd;k
FkkA Jsf"B jkeizrki ds egkjktk rqdksthjko (f}rh;) rFkk muds iq= egkjktk f'kokthjko
gksydj (1886&1903 bZ-) ds lkFk vR;f/kd ?kfu"B vkSj ikfjokfjd laca/k FksA
egkjktk gksydj }; (firk&iq=) us lsB ds vkokl ij dbZ ,d ckj tkdj lkStU;
HksaV dh FkhA Jsf"B jkeizrki ds ;ksjksih; vf/kdkfj;ksa ds lkFk Hkh cM+s ?kfu"B vkSj
eS=hiw.kZ laca/k FksA10 Jsf"B jkeizrki ds iq= Jh gfjfoykl dks jkT; dh vksj ls fo'ks"k
lEeku izkIr Fkk vkSj mUgsa jkT; dh izeq[k ^X;kjg iap* laLFkk dk lnL; euksuhr fd;k
x;k FkkA uxj dh O;kikfjd izxfr esa bl ifjokj dk mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku jgk FkkA
3- lsB f'kokthjko lkfyxjke&tks/kiqj jkT; ds MhMokuk {ks= ls ;g ifjokj
LFkkukUrfjd gksdj bUnkSj esa vk;k Fkk vkSj ekyok dh le`fº us bl ifjokj dks LFkkbZ
fuokl iznku fd;kA lsB f'kokth jke lkfyxjke ds QeZ ds vkfn iq#"k lkcqyflag
FksA lsB f'kokthjke ds firk dk uke /ku:ith Fkk vkSj lsB f'kokthjke ds iq= dk
uke lkfyxjke FkkA f'kokthjke lkfyxjke uke ls dk;Zjr~ bl QeZ us igys cSafdax
O;olk; izkjaHk fd;k Fkk] rRi'pkr vU; O;kikfj;ksa dh Hkkafr bl izfr"Bku us Hkh
vQhe O;kikj dks viuk fy;kA viuh O;kikfjd xfrfof/k;ka c<+kus ds fy, bl QeZ
us cEcbZ] lhgksj vkSj lqusy esa viuh O;kikfjd 'kk[kk,a LFkkfir dhA11
bl QeZ us t;d`".k dks xksn fy;k Fkk] ftUgksaus ifjokj dh O;kolkf;d
ijEijkvksa dks vkxs c<+k;kA bUnkSj uxj esa LFkkfir jktdh; diM+k fey dk O;olk;
tc xM+cM+kus yxk vkSj bl vkS|ksfxd bdkbZ ls jkT; dks vkfFkZd {kfr igqapus yxh]
rc egkjktk rqdksthjko (f}rh;) us bl jktdh; fey dks Bsds ij nsus dk fu.kZ;
fy;kA uxj dh O;kikjksŸkstd bl QeZ us jktdh; fey ds lapkyd dk Bsdk ys
fy;kA jktdh; fey ds vk/ks 'ks;j lsB t; d`".kth /kwr us [kjhn fy;s FksA os
jktdh; fey ds O;oLFkkid cus vkSj fey dks lQyrkiwoZd pyk;kA Jsf"B
t;d`".kth dks egkjktk gksydj ds }kjk ^X;kjg iap* laLFkk dk lnL; euksuhr fd;k
x;k Fkk vkSj lkFk gh mUgsa egkjktk us ^ekulsoh U;k;k/kh'k* Hkh fu;qDr fd;k FkkA12
lsB f'kokthjke lkfyxjke izfr"Bku ds yksd dY;k.kdkjh dk;Z & bl
izfr"Bku us tgka O;kikj ds {ks= esa vfr'k; iwath vftZr dh Fkh] ogha bl vftZr iwath
dks bl QeZ esa ijekfFkZd dk;ks± esa yxkdj ,d vuqdj.kh; mnkgj.k Hkh izLrqr fd;k
FkkA bl ifjokj ds }kjk mTtSu ds izflº ^ujflag eafnj* dk fuekZ.k djk;k x;k Fkk]
lkFk gh vkSadkjs'oj esa foxr 50 o"kks± ls Hkh vf/kd le; rd vUuN= lapkfyr
fd;k tkrk jgkA oSfnd Kku ds izpkj&izlkj ds fy, rFkk Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds foLrkj
ds fy, bUnkSj ds fc;kckuh {ks= esa ,d laLd`r ikB'kkyk Hkh lapkfyr dh tkrh jgh
FkhA N=hckx esa fu/kZuksa ds fy, vUuN= Hkh LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA13
274 532 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
4- Jsf"B fcuksnhjke ckypanth & Jsf"B fcuksnhjke ckypan vius ifjokj
ds lkFk bZ- 1824 esa bUnkSj vk cls FksA og le; bUnkSj jkT; dk laÿe.k dky FkkA
ml le; eUnlkSj dh lfU/k (bZ- 1811) ds i'pkr~ bUnkSj gksydjksa dh jkt/kkuh cuk
gh Fkk vkSj lkFk gh bUnkSj esa jsthMsUlh dh LFkkiuk dh tk jgh FkhA O;kikj dh izcy
laHkkouk,a ,oa /kuksiktZu dh yyd bl ifjokj dks tks/kiqj jkT; ds ukxksj {ks= esa
fLFkr >kyjkikVu ls bUnkSj [khap ykbZA14
jktLFkku ls bUnkSj ekyok dks vk, vU; O;kikjh ifjokjksa dh Hkkafr bl ifjokj
us Hkh vQhe ds O;kikj esa viuk HkkX; vktek;kA ftlls bUgsa vR;f/kd equkQk gqvk]
/khjs&/khjs ;gh vQhe dk O;kikj budh le`fº dk vk/kkj cukA O;olk; ds foLrkj
ds lkFk gh bl QeZ ds equhe Maxjhnkl rFkk fcuksnhjke ds cguksbZ us cEcbZ esa ,d
'kk[kk [kksyhA
bZ- 1844 esa tUesa Jsf"B fcuksnhjke ds iq= ckypanth us Hkh ikfjokfjd O;kikj
dks xfr iznku dhA bl Jsf"B ifjokj dks egkjktk rqdksthjko gksydj (f}rh;) us
i;kZIr lEeku iznku fd;k FkkA fo'ks"k voljksa ij lsB fcuksnhjke] muds iq= ckypan
th] ikfjokfjd efgyk,a ,oa equhe dks Hkh egkjktk gksydj ds }kjk migkj iznku dj
lEekfur fd;k x;k FkkA
O;kikj ds izksRlkgu gsrq gh egkjktk us bUnkSj ds dqN vxz.kh O;kikfjd ?kjkuksa
dks ^v/kdjh o ikodjh* (dj esa fj;klr dh NwV) dh NwV iznku dh FkhA lsB
fcuksnhjke ds ifjokj dks ^v/kdjh* izkIr Fkh] ftlds vUrxZr bl QeZ dks jkT; }kjk
fu/kkZfjr pqaxh dj esa vk/kh NwV iznku dh xbZ FkhA15 bl QeZ us vkxs pydj lwrh oL=
O;olk; izkjaHk fd;k vkSj fuekM+ ls cM+h ek=k esa dikl ÿ; fd;kA /khjs&/khjs os
fuekM+ ds lcls cM+s dikl O;kikjh cu x;sA mTtSu ds fouksn fey ds lapkyu esa
bl ifjokj dk cM+k ;ksxnku jgkA
bl QeZ ds equhe yq.kdj.k th cgqr gh ;ksX;] cqfºeku vkSj bZekunkj O;fDr
Fks] ftUgksaus cgqr fu"BkiwoZd QeZ ds dk;ks± dks vkxs c<+k;kA bl QeZ dh 20 nqdkusa]
5 ftfuax QSDV™h rFkk 2 thfuax&izsflax QSDV™h FkhA16 egkjktk rqdksthjko (f}rh;) ds
lsB fcuksnhjke rFkk muds iq= ckypan th ls cM+s ?kfu"B vkSj ikfjokfjd laca/k FksA bZ-
1881 esa tc bl ifjokj ds lsB nhipan th dk fookg r; gqvk rks egkjktk
rqdksthjko gksydj us viuh vksj ls ,d gkFkh] 15 v'okjksgh >kyjkikVu Hksts FksA ;g
dkfQyk cwanh rd nhipan th dh ckjkr ds lkFk x;k FkkA17
jktLFkku ds tSu /kekoyEch vkSj tkfr ds vksloky egktuksa us bUnkSj esa
fuokljr~ jgrs gq,s tks ;'k] dhfrZ rFkk iwath vftZr dh] mlh dk ifj.kke Fkk fd
egktu fcuksnhjke ds ifjokj dks jktLFkku ds >kykokM+ njckj us Hkh lEekfur fd;k
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 533 275 534 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

FkkA bl ifjokj ds pkjksa HkkbZ;ksa dks vius iSjksa esa lksus dk ^rksM+k* iguus ds vf/kdkj ds lkFk viuk fujUrj laidZ cuk, j[ks fdUrq bUnkSj dks gh mUgksaus viuh deZLFkyh cuk;k
lkFk gh lsB ekfudpan rFkk ykypan dks vius uke ds lkFk ^th* 'kCn tksM+us dh vkSj ;gha LFkk;h :i ls cl x,A
fo'ks"k vuqefr njckj us iznku dh FkhA18 blh ifjokj ds lsB ekf.kdpanth dks lanHkZ
Xokfy;j ds flfU/k;k jktnjckj ds }kjk ^rkftj&my&eqYd* dh mikf/k ls lEekfur 1- tku ekyde] , esek;j vkWQ lsUV™y bf.M;k dsfEczt ;qfuoflVh izsl ] 1832 i`-
fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj mUgsa Xokfy;j jkT; ds vkfFkZd fodkl cksMZ dk lnL; Hkh euksfur 162] vfgY;k Lekfjdk] estj ,e-,e- txnkys] [kklxh V™LV] nsoh vfgY;kckbZ gksydj
fd;k x;k FkkA psfjVht] bUnkSj] 1981 i`- 13
5- egktu c[krjke cPNjkt & tks/kiqj jkT; ds ukxksj ls bl ifjokj ds 2- lR;nso fo|kyadj (lEiknd) Jhear lj lsB gqdqepanth vfHkuanu xzaFk 1951]
vkfn iq#"k lsB QrgpUn dk bZ- 1825&30 ds e/; bUnkSj esa vkxeu gqvkA bl fnYyh i`- 255
laLFkku dh ,d 'kk[kk Jhd`".k xksihukFk ds uke ls mTtSu esa Hkh lapkfyr gksrh jghA 3- ,e-MCY;w-cosZ] fgt gkbusl egkjktk rqdksthjko (f}rh;) :yj vkWQ bUnkSj] izdk'ku]
bl QeZ us izeq[k :i ls vQhe vkSj dikl dk O;olk; fd;kA bl QeZ ds lsB gksydj izsl vkWQ bUnkSj (1835&1864) i`- 470
ekaxhykyth dks bUnkSj jkT; dh laLFkk ^X;kjg iap* dk lnL; euksuhr fd;k x;k Fkk 4- ogh] i`- 470&471
vkSj gksydj njckj esa mUgsa llEeku vklUnh dk eku iznku fd;k x;k FkkA19 5- ogh] i`- 478
6- foKfIr f=os.kh] eqfu ftu fot; d`r Hkwfedk] tujy e/;izns'k bfrgkl ifj"kn vad
egktu c[rjke cPNjkt QeZ ds yksd dY;k.kdkjh dk;Z & bl QeZ us
4] 1962] i`- 132&133
cM+h mnkjrkiwoZd dY;k.kdkjh rFkk /kkfeZd dk;ksZ ij dkQh /ku O;; fd;k FkkA bl 7- vuar ukjk;.k Hkkxor] gksydjkph] dSQh;r] [k.M 6 izdk'kd gksydj LVsV izsl]
QeZ ds iwoZtksa }kjk bUnkSj] mTtSu rFkk lwjr esa jk/kkd`".k ds eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k djok;k 1926] i`- 121
x;k FkkA iq"dj ds lR;ukjk;.k eafnj dk Hkh bUgha ds }kjk cuok;k x;k FkkA bUnkSj 8- ,e-MCY;w-cosZ] iwoksZDr] i`- 478
rFkk Ωf"kds'k esa bl QeZ ds }kjk vUuN= pyk, tkrs FksA20 9- bUnkSj jkT; xtsfV;j] laLdj.k izFke 1931] i`- 45
6- egktu cynsonkl xksj[kjke & cynsonkl xksj[kjke QeZ ds laLFkkid 10- ,e-MCY;w-cosZ] iwoksZDr] i`- 478
Hkh jktLFkku ds t;iqj jkT; esa fLFkr y{e.kx<+ ds fuoklh Fks] tks O;kikj O;olk; ds 11- ,e-MCY;w-cosZ] iwoksZDr] i`- 50
mn~ns'; ls bZ- 1866 esa egkjktk rqdksthjko gksydj (f}rh;) ds dk;Zdky esa bUnkSj 12- ,e-MCY;w-cosZ] iwoksZDr] i`- 475
vk cls FksA lsB xksj[kjke us bl izflº QeZ dh LFkkiuk bUnkSj esa dh FkhA bl QeZ ds 13- bUnkSj jkT; xtsfV;j laLdj.k izFke 1931 i`- 52
lsB tOgkjey th ls egkjktk gksydj vR;f/kd izlUu Fks vkSj egkjktk dh pkgr gh 14- ,e-MCY;w-cosZ] iwoksZDr] i`- 475&476
bl QeZ dh mUufr dk dkj.k cukA rqdksthjko ds iq= egkjktk f'kokthjko gksydj 15- okusMk fBdkuk vkSj cusMk laxzg dh veyokMh dh cgh ls Kkr gksrk gS fd vQhe dk
(1886&1903 bZ-) us lsB tOgkjey dks ^X;kjg iap laLFkk* dk lnL; euksuhr fd;k ÿ; djus okys eq[;r% ekjokM+ o tSlyesj {ks= ds O;kikjh FkhA veyokMh jh cgh
FkkA vQhe O;kikj ls laacaf/kr dksbZ fookn jkT; ljdkj lEeq[k mifLFkr gksrk Fkk] rks laor 1935 i`- 88
16- ,e-MCY;w-cosZ] iwoksZDr] i`- 475
egkjktk gksydj lsB tOgkjey th dk vfHker vo'; ysrs FksA bl QeZ us ^jkeukjk;.k
17- ,e-MCY;w-cosZ] iwoksZDr] i`- 475&476
cynso nkl* uke ls cEcbZ esa viuh 'kk[kk LFkkfir dh FkhA blds vfrfjDr /kwfy;k
18- vfgY;k Lekfjdk] estj ,e-,e- txnkys] [kklxh V™LV] nsoh vfgY;kckbZ gksydj
rFkk Hkksiky esa Hkh bl QeZ dh 'kk[kk,a FkhA bl QeZ ds Hkkoh /kuk<~; O;kikfj;ksa us
psfjVht] bUnkSj] 1981] i`- 16&19 bUnkSj jkT; xtsfV;j Hkkx&1] 1931 i`- 54&55
vusd yksd dY;k.kdkjh dk;Z fd;s FksA bl QeZ us dY;k.k] eqdqUnx<+ rFkk y{e.kx<+ 19- ,e-MCY;w-cosZ] iwoksZDr] i`- 477
esa lhrkjke ds eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k djk;k FkkA 20- bUnkSj jkT; xtsfV;j laLdj.k izFke 1991] i`- 58&58
;s leLr O;kikjh tks jktLFkku ls uoLFkkfir gksdj gksydj fj;klr dh uo
jkt/kkuh bUnkSj dh vksj O;kikj dh ykylk ls vkdf"kZr gq, vkSj vius O;kikj lfgr
bUnkSj esa vk cls FksA bu O;kikfjd ?kjkuksa us jktLFkku ds vius ewy fuoklksa LFkkuksa ds
 276
t;iqj jkT; ds O;kikfjd ekxZ %
,d v/;;u ( 20oha 'krkCnh esa )
MkW- jf'e ehuk
t;iqj jkT; jktiwrkuk ds mŸkj&iwohZ Hkkx esa vofLFkr Fkk] tks fd 1727 bZ- esa
t;iqj dh LFkkiuk ls iwoZ vkEcsj ds uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA vkEcsjuxj 1200 bZ- ds
vklikl dPNokgk jktiwr 'kkld dkfdynso }kjk clk;k x;k Fkk tks fd v;ks/;k
ujs'k Jh jkepUÊ th T;s"B iq= ^dq'k* ds oa'kt ekus tkrs gSaA1 blls igys ;g
jkT; <w°<kM+ dgykrk FkkA egkHkkjr dky esa ;g eRL; izns'k dk ,d Hkkx Fkk] ftldh
jkt/kkuh cSjkB FkhA bl izdkj izkphyudky ls gh bl jkT; dk mYys[k feyrk gSA
t;iqj jkT; 250 41* mŸkjh v{kkalksa rFkk 74041* iqohZ ns'kkUrjksa ds e/; fLFkr Fkk rFkk
bldk dqy {ks=Qy 15]579 oxZ ehy FkkA ;g jktiwrkuk dk pkSFkk cM+k jkT; FkkA2
bldh mŸkjh lhek,° chdkusj] yksgk: rFkk ifV;kyk jkT; rd] iwohZ lhek,° vyoj]
Hkjriqj] djkSyh] /kkSyiqj o Xokfy;j jkT; rd] nf{k.kh lhek,° dksVk] cwanh] Vksad o
mn;iqj jkT; rd rFkk if'peh lhek,° vtesj&esjokM+k] fd'kux<+] tks/kiqj rFkk
chdkusj jkT; rd foLr`r FkhaA lokbZ t;flag (bZLoh lu~ 1699&1743) ds le;
rd ;g jkT; fnYyh rd foLr`r FkkA ijUrq 1743 bZ- esa mudh e`R;ksijkUr /khjs&/khjs
dkek] ncksbZ o igkM+h Hkjriqj jkT; us_ Fkkukxkth] mthcx<+] cgjksM]+ eatiqj] izrkix<+
vkfn vyoj jkT; us_ ukjukSy] dkafr vkfn >T>j jkT; us_ Qjhnkckn oYyHkx<+ jkT;
us_ Vksad o jkeiqjk] Vksad jkT; us rFkk gksMy o iyoy dks vaxzstksa us vius vf/kdkj
{ks= esa ys fy;kA 1803&04 bZ- ds ejkBk ;qº esa [ksrM+h ds tkxhjnkj }kjk vaxzstksa dh
lgk;rk djus ds QyLo:i ykWMZ ySd }kjk dksViqryh [ksrM+h ds tkxhjnkj dks ns
fn;k x;k FkkA3 bl izdkj le;&le; ij t;iqj jkT; dh jktuhfrd lhekvksa esa
ifjorZu vkrs jgsA 31 ekpZ] 1949 bZ- rd bldk dqy {ks=Qy 15]601 oxZehy
FkkA4
18oha lnh ds mŸkjkºZ rd leLr jktiwrkuk ls rhu cM+s O;kikfjd ekxZ xqtjrs
Fks % izFke ekxZ & if'peh leqÊ rV dks mŸkjh rFkk mŸkj&if'peh Hkkjr ls tksMr+ k Fkk
rFkk ;g e/; ,f'k;k ls iatkc o eqYrku gksrk gqvk vgenkckn ls xqtjrk FkkA5 nwljk
eq[; ekxZ & iwohZ Hkkjr ls if'peh Hkkjr dh vksj tkrk Fkk tks vkxjk ls vyoj]
vkEcsj (t;iqj)] vtesj] esMr+ k] QykSnh o tSlyesj gksrk gqvk bl eq[; ekxZ ls tqM+
tkrk FkkA rhljk eq[; ekxZ & mŸkj Hkkjr ls nf{k.k Hkkjr dh vksj tkrk Fkk] tks
536 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
chdkusj] lwjrx<+ rFkk vtesj ls xqtjrk FkkA6 t;iqj jkT; Hkh bu O;kikfjd ekxks± ds
ek/;e ls jktiwrkuk ds fofHkUu O;kikfjd dsUÊksa ls tqM+k gqvk FkkA ftuesa ls dqN
izeq[k ekxZ bl izdkj Fks7 &
dksVk ls t;iqj % dksVk&cwanh&nsoyh&Vksad&fuokbZ&pkdlw&t;iqj
chdkusj ls t;iqj % chdkusj&pw:&lhdj&t;iqj
tSlyesj ls t;iqj % tSlyesj&iksdj.k&QykSnh&ukxkSj&:iuxj&t;iqj
tks/kiqj ls t;iqj % tks/kiqj&esMr+ k&ijcrlj&lkaHkj&t;iqj
lkaHkj ls lokbZ ek/kksiqj % lkaHkj&ujSuk&ekStekckn&Qkxh&lqesy&lokbZ
ek/kksiqj & lkaHkj ls jsoklk % lkaHkj&t;iqj&lokbZ ek/kksiqj&[k.Mkj&jsoklk] bR;kfnA
bu vkUrfjd O;kikfjd ekxks± ds vfrfj‰ dqN vU; O;kikfjd ekxZ Hkh Fks tks
t;iqj jkT; ls xqtjrs Fks rFkk jktiwrkuk dks Hkkjr ds vU; ckgjh {ks=ksa ls tksMr+ s FksA
buesa ls dqN egŸoiw.kZ ekxZ fuEufyf[kr Fks8 &
vkxjk ls izrkix<+ % vkxjk & Qrsgiqjk lhdjh & nkSlk & t;iqj & ekStekckn
& fd'kux<+ & vtesj & ulhjkckn & HkhyokM+k & fpŸkkSMx+ <+ & izrkix<+
bUnkSj ls t;iqj % bUnkSj & mTtSu & lkstr & >kyjkikVu & dksVk & cwanh &
nsoyh & Vksad & t;iqj
NŸkjiqj (cqUnsy[k.M) ls t;iqj % NŸkjiqj & >kalh & 'kkgckn & ckjka & dksVk
& cwanh & Vksad & t;iqj
t;iqj ls lwjr % t;iqj & vtesj & HkhyokM+k & mn;iqj & Mwaxjiaqj &
vgenkckn & lwjr
eqYrku ls t;iqj % eqYrku & cgkoyiqj & iwxy & chdkusj & pw: & lhdj
& t;iqj
t;iqj ls Xokfy;j % t;iqj & djkSyh & Xokfy;j bR;kfnA
1727 bZ- t;iqj uxj dks clkrs le; ;gk° O;kikj dks fo'ks"k ntkZ fn;k x;kA
fczfV'k Hkkjr ds Hkw&Hkkxksa ds fudV fLFkr gksus ds dkj.k Hkh bldk egŸo c<+ x;k
FkkA t;iqj ds 'kkldksa us Hkh O;kikfjd ,oa okf.kfT;d xfrfof/k;ksa dks izksRlkfgr
fd;k rFkk O;kikfj;ksa dks dbZ lqfo/kk,° iznku dh xbZA Qyr% t;iqj jktiwrkuk dk
fo'kkyre rFkk /kuk<~;re 'kgj rFkk cSafdax ,oa eqÊk vknku&iznku dk eq[;ky; cu
x;kA9 oLrqr% vaxzstksa ds vkxeu ls iwoZ t;iqj jkT; dh vFkZO;oLFkk eq[;r% œf"k
vk/kkfjr Fkh rFkk xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk izk;% vkRefuHkZj FkhA LFkkuh; O;kikjh œf"k
mRiknksa dks xk°oksa ls [kjhndj vklikl ds dLcksa vFkok xk°oksa esa ys tkdj csprs FksA
dLcksa ds O;kikjh bu LFkkuh; O;kikfj;ksa ls œf"k mRikn [kjhndj vklikl dh eafM;ksa
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 537 277 538 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

esa csprs FksA pkdlw] ekyiqjk] lkaxkusj] vkEcsj] cLlh] nkSlk] ck°nhdqbZ] ykylksV ij fy;k tkus okyk dj)] ^fudklw* (ijxus ;k dLcs ls xqtjus okyh oLrqvksa ij
bR;kfn t;iqj jkT; dh egŸoiw.kZ ef.M;k° Fkha] tgk° cM+s Lrj ij œf"k mRiknksa dk fy;k tkus okyk dj) ^Hkkjksrh* (O;kikfj;ksa }kjk viuh xkfM+;ksa esa lkeku Hkjrs le;
ÿ;&foÿ; fd;k tkrk FkkA LFkuh; O;kikj esa catkjksa dh egŸoiw.kZ Hkwfedk Fkh] tks fy;k tkus okyk dj) bR;kfnA bl izdkj t;iqj jkT; dks O;kikfj;ksa ls fy, tkus
eq[;r% [kk|kÈkksa] ued] phuh rFkk ?kh dk vkiwfrZ fofHkÈk LFkuksa ij djrs FksA10 vU; okys bu djksa ls vPNh vk; izkIr gksrh Fkh] ftlds cnys esa jkT; }kjk mUgsa fofHkÈk
O;kikh oxZ ^fcNk;fr* ;k ^cPNk;r* (ckgj ls xk°oksa esa vkdj vLFkk;h :i ls jgus lqfo/kk,° ,oa lqj{kk iznku dh tkrh FkhA15
okys O;kikjh)] lgFkkuh (vukt O;kikjh)] ^cfu;k* o ^egktu* (xzkeh.k vFkok 1818 bZ- esa t;iqj jkT; us bZLV bafM;k dEiuh ds lkFk eS=h laf/k dj yhA
dLck Lrj ij O;kikj djus okys /kfud oxZ) bR;kfn FksA11 vaxzsth eqÊk iz.kkyh ds rRi'pkr~ t;iqj jkT; ij vaxzsth fu;a=.k LFkkfir gks x;kA bldk izHkko t;iqj jkT;
izpyu ls iwoZ O;kikj eq[;r% oLrq fofue; ds ek/;e ls fd;k tkrk FkkA dh O;kikfjd xfrfof/k;ksa ij Hkh ifjyf{kr gqvkA vaxt sz ksa }kjk jktiwrkuk ds vkSifuosf'kd
t;iqj fj;klr ds 'ks[kkoVh {ks= ds ^ekjokM+h O;kikjh* vR;Ur izflº jgs gSa] 'kks"k.k dh xfr rhoz djus ds mÌs'; ls ;gk° lM+dksa rFkk jsyekxks± dk fuekZ.k djokuk
ftUgksaus iwjs Hkkjr esa viuh lQy O;kikfjd xfrfof/k;ksa ls viuh fo'ks"k igpku izkjEHk fd;k x;kA vaxzstksa dh ea'kk Fkh fd tks ikjxeu O;kikj jktiwrkuk ds O;kikfjd
cukbZA e/;dky esa jktiwrkuk ds 'kkld eqxy lSfud vfHk;kuksa ds le; viuh lsuk ekxks± ls gksrk Fkk] vc og O;kikj fczfV'k fu;af=r {ks= ls gks ftlls O;kikfjd
dh jln ,oa vU; lkexzh dh vkiwfrZ gsrq vius jkt; ds egktuksa dks vius lkFk ys xfrfof/k;ksa ij mudk fu;a=.k etcwrh ls LFkkfir gks lds rFkk ikjxeu O;kikj ij
tkrs Fks] tks ;qº {ks= ds vklikl ds cktkjksa ls [kk| lkexzh] vL=&'kL= bR;kfn yxus okys djksa ls mudh vk; esa o`fº gksA bl mÌs'; dh iwfrZ gsrq mUgksaus lEiw.kZ
[kjhndj bUgsa miyC/k djokrs FksA /khjs&/khjs bu ekjokM+h O;kikfj;ksa us Hkkjr ds jktiwrkuk ds lSfud rFkk vkfFkZd n`f"V ls egŸoiw.kZ dsUÊksa dks lM+dksa rFkk jsyekxks± ls
fofHkÈk Hkkxksa esa vius O;kikfjd laLFkku LFkkfir dj fy, rFkk mŸkjksŸkj izxfr djrs gq, tksMu+ s dh uhfr viukbZ rFkk blh ÿe esa jktiwrkuk dh igyh fo'kky lM+d dk
;s O;kikjh vo/k] caxky] gSnjkckn vkfn ds uokcksa o futke ds lkgwdkj cu x,A12 fuekZ.k 1865 bZ- esa vkxjk ls xqtjkr ds ^Mhlk* ds chp fd;k x;k] ftldh dqy
rRi'pkr~ ;s yxHkx iwjs Hkkjr esa vius O;kikfjd dkS'ky ds ifj.kkeLo:i etcwrh ls yEckbZ dk 360 ehy fgLlk jktiwrkuk ds Hkjriqj] t;iqj] fd'kux<+] tks/kiqj ,oa
LFkkfir gks x,A fljksgh jkT;ksa ls gksdj xqtjrk FkkA16 blh le; ,d nwljh egŸoiw.kZ lM+d dk fuekZ.k
viuh vko';drkuqlkj t;iqj jkT; }kjk fofHkÈk oLrqvksa dk vk;kr&fu;kZr ulhjkckn ls uhep dsd chp gqvk tks ewy:i ls ,d lSfud lM+d FkhA17 o"kZ
vU; jkT;ksa ds lkFk fd;k tkrk FkkA t;iqj jkT; }kjk chdkusj dks yksgs ls fufeZr 1936&37 bZ rd t;iqj jkT; esa fuEufyf[kr egŸoiw.kZ lM+dksa dk fuekZ.k gks pqdk
oLrq,°] phuh] xqM]+ vQhe] js'ke bR;kfn_ tks/kiqj jkT; dks dkxt] xksVk fdukjh] Fkk18 &
pkoy bR;kfn_ dksVk jkT; dks ued_ ≈uh diM+s bR;kfn_ tSlyesj jkT; dks yksgs dh lkj.kh&1
oLrq,°] phuh xqM]+ ukSlknj bR;kfn OkLrqvksa dk fu;kZr fd;k tkrk FkkA blh izdkj
ÿ-la- lM+d ekxZ dgk° ls dgk° rd dqy
t;iqj jkT; ekjokM+ ls ued (ukoka ls)] ixM+h o xqycUn bR;kfn_ chdkusj jkT; ls
≈u] ≈uh diM+s] lw[ks esos] flU/k dk ued] fQVdjh] feJh bR;kfn rFkk tSlyes yEckbZ
jkT; ls ?kksMk+ sa o dEcy dk vk;kr djrk FkkA13 blh izdkj eqYrku ls ?kksMs+ o ghax] (ehy)
nf{k.k ls gkFkh] dksVk ls vQhe rFkk f'kdkjiqj ls ?kksM+ksa dk vk;kr t;iqj jkT; }kjk 1- vtesj jksM+ lkaxkusj xsV t;iqj ls jkT; dh lhek rd 52)
fd;k tkrk FkkA oLrqr% t;iqj jkT; }kjk fu;kZr dh tkuh okyh loZizeq[k oLrq 2- vkxjk jksM+ lkaxkusj xsV t;iqj ls jkT; dh lhek rd 75)
^ued* Fkh] ftldk mRiknu lkaHkj >hy ls gksrk FkkA bl ij t;iqj ,oa tks/kiqj jkT;
3- cLlh fyad jksM+ 16 ehy vkxjk jksM+ ls cLlh jsyos LVs'ku rd1-1
dk la;q‰ LokfeRo Fkk rFkk bldh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk ^lkaHkj 'kkeykr cksMZ* }kjk dh
tkrh FkhA14 4- ck°nhdqbZ jksM+ ck°nhdqbZ LVs'ku ls ek/kksxat cktkj rd 3)
t;iqj jkT; }kjk bu O;kikfj;ksa ls dbZ izdkj ds dj olwy fd, tkrs FksA 5- nkSlk&lokbZ ek/kksiqjk jksM+ nkSlk ls lokbZ ek/kksiqj rd 67
mnkj.kkFkZ & ^jkgnkjh* (jkT; }kjk fy;k tkus oky pqaxh dj)] ^cSBdd (gkV cktkjksa 6- xaxkiqj&ykylksV jksM+ xaxkiqj ls ykylksV rd 26
esa oLrq,° cspus okys O;kikfj;ksa ls fy;k tkus okyk dj)] ^ilk:* (vk;kfrr oLrqvksa 7- eaMkoj&djkSyh jksM+ eaMkoj dkWVu izSl ls djkSyh lhek rd 43-2
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 539 278 540 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

8- ekyiqjk&rkSjh jksM+ ekyiqjk ls rkSjh rd 7 4) lhdj ls uoyx<+ 18 flrEcj] 1923 16-95

dqy yEckbZ 275-8 5) uoyx<+ ls >qU>quq 1 vxLr] 1924 22-92
o"kZ 1946&47 bZ- rd t;iqj jkT; esa lM+dksa dk i;kZIr fodkl gks pqdk FkkA dqy yEckbZ 107-70
lM+dksa ds ek/;e ls ;g fnYyh (191 ehy)] vkxjk (140 ehy)] vtesj (82 o"kZ 1924 rd t;iqjk jkT; }kjk 18-11 ehy yEch ehVjxst (3 QqV 3@8
ehy) rFkk vyoj] Hkjriqj] cwanh] tks/kiqj] djkSyh] fd'kux<+ rFkk Vksad ls tqM+ pqdk bap okyh) jsyekxks± dk fuekZ.k dj fy;k x;k FkkA 31 ekpZ] rd t;iqj jkT; ch-ch-
FkkA vc rd 850 ehy yEckbZ dh iDdh lM+dksa rFkk 260 ehy yEckbZ dh dPph ,.M lh-vkbZ- jsyos dEiuh ds lkFk feydj jsyekxZ fuekZ.k dk dk;Z djrk jgk ijUrq
lM+dksa dk fuekZ.k jkT; esa gks pqdk FkkA19 blds ifj.kkeLo:i t;iqj jkT; esa 1 vizSy] 1936 bZ- dks t;iqj jkT; }kjk jsyos izca/k dk dk;Z vius gkFkksa esa ys fy;k
O;kikfjd xfrfof/k;ksa dks c<+kok feykA x;kA23 o"kZ 1946&47 bZ- dh t;iqj jkT; iz'kklfud fjiksVZ esa mYys[k feyrk gS fd
lM+dksa ds lkFk&lkFk t;iqj jkT; esa jsyekxks± dk Hkh fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA bl le; rd >qU>quq ftys ds mŸkjh ,oa if'peh Hkkx rFkk nf{k.k if'pe esa futker
loZizFke 1874 bZ- esa ^ckWEcs&cM+kSnk lasV™y bafM;k jsyos dEiuh* us vkxjk fdys ls dksVdkfle ,oa ekyiqjk dks NksMd + j yxHkx lEiw.kZ t;iqj jkT; esa jsyekxks± dk
ck°nhdqbZ rd jsyekxZ dk fuekZ.k fd;kA rRi'pkr~ jsokM+h&vtesj jsyekxZ rFkk fuekZ.k gks pqdk FkkA >qU>quq ls yksgk: jsyykbZu dks 1939 bZ- esa izkjEHk fd;k x;kA
lkaHkj&Qqysjk jsyekxks± dk fuekZ.k 1874 bZ- esa fd;k x;kA20 1884&85 bZ- esa lhdj&fclk≈ jsyos dk dk;Z 1940 bZ- esa izkjEHk gqvkA
lkaxkusj&lokbZek/kksiqj jsy ekxZ dk fuekZ.k t;iqj jkT; }kjk djok;k x;k] tks nks izeq[k ;kr;kr ds bu uohure ekxks± ds fodkl ds ifj.kkeLo:i vc iqjkus O;kikfjd
O;kikfjd dsUÊksa] gkM+krS h vukt mRiknu {ks= rFkk lkaHkj ued mRiknu {ks=] dks tksMu+ s ekxks± dk egŸo de gksus yxkA vc fczfV'k ljdkj dh igq°p jktiwrkuk ds lHkh
esa lgk;d flº gqbZA21 mYys[kuh; gS fd 7 vxLr] 1869 bZ- esa egkjktk jkeflag th vkfFkZd lalk/kuksa rd gks x;h rFkk vc ;gk° ls dPps eky dk fu"ÿe.k ,oa fczfV'k
us vaxzstksa ds lkFk f'keyk esa ,d lfU/k dh] ftlds vuqlkj t;iqj jkT; }kjk lkaHkj oLrqvksa dk vkxeu rhoz xfr ls ls gksus yxkA blls LFkkuh; O;kikfj;ksa] eq[;r%
>hy lhek esa ued cukus] cspus rFkk ml ij dj yxkus ds vius leLr vf/kdkj catkjksa dks] vR;f/kd gkfu mBkuh iM+hA oLrqr% 18oha lnh ds vUr rd cEcbZ
vaxzstksa dks iÍs ij ns fn;s x,A tuojh&vizy S ] 1879 bZ- rd jktiwrkuk ds leLr cUnjxkg fodkl'khy gks pqdk Fkk vc leqÊ ekxZ cEcbZ ls fu;af=r gksus yxs FksA vc
jkT;ksa ds lkFk vaxzsth ljdkj us ued le>kSrs dj fy, rFkk /khjs&/khjs bu ued iqjksu O;kikfjd ekxZ] tks vgenkckn vkSj gSnjkckn (fla/k) ls tqMr+ s Fks] ohjku gks x,
mRiknu dsUÊksa dks jsy ekxks± ls tksM+ fn;k x;kA o"kZ 1905 bZ- ls 1924 bZ- rd t;iqj rFkk vlqjf{kr Hkh gks x,A viuh lSfud vko';drkvksa ds vuq:i vaxzst ljdkj us
jkT; esa fuEufyf[kr jsyekxks± (ehVjxst) dk fuekZ.k gks pqdk Fkk22 & ubZ lSfud Nkofu;ksa dks vius iz'kklfud dsUÊ vtesj ls tksMk+ A ulhjkckn] uhep]
lkj.kh&2 ,fjuiqjk] Mhlk vkfn Nkofu;ksa dh vko';drk ds fy, u, ekxZ fodflr fd, x,
ÿ-la- jsyekxZ izkjEHk frfFk dqy yEckbZ (ehy) rFkk vc tSlyesj] ikyh] ukxkSj] ekyiqjk] jktx<+ o js.kh dk egŸo lekIr gks x;kA24
bu O;kikfjd ekxks± esa ifjorZu vkus ds ifj.kkeLo:i jktiwrkuk esa O;kikfjd voljksa
1- lkaxkusj&lokbZek/kksiqj 'kk[kk &
dk Hkh vHkko mRiÈk gks x;k] ftudk nq"izHkko O;kikfj;ksa ,oa muds vkfJrksa ij iM+kA
1) lkaxkusj ls fuokbZ 10 uoEcj] 1905 32-18 vr% ;gk° ds (eq[;r% 'ks[kkokVh ds)] ekjokM+h O;kikfj;ksa us vc nksvkc ,oa
2) fuokbZ ls okbZ ek/kksiqj 17 vDVwcj] 1907 41-23 xaxk?kkVh dh eafM;ksa & [kqjtk] gkiqM]+ gkFkjl] fQjkstkckn ,oa fetkZiqj esa vukt
dqy yEckbZ 73-41 O;kikf;ksa ds :i esa dk;Z djuk vkjEHk dj fn;kA25 lkFk gh bl {ks= ds unh cUnjxkgksa
2- t;iqj&>qU>quq 'kk[kk & & Q:Z[kkckn] fetkZiqj] iVuk rFkk Hkkxyiqj esa ekjokM+h O;kikfjd Qes± LFkkfir gqbZaA
bu {ks=ksa ls caxky ,oa fcgkj dh rjQ c<+s rFkk ;gk° lkgwdkjh] vukt O;kikj rFkk
1) t;iqj ls jhaxl 19 fnlEcj] 1916 36-64
vaxzstksa ds nykyksa ds :i esa dk;Z djus yxsA26 ;s ekjokM+h O;kikjh ekyok] cEcbZ rFkk
2) jhaxl ls iylkuk 6 vizy S ] 1918 14-17 gSnjkckn dh rjQ Hkh x,] tgk° bUgksaus vQhe O;kikj esa :fp fn[kkbZA egkjk"V™]
3) iylkuk ls lhdj 1 fnlEcj] 1922 17-02 vdksyk] [kkuns'k rFkk cjkj esa bUgksaus dikl O;kikj esa :fp fn[kkbZA t;iqj jkT; esa
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 541 279 542 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

1893 bZ- ds i'pkr~ vaxzstksa }kjk izpfyr eqÊk iz.kkyh (#i;k) ds dkj.k cSfdax 1993] i`- 348
ljkZQk o gq.Mh O;olk; dks Hkh uqdlku igq°pkA e/;dky esa t;iqj jkT; cSafdax ,oa 10- 'kekZ] ts-lh-] ,MfefuLV™sfVo flLVe vkWQ nh jktiwrl~] ubZ fnYyh] 1979] i`- 154
eqÊk vnyk&cnyh (cÍk) dk eq[; dsUÊ Fkk] ijUrq vc ;g O;olk; ykHknk;d ugha 11- xqIrk] ,l-ih-] ,xzfs j;u flLVe vkWQ bZLVuZ jktLFkku (1650&1750)] fnYYkh] 1986]
jg x;k Fkk rFkk ;gk° ds O;kikjh vc fczfV'k Hkkjr ds fofHkÈk {ks=ksa esa fu"ÿe.k djus i`- 104
yxs FksA fczfV'k Hkkjr esa bu O;kikfj;ksa dks fo'ks"k lqfo/kk,° iznku dh xbZ rFkk lwn[kksjh 12- 'kekZ] czt fd'kksj] vk/kqfud jktLFkku dk vkfFkZd bfrgkl] t;iqj] 1993] i`- 332
ds O;olk; dks [kwc izksRlkgu n;k x;kA D;ksafd vaxzstksa dh HkwjktLo uhfr;ksa us 13- xqIrk] ch-,y-] V™sM ,.M dkWelZ bu jktLFkku (M~;wfjax nh 8oha lsUpqjh)] t;iqj]
fdlkuksa dh foŸkh; vko';drkvksa dks Hkh c<+k fn;k FkkA 1997] i`- 86
14- t;iqj ,MfefuLV™s'ku fjiksVZ] o"kZ 1939&40] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj]
bl izdkj vkokxeu ds u, ekxks± ,oa lalk/kuksa ds fodkl us u dsoy
i`- 14
jktiwrkuk ds izkœfrd lalk/kuksa ds nksgu dks xfr iznku dh vfirq ekjokM+h O;kikfj;ksa 15- iwoksZ‰] xqIrk] ch-,y-] i`- 211
ds fu"ÿe.k ds ifj.kkeLo:i jktiwrkuk ds O;kikj ,oa okf.kT; ds fodkl dks Hkh 16- iwoksZ‰] vlZfdu] ds-Mh-] i`- 59
xgjk vk?kkr igq°pkA ijUrq bu ekjokM+h O;kikfj;ksa ds fczfV'k Hkkjr esa lQy ,oa le`º 17- ogh
gks tkus ij vius ey jkT; esa Hkh buds eku&lEeku ,oa egŸo esa o`fº gqbZA vius 18- t;iqj ,MfefuLV™s'ku fjiksVZ] o"kZ 1936&37] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj]
jkT; esa flapkbZ ifj;kstukvksa rFkk jsyekxks± ds fodkl gsrq 'kkldksa }kjk vius jkT; ds i`- 98
izoklh O;kikfj;ksa ls dbZ ckj vkfFkZd lgk;rk yh tkrh FkhA bu O;kikfj;ksa dks vc 19- t;iqj ,MfefuLV™s'ku fjiksVZ] o"kZ 1946&47] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj]
njckj esa rFkk lykgdkj lfefr;ksa esa lkeUrksa ds led{k lEekfur LFkku iznku fd;k i`- 12
tkus yxkA ;s /kuk<~; O;kikjh vc vaxzst ljdkj rFkk jkT;ksa ds jktkvksa ds e/; e/ 20- xqIrk] lkfo=h] t;iqj fMfLV™DV xStsVh;j] xouZesaV vkWQ jktLFkku] t;iqj] 1987] i`-
;LFk dh Hkwfedk Hkh fuHkkus yxs FksA ijUrq budk loZizeq[k ;ksxnku tufgr ds dk;ks± 337
esa jgkA /keZ'kkyk,°] vLirkyksa] fu%'kqYd vkS"k/kky;ksa dh LFkkiuk] dq,° [kqnokus rFkk 21- iwoksZ‰] tSu] ,e-,l-] i`- 187
vdky vkfn izkœfrd vkinkvksa ds le; bu ekjokM+h O;kikfj;ksa us mYYks[kuh; :i 22- t;iqj ,MfefuLV™s'ku fjiksVZ] o"kZ 1935&36] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkujs]
ls vkfFkZd lgk;rk iznku dhA i`- 40
23- ogh
lUnHkZ
24- iwoksZ‰] tSu] ,e-,l-] i`- 107
1- vlZfdu] ds-Mh-] bEihfj; xStsVh;j vkWQ bf.M;k] izksfouf'k;y lhjht & jktiwrkuk
25- VdusV] Mh-ds-] baMfLV™;y ,UVjizU;ksjf'ki vkWQ 'ks[kkoVh ekjokM+ht] lkmFk ,f'k;
(iqueqZfÊr)] cqDl V™stj] tks/kiqj] 2007] i`- 236
cqDl] fnYYkh] 1986] i`- 59
2- ogh
26- 'kekZ] czt fd'kksj] vk/kqfud jktLFkku dk vkfFkZd bfrgkl] ifCyds'ku Ldhe] t;iqj]
3- xgyksr] txnh'kflag] dNokgksa dk bfrgkl] ;wfud V™sMlZ] t;iqj 2004] i`- 1
1993] i`- 334
4- t;iqj ,MfefuLV™s'ku fjiksVZ] o"kZ 1947&48] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj]
i`- 5
5- tSu] ,e-,l-] vk/kqfud jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] iap'khy izdk'ku] t;iqj] 1995] i`-
105
6- ogh
7- xqIrk] ch-,y-] V™sM ,.M dkWelZ bu jktLFkku (M~;wfjax nh 18oha lsUpqjh)] t;iqj]
1997] i`- 130&131
8- ogh] i`- 133&135
9- 'kekZ] czt fd'kksj] vk/kqfud jktLFkku dk vkfFkZd bfrgkl] ifCyds'ku Ldhe] t;iqj]
 280
O;kolkf;d leqnk; vkSj chdkusj dk
vk/kqfud Lo:i % ,d v/;;u
( vkaXy&'kklu dky ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa )
MkW- jkt'ks[kj iqjksfgr
lexz fo'o ds vUrxZr Hkkjr rFkk izeq[k vaxzst lajf{kr Hkkjrh; fj;klrksa esa
Hkh vkS|ksfxdhdj.k us vk/kqfudrk ds Lo:Ik esa viuh tM+sa tekbZA lelkef;d
chdkusj jkT; Hkh vkS|ksfxdhdj.k dh bl nkSM+ esa ihNs ugha jgkA ;g Hkh izklafxd gS
fd vk/kqfud fodkl ds izkjfEHkd pj.k esa jkT; ds 'kkld ,oa lkeUr oxZ us uohu
/kkjk ds bl vfojy izokg esa lg;ksx djus dh ctk; vusd leL;k,a mRiUu dhaA1
fdUrq jkT; ds vuqHko'khy m|eh ,oa O;kikfjd oxZ us uo&vk/kqfudhdj.k dks le;
dh vko';drk le>] fodkl dh bl fn'kk esa ihNs gVuk Js;dj ugha ekukA lkglh
iwathifr] tks vc rd jkT; rFkk jkT; ds ckgj jgdj vius m|e lapkfyr dj jgs Fks]
fcuk fdlh iz'kklfud lg;ksx ds mUgksaus jkT; esa gh vkfFkZd lalk/ku ryk'kus izkjEHk
dj fn,A
jkT; ds vk/kqfud fodkl esa izeq[k ck/kk ;g Hkh Fkh] fd rRdkyhu vaxszt
ljdkj us vaxzsth jkT; esa iwath fuos'k ij izfrca/k yxk j[ks FksA bu izfrca/kksa ds jgrs
jkT; ds izoklh m|eh ,oa O;kikjh jkT; esa vkS|ksfxd bZdkb;ksa dh LFkkiuk ugha dj
ldrs FksA2 ysfdu dqN le; ckn vaxzst ljdkj us dqN ,slh ;kstuk,a izkjEHk dha
ftuesa O;kikfj;ksa dks /ku fuos'k djus dh NwV nh xbZaA vaxzstksa }kjk ,slh ;kstukvksa dk
fÿ;kUo;u Li"Vr% vkSifuosf'kd 'kks"k.k esa o`fº djuk FkkA fQj Hkh LFkkuh; rFkk
izoklh m|fe;ksa us ;gka iwath yxkbZ] fdUrq mfpr ifj.kke u feyus ij m|eh vkSj
O;kikfjd oxZ ykHk ls oafpr jgkA ,slh fLFkfr esa izoklh m|eh oxZ us uohu ekxZ
viukrs gq, jkT; esa cM+h&cM+h bekjrksa rFkk Hkou fuekZ.k dk dk;Z izkjEHk fd;kA bu
m|fe;ksa us lkoZtfud fgr ls tqM+s izfr"Bkuksa ds fuekZ.k esa Hkh viuk /ku yxkuk izkjEHk
fd;kA jkT; rFkk izoklh m|eh bl rF; ls Hkyh Hkkafr voxr Fks fd jkT; esa fufeZr
fdlh Hkh izdkj dh vpy lEifŸk dks U;k;ky; vFkok jkT; ljdkj uhyke rFkk
dqdZ ugha dj ldrh FkhA3 bl ckr dks /;ku esa j[k izoklh m|fe;ksa vkSj O;kikfj;ksa us
yk[kksa #Ik;s HkO; bekjrksa] gosfy;ksa] /keZ'kkykvks] ty laxzg.k gsrq dqvksa] I;k≈]
lkoZtfud m|ku] iqqLrdky;kas] okpuky;ksa ,oa eafnjksa ds fuekZ.k gsrq fuos'k djus
izkjEHk fd,A vk/kqfud fodkl dh /kkjk esa ;g ,d lkaLd`frd igy Hkh FkhA4 m|eh
544 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
rFkk O;kikfjd oxZ dh bl lw>&cw> us mUgsa vizR;{k ykHk Hkh igqapk;k] D;kasfd vaxzsth
Hkkjr esa m|fe;ksa rFkk O;kikfj;ksa dks muds ykHk ds ml Hkkx ij vk;dj esa NwV dk
izko/kku Fkk] tks /kkfeZd laLFkkvksa (V™LVksa) o lkoZtfud mi;ksx ds dke vkus okys
dk;ks± ij [kpZ fd;k x;k gksA5 Qyr% chdkusj esa fofHkUu /kkfeZd V™LVksa ,oa muds
}kjk lapkfyr f'k{kk] LokLF; ,oa euksjatu tSlh vusd lkoZtfud laLFkk,a izpyu es
vk;haA bl rjg O;kolkf;d oxZ us vius ykHk dks cuk, j[krs gq, tudY;k.k ds
dk;ks± }kjk izR;{k o ijks{k :Ik ls chdkusj jkT; ds vk/kqfud fodkl esa lfÿ;
;ksxnku fn;kA6
vk/kqfudhdj.k dk gh ,d vU; egRoiw.kZ i{k jkT; esa vkS|ksfxd fodkl dk
laokgd cukA lkglh iwathifr o m|fe;ksa us jkT; esa e'khu vk/kkfjr m|ksx LFkkfir
fd,A blls i;kZIr ek=k esa jkT; esa gh fofHkUu oLrqvksa dk mRiknu gksus yxkA jkT;
esa LFkkfir gksus okys u, m|ksxksa us vc QSDV™h vFkok dkj[kkus dk :Ik /kkj.k dj
fy;kA vk/kqfud o`gn~ m|ksxksa ds vUrxZr chdkusj jkT; esa & dkap (Xykl) QSDV™h]
dkWVu thfuax QSDV™h] 'kqxj fey] ikojywe fofoax QSDV™h] ÿflax ,.M cVu esfdax
QSDV™h] vk;ju QSDV™h] dh 'kq:vkr gqbZ] ogha NksVs y?kq m|ksxksa ds vUrxZr VkbZy
QSDV™h] lkWi esfdax QSDV™h] lksMkokVj QSDV™h] nky rFkk rsy fey] gS.Mywe QSDV™h]
peM+k QSDV™h tSls u, m|e Hkh izpyu esa vk,A7
chdkusj jkT; ls tqM+k O;kolkf;d oxZ bl rF; ls Hkh Hkyh Hkkafr voxr Fkk
fd vk/kqfudhdj.k ls rkRi;Z dsoy ;kaf=dhdj.k ls gh ugha gS] oju~ vk/kqfudhdj.k
vk/kkjHkwr Hkh gksuk pkfg,A bl laca/k esa Ik;kZIr izek.k feyrs gaS fd ;gka ds lkglh
iwathifr;ksa rFkk lsB&lkgwdkjksa us jkT; esa tudY;k.k ds dk;ks± dh vk/kkjf'kYkk j[kh]
ftuds vUrxZr jkT; esa vk/kqfud f'k{kk] ds fo|ky;] LokLF; ,oa fpfdRlk dsUnz]
;k=h /keZ'kkykvksa ds fuek.kZ ds lkFk&lkFk ;krk;kr izca/k esa lg;ksx rFkk izkd`frd
vkink ds le; jkgr o jkstxkj izc/a k tSls egRoiw.kZ dk;Zÿe pyk, x,A8 tudY;k.kd
ds dk;ks± esa m|eh ,oa O;kikfjd oxZ dh Hkwfedk dks fuEufyf[kr vk/kkjksa ij
vfHkO;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gS &
(v) vk/kqfud f'k{kk ds fodkl esa O;kolkf;d oxZ
v/;;udky lkekUrh; O;oLFkk dk izfrfuf/kRo Hkh djrk FkkA bl le;
jkT; iz'kklu u rks tudY;k.k ds dk;ks± esa #fp ysrk Fkk vkSj u gh ,sls dk;ks± esa /ku
O;; djuk viuk nkf;Ro ekurk FkkA ;nk&dnk jkT; dh vk; esa o`fº gks tkrh rks ml
ykHk dks ?kj ifjokj dh lq[k le`fº rFkk lkeUrksa ds BkB&ckB ij [kpZ gksrk FkkA
lkoZftd fgr ds dk;ks± ds fy, lnSo muds ikl /kukHkko dk cgkuk FkkA ,sls esa jkT;
esa vk/kqfud f'k{kk ds izlkj esa vojks/k mRiUu gksuk LokHkkfod FkkA nwljh vksj lkeUr
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 545
oxZ f'k{kk ds izpkj dk i{k/kj Hkh ugha FkkA bu foijhr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa jkT; ds /kuh
,oa izcqº lsB lkgqdkjksa us vkxs vkdj jkT; ds lkaLd`frd xkSjo dh j{kk ds fy,
loZizFke laLd`r Hkk"kk ds izpkj ls jkT; esa f'k{kk dh vy[k dks txk;kA9 f'k{kk izlkj
ds bl iquhr dk;Z esa jkT; ds pw: {ks= ds O;kolkf;;ksa us viuk fu%LokFkZ lg;ksx
fn;kA10 ;gka ds izcqº m|fe;ksa us pw: ds lkFk&lkFk fudVorhZ {ks=ksa esa Hkh laLd`r
ikB'kkykvksa dh 'kq:vkr dhA11 1930 bZ- rd vkrs vkrs jkT;Hkj esa laLd`r ikB'kkykvksa
dk izHkqRo dk;e gks x;kA blls iwoZ 1891 bZ- ds mijkUr jkT; esa vaxzsth f'k{kk dk
lw=ikr 'kkldh; laj{k.k esa gks pqdk FkkA vr% m|eh oxZ us Hkh vaxszth f'k{kk dks
le; dh vko';drk ekukA jkT; vkSj m|fe;ksa ds lk>k iz;klksa ls chdkusj esa vusd
vaxzsth f'k{kk vk/kkfjr fo|ky; [kksys x,A 1892bZ- esa loZizFke jktx<+ ds lsB
Vhdekuh ifjokj us jktx<+ esa igyk ,aXyks&oukZD;wyj izkbejh Ldwy [kksyk x;kA12
rnqijkUr chdkusj 'kgj] jrux<+ uksgj] pw: rFkk ekseklj vkfn izeq[k {ks=ksa esa vaxzsth
f'k{kk ds izkFkfed fo|ky; [kksys x,A blh ÿe esa pw: ds gh ckxyk ifjokj us
1903bZ- esa vaxzsth f'k{kk ds izlkj gsrq fefMy Ldwy dh uho Hkh j[khA13 m|eh oxZ
us vk/kqfud f'k{kk ds fodkl esa ckfydk f'k{kk dks Hkh egRoiw.kZ ekukA jktx<+ ds lsB
x.kirjk; rulq[kjk; Qrsgiqfj;k us loZizFke jktx<+ eas gh ckfydk fefMy Ldwy dh
LFkkiuk dhA14 chdkusj esa jkeiqfj;k ifjokj us igyh ckj futh Lrj ij gkbZLdwy dh
LFkkiuk dhA ;g Hkh mYys[kuh; gS fd jkT; ds futh {ks= ds vUrxZr jkeiqfj;k
ifjokj us gh chdkusj esa loZizFke bUVjehfM,V dkWyst dh LFkkiuk 1945bZ- esa dj
mPp f'k{kk dk ekxZ iz'kLr fd;kA15
vk/kqfud f'k{kk ds fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk jkT; esa vk/kqfud l`tu ,oa jpukRed
v/;;u ds fy, iqLrdky;ksa vkSj okpuky;ksa dh LFkkiuk Hkh dh xbZA buds fuekZ.k esa
Hkh jkT; ds O;kolkf;d oxZ dk cM+k ;ksxnku FkkA bl fn'kk esa jkT; dk lqizflº
m|eh eksgrk ifjokj vxz.kh Fkk] ftlus loZizFke chdkusj esa iqLrdky; vkSj lkoZtfud
okpuky; dh ifjikVh dks tUe fn;kA bl m|eh ifjokj ds }kjk gh 1902bZ- esa
^xq.kizdk'k lTtuky;* okpuky; dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA16 chdkusj 'kgj ds lkFk&lkFk
pw:] ljnkj'kgj] jktx<+] rkjkuxj] uksgj] lqtkux<+ vkSj JhMwaxjx<+ esa Hkh okpuky;ksa
dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA17 Qyr% yksd&Hkk"kk vkSj vk/kqfud 'kSyh ij vk/kkfjr uo
lkfgR; vke tu dks lqyHk gqvkA
(c) fpfdRlk ,oa LokLF; ds {ks= esa m|eh vkSj O;kikfjd oxZ
lkoZtfud fgr ,oa tudY;k.k ds dk;ks± ds vUrxZr vk/kqfud fpfdRlk ,oa
LokLF; ls tqM+h fofHkUu laLFkkvksa ds mRFkku esa Hkh m|eh ,oa O;kikfjd oxZ dh
lfÿ; Hkwfedk jghA v/;;udky ds izkjfEHkd ,oa e/;pj.k esa vaxzsth izHkko ds
281 546 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
dkj.k tgka ,d vksj ,yksisFkh fpfdRlk iºfr dk fodkl gks jgk Fkk] tks vR;Ur
eagxh Fkh] ogha chdkusj ds lsB lkgqdkjksa us 19oha lnh ds vUr rd vkrs vkrs izkphu
Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk iºfr esa #fp rFkk tu ekul dh vkfFkZd n'kk dks /;ku es j[k
vk;qosZn fpfdRlk iºfr dk izlkj fd;kA blh ÿe esa jrux<+ esa lsB lwjtey
ukxjey] pw: esa lsB eksrhyky jk/kkd`".k ckxyk] lqtkux<+ esa lsB foj/khpUn lsfB;k
rFkk pw: esa gh lsB Hktuyky yksfg;k ,oa lsB QwypUn xks;udk ds }kjk vk;qosZn
iºfr ij vk/kkfjr nkŸkO; vkS"k/kky;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA18
vk/kqfud LokLF; mipkj ds futh {ks= esa ,yksisFkh iºfr ij vk/kkfjr
gkfLiVy iºfr dks Hkh loZizFke p: ds ckxyk ifjokj ds }kjk izkjEHk fd;k x;kA
20 tqykbZ 1896 bZ- dks pw: esa igys vk/kqfud 'kSyh esa fufeZr vLirky dk mn~?kkVu
gqvkA bl vLirky esa ejhtksa dks vk/kqfud fpfdRlk iºfr dk ykHk rks feyk gh
lkFk gh 'kY; fpfdRlk vkSj ejjtksa dks HkrhZ dh lqfo/kk Hkh nh tkus yxhA bl
vLirky esa ,d vR;k/kqfud vkWijs'ku fFk;sVj dk fuekZ.k Hkh fd;k x;k tks ml nkSjku
vius <ax dk izFke vkWijs'ku fFk;sVj FkkA19 chdkusj jkT; ds vk/kqfud gSYFk ,.M
,T;wds'ku ea=ky; ds nLrkostksa ls ;g Hkh iqf"V gksrh gS fd jkT; ds m|fe;ksa ,oa
O;kikfj;ksa us fofHkUu gkWfLiVy ,oa fMLisUlfj;ksa dh LFkkiuk ds lkFk&lkFk jkT; ds
'kkldksa }kjk fufeZr vLirkyksa ds fuekZ.k esa Hkh vkfFkZd lg;ksx fn;kA mYys[kuh; gS
fd tc chdkusj egkjktk xaxkflag us jktdqekj fot;flag dh Le`fr esa jkt/kkuh ds
lcls cMs+ vLirky (ihch,e) dh uho j[kh rks jkT; ds m|eh vkSj O;kolkf;d
oxZ us Hkjiwj vkfFkZd lg;ksx fn;kA20
(l) jkstxkj izca/ku vkSj ;krk;kr lalk/kuksa dk fodkl vkSj m|eh oxZ
chdkusj {ks= esa vk/kqfudhdj.k dh bl vuojr /kkjk esa tgka ,d vksj jkT;
ds m|eh ,oa O;kikjh oxZ us vk/kqfud f'k{kk o fpfdRlk ,oa LokLF; ds {ks= esa
Lej.kh; ;ksxnku fn;k] ogha nwljh vksj jkT; fgr esa ,sls nkf;Roksa dk Hkh fuokZg fd;k
tks iw.kZr% jkT; iz'kklu ds dŸkZO; {ks= ds vUrxZr vkrs FksA buesa leqfpr jkstxkj
izca/k ,oa vkokxeu dh lqyHkrk gsrq ;krk;kr ds lalk/kuksa dk fodkl Hkh izeq[k FkkA
bl lanHkZ esa ;g Hkh izklafxd gS fd jkT; ds m|eh ,oa O;kikjh oxZ us ftrus Hkh
f'k{k.k laLFkku [kksys muesa ;ksX;rk ds vuq:Ik u, f'k{kdks dks jkstxkj feykA21 bl
Hkkafr jkt/kkuh ,oa jkT; ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa ftrus Hkh fpfdRlky; [kksys x, muesa u
dsoy jkT; ds cfYd jkT; ls ckgj ds ;ksX; fpfdRldksa vkSj lgk;dksa dks jkstxkj
izkIr gqvkA blds vfrfjDr jkT; ds izcqº O;kikfjd oxZ us jkT; esa vk/kqfudhdj.k
ds lkFk&lkFk jkT; dh ewyHkwr vko';drkvksa dks Hkh /;ku esa j[k vusd lkekftd
,oa lkoZtfud dk;Z Hkh djok,] ftuesa dqvksa] rkykcksa] Hkouksa] tyeafnjksa vkfn ds
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 547
fuekZ.k dk;Z izeq[k FksA bu dk;ks± ls Hkh vizR;{k :Ik ls lSdM+ksa etnwjksa o csjkstxkjksa
dks jkstxkj izkIr gqvkA22
jkT; dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr ;g izekf.kr djrh gS fd chdkusj jkT; esa iwoZ ls
gh laLFkku lhfer Fks vkSj jkstxkj ds volj 'kwU; Fksa fdUrq lkglh m|fe;ksa vkSj
iwathifr;ksa us fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh jkstxkj ds u, volj mRiUu fd,A bldh
'kq:vkr tyh; lzksrksa ds fuekZ.k ls gqbZA Hkwfexr ty dk Lrj cgqr uhpk gksus ds
dkj.k jkT; esa tydq.Mksa] dqvksa rFkk rkykcksa vkfn dk fuekZ.k vfuok;Z Hkh FkkA ,sls esa
jkT; ds O;kikfjd ,oa m|eh oxZ us ty laj{k.k ds lalk/kuksa ds fuekZ.k dk nkf;Ro
vius gkFk esa fy;kA bl dk;Z esa pw: dk ckxyk ifjokj ,oa ikSn~nkj ifjokj vkSj
jrux<+ dk tkyku ifjokj vxz.kh jgkA izekf.kdrk ds vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS
fd bu m|eh ifjokjksa dk mn~ns ; dsoy ty laj{k.k gh ugha Fkk cfYd tu lkekU;
dks jkstxkj nsuk Hkh FkkA23 blds lkFk gh iwoZ Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds vuq:Ik chdkusj
jkT; esa ;k=h foJkex`gksa (/keZ'kkykvksa) ds fuek.kZ dh ijEijk Hkh izkjEHk gqbZA tgka
;kf=;ksa ds Bgjus ds lkFk&lkFk ykxr ewY; ij Hkkstu ,oa fcLrj dh O;oLFkk Hkh
miyC/k djokbZ tkrh FkhA vk/kqfud pj.k esa LFkkfir izeq[k /keZ'kkykvksa esa lsB
NTtwjke Vhgyhoky }kjk 1918 bZ- esa jrux<+ esa] lsB tsljkt vxzoky }kjk 1920 bZ-
esa ljnkj'kgj esa] 1921 bZ- lsB fnylq[kjk; }kjk Hkknjk esa 1930 bZ- esa lsB dkywjke
vxzoky }kjk jrux<+ (Mksdok) esa] 1931 bZ- esa lsB xksfoUnjke isMh+ oky }kjk Nkij
esa] 1935 bZ- lsB czg~enŸk }kjk fufeZr jrux<+ esa rFkk 1938 bZ- esa lsB jkes ojyky }kjk
nw/kok[kkjk esa /keZ'kkyvksa dk fuekZ.k djok;k x;kA24 mYys[kuh; gS fd chdkusj uxj
esa eksgrk ifjokj }kjk 1891 bZ- esa gh eksgrk /keZ'kkyk dk fuekZ.k djok;k x;k tks vkt
Hkh muds oa'ktksa ds }kjk ;kf=;ksa dks U;wure 'kqYd ij vkokl lqfo/kk nsus dk dk;Z dj
jgh gSA25
vk/kqfud fodkl ds egRoiw.kZ igyqvksa esa ;krk;kr ds laLkk/kuksa dh mis{kk Hkh
ugha dh tk ldrh] vr% O;kolkf;d egRo ,oa lkoZtfud fgr dks /;ku esa j[k
izxfr'khy lsB lkgqdkjksa us rRdkyhu vaxzstksa dh rtZ ij lqyHk ;krk;kr ds lalk/kuksa
ds fodkl esa Hkh Hkjiwj lg;ksx fn;kA iwoZorhZ chdkusj esa O;kikfjd vkokxeu gsrq
LFkyh; ekxks± dk izpyu Fkk] ftu ij cSyxkM+h] ≈aVkas vkSj ?kksM+ksa vkfn ds }kjk
vkokxeu vkSj ;krk;kr dk dk;Z gksrk FkkA vaxzsth laj{k.k dky esa tc u,
O;kikj&okf.kT; izpyu esa vk,] rks chdkusj Hkh ,d izeq[k O;kikfjd dsUnz vkSj ekxZ
ds :Ik esa tkuk x;kA jkT; ds O;kikj esa gqbZ bl ifjorZudkjh ?kVuk us vaxzstksa dks Hkh
viuh vksj vkd`"V fd;kA QyLo:Ik jkT; esa 1903&07 ds e/; jsy ykbZu fcNkus
dk dk;Z izkjEHk gqvkA26 rRdkyhu egkjktk xaxkflag vkSj vaxzstkas }kjk 'kq: fd, x,
282 548 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
dk;Z ds fodkl vkSj foLrkj esa lcls cM+h ck/kk /ku dh deh FkhA ,sls esa jkT; ds
m|eh vkSj O;kolkf;d oxZ us bls viuk uSfrd nkf;Ro ekurs gq, [kqys eu ls Hkjiwj
/ku dk lg;ksx fd;kA bl lg;ksx ds lkFk&lkFk tc egkjktk xaxkflg us bl dk;Z
esa rhozrk ykus ds fy, xouZesaV yksu tSlh O;oLFkk ikfjr dh rks O;kikfj;ksa vkSj
m|fe;ksa us ljdkj dks yksu fn;kA ftlds mijkUr jkT; ljdkj us O;kikfj;ksa vkSj
m|fe;ksa dks ljdkjh ;kstukvksa esa Hkkxhnkj cukus ds mn~ns'; ls ifCyd ckW.M Hkh
tkjh fd,A ,sls esa m|fe;ksa us ljdkjh ckW.M [kjhn dj u dsoy ljdkj dks vkfFkZd
enn dh oju~ blds cnys ljdkj ls jktdh; lEeku Hkh izkIr fd,A27 ;krk;kr
fodkl ds lanHkZ esa chdkusj esa jsy ;krk;kr izca/ku ds Ik'pkr~ vkS|ksfxd vkSj
vk/kqfud fodkl ds {ks= esa tks ifjorZu vkSj mRFkku gqvkA mldk Js; ;fn O;kikfjd
vkSj m|eh leqnk; dks fn;k tk, rks fdafpr~ Hkh xyr ugha gksxkA
la{ksi esa chdkusj jkT; esa O;kolkf;d oxZ us ;krk;kr izca/ku eas lg;ksx nsus
ds lkFk&lkFk ;g Hkh trkus dk iz;kl fd;k fd jkT; dk izcqº ,oa le`º O;kolkf;d
leqnk; jkT; esa dsoy nku&iq.; vkSj lsokdk;ks± esa gh Hkkxhnkj ugha gksrk] oju~
vko';drk iM+us ij fodkl dk;ks±] f'k{kk] fpfdRlk] jkstxkj vkSj vk/kqfudhdj.k ds
{ks= esa Hkh ,d ;kstd dM+h cu ldrk gSA
lanHkZ
1- ih-,e vkWfQl chdkusj 1932bZ- ua ,- 1108&09 i`- 1&2] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj]
chdkusj
2- ljD;wyj ua- 81 Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk ekpZ 1891 esa leLr 'kkldksa dks Hkstk x;k FkkA
(jk-jk-v-)
3- iksfyfVdy fMikVZesaV] chdkusj 1918 ua ,- 968&1105 i`- 1&32] jk-jk-v-
4- gkse fMikVZesaV] chdkusj 1935 QkbZy ua 1 i`- 1&20] jk-jk-v-
5- iksfyfVdy fMikVZesaV chdkusj 1918 ua 968&1105 i`- 1&32] jk-jk-v-
6- c:vk &Ωf"k tSfeuh dkSf'kd] eaS ekjokM+h lekt ls I;kj djrk gwa] Hkkx 1 i`- 100
7- gkse fMikVZesaV chdkusj 1921 ua ch 251&56 i`- 3] jk-jk-v-] b.MfLV™;y MsoyiesaV
bu n chdkusj LVsV i`- 20&25] jk-jk-v-
8- egdek [kkl] chdkusj 1900 ua 18 i`- 678] jk-jk-v-
9- lsB lwjtey ukxjey }kjk lapkfyr jrux<+ dk;kZy;kUrxZr leLr laLFkkvksa dk
fooj.k lu~ 1948 i`- 207&208
10- gkse fMikVZesaV chdkusj ua ,- 18&30 i`- 97&100] jk-jk-v-
11- gkse fMikVZesaV chdkusj ua ,- 18&30 i`-100&119] jk-jk-v-
12- ih-,e- vkWfQl] chdkusj 1928 ua ,- 1&17 i`- 3] jk-jk-v
13- Hk.Mkjh pUnzjkt] vxzoky tkfr dk bfrgkl] i`- 451
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 549 283
14- gkse fMikVZesaV chdkusj 1928 ch 210&212 i`- 6] jk-jk-v-
15- HkwrksfM+;k ekaxhyky] bfrgkl dh vejcsy & vksloky [k.M f}rh; i`- 162
16- fo|kyadkj lR;nso] ,d vkn'kZ leRo ;ksxh] i`- 35 ekjokM+ jkT; esa Efgykvksa ls lEcº lkekftd
17- ih-,e- vkWfQl] chdkusj 1928 ua , 1&17 i`- 9] jk-jk-v-
18- jsosU;w fMikVZesaV chdkusj 1932 ua ch 2014&2022 i`- 1] jk-jk-v- fooknksa ds Áfr lekt o jkT; dk n`f"Vdks.k
19- c:vk tSfeuh dkSf'kd] Jhlwjtey tkyku e/kq Jh eaxy (if=dk) i`- 208] Hk.Mkjh ( 18oha 'krkCnh ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa )
pUnzjkt] vxzoky tkfr dk bfrgkl] i`- 100
20- nh csLV jktiwrkuk LVsV jsthMsalh ,.M n chdkusj ,stsalh] i`- 377] jk-jk-v-
MkW- jktsUÊ dqekj
21- lsB lwjtey ukxjey] jrux<+ chdksuj lapkfyr dk;kZy;kUrZxr leLr laLFkkvksa ds
dk;Z dk fooj.k] lu~ 1948 esa izdkf'kr] i`- 207&008 18oha lnh ds nkSjku ekjokM+ dh efgykvksa dks ftu lkekftd leL;kvksa ls
22- jsosU;w fMikVZesaV lu~ 1930 ch- 780&837 i`- 21&131 rd] jk-jk-v- vf/kdka'kr% :c: gksuk iM+rk Fkk mueas efgykvksa dh lxkbZ&fookg] rykd] ukrk
23- jsoU;w fMikVZesaV ogh i`- 201] jk-jk-v- (iqufoZokg)] iys yxkuk] ?kj esa Mkyuk ds vfrfjDr cnlywdh] ekjihV ,oa ;kSu
24- jsosU;w fMikVZeasV ogh] i`- 131 mRihM+u vkfn tSls lkekftd eqÌs Áeq[k FksA1 efgyk,a bl dky ds nkSjku nks;e ntsZ
25- fo|kyadkj] lR;sno] ,d vkn'kZ leRo ;ksxh (jkexksiky eksgrk Le`fr xzaFk) i`- 21 dk thou ;kiu dj jgh FkhA ,d vksj ifjokj dh ftEesnkfj;ksa dks laHkkyrh Fkh ogh
Jheksgrk /keZ'kkyk ls miyC/k] iqjksfgr] MkW- jkt'ks[kj] fj;klrdkyhu m|ksx ,oa nwljh vksj lkekftd xfrfof/k;ksa ls Hkh ijLij tqM+h jgrh FkhA blds mijkar Hkh iq#"k
O;kikj i`- 133&34 (ISBN No. 978&81&924629&7&4) Á/kku lekt }kjk bUgsa gkf'k;s dh vksj /kdsy fn;k x;kA ikfjokfjd Lrj ij vo';
26- egdek[kkl] chdkusj 1904 ua 126 i`- 38] jk-jk-v-] flag] MkW- dj.kh] chdkusj efgykvksa dks lEeku fn;k tkrk Fkk ijUrq leLr fL=;ksa ds Áfr lekt dk ldkjkRed
jkt?kjkus ds dsUnzh; lŸkk ls laca/k] 1968 i`- 320&21 n`f"Vdks.k ugha FkkA ;gk° rd fd dU;k ds tUe dks gh fuanuh; ekuk tkrk FkkA fo-la-
27- egkjktk xaxkflag }kjk ,d [kkl :Ddk HkSajksnku lsfB;k dks iznŸk laor~ 1984 vklkst 1832@1775 bZ- esa ekjokM+ jkT; ds xk°o flljoknk ds Hkksfe;k tSrkor txrflag
lqn 10 (lsfB;k iqLrdky;] chdkusj)
c[rflagksr us viuh uotkr dU;k dks tUe ysrs gh ekj fn;k FkkA2 ekjokM+ jkT; ds
lekt esa efgykvksa ls tqM+s fooknksa esa dqN ,sls lkekftd vijk/k Hkh Fks] tks efgykvksa
dh rRdkyhu fLFkfr dks Ck;ku djrs gaSA buesa pkepksjh vijk/k loZizeq[k FkkA bldk
vuqeku bl ckr ls lgt gh yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd tks/kiqj jkT; dh cfg;ksa 3 esa bl
rjg ds vijk/k cM+h la[;k esa ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA
efgykvksa dk 'kkjhfjd mRihM+u pkepksjh dgykrk FkkA lekt dh ijEijkvksa
dks utjankt djrs gq, efgykvksa ds lkFk jtkeanh ;k cyiwoZd fd;k tkus okyk
'kkjhfjd lEcU/k bl Js.kh esa vkrk FkkA4 vfHkys[kksa esa ntZ lwpukvksa ds vk/kkj ij bl
vijk/k dh Áo`fŸk dks le>k tk ldrk gSA rRdkyhu lekt ds ÁR;sd oxZ esa bl
Ádkj ds vijk/k dh ?kVuk,° gksrh FkhA ftl rjg ls iq#"k bl vijk/k esa layXu gksrs Fks]
mlh rjg efgyk,sa Hkh bueas lafyIr gksrh FkhA iqjkys[kh; nLrkostksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd
pkepksjh] yxokM+ ;k O;fHkpkj tSlh vkijkf/kd ?kVuk,° ?kfVr gksus ij ekeyk pksrjs
;k dpSMh+ esa igq°prk Fkk] tgka ls vf/kdka'kr% tkrh; iapk;r dks LFkkukarfjr dj fn;k
tkrk FkkA vxj ekeyk vartkZrh; gksrk Fkk rks og ekeyk njckj ds le{k j[kk tkrk
FkkA tkrh; iapk;r ;k njckj }kjk ,sls ekeyksa esa fu.kZ; nsus ls iwoZ vfHk;q‰ dh
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 551
vkfFkZd o lkekftd fLFkfr ,oa mlds }kjk fd;s x, vijk/k dh xaHkhjrk dks eÌsutj
j[kk tkrk FkkA5 mnkgj.kkFkZ ukxksj dLcs ds uanokuk cksgjk Qrsg ij pkepksjh vijk/k
gsrq 175 #i, naMLo:i vkjksfir fd;s x, Fks] tks mldh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks eÌsutj
j[kdj eqdjZj fd;s x, FksA bl jkf'k dks vnk djus ds fy, mlus viuk ?kj fxjoh
j[kdj 104 #i, jktdks"k esa tek djok, rFkk 'ks"k jkf'k vFkkZr 71 #i, jkT; ls ekQ
djus dh xqtkfj'k dh] ijUrq jkT; us vijk/k dh Áo`fŸk dks ns[krs gq, 'ks"k lEiw.kZ jkf'k
ekQ u djds ek= 35 #i, NwV fd, o 'ks"k 36 #i, jktdks"k esa tek djokus ds
l[r vkns'k fn,A6 blls Kkr gksrk gS fd jkT; Á'kklu lkekftd ijEijkvksa ds fo#º
fd;s tkus okys dk;ks± ds Áfr FkksM+k laosnu'khy FkkA
lekt dk n`f"Vdks.k
e/;;qxhu jktLFkku esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr lkekftd n`f"V ls csgrj ugha
FkhA ;gh fLFkfr vBkjgoha 'krkCnh esa ekjokM+ jkT; esa Hkh ns[kus dks feyrh gSA efgyk
dks Hkksx dh oLrq le>k tkrk FkkA efgykvksa ls lEcº lkekU; vijk/kksa ;Fkk&cnlywdh]
ekjihV rFkk yxokM+ vkfn ds vkjksi esa vfHk;q‰ iq#"k dks tqekZuk jkf'k ysdj eq‰ dj
fn;k tkrk FkkA ijUrq ,sls vijkf/k;ksa ij] tks lekt dh xfjek dks Hkax djus okys
vijk/kksa dks vatke nsrs Fks] lekt }kjk vadq'k yxk;k tkrk FkkA tkrh; iapk;rsa ,sls
ekeyksa esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh FkhA7 tkfr iapk;rksa ds dk;Z{ks= esa tkrh; o
lkekftd fu;e vkSj ijEijkvksa dks laj{k.k ,oa lqj{kk Ánku djus dk dk;Z Hkh
lfEefyr FkkA8
iq#"k Á/kku lekt esa vkSjrksa ds Áfr cnlywdh djuk vke ckr FkhA ;g
blfy, Hkh vf/kd Ápyu esa Fkk D;ksafd lekt ds lkFk&lkFk jkT; dk n`f"Vdks.k Hkh
efgykvksa ds lEeku ds Áfr bruk vf/kd xEHkhj ugha FkkA blhfy, rRdkyhu lekt
esa uotkr dU;k;ksa dh gR;k djuk] yM+fd;ksa o efgykvksa dh [kjhn&Qjks[r o mu
ij vkSj rjg ds t+qeZ djuk vke ckr FkhA9 rRdkyhu vfHkys[kh; nLrkostksa esa pksrjs
vkSj dpsMh+ lhxs ds varxZr mº`r lkekftd fooknksa ds vUos"k.kkRed v/;;u ds
vk/kkj ij vxj ppkZ dh tk, rks ;g ikrs gS fd efgyk,a vf/kdka'k fooknksa dk fgLlk
cuh gqbZ gSA fdlh fookn ls og Lo;a mRihfM+r gS rks fdlh fookn esa og lekt ds
mRihM+u dh ftEesokj gSA bl dky[kaM esa vf/kdka'kr% Ápyu esa jgs fooknksa vFkok
vijk/kksa dh Ád`fr dk v/;;u bl 'kks/k i= dk eq[; mÌs'; gSA e/;dky esa ekjokM+
jkT; ds lekt esa fL=;ksa ,oa yM+fd;ksa ds ÿ;&foÿ; dh dqÁFkk cM+s Lrj ij
Ápfyr FkhA bl [kjhn&Qjks[r ds dbZ dkj.k FksA jktiwr yksx viuh iq=h ds fookg
esa ngst ds lkFk xksyk&xksyh (nkl&nklh) nsrs Fks] ftlds fy, os vkSjrksa ,oa
yM+fd;ksa dks [kjhnrs FksA blds vfrfj‰ dqN lkeUr o vkfFkZd n`f"V ls le`º yksx
(cMkj.kksa) j[kSyksa ds #i esa mUgsa [kjhnrs FksA dbZ os';k,a yM+fd;k° [kjhnrh Fkh] rkfd
284 552 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
os muls vuSfrd is'kk djok ldsA
;gk° rd fd ekjokM+ esa dU;kvksa o efgykvksa dh [kjhn&Qjks[r dk dk;Z
jkT; ds laj{k.k esa Qy&Qwy jgk FkkA ;g dk;Z ekjokM+ jkT; esa gh ugha cfYd
rRdkyhu iM+kslh jkT;ksa & chdkusj] tSlyesj o esokM+ esa Hkh blh rjg izpyu esa FkkA
ekjokM+ jkT; esa yM+fd;ksa dh [kjhn&Qjks[r ds dk;Z esa esj] eso] xokfj,° rFkk jsckjh
tkfr ds yksx vf/kdka'kr% layXu FksA10 ;s yksx dU;kvksa] ckydksa o fL=;ksa dk
vigj.k djds mUgs nwljksa dks csp nsrs FksA11 bl dky ds nkSjku dqatek.kk xk°o dk jgus
okyk dkUgk pkj.k eq[; /kkM+k;r Fkk] tks yM+fd;ksa dh [kjhn&Qjks[r djrk FkkA
mnkgj.kkFkZ ukxkSj ds cyk;k xk°o ds pkS/kjh dekZ us dkUgk pkj.k ls fo-la- 1842@1785
bZ- esa ,d 7&8 o"kZ dh yM+dh [kjhn dh FkhA12 blh rjg ijxuk lkstr ds xaokfj;ksa
}kjk 25 vkSjrsa o 4 yM+fd;ka cspus gsrq fla/k ys tkus dk mYys[k feyrk gSA13
yM+fd;ksa dks [kjhnuk o cspuk jkT; }kjk oS/k gksrk FkkA jkT; blds fy, bl
O;olk; esa layXu yksxksa dks laj{k.k nsrk Fkk rFkk blds ,ot esa muls pkSFkkbZ uked
dj Hkh olwy djrk FkkA mnkgj.kkFkZ fo-la- 1835@1778 bZ- dh ,d lwpuk ds vuqlkj
tSrkj.k ijxus ds esj ykyk us exjk {ks= ls 2 yMfd;k° ykdj tSrkj.k esa cspha Fkh]
ftldh pkSFkkbZ ds :i esa mlus 35 #i;s dpgjh esa tek djok, FksA blh Ádkj ckn
esa og 2 vkSj yM+fd;ka chjeiqjh xk°o ls ysdj vk;k tks mlds fu;a=.k ls fudydj
okil vius xk°o Hkkx xbZ rc dpgjh ds Á;kl ls nksuksa yM+fd;ksa dks ykdj iqu%
ykyk dks lkSai fn;k x;kA blls Li"V gksrk gS fd jkT; ds leFkZu ,oa laj{k.k ls gh
bl izdkj ds dk;Z lekt esa Ápyu esa Fks] vr% rRdkyhu ifjÁs{; esa ,slh xfrfof/k;ksa
dk fojks/k djuk ljy Hkh ugha FkkA14
rRdkyhu lekt esa efgykvksa ds lkFk vO;ogkj o O;fHkpkj vke ckr FkhA
rRdkyhu nLrkostksa esa ,sls vusd mnkgj.k fey tkrs gS tks bl rF; dh iqf"V djrs
gSA iqjkys[kh; lzksr esa mº`r ,d lwpuk ds vuqlkj esM+rk ijxus ds xk°o dqM+dh ds
tkxhjnkj dk vius gh dkenkj pank ls fdlh ckr dks ysdj fookn gks x;k Fkk rc
tkxhjnkj us pank dh vuqifLFkfr esa mldh iRuh ds iSjksa esa csM+h Myok nhA bl ekeys
dh Áfrfÿ;k Lo:i njckj us ;g fu.kZ; rks vo'; fy;k fd fdlh efgyk ds iSjksa esa
csM+h Mkyuk lgh ugha gS bLkfy, pank dh iRuh dh csM+h dVokus ds rqjar vkns'k fn,
vkSj ekeyk ugha lqy>us rd pank ds llqj ls gkftj tke.kh ysdj mldh iRuh dks
mlds llqj ds lkFk Hkst fn;k x;kA ijUrq] ml efgyk ds lkFk fd, x, vHknz
O;ogkj ds fy, tkxhjnkj ds Áfr njckj }kjk fdlh Ádkj dh dk;Zokgh ugha dh
xbZA15 blls Li"V gksrk gS fd lekt efgyk o iq#"k ds e/; lekurk dk O;ogkj ugha
djrk FkkA
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 553
tgka ,d vksj efgyk,a iq#"k Á/kku lekt esa iq#"k oxZ dks ÁkIr fof'k"V
vf/kdkjksa ls ihfM+r Fkh] ogha nwljh vksj dqN dk;Z ,sls Hkh Fks] ftuesa efgyk,a
lfEefyr gksrh Fkh vkSj os dk;Z lekt dh n`f"V esa fuanuh; dgykrs FksA blh vuqÿe
esa] rRdkyhu lekt esa Hkkjrh; ijEijkvksa ds fo#º efgykvksa }kjk xHkZikr fd;s tkus
ds ekeys ns[kus dks feyrs gS] ftlesa efgyk,a ÁR;{k :i ls layXu ns[kh tk ldrh
gSA fo-la- 1835 ds o"kZ dh ,d lwpuk ds vuqlkj ukxkSj dLcs dh ,d L=h dk
xHkZikr fd;k x;k ftlesa rhu efgyk,a lfEefyr Fkh] ifj.kkeLo:i m‰ rhuksa
efgykvksa dks jkT; }kjk 'kgj ls ckgj fudky nsus dk Li"V vkns'k gqvkA16
jktdh; n`f"Vdks.k
vijk/k ds Áfr ekjokM+ jkT; dk joS;k yphyk n`f"Vxkspj fn[kkbZ ugha nsrk gS
D;ksafd ,sls vijk/k ds vfHk;q‰ dks jkT; }kjk vkfFkZd naM nsus dk mYys[k rks feyrk
gS lkFk gh dBksj naM nsus dk mYys[k Hkh cgqrk;r esa ns[kus dks feyrk gSA blh
dky[kaM ds nkSjku chdkusj jkT; esa ,sls vf/kdka'k ekeyksa esa vijk/kh ls tqekZuk jkf'k
olwy dj mls NksM+ fn;k tkrk Fkk 'kk;n blds ihNs chdkusj jkT; dh vkfFkZd
i`"BHkwfe egRoiw.kZ dkj.k ds :i esa jgh gksA17 ekjokM+ jkT; esa Hkh pkepksjh rFkk
yxokM+ tSls vijk/kksa dh Áo`fŸk dks ns[kdj vfHk;q‰ ls tqekZuk jkf'k olwy dj mls
eq‰ dj fn;k tkrk FkkA ijUrq Lotkfr ls ckgj dh tkfr esa bl rjg ds vijk/k fd;s
tkus ij vijk/k dks vf/kd xaHkhj ekurs gq, jkT; }kjk blds fy, dBksjre naM dh
O;oLFkk dh tkrh FkhA mnkgj.kkFkZ uanokuk cksgjk Qrsg ij pkepksjh ckcr 175 #i;s
tqekZus ds Bgjk, x,] ftlesa ls 104 #i, mls viuk ?kj vMk.ks (fxjoh) j[kdj
pqdkus iM+s] tcfd 'ks"k 71 #i, ekQ djus ds fy, mlds }kjk njckj ls xqgkj dh
x;h tcfd njckj us ek= 35 #i, NwV djds 'ks"k 36 #i, Hkjokus ds Á'kklu dks
vkns'k fn,A18 blls Kkr gksrk gS fd jkT; ,sls vijk/k ds Áfr dBksjrk ls tqekZuk olwy
djrk FkkA fo-la- 1830@1773 bZ- dh ,d lwpuk ls tkudkjh ÁkIr gksrh gS fd
efgykvksa ls tqM+s vU; lkekftd fooknksa ds izfr Hkh jkT; dk l[r joS;k FkkA tSrkj.k
ds [kkrh lq[kk us viuh gh iRuh dk ukd o gkFk dkV fn, Fks] ftlds fy, lq[kk dks
dSn esa Mky fn;k x;k FkkA lkFk gh jkT; }kjk vkns'k fn;k x;k fd vxj ;s vijk/k
mlus fdlh ds dgs&lqus ds vk/kkj ij fd;k gS rks ltk cjdjkj j[kh tk, vFkok
mldh iRuh esa gh dksbZ deh gS rks bl ekeys ij iqu% laKku fy;k tk,A19 jkT; }kjk
dqN fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vijkf/k;ksa dks NwV fn, tkus ds mYys[k Hkh feyrs gSaA
mnkgj.kkFkZ ikyh ds ukbZ vefj;k dks viuh gh tkfr ds jkth;k dh cgw ls pkepksjh ds
vijk/k esa fxj∂rkj fd;k x;k ijUrq vefj;k ds HkkbZ us njckj ls vtZ dh fd ?kj esa
dksbZ dekus okyk ugha gS] ifjokj ds yksxksa dks [kkus ds ykys iM+ jgs gSaA vr% njckj
us vefj;k ukbZ dks eq‰ djus ds vkns'k fn,A20 mi;qZ‰ fooj.k ls ;g ckr rks Li"V
285 554 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
gksrh gS fd jkT; vijk/k dh c<rh gqbZ Áo`fŸk dks fu;af=r djus ds fy, dBksj naM dk
ekxZ Hkh viukrk FkkA ijUrq] dgha u dgha vijk/kh ls lEcº ifjokj dh vkfFkZd
fLFkfr dks Hkh eÌsutj j[krk Fkk] rkfd vijk/kh ds R;ksa ls mlds ifjokj dks gkfu u
mBkuh iM+sA
ekjokM+ jkT; esa dbZ ,sls ekeys ns[kus dks feyrs gSa fd tc ,sls vijk/k vf/
kd xaHkhj ifj.kkeksa rd igq°p tkrs Fks rks blesa lafyIr iq#"k o efgyk dks jkT; }kjk
l[r ltk fn, tkus dk mYys[k feyrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ lkstr ijxus ds fNEik vgen
us fNEik b'kkd dh dqaokjh csVh ls ukt+k;t lEcU/k LFkkfir fd;kA ifj.kker% xHkZ esa
iy jgs cPps dks ml yM+dh us ekj fn;k] tc ;g lekpkj njckj dks ÁkIr gqvk rc
njckj ds vkns'k ls fNEik vgen o fNEik b'kkd dh csVh] nksuksa dks 'kgj ls
fu"dkflr dj fn;k x;k FkkA21 blh Ádkj dh ,d lwpuk ls tkudkjh ÁkIr gksrh gS
fd ,d xHkZorh czk„.k efgyk gsek cykbZ ds ?kj jgrh Fkh] ftldk Álo dq'kyrkiwoZd
gsek cykbZ dh iRuh fdluh us djok;k ijUrq ckn esa mlus uotkr f'k'kq dh gR;k dj
nhA bl vijk/k ds fy, mlds ifr gsek cykbZ dks dSn djus dk vkns'k fn;k x;k
FkkA22 1775 bZ- esa ekjokM+ jkT; }kjk ;g vkns'k tkjh fd;k x;k fd jkT; esa pkepksjh
o xHkZikr tSlh ?kVuk,° cM+s Lrj ij ?kfVr gks jgh gSA vr% budks jksdus dh fo'ks"k
O;oLFkk dh tk,A23
O;fHkpkj tSlh ?kVuk,° Hkh rRdkyhu nLrkostksa esa cgqrk;r esa ns[kus dks
feyrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ ijxuk lkstr esa tks'kh dkUgk dh cgw Jhekfy;ksa ds ?kj xbZ Fkh
rc ekxZ esa tLlk xksyspk o gsek cykbZ us mldk gkFk idM+ fy;k vkSj mlds fojks/k
djus ij lwjrs Hkkstx ds lkFk yxokM gksus dk >wBk vkjksi yxk;kA gkykafd ekeys
dh Nkuchu ds i'pkr~ >wBk vkjksi yxkus okys tLlk xksyspk dks dSn esa Mkyus dk
vkns'k fn;k x;kA24 blh Ádkj xk°o xksjk≈ ds tkV nsok us viuh iRuh ds lkFk egktu
[khaok }kjk ;kSu mRihM+u djus dk vkjksi yxk;kA ifj.kker% tkrh; iapk;r us bl
ekeys ij laKku ysrs gq, [khaok ij 130 #i, dk gtkZuk yxkdj nsok tkV dks nsus dk
vkns'k gqvkA25 blls Li"V gksrk gS fd lekt esa bl rjg ds vijk/kksa dh iqujkorhZ u
gks blfy, vijk/kh ij Hkkjh tqekZuk vkjksfir fd;k tkrk FkkA
dbZ ckj efgykvksa ds lkFk ifjokfjokfjd eqÌksa dks ysdj Hkh ekjihV dh tkrh
Fkh o mudks csbTtr djus ds fy, mu ij dbZ rjg ds dyad yxk, tkrs FksA ,sls
ekeyksa esa njckj }kjk fu.kZ; fn, tkus dk mYys[k feyrk gSA ,d lwpuk ds vuqlkj
fo-la- 1835@1778 bZ- esa chykM+k dLcs ds dqEgkj uxk dh cgw us njckj ls xqgkj dh
fd mlds llqj us ml ij cguksbZ ds lkFk uktk;t laca/kksa dh rksger yxkbZ gS]
ifj.kker% mlds ifr us mls ekjihV dj ?kj ls ckgj fudky fn;k gSA vr% njckj us
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 555 286 556 / Rajasthan History Congress
mlds ifr uxk dks cqykdj vkns'k fn;k fd vxj mldh iRuh xSj jhr ugha py jgh lUnHkZ
gS rks mlds lkFk ,slk O;ogkj u djsA26 tSrkj.k ijxus ds xk°o ikapMksfy;k dh rSy.k 1-
L=h mndh dks xk°o [kkykMk dk rsyh jkth;k ukrs ys x;k Fkk ijUrq mls ihVrk Fkk vkSj
[kkuk o diM+k Hkh ugha nsrk Fkk vr% mndh dh f'kdk;r ij jkT; us jkth;k dks gqDe 2-
fn;k fd ;k rks oks mndh ds [kkus ihus dh O;oLFkk jhr ds vuqlkj djs ;k fQj mndh
dks dgh vkSj ukrs tkus dh vuqefr nsA27 blh Ádkj vU/kfo'okl dh vkM+ esa Hkh 3-
efgyk,° gh lokZf/kd tqeZ dk f'kdkj gksrh FkhA ukxkSj dpgjh dh ,d lwpuk ds
vuqlkj fo-la- 1841@1784 bZ- esa ,d yM+dh ij Hkwr&Ásr dh Nk;k dk ÁHkko [kRe
djus ds fy, ,d czk„.k us ml yM+dh dks tykdj ekj fn;k FkkA ,slh ?kVuk 4-
dk lekt esa rks fojks/k ugha Fkk] ijUrq jkT; Á'kklu us bl ckr dk laKku ysrs gq, ml
czk„.k ij 51 #i;s dh xqusgxkjh yxkbZA ijUrq tks/kiqj egkjktk us ,sls t?kU; 5-
vijk/k ds fy, vkfFkZd tqekZus dks de ltk ekurs gq, vijk/kh dks ns'k fudkyk fn;s
tkus dk vkns'k fn;kA28
jkT; ds ,sls l[r O;ogkj ls vke tu esa gR;k lEcU/kh vijk/kksa esa rks deh 6-
vkbZ ijUrq fQj Hkh efgyk ds Áfr lekt dh n`f"V esa dksbZ fo'ks"k lq/kkj ugha gqvkA
bl rF; dh iqf"V fo-la- 1818@1761 bZ- dh ?kVuk ls gksrh gS ftlds vuqlkj esMr+ k 7-
ijxuk ds xko fc[kj.kh;k ls tkV [khaok o pks[ks dh cgu dks cks#Unk ds tkxhjnkj 8-
dk HkkbZ lkoar flag mBk ds ys x;k vkSj mls vius ?kj esa tcju j[k fy;kA ijUrq l=g 9-
o"kZ ckn tc [khaok dks mldh cgu ds ckjs esa irk pyk rks [khaok dh vtZn+ k'r ij
10-
njckj us vkns'k fn, fd lkoar flag o tkV efgyk dks dpgjh cqykdj :c:
djok;k tk,] vxj efgyk bl tqeZ dh iqf"V dj nsrh gS rks lkoar flag dks vkns'k
11-
fn;k tk, fd oks ml tkV L=h dks mlds Hkkb;ksa dks lkSai nsA29 ijUrq] rRdkyhu
izpfyr lkekftd jhfr ds vuqlkj LokHkkfod lh ckr Fkh fd tks efgyk l=g o"kZ
rd fdlh iq#"k ds lkFk jg xbZ] rRi'pkr~ oks mls NksMd + j dgha vksj tkrh rks lekt
12-
mls Lohdkj ugha djrkA blfy,] m‰ efgyk }kjk lkoar flag }kjk fd;s x, bl tqeZ 13-
dh iqf"V ugha dh x;hA vr% lkoar flag ds fo#º fdlh Ádkj dh dk;Zokgh ugha 14-
dh x;hA30 15-
ifj.kker% lekt ds mPp oxZ esa gh ugha cfYd fuEu oxZ esa Hkh efgykvksa ds
vf/kdkjksa ij blh Ádkj dqBkjk?kkr gksrk jgk vkSj bl dky[k.M esa lekt ds gj oxZ 16-
esa bl rjg dh ?kVuk,° ns[kus dks feyrh gSA fu"d"kZr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd 17-
18oha lnh ds dky[kaM ds nkSjku ekjokM+ jkT; esa fL=;ksa dh fLFkfr dk nksgjk Lo:i
fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA O;f‰xr :i ls ifjokj esa ukfj;ksa dks vknj dh n`f"V ls ns[kk tkrk
Fkk] ijUrq lkekftd n`f"V ls fofHkUu dqÁFkkvksa ds dkj.k fL=;ksa dh n'kk cgqr [kjkc 18-
FkhA 19-
ISSN 2321-1288
tks/kiqj jkT; dh lun ijokuk cfg;ksa esa ;=&r= ,slh vusd lwpuk,a ns[kus dks feyrh
gS] ftueas efgykvksa ls tqM+h fofHkUu lkekftd leL;kvksa dks le>k tk ldrk gSA
lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 3] fo-la- 1822@1765 bZ-] i`- 75 ,Q&2] tks/kiqj fjdkWMZ~l]
jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj
tks/kiqj jkT; ls lEcº fofHkUu cfg;ksa dh ‹k`a[kyk,° jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj]
chdkusj esa lajf{kr gS] tks 17oha lnh ds mŸkjkºZ ls ysdj 20oha lnh rd ds nh?kZ
dky[kaM dk Áfrfuf/kRo djrh gSaA
jktsUÊ dqekj] 18oha lnh esa jkt&ekjokM+ esa efgykvksa dh n'kk o fn'kk] jktLFkku
fgLV™h dkaxzsl ÁkslhfMaXl] okWY;we&26] ikyh ls'ku] fnlEcj 2010] i`- 286
lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 20] fo-la- 1835@1778 bZ-] i`- 82 ,Q&1] 203 ,Q&2_ lun
ijokuk cgh] ua- 35] fo-la- 1843@1786 bZ-] i`- 12 ,Q&2] tks/kiqj fjdkWMZ~l] jk-jk-
v-ch-
lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 20] fo-la- 1835@1778 bZ-] fefr ekxZ'kh"kZ lqnh 7] tks/kiqj
fjdkWMl~Z
lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 5] fo-la- 1823@1766 bZ-] i`- 236] tks/kiqj fjdkWMZ~l
f'kodqekj] Hkuksr] jktLFkku esa iapk;r O;oLFkk] ;wfuoflZVh cqd gkml] t;iqj] i`- 83
lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 20] fo-la- 1835@1778 bZ-] i`- 85 ,Q&1&2] 184 ,Q&2] tks/
kiqj fjdkWMZ~l
Lkun ijokuk cgh] ua] 20] fo] la] 1835@1778 bZ-] i`- 57 ,Q&1] 85 ,Q&1&2 tks/
kiqj fjdkWM~Zl
jktsUÊ dqekj] chdkusj jkT; ds O;kikj&okf.kT; esa nyky oxZ dh Hkwfedk (18oha lnh
ds mŸkjkºZ es)a ] vfHkys[k tuZy] (laik-) egsUnz [kM+xkor] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj]
chdkusj] o"kZ&2017] i`- 51
jktsUÊ dqekj] 18oha lnh esa jkTkekjokM+ esa efgykvksa dh n'kk o fn'kk] i`- 287
ogh
lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 20] fo-la- 1835@1778 bZ-] i`- 184 ,Q&2] tks/kiqj fjdkWMZ~l
lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 15] fo-la- 1832@1775 bZ-] fefr vklkst lqnh 5] tks/kiqj
fjdkWMl~Z
lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 20] fo-la- 1835@1778 bZ-] i`- 42 ,Q&2] tks/kiqj fjdkWMZ~l
lkok eaMh lnj cgh chdkusj] ua- 3] fo-la- 1858@1801 bZ-] i`- 67 ,Q&2_ dkxn
cgh] ua- 29] fo- la- 1880@1823 bZ-] i`- 187 ,Q&2] dkxn cgh] ua- 30] fo- la-
1881@1824 bZ-]i`- 348 ,Q&1] chdkusj fjdkWMZ~l] jk-jk-v-ch-
lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 20] fo-la- 1835@1778 bZ-] i`- 42] ,Q&2] tks/kiqj fjdkWMZ~l
lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 13] fo-la- 1830@1773 bZ-] i`- 217] tks/kiqj fjdkWMZ~l
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 557 287
20- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 15] fo-la- 1832@1775 bZ-] i`- 164 ,Q&1] tks/kiqj fjdkWMZ~l
21- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 5] fo-la- 1823@1766 bZ-] ië- 164 ,Q&1] tks/kiqj fjdkWMZ~l
22- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 20] fo-la- 1835@1778 bZ-] i`- 171 ,Q&1] tks/kiqj fjdkWMZ~l jktLFkku esa izkjfEHkd vaxzsth f'k{kk
23- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 17] fo-la- 1833@1776 bZ-] i`- 43 ,Q&1] fefr Jko.k lqnh 8]
tks/kiqj fjdkWMZ~l dk laf{kIr ifjp;
24- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 20] fo-la- 1835@1778 bZ-] i`- 170 ,Q&2] 171 ,Q&1 tks/ MkW- ,drk O;kl
kiqj fjdkWMZ~l
25- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 20] fo-la- 1835@1778 bZ-] i`- 27 ,Q&1] tks/kiqj fjdkWMZ~l
jktLFkku esa vaxzsth f'k{kk vtesj ls izkjaHk gqbZ] tgk° lhjkeiqjk cSfIVLV izpkjd
26- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 20] fo-la- 1835@1778 bZ-] i`- 193 ,Q&2] tks/kiqj fjdkWMZ~l
MkW- fofy;e dsjh dks Hkstk x;k FkkA mlus jsthMsUV vkDVjyksuh dh lgk;rk ls
27- ogh] i`- 181 ,Q&2] tks/kiqj fjdkWM~Zl
vkjEHk esa vtesj vkSj iq"dj rFkk ckn esa fHkuk; vkSj dsdM+h esa Ldwy [kksys] ijUrq
28- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 30] fo-la- 1841@1784 bZ-] ië- 34 ,Q&2] tks/kiqj fjdkWMZ~l
29- lun ijokuk cgh] ua- 20] fo-la- 1835@1778 bZ-] i`- 57 ,Q&2] tks/kiqj fjdkWMZ~l
mi;qZ‰ Ldwyksa esa visf{kr vaxzsth f'k{kk dh izxfr ugha gqbZ vkSj 1827 bZ- esa vtesj ds
30- ogh] i`- 179 ,Q&2] tks/kiqj fjdkWMZ~l vfrfj‰ rhuksa Ldwyksa dks cUn dj fn;k x;k] ckn esa 1831 bZ- esa vtesj ds Ldwy dks
Hkh cUn dj fn;k x;kA bu Ldwykas dh vlQyrk dk eq[; dkj.k Ldwyksa esa nh tkus
okyh /kkfeZd f'k{kk Fkh] fdUrq vaxzsth Hkk"kk jktdh; Hkk"kk gksus ds dkj.k lekt esa
f'k{kk esa ifjorZu gksuk LokHkkfod FkkA vr% vaxzsth f'k{kk dk iqu% iz;kl fd;k x;k
,oa bldk igyk iz;kl vuoj ds egkjktk cUusflag us fd;kA 1842 bZ- esa iafMr
:iukjk;.k dh lgk;rk ls vyoj esa ,d Ldwy LFkkfir fd;k x;kA bl Ldwy us
larks"ktud izxfr dh vkSj 1870 bZ- esa bl Ldwy dks gkbZ Ldwy cuk fn;k x;kA1
1842 esa Hkjriqj esa Hkh ,d vaxzsth Ldwy dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA jktLFkku esa vaxzsth
f'k{kk dh izxfr esa t;iqj jkT; vxz.kh; jgkA 1844 bZ- esa t;iqj ujs'k jkeflag us
t;iqj esa ^egkjkt Ldwy* dh LFkkiuk dhA ;g vaxzsth fo|ky; 'kh?kz gh yksdfiz; gks
x;kA 1847 bZ- esa igyh ckj bl Ldwy esa vk/kqfud ijh{kk iz.kkyh tkjh dh xbZA
1873 bZ- esas bl Ldwy dks ^egkjktk dkWyst cuk fn;k x;kA izkjEHk esa ;g bUVjehfM;sV
dkWyst FkkA 1888 bZ- esa bls fMxzh dkWyst vkSj 1900 bZ- esa iksLV fMxzh dkWyst cuk
fn;k x;kA 1990 bZ- rd jktLFkku esa ;gh ,d ek= iksLV fMxzh dkWyst FkkA 1861 bZ-
esa egkjkt jkeflag us t;iqj esa ,d esfMdy dkWyst Hkh LFkkfir fd;kA
1848 bZ- esa vtesj esa ,d vU; ljdkjh Ldwy [kksyk x;kA izkjEHk esa Nk=ksa ls
fdlh izdkj dk 'kqYd ugha fy;k x;k] ijUrq ckn esa pkj vkus ls ,d #i;s rd izos'k
'kqYd fy;k tkus yxkA bl ckj vtesj Ldwy us larks"ktud izxfr dhA 1961 bZ- esa
,UV™sl th ijh{kk ds fy, bl Ldwy dh dydŸkk fo'ofo|ky; ls lEcº dj fn;k
x;kA 1868 bZ- esa bls bUVjehfM;sV vkSj 1869 bZ- esa fMxzh dkWyst cuk fn;k x;kA
;g jktLFkku dk izFke fMxzh dkWyst FkkA ;gk° vaxzsth f'k{kk nh tkrh FkhA cqUnh] dksVk
vkSj >kykokM+ ds jkT;ksa esa vaxzsth f'k{kk dh 'kq:vkr vaxzst vf/kdkfj;ksa ds iz;Ruksa ls
gqbZA twu 1863 bZ- gkMkSrh ,tsUlh ds rRdkyhu ,tsUV csuu us bu jkT;ksa ds 'kkldksa ds
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 559 288 560 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

uke O;f‰xr [kjhrs Hksts] ftuesa mUgsa vius jkT;ksa esa vaxzsth Ldwy [kksyk x;kA jkT; dk xBu 1956 esa gqvkA jktLFkku esa jktuhfrd o iz'kklfud O;oLFkk,° rks tYn
>kykokM+ ujs'k us ikVu vkSj Nkouh esa vaxzsth Ldwy [kksysA ijUrq dksVk ujs'k jkeflag gh izkIr dj yh xbZ] fdarq 'kS{kf.kd xfrfof/k;k° ,oa ubZ 'kSf{kd uhfr;k° vHkh Hkh
us foŸkh; dfBukbZ;ksa ds dkj.k jktdh; O;; ij vaxzsth Ldwy [kksyus esa viuh v/kqjh gh FkhA lekt dks ubZ fn'kk nsus ds fy, tYnh gh ubZ 'kSf{kd uhfr;ksa dk
vleFkZrk izdV dhA fodkl fd;k x;kA 'kSf{kd mÌs'; dh iwfrZ gsrq chdkusj esa fnlEcj 1949 dks f'k{kk
tks/kiqj esa vaxzsth f'k{kk dh 'kq:vkr jkT; dh rjQ ls u gksdj turk dh vksj foHkkx dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ ,oa blds nks eghus ds ckn gh dk;ks± dk fÿ;kUo;u izkjaHk
ls gqbZA 1867 bZ- esa jko jktk eksrhflag us dqN izfrf"Br ukxfjdksa ds lg;ksx ls tks/kiqj dj fn;k x;kA3 jktLFkku esa u, 'kkldksa ,oa iz'kklu us izkjafHkd f'k{kk esa :fp ysuk
esa ,d vaxzsth Ldwy dh LFkkiuk dhA 1869 bZ- esa jkT; ljdkj us bl Ldwy dks vius izkjaHk fd;kA 1950&51 esa ,d i;kZIr /ku ds lkFk u, fo|ky; [kksys x, ,oa ogk°
fu;a=.k esa ys fy;k vkSj bldk uke ^njckj Ldwy* j[kkA 1876 bZ- esa bls gkbZ Ldwy f'k{kdksa dh HkrhZ dh xbZA 1981&82 rd iwjs ns'k esa dqy fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k 28
cuk fn;k x;k vkSj 1893 bZ- esa bls bUVjehfM;sV dkWyst cuk dj bldk uke yk[k ds djhc gks xbZ ,oa lkFk gh f'k{kdksa dh la[;k esa Hkh o`fº gqbZA 1951&81 ds
^tloUr dkWyst* j[kk x;kA 1896 bZ- esa bls fMxzh dkyst dj fn;k x;kA vU; rhu n'kdksa esa laiw.kZ jkT; ds izkFkfed 'kSf{kd mÌs';ksa dh iwfrZ dj yh xbZA ek/;fed
jkT;ksa dh vis{kk tks/kiqj jkT; dh turk us vaxzsth f'k{kk esa vf/kd :fp iznf'kZr dhA f'k{kk ds iz;kl Hkh rqyuh; xfr esa mŸke jgsA4 bu lHkh fo|ky;ksa esa vaxzsth fo"k;
dqN tkfr;ksa us vius i`Fkd tkrh; Ldwy LFkkfir fd;s] tSls fd dk;LFkksa us fllj izeq[k gh jgkA
izrki gkbZ Ldwyfi vksloky egktuksa us flljnkj fefMy Ldwyfi vkSj {kf=; ekfy;ksa us lanHkZ
flJh lqesj lSuh fefMy Ldwyfi LFkkfir fd;sA chdkusj jkT; esa vaxzsth f'k{kk dh 1- usYlu MCY;w- ,p-] ^esfMdks VksiksxzkfQdy vdkmaV vkWQ vyoj* 1897 i`"B 18
'kq:vkr cgqr nsj ls gqbZA 1872 bZ- esa chdkusj esa igyk ljdkjh Ldwy [kksyk x;kA 2- 'kekZ dkyqjke] jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] iap'khy izdk'ku] t;iqj izFke laLdj.k 1987
1885 bZ- esa ,d u;k Ldwy LFkkfir fd;k x;k] ftlesa Hkk"kk fl[kkus dh O;oLFkk FkhA 3- ^fjiksVZ vkWu n ,MfefuLV™'s ku vkWQ jktLFkku* (vizy S 1949] ekpZ 1950) isjkxzkWQ 1]
bl u;s Ldwy dks ckn esa gkbZ Ldwy cuk fn;k x;kA mn;iqj ds egkjk.kkvksa rFkk i`- 47
lkeUrksa dks 'kq: ls gh vaxzsth f'k{kk ds izfr fo'ks"k :fp u FkhA egkjk.kk 'kEHkwflag 4- oekZ th-lh-] ^ekWMuZ ,T;qd's ku bV~l xzkFs k ,aM MsOgyiesVa bu jktLFkku* (1818&1983)
(1861&74) dh ukckyxh ds le; ,tsaV bZMu us fl'kEHkjRu ikB'kkykfi dh LFkkiuk ifCyds'kUl Ldhe] t;iqj] izFke laLdj.k 1984
dh vkSj 1865 bZ- esa bl Ldwy esa vaxzsth Hkk"kk dh f'k{kk izkjEHk dhA 1885 bZ- esa bls
gkbZ Ldwy cuk fn;k x;k vkSj bldk uke flegkjk.kk gkbZ Ldwyfi j[kk x;kA ckalokM+k]
Mwaxjiwj vkSj izrkix<+ tSls NksVs jkT;ksa esa vaxzsth f'k{kk dh 'kq:vkr mÈkhloha lnh ds
vafre o"kks± esa gh izkjEHk gks ik;h] tcfd tSlyesj tSls jkT; esa lnh ds vUr rd Hkh
lEHko u gks ikbZA2
izkjEHk esa jktiwr 'kkldksa dk n`f"Vdks.k f'k{kk ds izfr mRlkgiw.kZ ugha Fkk] os
bls viuh izfr"Bk ds fo:º le>rs Fks ,oa fuEu tkfr;ksas ds lkFk i<+us dks rS;kj u FksA
vr% muds fy, i`Fkd~ vaxzsth fo|ky;ksa dh O;oLFkk dh xbZA loZizFke t;iqj jkT;
esa 1866 bZ- esa ljnkjksa rFkk jktiwrksa ds yM+dksa ds fy, uksfcYl Ldwy LFkkfir fd,
x,A 1871 bZ- esa vyoj esa Hkh Bkdqjksa ds iq=ksa ds fy, ,d i`Fkd~ Ldwy [kksyk x;kA
bl izdkj ds Ldwy tks/kiqj] mn;iqj] chdkusj vkfn jkT;ksa esa Hkh [kksys x;sA bu Ldwyksa
dk ikB~;ÿe lkoZrfud Ldwy ds ikB~;ÿe ls dkQh fHkÈk j[kk x;k Fkk vkSj ;gk° ds
f'k{kdksa dks Hkh lkoZtfud Ldwyksa ds f'k{kdksa dh vis{kk vPNk osru fn;k tkrk FkkA
vkSifuosf'kd dky ls Hkkjr dks 1947 esa Lora=rk izkIr gqbZ ,oa u;s jktLFkku
 289
chdkusj jkT; esa laxhr o u`R; dk fodkl
(1885 ls 1942 rd)
MkW- egsUÊ iqjksfgr
egkjktk xaxkflag dks Hkh vius jkT; esa vU; jkT;ksa ds jktk&egkjktkvksa dh
Hkkafr laxhr] u`R; rFkk fp=dyk tSlh vewY; fuf/k fojklr ds :i esa feyhA bUgksaus
mDr dykvksa ds izfrHkklEiUu dykdkjksa dks vius ;gka jkT;kJ; fn;k vkSj jkT; dh
vksj ls vius iwoZtksa dh bl dykRed /kjksgj dks vius ewy:i esa cuk;s j[kus rFkk
blesa le;&le; ij uohuhdj.k o leUo; ds iz'kaluh; iz;kl fd;sA egkjktk
Lo;a mPpdksfV ds dykfoK nz"Vk rFkk dyk&eeZK FksA1
jkT;kJ; izkIr dykdkj viuh dyk dh iw.kZrk ls jkT; ds vfrfFk;ksa dks
vk'p;Zpfdr djus esa izoh.k FksA baXyS.M ds jkt?kjkus ds lnL;ksa rFkk ok;ljk;ksa ds
chdkusj vkxeu ij Hkkjrh; laxhr o u`R; }kjk mudk Lokxr vkSj euksjatu fd;k
tkrk FkkA2 egkjktk dh jtr t;arh rFkk Lo.kZ t;arh ds egRoiw.kZ voljksa ij laxhr
o u`R; ds HkO; vkSj fpŸkkd"kZd dk;Zÿe izLrqr fd;s x;sA3 jktifjokj ds lnL;ksa ds
tUe&fnolksa vkSj jktdqekj o jktdqekfj;ksa ds fookgksRloksa ds miy{k esa laxhr dh
egfQyksa o eqtjksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk FkkA4 bu mRloksa esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, Hkkjr
ds izflº dykdkjksa dks euksjatukFkZ vkeaf=r fd;k tkrk FkkA mDr dk;Zÿeksa esa
flºs'ojh] ghjkckbZ cM+knS dj] esudk] dsljckbZ] xkSgj csuthj vkfn xkf;dkvksa ds
vfrfjDr izflº urZdh ne;Urh ,oa V™koudksj jkT; ds jkt&urZd dRFkddfy
xksihukFk dks Hkh chdkusj esa viuh dyk ds izn'kZu dk volj fn;k x;kA5
jkT; esa laxhr ds laj{k.k dk egRo blh rF; ls Li"V gS fd blds fy, ,d
vyx ls foHkkx Fkk ftls xq.khtu[kkuk dgk tkrk FkkA bl foHkkx ds vUrxZr
laxhr'kkyk,a Hkh pyrh Fkha ftuesa fofHkUu jkx&jkxfu;ksa] lktksa rFkk u`R; dyk dh
mPp f'k{kk nh tkrh FkhA laxhr f'k{kdksa dks vkd"kZd osru fn;k tkrk Fkk vkSj
mn;heku izfrHkkvksa dks Nk=o`fŸk;ka nh tkus dh O;oLFkk FkhA laxhr'kkykvksa esa 'kkL=h;
jkxksa] chdkusjh ekaM ,oa u`R; esa ^r* oxZ dh 'kSyh ij vk/kkfjr f'k{kk dh fo'ks"k
O;oLFkk FkhA lktksa esa lkjaxh] 'kgukbZ] uDdkjk] rcyk] flrkj] rkuiqjk] tyrjax]
djuky vkfn dk vH;kl djk;k tkrk FkkA f'k{kdksa ,oa f'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k
yxHkx 45 FkhA6
562 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
xq.khtu[kkuk laxhr o u`R; dh f'k{kk ds vfrfjDr fof'k"V voljksa ij laxhr
o u`R;ksa ds dk;Zÿeksa dks izLrqr djrk FkkA7 xq.khtu[kkus ds vfrfjDr vkye[kkuk Hkh
laxhr ls lEcfU/kr FkkA8 ukScr[kkuk vkSj uDdkj[kkuk vkye[kksus ds vax FksA
fuR;&izfrfnu] ;qº o mRloksa ds volj ij ukScr o uxkM+k ctokus dh O;oLFkk bl
foHkkx dk eq[; dk;Z FkkA bu nksuksa foHkkxksa ds dk;ks± esa leUo; dk iwjk /;ku j[kk
tkrk FkkA9 bu foHkkxksa ds inksa ij nekeh o dRFkd tkfr;ksa dk gh fo'ks"kkf/kdkj FkkA
nekeh tkfr us laxhr rFkk dRFkd tkfr us u`R; esa oa'kkuqxr n{krk o fuiq.krk izkIr dj
j[kh FkhA10 xq.khtu[kkus ds dykdkjksa dks fof'k"V voljksa ij izksRlkgu gsrq ewY;oku
iqjLdkjksa ls lEekfur fd;k tkrk FkkA xk;dksa] okndksa o u`rfd;ksa dks tjh dh iks'kkdsa
vkSj lksus&pkanh ds vkHkw"k.k iznku fd;s tkrs FksA11 laxhr o u`R; esa yksdxhr o
yksdu`R; dks mfpr LFkku izkIr FkkA chdkusjh ekM 'kSyh esa yksdxhr xk;s tkrs Fks] tks
tu Hkkoukvksa ls vksr&izksr gksrs FksA ,syph] >h.kh dslj] nk:nk[kkaˇh] jk.kk dkNok]
c/kkbZ] tPpk] ywgj] fookg&xhr vkfn cM+s yksdfiz; xhr FksA buesa ls dqN xhrksa ds
cksy fuEu izdkj ls gSaμ
c/kkbZ xhr & vkt rks c/kkbZ cktS NS----A
tPpk xhr & tPpk jk.kh js eSyka esa ckt jS;ks lksou FkkyA
fookg xhr & ekSR;ka okyks chan rks lqokoS Egkjk jktA
vU; yksdxhr & Ekk: Fkkjs eSyka uhps ?kwes NS xtjktA
Egkjh tksM+h jk <ksyk vks y'dj jS;ks gS ywHkk;A
vkof.k;ks djkSuh Egkjk nsl th]
fi;k I;kjh jk <ksykA12
'kkL=h laxhr ds jkxksa dk vk/kkj ysdj jktLFkku esa oa'kkuqxr xk;dksa }kjk
xk;h tkus okyh 'kSyh ekM dgh tkrh gSA blesa xk;d y;] Loj] rky] vyki vkfn
dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA ekM 'kSyh esa jkxksa dk dksbZ izfrca/k ugha gSA ekM 'kSyh nsl] lkSjB]
ihyw] fcgkx vkfn jkxksa esa fo'ks"k yksdfiz; gSa rFkk jktLFkkuh yksdxhr Hkh bl 'kSyh esa
xk;s tkrs gSaA bl 'kSyh esa xhr dk izkjEHk rkjlIrd (mPp Lrj) ls fd;k tkrk gSA
blesa yxus okys Bsds (rkysa) vU; 'kSfy;ksa ds Bsdksa ls fHkUu gksrs gSaA jktLFkku esa Hkh
{ks=h; Hkk"kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij ekM 'kSyh esa fHkUurk ik;h tkrh gSA13 yksd u`R; esa
MkafM;k] ?kwej] nhid u`R; vkfn viuh fof'k"V 'kSyh ds dkj.k tu&fiz; FksA
yksd&u`R; ds lkFk uxkM+s dh ckt vfuok;Z gksrh FkhA14 egkjktk us cM+h #fp o yxu
ls yksdxhrksa rFkk mudh /kquksa dks jkT; ds cSaMekLVj fofy;e tsEl }kjk ik'pkR;
'kSyh esa Lojkadu djok;kA bl egrh dk;Z esa xq.khtu[kkus ds eq[; dykdkjksa esa
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 563
jktxk;d 'kelqÌhu [kka] lkjaxhoknd xks.ks [kka] ekM xkf;dk vYykg ftykbZ ckbZ
vkfn us ;ksxnku fn;kA egkjktk ds bl iz;Ru ls chdkusjh yksd laxhr o ik'pkR;
laxhr dk lgt leUo; gqvkA fofy;e tsEl }kjk Lojkafdr yksdxhr vkt Hkh
ik'pkR; ns'kksa esa yksdfiz; gSA chdkusjh yksdxhrksa dks jkesu vkaXyHkk"kk esa laf{kIr
O;k[;k lfgr ^bafM;ku E;wftd* uked iqLrd esa fy[kk x;kA fons'kh vfrfFk;ksa dks
;g iqLrd ^lkU/; laxhr* dk;Zÿe ds le; HksaV dh tkrh FkhA15
egkjktk us xq.khtu[kkus ds dykdkjksa dks vU; jkT;ksa dh xk;u ,oa u`R; 'kSyh
le>us rFkk viukus dk volj nsus gsrq laxhrKksa o u`R;kpk;ks± dks Hkh vius jkT; esa
vkeaf=r fd;kA bl dk;Zÿe ds vUrxZr vkeaf=r dykdkjksa esa egkjk"V™ ds iVoºZu]
Hkkr[k.Ms] 'kadjjko] ifV;kys ds fe;ka tku[kka] vkf'kQ vyh[kka rFkk 'kke pkSjklh
(mŸkj izns'k) ds lyker vyh] utkdr vyh o Hkkjr ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ls xksiky
egkjkt] 'kaHkw egkjkt] vPNu egkjkt] yPNw egkjkt tSls egku~ xk;d ,oa u`R;kpk;ks±
ds uke mYys[kuh; gSa] ftuesa ls dfri; dks vYikof/k ds fy, xq.khtu[kkus esa
izf'k{k.k gsrq fu;qDr Hkh fd;k x;kA16
xq.khtu[kkus ds dbZ dykdkjksa us cM+h izflfº izkIr dh Fkh] ftuesa gqlSuc['k
^yaxM+s*] 'kelqÌhu[kka] vYykg ftykbZ ckbZ] dkle[kka pUnokuh] dkle[kka MXxk]
fcgkjhyky] guqeku izlkn vkfn pksVh ds dykdkj FksA gqlSucD'k ^yaxM+s* us 'kkL=h;
laxhr esa iw.kZrk izkIr dh vkSj mUgsa ^mLrkn* dh inoh iznku dh xbZ FkhA os vius le;
ds ^xk;d o uk;d* dgyk;sA17 'kkL=h; laxhr ds ,d vU; xk;d dykdkj
fepZ[kka Fks ftUgsa ^rku lezkV* dh mikf/k ls foHkwf"kr fd;k x;kA buds nks
iq=ksa&#duqÌhu[kka o 'kelqÌhu[kka us vius firk ds infpg~uksa ij pyrs gq, 'kkL=h
laxhr esa fuiq.krk izkIr dhA 'kelqÌhu[kka dkQh le; rd laxhr fo|ky; ds eq[;
mLrkn cus jgsA mudh fo'ks"krk ;g Fkh fd xk;u ds le; muds psgjs ij eqLdku o
vkHkk cuh jgrh Fkh rFkk os viuh Hkko&eqnzkvksa ls Jksrkvksa vkSj n'kZdksa dks ea=eqX/k dj
nsrs FksA nkarksa ds chp lqb;ka yxkdj ^ukfHk dh rku* ysus esa mUgksaus cM+h izflfº izkIr
dh FkhA ;g mudh lrr~ lk/kuk dk ifj.kke FkkA egkjktk us bl jkt&xk;d dks HkO;
gosyh cuok dj nhA ,slk fof'k"V lEeku vU; fdlh dykdkj dks jkT; dh vksj ls
ugha feyk FkkA bUgksaus jkx Hkksikyh esa [;ky] yfyr] nsl] tkSuiqjh vkfn jkxksa o Bqejh
vkSj rjkuk dk izn'kZu Hkkjr ds izflº fj;klrksa esa dj chdkusj jkT; dk xkSjo c<+k;kA
egkjktk }kjk budks ^laxhr jRu* dh mikf/k ls foHkwf"kr fd;k x;kA #duqÌhu[kka ds
iq= ljktqÌhu[kka o bykmÌhu[kka dks izkjEHk esa Nk=o`fŸk }kjk jkT; laj{k.k feyk]
rRi'pkr~ bu xk;dksa us cM+h izflfº izkIr dhA18
vYykg ftykbZ ckbZ leLr Hkkjr esa ekM xkf;dk ds :i esa izflº gqbZ vkSj
290 564 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
;g vius vki esa ^ekM Ldwy* dgh tkrh gSA blus 'kkL=h; laxhr dh f'k{kk
gqluS c['k ^yaxM+s* ls izkIr dhA bls xq.khtu[kkus dk jRu dgk tk; rks vfr'k;ksfDr
ugha gksxhA blus Hkh dbZ jkT;ksa esa viuh dyk dk izn'kZu dj /ku vkSj ;'k vftZr
fd;kA buds xhrksa esa ek/kq;Z gSA19 xq.khtu[kkus ds dykdkj dkle[kka pUnuokuh
vf}rh; udkjph FksA mUgksaus uDdkjs dks rst /kkjnkj pkdw] Nqjh o mLrjksa ls rFkk pksHkksa
(uxkM+k ctkus dh ydfM+;ksa) ij rsy fNM+ddj vkx izTofyr dj uDdkjk ctkus esa
,slh fof'k"Vrk izkIr dh tks vugksuh ekuh tk;sxhA os ^'kksyksa dh ckt* ds ckn'kkg
dgykrs FksA vk'p;Z dh ckr ;g Fkh fd rst] /kkjnkj midj.kksa o tyrh gqbZ pksHkksa ds
rfud Hkh fpg~u uxkjs dh pke ij ugha iM+rs FksA dkle[kka MXxk ty rjax] ulrjax]
rcyk rjax vkfn ds fof'k"V oknd FksA vyhnhu[kka MXxk xk;u o Qkty[kka rcyk
oknu ds vPNs dykdkj FksA20
xq.khtu[kkus ds izflº urZd fcgkjhyky o guqekuizlkn FksA fcgkjhyky u`R;
esa xqyky }kjk gkFkh rFkk x.ks'k dh vkd`fr;ksa cukus esa izoh.k FkkA uqdhyh dhyksa o
rst /kkj okyh ryokjksa ij u`R; djds og n'kZdksa dks vk'p;Zpfdr dj nsrk FkkA
vuqeku izlkn us dRFkd u`R; esa izoh.krk izkIr dh FkhA vkf'kd gqlSu mQZ gqlSu[kka us
chdkusj jkT; ls cEcbZ tkdj u`R; lezkV ds :i esa izflfº izkIr dhA 1937 bZ- esa
^Lo.kZ t;Urh* egksRlo ij bUgksaus dRFkd u`R; esa ,d ?kaVs dh vYikof/k esa 360 ij.k
(o`Ÿkkdkj ?kweuk) dh ^/kk* ysdj dhfrZeku LFkkfir dj fn;kA21 c[;kojh] gqluS h]
Nxuh] cnjh] exuh] xojk tokgj] ykM cnu vkfn ckb;ka dq'ky xkf;dk,a o
urZfd;ksa FkhaA22
egkjktk laxhr o u`R; dh ckjhfd;ksa ds vPNs Kkrk ugha Fks] cfYd dykdkjksa
dks funsZ'k nsus dh {kerk Hkh j[krs FksA os yfyr dykvksa ds laj{kd FksA mUgksaus lnSo
dykdkjksa dks vknj fd;k rFkk mfpr voljksa ij iqjLdkjksa ls lEekfur fd;kA muds
jkT;kJ; esa xk;dksa] okndksa o urZdksa us viuh dyk&n{krk }kjk dsoy chdkusj jkT;
esa gh ugha cfYd vU; fj;klrksa rFkk fczfV'k Hkkjr esa cM+h izflfº ik;hA
egkjktk xaxkflag vkfrF; lRdkj ds fy, leLr Hkkjr esa izflº FksA ns'kh
vkSj fons'kh vfrfFk muds jkT; ls d`rKrk dh Hkkouk ysdj ykSVrs FksA os vfrfFk;ksa
dh lq[k&lqfo/kk ds vfrfjDr laxhr o u`R; }kjk muds euksjatu dh leqfpr O;oLFkk
djrs FksA mUgksaus iwoZ dh vewY; dykRed /kjksgj ls if'pe dks voxr djok;k vkSj
lkFk gh if'pe dh vuqdj.kh; fo'ks"krkvksa dks viuk;kA tgka mUgksaus iwoZ vkSj if'pe
dh fo'ks"krkvksa ls chdkusj esa vk/kqfud iz'kklu dh uhao Mkyh] ogka laxhr&dyk dks
Hkh nksuksa ds leUo; ls izHkkfor fd;kA
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 565 291
lanHkZ
1- egkjktk ds vkRedFkk ys[kd iUuhdj us fy[kk gS fd os laxhr lquus dk pko vo';
j[krs Fks] ysfdu mUgksaus bl {ks= esa izksRlkgu nsus esa fo'ks"k #fp ugha fn[kkbZ&ds-,l- cM+ok vejpUn dk esokM+ dh lqj{kk esa ;ksxnku
iUuhdj&fgt gkbZusl egkjktk vkQ chdkusj] i`- 370] yUnu] 1937] tcfd og
MkW- fxjh'k ukFk ekFkqj
Lo;a i`- 372] ij fy[krs gSa fd n'kgjk vkfn mRlo u`R; o laxhr ds lkFk /kwe/kke ls
euk;s tkrs FksA bl v/;k; esa blh ckr dk ;Ru fd;k x;k gS fd egkjktk xaxkflag us
laxhr o u`R; ds {ks= esa Hkh iwjh #fp yh o dykvksa dks izksRlkgu fn;k Fkk rFkk lkFk gh cM+ok vejpUn luk<~; czk„.k FkkA mlds iwoZt ckgj ls vk dj esokM+ esa
muds dkS'ky ij xoZ Hkh O;Dr fd;k FkkA clsA mlds firk egkjk.kk txrflag f}rh; (1734&51 bZ-) ds le; egkjk.kk dh
2- Qkby ua- 15] 1925 bZ-] ua- 1] 1928] ua- 43] 1930 bZ-] izsl dfVax jftLVj] chdkusj ikd'kkyk ds v/;{k FksA ml le; ,d vksj esokM+ ejkBk leL;k ls tw> jgk Fkk rks
3- chdkusj xksYMu tqcyh (1887&1937)] i`- 69&79] chdkusj 1937 nwljh vksj og vkarfjd v'kafr esa my>k gqvk FkkA egkjk.kk vejflag izFke (1592&1620
4- Qkby ua- 633] 1930 bZ-] lknqZy E;qft;e] ykyx<+] chdkusj bZ-) ds le; ls py vk jgs pwaMkor & 'kDrkorksa ds >xM+s] pwaMkorksa ds pkSgkuksa rFkk
5- HksaV okrkZ] dSlsV ua- 1] xaxk V™LV] chdkusj >kykvksa ls c<+rs dVq laca/k] njckfj;ksa o iz'kklfud vf/kdkjf;ksa esa vucu o vkilh
6- HksaV okrkZ] dSlsV ua- 1] xaxk V™LV] chdkusj lansg rRdkyhu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa c<+rs th tk jgs FksA vf/kdkjh oxZ us vius fgr esa
7- ogh egkjk.kk o mlds iq= esa Hkh vucu djok nhA dqaoj izrkiflag }kjk egkjk.kk ds fu.kZ;
8- dkxnksa dh ogh ua- 94 laor~ 1939 ds fo:º dksVk ds egkjko nqtZu'kky dh flQkfj'k ij mEesnflag ds NksVs HkkbZ
9- QkSt [kjp jh cgh la- 1875@1818 bZ- HkS∏;k laxzg] chdkusj chdkusj ds ohj] i`- 32] nhiflag dks iPPkhl gtkj :i;s dh vkenuh okyk iV~Vk iznku djus ,oa HkhyokM+k]
chdkusj iqj vkfn feyk dj ,d vyx jkT; cukus ds iz;Ru dh lwpuk feyus ij egkjk.kk us
10- jktLFkku dh tkfr;ka&nsf[k;s nekeh] nksyhtkr vkfnA tks/kiqj] jes'kpUnz xq.kkFkhZ] mls dSn djus dk fopkj fd;kA vius fopkj dh fÿ;kfUofr mlus vius NksVs HkkbZ
jktifjtu ifjp;] 1941 bZ- ukFkflag ds ek/;e ls djok;hA ftlus mls tuojh 29] 1743 bZ- dks œ".k foykl
11- chdkusj xksYMu tqcyh] i`- 98&99] HksaV okrkZ] dSlsV ua- 1 (ogh) egy esa dbZ ljnkjksa ds e/; idM+ fy;k rRi'pkr~ mls dj.k foykl egy esa utj
12- HksaV okrkZ] dSlsV ua- 1 (ogh)
dSn dj fy;kA mldh fuxjkuh dk dk;Z vejpUn ds firk 'kEHkwjke dks lkSaik x;kA
13- ogh
ml le; mlus dqaoj dh cgqr lsok dhA esokM+ ds foÊksgh ljnkjksa us jkT; ds mŸkjkf/
14- chdkusj xksYMu tqcyh] i`- 96&99
15- ;g iqLrd ykyx<+ iqLrdky; esa miyC/k gSA
kdkjh dqaoj izrkiflag dh gR;k dk "kM;a= jpk 'kEHkwjke us Lo;a us fo"k;qDr Hkkstu
16- HkasV okrkZ] dSlsV ua- 1 (ogh) [kk dj Lo;a dk cfynku dj mldks cpk;kA
17- ogh 'kEHkwjke cM+ok ds fu/ku ds ckn dqaoj izrkiflag dh fuxjkuh dh ftEesokjh
18- HksaV okrkZ] dSlsV ua- 1] ;ax bafM;k] vad 16] ua- 2] Qjojh] 1941] i`- 32 mlds iq= vejpUn cM+ok dks nh xbZA mlus Hkh vius firk dh rjg dqaoj dh fu"Bk
19- HksaV okrkZ] dSlsV ua- 1 (ogh) ds lkFk lsok dhA lsok ds cnys egkjk.kk cuus ij izrkiflag us mls ^Bkdqj* dk
20- ogh f[krkc vkSj rkthe ns dj viuk eqlkfgc (iz/kkuea=h) cuk;kA izrkiflag us twu]
21- ogh 1751 bZ- dks xÌh ij cSBus ds i'pkr vejpUn cM+ok dh lykg ij esokM+ dh
22- ds-,l- iUuhdj (ogh)] i`- 373&74 vkUrfjd ,oa ck· uhfr esa lq/kkj djus dk iz;kl fd;kA vkUrfjd fLFkfr lq/kkjus ds
(blds vfrfjDr xq.khtu[kkus dh lkexzh rFkk ekLVj vkQ lsjseuh dh Qkbysa Hkh fy, egkjk.kk us vius fe=ksa o leFkZdksa dks mfpr ikfjrksf"kd fn;s rks nwljh vksj
cgqr lgk;d gS] tks lknqZy E;wft;e] ykyx<+ rFkk vfHkys[kkxkj] xhdkusj esa lqjf{kr fojksf/k;ksa dks Hkh larq"V djus dk lrr~ iz;kl fd;kA vius fojks/kh ukFk th mlds
gSA) fojks/k esa tkjh xfrfof/k;ksa ds pyrs Hkh mlus lywEcj jkor tSrflag ds ek/;e ls
vius i{k esa ykus dk lrr~ iz;kl fd;kA
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 567
esokM+ dh ck· uhfr esa ifjorZu ykrs gq, vejpUn dh lykg ij izrkiflag
jktLFkkuh 'kkldksa }kjk ejkBk fojks/k ds fy, fd;s tkus okys laxfBr iz;klksa dk
leFkZd cuk jgkA blds vfrfj‰ mlds fojks/kh ukFkth ds t;iqj igqapus o ek/kksflag
}kjk mldk gkfnZd Lokxr dj esokM+ dh xÌh fnyokus ds Li"V vk'oklu nsus ds
mijkUr Hkh egkjk.kk us t;iqj ls vius laca/k foPNsn ugha fd;sA bl uhfr ds
ifj.kkeLo:i gh og ek/kksflag dks viuh esokM+ ds izfr uhfr dks ifjofrZr djokus esa
lQy jgkA vejpUn cM+ok dh egkjk.kk dks nh xbZ lykg ds dkj.k mlds iwjs
dk;Zdky esa mldk lEeku cuk jgkA
egkjk.kk izrki flag dk fu/ku xq:okj] tuojh 10] 1754 bZ- dks gqvkA rc
egkjk.kk izrki flag dk f}rh; iq= jktflag 'kqÿokj] tuojh 11] 1754 bZ- dks esokM+
dh jktxÌh ij cSBkA fdUrq og vius firk }kjk esokM+ dh lq/kkjus dh izo`fr ds
foifjr LoHkko okyk jgkA vkUrfjd {ks= esa mlus vius ljnkjksa ls laca/k lq/kkjus dh
uhfr dk ikyu ugha fd;k vr% muesa vkilh QwV o oSeuL; esa o`fº gqbZA mUgksaus
esokM+ ds fgrksa dh vuns[kh djrs gq, viuh 'kf‰ o`fº gsrq ejkBksa dks vkeaf=r fd;kA
ejkBs esokM+ ds nksuksa gh xqVksa ds lkFk foHk‰ gks muls /ku izkIr djrs jgsA ifj.kkeLo:i
esokM+ dh vkfFkZd n'kk bruh ghu gks xbZ fd ejkBksa dks ok;ns ds vuqlkj :i;k pqdkus
ds fy, egkjk.kk us fyf[kr esa vk'oklu fn;kA bl ij Hkh :i;k ugha fn;kA rc ;gk°
ds dbZ ijxus Bsds ij j[k dj mudh vk; lh/ks ejkBksa dks igq°pkbZ tkus yxhA jktflag
ds dky esa ,d djksM+ ukS yk[k nl gtkj ,d lkS rjkuos :i;s ejkBksa ds ikl igq°psA
egkjk.kk ds LoHkko ds dkj.k fcxM+h ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks lq/kkjus esa vejpUn cM+ok tSls
fu"Bkoku ea=h Hkh vf/kd dqN djus esa vleFkZ jgsA egkjk.kk jktflag dh fu%larku
e`R;q gksus ij mldk dkdk vfjflag (vM+lh) 'kqÿokj] vizy S 3] 1761 bZ- dks xÌh
ij cSBk;kA ejkBk fojks/k esa vkjfEHkd lQyrk us mls ?ke.Mh cuk fn;kA rRi'pkr~
mlus fuEu dne mBk dj esokM+ dh jktuhfrd ,oa vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks 'kkspuh;
fLFkfr esa yk fn;kA
1- vfjflag us vkjEHk ls gh vius ljnkjksa ds lkFk O;ogklj dks fcxkM+ fy;kA
,dfyaxth ls vius bZ"V ds n'kZu dj ykSVrs le; mlds O;ogkj ls ukjkt
ljnkjksa us Lo- egkjk.kk jktflag dh jkuh ls mRiÈk iq= jru flag dk i{k ysdj
mls esokM+ dh jktxÌh fnyokus dk miÿe vkjEHk fd;kA blh nkSjku eYgkjjko
gksYdj us Bsds ij mls lkSais x, ijxuksa ij vf/kdkj dj fy;kA
2- vfjflag us vius eq°g yxs O;f‰;ksa dh lykg ij jkT; ds lPps fgfpUrd
vejpUn cM+ok dks gVk dj tloUrjk; iapksyh dks viuk eqlkfgc (iz/kku
ea=h) cuk fy;kA
292 568 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
3- ljnkjksa ls laca/k lq/kkjus dh ctk; flU/k o xqtjkr ls eqfLye lSfudksa dks cqyk
dj mudh ukjktxh esa o`fº dhA
4- HkSaljksM+x<+ ds jkor ykyflag dks izyksHku nsdj mlls Qjojh 4] 1764 bZ- dks
flagklu izkfIr ds fy;s iz;kljr ckxksj ds ukFkflag gh gR;k djok nhA ;gh
ugha lywEcj ds jkor tks/kflag dks Hkh vkRegR;k ds fy;s etcwj fd;kA
5- fojks/kh ljnkjksa dks nckus ds fy;s dksVk ds >kyk tkfye flag dks phrk [ksM+h
dh tkxhj ns dj] nsyokM+k ds >kyk jk?ko ns dks Hkh dqN ns dj o 'kkgiqjk ds
mEesn flag dks dkNksyk dk ijxuk (1765 bZ-) ns dj vius i{k esa dj viuh
fLFkfr etcwr djus dk iz;kl fd;kA
6- ljnkjksa ds fojks/kh xqV ds usrk us egkjk.kk dh fLFkfr detksj djus ds fy,
ek/kojko flaf/k;k dks lok djksM+ :i;k nsus ds cnys vius i{k esa dj fy;kA
rc egkj.kk us Hkh tkfye flag o esgrk vxjpUn ds ek/;e ls flaf/k;k ds nks
vf/kdkjh j?kq ik;fx;k o nkSykfe;k dks chl yk[k :i;ksa ds cnys vius i{k
esa dj fy;kA blh nkSjku mlus nsyokM+k ds >kyk jk?ko ns ij lansg dj mls Hkh
ejok fn;kA
m‰ dne mBkus ds i'pkr~ egkjk.kk us viuh fLFkfr etcwr le> ek/kksth
flaf/k;k dks vius i{k esa djus ds iz;kl vlQy gksus ij ;qº dk fu.kZ; fy;kA
tuojh 13] 1769 bZ- dks f{kizk unh ds rV ij gq, ;qº esa esokM+ dh lsuk ijkftr gqbZA
rc egkjk.kk ds le{k vusd dfBukbZ;k° mRiÈk gks xbZA D;ksafd vc mlds lgk;d
ljnkjksa esa ls dsoy lywEcj dk jkor Hkheflag] dqjkcM+ dk jkor vtqZu flag vkSj
cnuksj dk Bkdqj v{k;flag gh cps FksA iz/kku esgrk vejpUn dSn esa FkkA fcxM+h
vkfFkZd voLFkk esa eqfLye lSfudksa dks osru pqdkus ds fy, Hkh iSlk ugha cpk vkSj os
foÊksg gks x;sA
fcxM+h ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vejpUn cM+ok dks iqu% iz/kku in & detksj
jktuhfrd ,oa vkfFkZd fLFkfr ds pyrs tc egkjk.kk dks vius fojks/kh ljnkjksa dh
pqukSfr dk [krjk eglwl gksus yxk rc lywEcj ds jkor Hkheflag us fLFkfr dks
laHkkyus ds fy, ;ksX; vejpUn cM+ok dks iqu% iz/kku cukus ds fy, egkjk.kk dks
lq>ko fn;kA
vejpUn }kjk viuh 'kRkZ ij iz/kku in & vejpUn dks iz/kku in Lohdkjus
ds fy, egkjk.kk us mlds ?kj tkdj vuqjks/k fd;k tc mldk mŸkj Fkk ^^eSa Li"V o‰k
o fetkt dk rst gw°A eSaus igys Hkh tc dke fd;k rc iwjs vf/kdkj ds lkFk ghA vki
fdlh dh lykg ekurs ugha viuh bPNk ls lc dqN djrs gSaA bl le; dh voLFkk
cgqr fodV] osru u feyus ls flikgh foÊksgh] [ktkuk [kkyh vkSj iztk xjhc gS
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 569 293 570 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

vr,o ;fn vki eq>s iwjs vf/kdkj ns rks dqN mik; fd;k tk ldrk gSA** rc egkjk.kk 1773 bZ- dks esokM+ ds flagklu ij cSBkA og ns'k dh fodV fLFkfr dks laHkkyus esa
us dgk tks rqe dgksxs ogh ge djsaxsA egkjk.kk us dgk fd ;fn rqe gekjs tsoj Hkh fcydqy vlEkFkZ FkkA ckY;koLFkk gksus ds dkj.k esokM+ ij jktekrk ds usr`Ro esa
ekaxksxs rks budkj ugha djsaxsA rc vejpUn us iz/ku in LOkhdkj fd;kA efgyk 'kklu vkjEHk gqvkA mudh uhfr;ksa ls ijs'kku gks vejpUn us viuk lkjk /ku
vejpUn }kjk fLFkfr lq/kkjus ds fy, mBk;s x;s dne & iz/kku in Lohdkjus NdM+ksa esa Hkjok jktegy igq°pk fn;kA rc Hkh efgyk iz'klu ds pyrs mls tgj
ds i'pkr~ vejpUn us jkT; ds lksus pkanh ds crZu o jRukfn eaxk dj lksus pkanh ds fnykus dk iziap jpk x;kA mlh ds pyrs dqN fnuksa ckn ml usd fny blaku dh e`R;q
de dher ds flDds cuok;s rFkk jRuksa dks fxjoh j[k dj lsuk dk p<+k osru gks xbZA oLrqr% vejpUn cM+ok cqfºeku] dq'ky iz'kkld] dwVuhfrK] lSU; izcU/kd
pqdk;kA tc fQrwjh jruflag ds i{k esa fojks/kh ljnkj ek/ko jko flfU/k;k dks esokM+ o ;ksºk FkkA ladVdky esa esokM+ dh lqj{kk esa mldk vrqyuh; ;ksxnku jgkA esokM+
ij p<+k yk;s rc egkjk.kk us vejpUn dh lykg ij gh xksyk] ck:n o vU; ;qº dh lqj{kkFkZ mlds }kjk djok;s x;s fuekZ.k dk;Z mi;ksxh jgsA
lkexzh ,d= dj vyx&vyx ekspks± ij ljnkjksa o vf/kdkjf;ksa dks fu;r dj Lo;a duZy tsEl VkM us mlds ckjs esa fy[kk fd vejpUn ds leku prq o n{k
mfn;kiksy ij ik°p lkS vjc flikfg;ksa ds lkFk yM+us dks jgkA blds iwoZ mlus 'kgj ea=h lalkj esa fcjyk gh FkkA vktknh ds i'pkr~ ekNyk exjk vejpUn dh Le`fr esa
iukg ds pkjksa vksj NksVs&NksVs fdys cuok;s] uxj ds njoktksa ,oa [kkbZ dh ejEer f'kykys[k yxok;k x;kA
djokbZA nq'euHkatu rksi dks ekNyk eaxjk fLFkr ,dfyaxx<+ ij p<+okbZA vizy S lanHkZ
1769 bZ- ds nwljs lIrkg esa egknth flaf/k;k dk mn;iqj ij ?ksjk vkjEHk gqvk fujUrj 1- ';keynkl] dfojktk] ohj fouksn i`- 1535&1580
N% ekg ds ?ksjs ds i'pkr~ Hkh tc egknth dks uxj ij vf/kdkj djus esa lQyrk ugha 2- VkM] tsEl] mn;iqj jkT; dk bfrgkl vuqoknd ,oa lEiknd cynso izlkn ,oa
feyh rc og vUr esa lŸkj yk[k :- ysdj ?ksjk mBkus ij Lohdkjksf‰ nhA fQj ykyp Tokyk izlkn feJ&;wfud V™sMlZ pkSM+k jkLrk] t;iqj 1987
esa vk dj chl yk[k dh vksj ekax dh rc iz/kku vejpUn us esokM+ dh etcwr fLFkfr 3- vks>k] xkSjh'kadj ghjkpan] mn;iqj jkT; dk bfrgkl Hkkx 2] i`"B 642] 653&656]
dks le>rs gq, laf/k i= QkM+ fn;k o ;qº tkjh j[kkA viuh fLFkfr detksj ikdj 656&659] 661&67] 670] 998&1001 jktLFkkuh xzUFkkxkj] tks/kiqj 1999 bZ-
tc dqN fnuks ckn flaf/k;k us viuh vksj ls iqu% lqyg ds fy, dgyok;k] rc 4- vks>k] ts-ds-] esokM+ dk bfrgkl] i`"B 134] 163] 10] 171] 173] 210] 214&216]
vejpUn us mls lŸkj yk[k Hkh nsus ls euk dj fn;kA vUr esa flaf/k;k dks lkB yk[k 248] 283] 286] 327] ,l- pUn dEiuh fy- jkeuxj] ubZ fnYYh] 1980 bZ-
:i;ksa ds vfrfj‰ lk<+s rhu yk[k #i;s vU; [kpZ dks ysdj ykSV tkuk iMkA (tqykbZ
21] 1769 bZ-) esokM+ dh bl dwVuhfrd fot; ij egkjk.kk us iz/kku vejpUn ds
lkFk gh vius ljnkjksa dks lEeku Lo:i bZuke fn;kA
Vksik exjh dk ;qº (1770 bZ-) & vejpUn cM+ok dk fot; esa ;ksxnku
egknth ds esokM+ ls ykSV tkus ds ckn jruflag o mlds leFkZdksa us
egkiq:"kksa (ukxksa) dh lgk;rk ls esokM+ ij lSU; vfHk;ku fd;kA egkjk.kk viuh
lsuk lfgr mudk lkeuk djrs ds fy, nsyokM+k gksrs gq, thyksyk xk°o igq°pkA ukxk
lsuk rc eksd:ank xk°o esa Bgjh gqbZ FkhA Vksiyk xk°o esa Vksiy exjh ds ikl eqdkcyk
gqvkA mlesa iz/kku vejpUn Lo;a vU; lg;ksxh ljnkjksa ds lkFk ekStwn FkkA mldh
;qº rdfud ls egkjk.kk dh lsuk fot;h jghA Vksiy exjh ;qº ds ,d o"kZ i'pkr~
gh vejpUn ds funsZ'ku esa gh esokM+ dh lsuk us xaxjkj dh yM+kbZ esa jruflag ds
i{k?kjksa dks ijkftr fd;kA iz/kku vejpUn dh fu"BkiwoZd esokM+ dh lsok dk lEeku
djrs gq, egkjk.kk us mls Qjojh 1] 1773 bZ- dks vkBw.k dh tkxhj iznku dhA
vfjflag dh e`R;q ds i'pkr~ esokM+ dh xÌh ij gEehj flag f}rh; ekpZ 11]
 294
fczfV'k dky esa vtesj dk iqfyl iz'kklu
MkW- yrk vxzoky ,oa MkW- ftrsUnz ekjksfB;k
25 twu] 1818 bZ- dks bZLV bafM;k dEiuh }kjk vtesj dks ejkBk ls vf/kxzfgr
djus ds ckn ;gka dh iz'kklfud O;oLFkk gsrq vtesj lqifjUMsUVsUV dh fu;qfDr dhA1
eqxy dky esa lwcs esa vkUrfjd o ck· lqj{kk dk ftEesnkjh lwcsnkj dh FkhA ejkBk
lwcsnkj lwCcsjko o jktLo vf/kdkjh u:[kka ds LFkku ij izFke fczfV'k lqifjUVsMsUVsUV
feLVj ,Q- foYMj us bu inksa dks lekIr dj buds vf/kdk izkIr dj fy;sA vtesj
lqifjUVsMsUVsUV us ;g ftEesnkjh xzke.kh {ks=ksa esa bLrejknkj] fBdkusnkj vkSj tkxhjnkjksa
dks lkSai nhA2 1828 bZ- esa dEiuh iz'kklu us xzkeh.k iz'kklu gsrq 5 rglhynkjksa dks Hkh
fu;qDr fd;kA nhoku fudk; ds :i esa dksbZ fczfV'k iqfyl O;oLFkk ugha FkhA3 1856
bZ- esa duZy fMDlu us vtesj ds 18 xkaoksa esa 3 #- ekfld osru ij pkSdhnkjksa dh
fu;qfDr;ka dhA buds osru dk ,d Hkkx ;kf=;ksa ls dj ds :i esa rFkk 'ks"k xkao ds
[kpsZ dh jkf'k ls olwy fd;k tkrk FkkA4 1857 bZ- dh ÿkafr ds iwoZ fMfLV™DV
eftLV™sV o jsosU;w dysDVj esa iqfuyl ds vf/kdkj lek;ksftr Fks ijUrq dk;Z dh
vf/kdrk ds dkj.k iqfyl lEcfU/kr dk;Z xzkeh.k o 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa vuq'kklu] lqj{kk]
dkuwu O;oLFkk] nhokuh o vkijkf/kd dkuwu] ltk dk izko/kku] vijk/k vUos"k.k o
'kkafr O;oLFkk djus esa vleFkZ jgsA ekpZ] 1861 bZ- ds vf/kfu;e ds rgr es<+
cVkfy;u ds lSfudksa dks Hkh iqfyl dk dk;Z lkSaik x;kA rglhynkj ds fujh{k.k esa
,d iqfyl Fkkusnkj dk in fuf'pr djus dk fu.kZ; fy;k x;kA ftldk dk;Z vius
{ks= esa 'kkafr vkSj dkuwu O;oLFkk cukuk FkkA ftys esa 10&15 ehy dh nwjh esa izR;sd
Fkkus esa ,d teknkj] ,d is'kdj vkSj rhu pijklh fu;qDr fd;s x;sA C;koj
eq[;ky; esa rSukr es< cVkfy;u esa fu;qDr 01 fjlkynkj] 01 teknkj n∂rjh] 48
cLrjcan flikgh] 60 lokj vkSj 48 pkSdhnkj vkfn dks yksxksa ds thou vkSj lEifŸk
dh lqj{kk dh ftEesnkjh nh xbZA vtesj dh E;wfufliy dks izkIr edku dj tks
ekfld 332 #- laxzfgr gksrk Fkk mlesa dqy 32 #- buesa osru ds :i esa forfjr fd;s
tkrs FksA esj jsthesUV esjokM+k iqfyl cVkfy;u esa ifjofrZr dj nh xbZ ftls bUlisDVj
tujy vkWQ iqfyl ukFkZ&osLV izksfoUl ds vUrxZr j[kk x;kA dsUnzh; fczfV'k ljdkj
us 1859 bZ- esa Hkkjrh; nhokuh izfÿ;k] 1960 bZ- esa Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk] 1861 bZ- esa
bafM;u iqfyl ,DV rFkk 1861 bZ- esa vkijkf/kd izfÿ;k lafgrk ikfjr dh xbZA5
22 ekpZ] 1861 bZ- esa xouZj tujy dh dkmfUly us izkarksa esa ,d iqfyl
572 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
vf/kfu;e dkuwu O;oLFkk ds fy, ikfjr fd;k x;kA ftlesa jsosU;w dysDVj vkSj
fMfLV™DV eftLV™sV iqfyl ds izHkkj ls eqDr dj fn;s x;sA bldh O;oLFkk dk izHkkjh
ftyk v/kh{kd iqfyl fMfLV™DV lqifjUMsUVsUV vkWQ iqfyl dks cuk;k x;kA bl
vf/kfu;e ds }kjk vtesj esa 548 iq#"k iqfyl rSukr fd;s x;sA ftyk v/kh{kd
iqfyl dh lgk;rk ds fy, ,d lgk;d ftyk v/kh{kd dh fu;qfDr Hkh dh xbZA
xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa vkijkf/kd izo`fŸk;ksa ij vadq'k yxkus ds fy, xzkeh.k pkSdhnkj]
bLrejknkj] Hkwfe;k vkSj tkxhjnkjksa dks dkuwu O;oLFkk dh ftEesnkjh lkSaih xbZA
pkSdhnkj mlh xzkeh.k leqnk; ls lEcfU/kr gksrk Fkk ftlds ikl xzke dh NksVh lh
Hkwfe vf/kd`r gksrh FkhA blrejkjnkjksa dks muds vius {ks=ksa ds vUrxZr ?kVrh rks mUgsa
bldk mŸkjnkf;Ro ogu djuk gksrk FkkA Hkksfe;ksa dks mudh HkwlEifŸk ds iw.kZ vf/kdkj
blh vk/kkj ij izkIr Fks fd os vius {ks= dh O;ofLFkr pkSdlh ,oa fuxjkuh j[ksaxsA
[kkylk Hkwfe esa Hkksfe;ksa dh izFkk ugha FkhA ogka ljdkj dks fuxjkuh ,oa pkSdjh ds
fy, pkSdhnkjksa dh fu;qfDr dh xbZA pkSdhnkj cgq/kk phrk ,oa esj tkfr;ksa ds yksxksa esa
ls fu;qDr fd, tkrs FksA bu ij ;g ftEesnkjh Fkh fd vxj mudh ykijokgh ds
QyLo:i fdlh rjg dh nq?kZVuk ?kVrh rks mUgs {kfriwfrZ djuh gksrh FkhA7 budh
fu;qfDr dk mÌs'; Fkk fd tc rd os fu;qDr gksaxs rc muds tkfr HkkbZ bu {ks=ksa esa pksjh
djus dk nqLlkgl ugha djsaxsA
vtesj ds xzkeh.k tc fdlh O;fDr dk lkeku bLrejkjnkjh ;k HkkSe xkao esa
pskjh gks tkrk rks os QkStnkjh vnkyrksa esa bl vk'k; dk izkFkZuk&i= izLrqr dj
bLrejkjnkj ;k HkkSfe;ksa ls {kfriwfrZ dh jde vnkyr ds tfj;s olwy dj ldrs FksA
vtesj&esjokM+k ds bLrejkjnkjksa dks vius {ks= dh lewph iqfyl O;oLFkk dk Hkkj
ogu djuk gksrk FkkA dsoy dqN gh izeq[k {ks=ksa&vtesj] iq"dj] C;koj] VkMx<+ vkSj
fnosj esa ljdkjh iqfyl pksfd;ksa dh O;oLFkk Fkh tks fd uksfVl] lEeu ;k okj.V
rych dk dke djrh FkhA vtesj ftys ds ,d frgkbZ {ks= essa bLrejkjnkjh O;oLFkk
FkhA bl {ks= dh lewph iqfyl lsok muds v/khuLFk dk;Zjr FkhA8 vizSy] 1870 bZ- esa
vtesj 'kgjh o xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa fczfV'k ljdkj us 656 pkSdhnkj ds in Lohd`r fd;s]
lkFk gh 39]360@& dh jkf'k tkjh dhA blesa ls 7 #- izfr pkSdhnkj izfrekg osru ds
:i esa rFkk 'ks"k jkf'k vf/kdkfj;ksa esa osru ds :i esa forfjr dh tkuh FkhA9 1874 bZ-
esa HkkSfe;ksa dh {kfriwfrZ dh ftEesnkjh lekIr dj nh vkSj ljdkj us vtesj esa 33
pkSdhnkj tks iqfyl dh onhZ esa jkr&fnu ukSdjh ij fu;qDr fd;s x;sA ;g O;oLFkk
1876 bZ- rd cuh jgh] blds ckn vtesj dh uxj ikfydk }kjk pkSdhnkjksa dh
fu;qfDr dh tkus yxhA 1876 bZ- ds uxj ikfydk dkuwu 20 ds vUrxZr 40
pkSdhnkjksa dh fu;qfDr dh xbZA bu pkSdhnkjksa dks iqfyl ds lkFk lk/kkj.k flikgh ds
leku vf/kdkj izkIr ugha FksA 1 tuojh] 1877 dks vtesj esa pkSdhnkjksa dh la;k 680
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 573
ls ?kVkdj 490 dj nh xbZA 1888 bZ- esa pkSdhnkj O;oLFkk esa u;s ifjorZr fd;s x;sA
budh fu;qfDr ftyk n.M uk;d dks lkSai nh xbZA ftlesa xzkeh.k {ks= esa 150 ?kjksa dh
vkcknh ij 1 pkSdhnkj vf/kd gksus ij 2 pkSdhnkj vkSj blls vf/kd gksus ij ftyk
n.M uk;d 5 pkSdhnkj fu;qDr dj ldrk FkkA buesa ls 1 pkSdhnkj dks eqf[k;k cuk;k
tkrk Fkk] og teknkj dgykrk FkkA teknkj dks NksMd + j pkSdhnkj dks yky&uhyh
ixM+h] ,d iÍk vkSj [kkdh jax dk dksV iguuk vfuok;Z Fkk] lkFk esa mls ,d Hkkyk
Hkh j[kuk iM+rk Fkk vkSj teknkj dks uhyh ixM+h] [kkdh dksV ftldh ck;ha vkLrhu
ij ,d yky iÍh yxh gqbZ jgrh FkhA xzkeh.k pkSdhnkj dk osru 4 #- ekfld vkSj
teknkj dk osru 7 #- ekfld gksrk FkkA osru dk fu/kkZj.k vkSj Hkqxrku ftyk n.M
uk;d }kjk fd;k tkrk FkkA onhZ dk O;; pkSdhnkj vkSj teknkj dks nsuk iM+rk FkkA10
1889 bZ- esa ,ts.V Vw n xouZj tujy us jktiwrkuk esa Bxh vkSj MdSrh dk
neu djus ds fy, ,d bZLVuZ jktiwrkuk ,tsUlh LFkkfir dh xbZ] ftldk lnj eqdke
vtesj Fkk vkSj fj;klrksa esa fujh{k.k pkSfd;ka dk;e dh xbZA vijkf/k;ksa dk fu.kZ;
vtesj dh vnkyr esa gksrk FkkA fj;klrksa ls muds odhy iSjoh djrs FksA11 1871 bZ-
esa vtesj iqfyl foHkkx dks mŸkj&if'peh lwck ds bUlisDVj tujy iqfyl ds
fu;a=.k ls gVkdj vtesj deh'uj ds gkFkksa esa lkSai fn;k x;kA blh vk/kkj ij vtesj
esa Fkkus vkSj pkSfd;ka dk;e dh xbZA 1877 bZ- esa iqfyl lsok ds vUrxZr 3 ,l-,-vks-
(LVs'ku gkml vkfQlj vkWQ iqfyl) vkSj 1 bUlisDVj vkWQ iqfyl inksa ij vaxzst
vf/kdkjh] 93 gSM dkUlsVscy Hkkjrh;] 40 ?kqMl + okj vkSj 446 flikgh fu;qfDr fd;s
x;sA blh o"kZ 6 izFke Js.kh ds iqfyl Fkkus] 6 f}rh; Js.kh ds iqfyl Fkkus vkSj 9
iqfyl pkSfd;ka LFkkfir dh xbZμ
izFke Js.kh & vtesj jsyos odZ 'kkWi] ulhjkckn] ekaxfy;kokl] fHkuk;]
xkS;yk vkSj dsdM+h esa iqfyl Fkkus] ljk/kuk] fnYyh njoktk] vkxjk njoktk] f=iksfy;k
njoktk] vksLoh njoktk] enkj njoktk] nkrk] [kjok] ckanuokM+k] 'kks[kyk vkfn esa
iqfyl pkSfd;ka LFkkfir dh xbZA blh izdkj ihlkaxu] xsxy] Jhuxj] elwnk] lkaoj]
iq"dj] gjek<+k] nsoyh vkSj ukUn esa f}rh; Js.kh dh iqfyl pkSfd;ka dk;e dh xbZA
buesa rSukr iqfyl vf/kdkjh o iqfyl cy dks osru Hkh iqfyl foHkkx ls pqdk;k tkus
yxkA buds vf/kdkj {ks= esa lEcfU/kr {ks=h; O;oLFkk dk fu.kZ; vf/kdkj ftyk
n.M uk;d dks fn;k x;kA12 1888 bZ- esa vtesj esa izFke ckj iqfyl lsok HkrhZ ijh{kk
izkjEHk dh xbZA bl lsok HkrhZ dh ijh{kk lfefr esa ftyk iqfyl v/kh{kd dks
v/;{k] ,d n.M uk;d vkSj ijh{kk bUlisDVj fu;qDr fd;s x;sA bl ijh{kk esa
Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk] nhokuh vkSj QkStnkjh dkuwu vkSj vifjofrZr iqfyl lsok fu;eksa
dh tkudkjh yh tkrh FkhA13 1903 bZ- esa vtesj ds iqfyl foHkkx us iqfyl lsok esa
295 574 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
HkrhZ u;s iqfyl ny dks izf'kf{kr djus] dkuwu o dkuwu O;oLFkk dh izkjfEHkd
tkudkjh rFkk fM™y o 'kL=ksa dks idM+uk o pykuk vkfn esa izoh.k fd;k tkrk FkkA
izf'kf{kr iqfyl dh fu;qfDr vtesj] uhep vkSj bUnkSj dgha Hkh dh tk ldrh FkhA
;g izf'k{k.k ,d o"kZ dk gksrk FkkA bl nkSjku [kkus o jgus dh O;oLFkk fu%'kqYd nh
tkrh FkhA lQy o fczfV'klZ ds LokehHkDr iqfyl dkUlVscy mPp inksa ij Hkh
inksUur fd;s tkrs FksA14
ukxfjd iqfyl dk laxBukRed Lo:i
1871 bZ- esa vtesj&esjokM+k dk iz'kklu mŸkj&if'peh izkar ls eqDr dj
Qksju ,.M iksfyfVdy fMikVZesaV vkWQ n xouZesaV vkWQ bafM;k dks lkSais tkus ds ckn
vtesj iqfyl O;oLFkk dk dk;ZHkkj vtesj&esjokM+k ds deh'uj dks lkSai fn;k x;k
vkSj 1912 bZ- esa vkcw esa ,d bUlisDVj tujy vkWQ iqfyl dk in l`ftr fd;k
x;kA tks deh'uj] vtesj ds izfr mŸkjnk;h FkkA 1920 bZ- ds vklikl lgk;d
v/kh{kd] iqfyl ds in dks lekIr dj vtesj esa fMIVh lqifjUVsUMsUV vkWQ iqfyl
dk in l`ftr fd;k x;kA ekpZ] 1935 esa vtesj&esjokM+k esa jsyos iqfyl ny Hkh
xfBr fd;k x;kA vtesj esa 784 gSM dkUlVscy ,d ltsZUV ds lkFk] 99 gSM
dkUlVscy vkSj 805 dkUlVscy dh fu;qfDr dh xbZA 1941 bZ- esa 15 iqfyl LVs'ku
tks vtesj] C;koj rFkk ulhjkckn esa rhu iqfyl lfdZy esa foHkDr fd;s x;s Fks]
LFkkfir gq,A15 f}rh; fo'o ;qº ds c<+rs izHkko ds dkj.k 1134 gfFk;kj can iqfyl
dkUlVscy dh fu;qfDr vLFkk;h rkSj ij dh xbZA iqfyl ny dh fuxjkuh dk dk;Z
lqifjUVsMsUV vkWQ iqfyl fMIVh deh'uj vkSj phQ deh'uj vtesj&esjokM+k dks
lkSaik x;k ftldk dsUnzh; fu;a=.k bUlisDVj tujy vkWQ iqfyl vtesj&esjokM+k dk
Fkk tks jktiwrkuk jsthMsUV dk iqfyl lykgdkj FkkA16
vkijkf/kd tkap foHkkx17
1 vxLr] 1944 bZ- dks vtesj esa bUlisDVj tujy vkWQ iqfyl] vtesj dks
Lora= izHkkj nsdj vkijkf/kd tkap foHkkx dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA ftldh 3 'kk[kk,a
Fkh&1- tujy czkap] 2- ÿkbe czkap] 3- Lis'ky czkapA bu rhuksa 'kk[kkvksa dk eq[;ky;
vtesj FkkA izR;sd 'kk[kk dk ,d fujh{kd fu;qDr fd;k x;k blds lkFk gh vtesj
esa fMfLV™DV bfUVfytsUl LVkQ Hkh laxfBr fd;k x;k tks fMfLV™DV lqifjUVsUMsUV
iqfyl vkWQ vtesj ds v/khu dk;Zjr FkkA jktiwrkuk ds fujh{k.k gsrq vtesj esa ,d
Lis'ky czkap vkWQ jktiwrkuk dk xBu fd;k x;kA bl ÿkbe LVkQ dk dk;Z vijk/
k o vijkf/k;ksa dks lekIr djuk] bUgsa Hkh fÿeuy izkslhtj ykW dh tkudkjh gsrq 30
fnol dk fu%'kqYd izf'k{k.k fn;k tkrk FkkA
bl izdkj xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa ?kfVr ?kVuk] vijk/k ;k pksjh ds fy, rglhynkj
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 575 296 576 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

vkSj pkSdhnkj dks ftEesnkjh nh xbZA vijk/kh ds ugha feyus ij {kfriwfrZ dk Hkqxrku vtesj }kjk Lohd`r eseksj.Me] 7 ebZ] 1870
djus dk ftEek Hkh rglhynkj vkSj pkSdhnkj dks gksrk FkkA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa pksjh&MdSrh 10- ts-Mh- ykV'kw }kjk deh'uj vtesj&esjokM+k dks 18@5@1872 dks fy[kk i=] ÿekad
dh lwpuk lEcfU/kr Fkkus ;k rglhynkj dks vfoyEc nh tkrh FkhA pksjh] MdSrh] 144 jktiwrkuk ,tsUlh QkbZy ua- 1
ywVekj] tcju olwyh ;k dksbZ vkijkf/kd ?kVuk] gR;k] cyok] cykRdkj] NsM[+ kkuh] 11- <ksf<;ky] ch-,u-] jktLFkku fMfLV™DV xtsfV;j] vtesj] jktLFkku ljdkj] 1966] i`-
efgyk dks tcju mBk ys tkuk vkfn dk mŸkjnkf;Ro LFkkuh; {ks=ksa ds bLrejkjnkj] 495
HkkSfe;k] tkxhjnkj] fBdkusnkj] tehnkj ds ftEes gh FkkA 12- lkjMk] gjfcykl] vtesj fgLVksfjdy ,.M MsLdsfUVo QkbZu vkVZ fizfUVax izl
s ] vtesj]
1941] i`- 266&67
pkSdlh o fuxjkuh dk vf/kdkj LFkkuh; yksxksa dks lkSaidj fczfV'k vf/kdkjh
13- n iqfyl V™sfuax dkWyst] vtejs esU;wvy] Hkkx 3] fu;e 41(5)] vtesj jsX;wys'ku
bl dk;Z ls eqDr gks x;sA ftu pkSdhnkj dks udn osru ns; ugha gksrk Fkk mUgsa fuf'pr
vkWQ iqfyl fMikVZesaV 1900] vtesj] 1901] i`- 24
ek=k esa vukt nsuk gksrk FkkA 1887 bZ- esa dLVe vf/kdkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr dh xbZ] 14- lkjMk] gjfcykl] iwoksZDr] i`- 266
1905 bZ- esa yxHkx 15 dLVe vf/kdkjh vfrfjDr fu;qDr fd;s x;sA lM+d ekxZ ij 15- lsUll fjiksVZ vkWQ vtesj&esjokM+k] rkfydk 1950&51] i`- 70&72
O;kikfj;ksa ds vkokxeu ij dLVe vf/kdkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr gqbZ ftlls ?kqliSfB;ksa 16- lkjMk] gjfcykl] iwoksZDr] i`- 268
dh la[;k esa deh gqbZA >kalh fjtoZ ls cqyk;s x;s ?kqM+lokjksa dks Hkh rSukr djus ls 17- vtesj&esjokM+k ,.M jsthMs.V Qkj jktiwrkuk n lsÿsV vkWQ jktiwrkuk] bUlisDVj
vijk/kksa esa deh vkbZA vijk/kh ds nwljh fj;klr esa izos'k dj tkus ij 5 iqfyl vkWQ tujy vkWQ iqfyl dk i= ua- 3&14@44 fnukad 04-07-1944 QkbZy ua- ,@24&62]
dkUlVscy dk ,d iqfyl ml vijk/kh dks ml fj;klr ls vtesj ykdj vnkyr esa jktiwrkuk ,tsUlh ÿkbe czkap] vtesj vkj-,l-,-ch-
izLrqr djuk o n.M fnykuk FkkA18 bl izdkj ?kVrh&c<+rh iqfyl la[;k ls Kkr gksrk 18- vtesj iqfyl esU;wvy] Hkkx 4] 1921] 1922] i`- 42&43
gS fd Hkkjrh; jk"V™h; vkUnksyu dh jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa ls fopfyr fczfV'k
ljdkj us dkuwu O;oLFkk ds fy, iqfyl cy esa deh ;k c<+ksrjh gksus yxhA
lUnHkZ
1- ,fplu lh-;w-] dysD'ku vkWQ n V™hVht ,xstes.Vl ,.M lun fjysfVax bf.M;k
,.M uscfjax dUV™ht] dydŸkk] 1933] [k.M ikap] i`- 409&10
2- vtesj&lqifj- ,Q= foYMj vtesj }kjk estj tujy lj MsfoM vkDVjyksuh dks 24
flrEcj] 1818 bZ- dks fy[kk i= ÿekad 238@,
3- vtesj&lqifj- vkj dsofUM'k }kjk jsthMs.V jktiwrkuk dksyczqd dks 10 tqykbZ] 1828
dks fy[kk i= ÿekad 123@,ts
4- deh'uj] vtesj&esjokM+k }kjk phQ deh'uj ts- tkslQ yk;y (dk;Zokgd) dks
fy[kk i= 10 vizSy] 1857] la[;k 702
5- okVlu] lh-lh-] jktiwrkuk fMfLV™DV xtsfV;lZ] 1904] [k.M 1] i`- 30
6- duZy ,-th- MsfoMlu] fMIVh dfe'uj }kjk vkj-,p- dhfVax] dfe'uj o ,-th-
jktiwrkuk dks i=] fnukad 11 vizSy] 1868 ui= la[;k 568@1868
7- ysf∂VusaV tku fyLVu] vflLVsaV dfe'uj }kjk fMIVh dfe'uj dks i=] fnukad 9
vDVwcj] 1866] i= la[;k 198@1866
8- fMIVh dfe'uj vtesj&esjokM+k }kjk dfe'uj o ,-th-th- jktiwrkuk dks i=] fnukad
11 vizSy] 1868 i= la[;k 568@1868
9- ysf∂V- xouZj ukFkZ&osLV izksfoUl (QkbZy uua- 1] jktiwrkuk ,tsUlh lh-lh- czkap]
 297
44 esjokM+k cVkfy;u dh LFkkiuk vkSj mldk
esjksa (jkor] esjkr) ds tu&thou ij izHkko
tykyqÌhu dkBkr
25 twu] 1818 dks fczfV'k bZLV b.fM;k dEiuh ljdkj vkSj egkjkt vkyhtkg
nkSyrjkt flaf/k;k] Xokfy;j ds e/; laf/k gqbZ ftlds vuqlkj esjokM+k dk {ks= vaxzstksa
dks izkIr gqvkA 28 tqykbZ] 1818 dks fe- fcYMj dks vtesj dk izFke v/kh{kd
fu;q‰ fd;k x;kA mlus ejkBk lqcsnkj ckiw flaf/k;k ls dk;ZHkkj xzg.k fd;kA vtesj
ij vf/kdkj ds ckn budk /;ku esjokM+k esa 'kkafr LFkkiuk dh vksj x;kA fczfV'k
ljdkj }kjk esjokM+k ij vkf/kiR; ,oa fu;a=.k cuk;s j[kus ds iz;Ruksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i
esjksa us 1819 ,oa 1821 bZ- ds e/; fczfV'k ljdkj] esokM+ o ekjokM= jkT;ksa ds
fo:º foÊksg dj fn;k FkkA1 varr vaxzstksa us mn;iqj ,oa tks/kiqj dh la;qDr lsukvksa ds
lkFk esjks ij vkÿe.k dj fn;kA2 bl la;q‰ vfHk;ku esa cksjok] vFkw.k] dksV&fdjk.kk]
cxMh] jktx<+ vkfn {ks=ksa ij vaxzstksa dk vf/kdkj gks x;kA esjksa dh ijkt; ls vaxzstksa
dh lŸkk LFkkfir gks xbZA3 lu~ 1819 o 1820 bZ- esa esjksa ds foÊksg dk neu dj rFkk
esokM+ o ekjokM+ ds jkT;ksa ls le>kSrs ij rhu 'kf‰;ksa esa foHkkftr esjokM+k {ks= dk
,dhdj.k dj] mlds lEiw.kZ 'kklu izcU/k vkSj esjksa dks fu;a=.k esa j[kus dh ftEesnkjh
Lohdkj dh lkFk gh ywVekj lekIr dj mUgsa 'kkafriwoZd clkus ds iz;kl fd;sA lu~
1822 bZ- esa ;g fu'p; fd;k x;k fd esjksa dks Lo;a ds lq/kkj dk lk/ku cuk;k tk;saA4
vr% vaxzst vf/kdkfj;ksa us mUgsa jkstxkj nsus ,oa muds 'kkS;Z ,oa lkgl dk mfpr
mi;ksx djus ds fy, mUgsa lsuk esa HkrhZ fd;k tk;s] ;g fu.kZ; fy;kA ;g muds /kkM+kas
(ywVikV) dks lekIr dj mUgsa lH; cukus dh vksj egŸoiw.kZ dne FkkA5
lj MsfoM us 6 uoEcj] 1821 dks esjokM+k cVkfy;u cukus ds fy, ,d
izLrko fHktok;kA izLrko esa mUgksaus Li"V fd;k fd nq%Llkglh o /kkMks ds is'kksa esa jg
jgsa esjksa ml ek/;e~ ls jkstxkj nsus ds lkFk&lkFk mudh lsokvksa ,oa 'kkS;Z dk lgh
mi;ksx Hkh fd;k tk ldsxkA ;g izLrko mPp iz'kkldksa }kjk 1822 bZ- esa Lohdkj dj
fy;k x;kA 22 twu] 1822 bZ- dks xoZuj tujy us esjokM+k yksdy cVkfy;u cukus
dh vkKk ns nhA dsfIVu gkWy dks ;g dk;Z lkSaik x;kA6 vkjaHk eas esjokM+k yksdy
cVkfy;u esa vehj [kka dh cph gqbZ lsuk dks Hkh lfEefyr dj fy;k x;k rFkk 340
esjksa dh HkrhZ dh xbZA7 bl VqdM+h dks iqjkuh C;koj] tks vtesj ds nf{k.k&if'pe esa
30 ehy djhcu nwj Fkk] ds ikl Nkouh cukdj j[kk x;kA izkjEHk esa esjksa dh HkrhZ eas
578 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
vusd dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+k ysfdu 100 esjksa] ftudh vk;q 50 ls 64 o"kZ
Fkh dks 5@& #i;s bZuke vkSj nkor nsdj izHkkfor dj HkrhZ djus gsrq fu;q‰ fd;k]
ysfdu blls Hkh vf/kd dfBukbZ HkrhZ djus ds ckn mUgsa jksdus esa gqbZA vusd O;f‰
dqN le; dh lsok ds ckn vius&vius xkaoksa dks ykSV x;s] D;ksafd lsok djuk o
vkns'k ekuuk mudh Lora=rk dh Hkkouk ds foifjr FkkA bl izdkj esj flikgh rhu
o"kZ dh lsok ds ckn viuh lsokeqfDr izkIr djus yxsA bl le; rd os ,d cSyksa dh
tksM+ [kjhnu ftruh jkf'k cpk ysrs Fks vkSj œf"k dk;ks± esa yx tkrs FksA8 ckn esa /khjs&
/khjs la[;k c<+us yxhA lu~ 1823 esa jftesaV dk uke 14oha esjokMk LFkkuh; cVkfy;u
vkSj rRi'pkr~ lu~ 1843 bZ- esa esjokM+k cVkfy;u ds uke ls foHkwf"kr fd;k x;k]
fQj lu~ 1826 esa ukSoha esjokM+k LFkkuh; cVkfy;u vkSj rRi'pkr~ 1843 esa esjokM+k
cVkfy;u ds uke ls foHkwf"kr fd;k x;kA9 lu~ 1839 esa esjokM+k cVkfy;u ekjokM+
ds Mkdw Bkdqj fpEeu flag ds fo:º dksV&fdjk.kk] rglhy VkWVx<+ xbZA Bkdqj
fpEeu flag tks Hkkxk gqvk Fkk] dskV&fdjk.kk esa ywVikV djrk FkkA bl cVkfy;u ds
lSfudksa us fpEeu flag vkSj mlds lkfFk;ksa dks ekj fxjk;k ysfdu bl dk;Zokgh esa
esjokM+k cVkfy;u ds Hkh 8 flikgh ekjs x;sA10 nwljh ckj esjokM+k cVkfy;u dh
VqdM+h us Mwaxj flag uked ekjokM+ ds ckxh Bkdqj dks fxj∂rkj fd;kA bl volj ij
duZy fMDlu] estj QksjsLVj o fczxsfM;j fjpdh us QkSt dh iz'kalk dhA11
ok;ljk; ykMZ es;ks us bl cVkfy;u ds Lo:i eas ifjorZu djds bls lSfud
dksj esa iquxfBZr fd;k rFkk lu~ 1871 bZ- esa bldk eq[;ky; C;koj ls cnydj
vtesj dj fn;k x;kA12 vaxzst 'kkldksa }kjk lu~ 1878&79 bZ- esa cVkfy;u dks
lSfud vfHk;ku ij dkcqy Hkst fn;k x;kA ogk° bl cVkfy;u us vnEc lkgl o
'kkS;Z dk izn'kZu fd;kA lu~ 1891 bZ- esa vtesj ftys ds esjksa }kjk fd;s x;s vUu
foÊksg dks nckus ds fy;s bl cVkfy;u dk bLrseky fd;k x;kA lu~ 1903 bZ- esa
fczfV'k Hkkjrh; lsukvksa ds iqu% fu/kkZj.k ds le; bl lSfud VqdM+h dk uke cnydj
bls 44oha esjokM+k iSny lsuk dgk tkus yxkA13
esjokM+k cVkfyu dk LFkkuh; yksxksa ij izHkko
vaxzstksa us esjksa dks esjokM+k cVkfy;u esa HkrhZ dj ,d vuq'kkflr lsuk rS;kj
dh FkhA bu vuq'kkflr esj lSfudksa ij vaxzst ljdkj gj le; fo'okl dj ldrh
FkhA cgqr gh de le; esa bu esj VqdfM+;ksa dks lSfud rRijrk] pqLrh vkSj vU;
lSfud fu;eksa ds vuq:i <ky fy;k x;kA bl rjg ds lSfud vuq'kklu us esjksa dks
;Fkk le ftEesnkjh fuHkkuk] LoPNrk ,oa vkns'kksa dk ikyu djuk vkSj lgt O;ogkj
fl[kk;k rFkk vf/kdkjf;ksa ds izfr fo'okl dh Hkkouk mRiÈk dhA bl cVkfy;u us
esjksa dks 'kkafr o vuq'kklu dk vxznwr cuk fn;kA muesa vko';d Je] la;e o 'kkafr
ds izfr yxko c<+us yxkA14 muds O;ogkj ds dkj.k vaxzst vQlj izHkkfor ,oa izlÈk
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 579 298 580 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

gq,A muds HkŸkksa o ekfld osru eas o`fº gqbZA vc izfrekl osru vkSj isa'ku ds :i esa lu~ 1878&79 bZ- ds vQxku ;qº esa iznf'kZr ohjrk ,oa 'kkS;Z ls izlÈk gksdj
mudh vkenuh esjksa ds ?kjksa esa vkus yxh] ftlls mUgksaus [ksrh esa Hkh dkQh mÈkfr rRdkyhu dek.Mj bu phQ] Hkkjr ljdkj lj vkseksj ÿsx us 44 vtesj cVkfy;u
dhA15 blds vfrfj‰] esjksa dh esgur ls LFkkuh; vkcknh esa dq,° [kksnus o esM+ cukus dks foDVksfj;k ÿkWl ls uoktk ,oa lqcsnkj estj xksik ,oa enkjh fHk'rh dks vkWMZj vkWQ
vkfn izkFkfed dk;Z lEiÈk gks ldsA blds ifj.kkeLo:i esj leqnk; esa 'kh?kz gh bf.M;u esfjV vokMZ ls uoktk x;kA 1902 bZ- esa 44 esjokM+k cVkfy;u us pk;uk
ifjorZu ifjyf{kr gksus yxsA16 bl izdkj esjokM+k cVkfy;u xzkeh.kksa dks izxfr dh ;qº dks cM+h ohjrk ls thrkA lu~ 1921 esa mŸkjh ,f'k;k ds f[kykQ ckWylsfud
vksj ys tkus esa dkQh lgk;d flº gqbZA17 vkÿe.k esa esjokM+k cVkfy;u dh ,d dEiuh us Hkkx fy;k ,oa cgknqjh dk izek.k
esjokM+k cVkfy;u dk fo?kVu fn;kA lu~ 1923 esa fgUnw&eqfLye naxksa ds nkSjku iqfyl dkWiZl ds :i esjokM+kokfl;ksa
us ys- duZy ts- lh- ,e- gkWfLdu tks ckn esa 10@4 cEcbZ xzsusfM;lZ ds dek.Mj cusa
vaxzstksa dh ;kstukvksa ls esjokM+k ds jkor] esjkr cVkfy;u esa feydj dke
Fks] ds usr`Ro esa 'kkafr cgkyh dk dk;Z c[kwch fd;kA iwjs ns'k esa iqfyl ds dk;ks± ds
dus yxs ysfdu le; ds lkFk /kkfeZd dÍjrk ds iuius ls muds VqdM+s&VqdM+s gks
iz'kalk gqbZA lqcsnkj vthek (cksjok) dks vkWMZj vkWQ fczfV'k ,Eik;j] goynkj ?khlk
x;sA18 lu~ 1887 bZ- dks 03 jsftesaV ftUgsa ckn esa 119oha] 120oha o 122oha jktiwrkuk
[kk° (xqank dk ckyk) dks foDVksfj;k esMy ls uoktk x;kA
bUQsUV™h ds uke ls tkuk tkus yxkA buesa izR;sd esa nks dEiuh esjksa dh HkrhZ dh tkus
yxhA bu jsftesaVksa ds fgUnw o eqlyeku lSfudksa ls tc budk lEidZ gqvk rks buesa lanHkZ
vyxko dh Hkkouk dk mn; gksus yxkA19 lu~ 1903 rd esjokM+k cVkfy;u eas esj 1- ch-ds- 'kekZ] jktLFkku esa œ"kd vkUnksyu &1996 i`- 78&81
vkSj esjkrksa ds chp esa erHksn ugha gqvk] ysfdu ckn esa oSeuL; mRiÈk gks x;kA 2- duZy tsEl VkWM dk fcYMj dks fy[kk i= 18@06@1821] vtesj E;qft;e
,d&nwljs ds gkFk dk ikuh u ihus o lkFk&lkFk [kkuk ugha [kkus ls buesa fojks/k mRiÈk 3- duZy ,p- gkWy dh fjiksVZ] vtesj E;qft;e
gksx x;kA phrk o esjkrksa eas [kruk] eqnsZ dks xkM+uk] gyky ek°l [kkuk vkfn fjokt 4- ,p- vkj- cqyoVZ] esfMdks VksiksxzkfQdy vdkm.V vkWQ esjokM+k jsftesaV 1905] i`-
iqjkus pys vk jgs FksA blls nwljs eqlyekuksa us budks eqlyeku dguk 'kq: dj fn;k 1
vkSj phrk o esjkr vf/kd ls vf/kd eqlyekuh fjoktksa dks viukus yx x;s vkSj vius 5- lh- lh okVulu] jktiwrkuk fMfLV™DVk xtsfV;lZ] [k.M&^,* vtesj&esjokM+k] 1904
dks jkorksa ls vyx crkus yxsA bl izdkj nksuksa tkfr;ksa esa vyxko c<+ x;kA 6- lh- lh- okVlu] ogh] i`- 119] ,p- vkj- cqyoVZ] ogh & i`- 01
ifj.kker% buesa jksVh o csVh dk O;ogkj yxHkx can gks x;kA20 bu lc dkj.kksa ls 7- f'koizlkn f=ikBh] exjk esjokM+k dk bfrgkl & 1914&79
8- lh- lh- okVlu] ogh] i`- 119] dsfIVu ,p- gkWy] ogh] i`- 32] 34
esjokM+k cVkfy;u dk laxBu VwVus yxkA vkj- lh- czkeyks ftyk iqfyl v/kh{kd
9- ,p- vkj- cqyoVZ] ogh] i`- 1&3
dks bl ckjs esa foLr`r fjiksVZ rS;kj djus dk dk;Z lkSaik x;kA mUgksaus bldk dkj.k
10- f'koizlkn f=ikBh] exjk&esjokM+k dk bfrgkl] 1914] i`- 19
crkrs gq, dgk fd cEcbZ jsftesaV dh ,d VqdM+h dqN le; ds fy, bykgkckn Hksth 11- ukFkwyky 'kekZ] phrk&cjM oa'k dk bfrgkl] 1971
x;h] tgk° esj&esjkrksa dk lEidZ czk„.kksa o eqYykvksa ls gqvk] blh ds lkFk ;g Hkh 12- ,p-vkj- cqyoVZ] ogh] i`- 2] 3
crk;k x;k fd jkorksa dh ,d VqdM+h baXyS.M Hksth x;h] rks muds fgUnw lkfFk;ksa us 13- ,l-vkj- cqyoVZ] ogh] i`- 2] 3
muds eqlyekuksa ds lkFk [kkuk [kkus ij izrkM+uk dhA blh izdkj eqlyekuksa dks nk<+h 14- lh- lh- okVlu] ogh] i`- 5] 17
j[kus ds fy;s ck/; fd;kA21 lu~ 1902 vkSj 1903 esa jkor] esgjkrksa ds tkfr; 15- ukFkwyky 'kekZ ] ogh] i`- 18
lEesyuksa ds }kjk vkilh jksVh&csVh dk O;ogkj can dj fn;kA vaxzst ljdkj dk 16- dsfIVu ,p- gkWy] ogh] i`- 33] 35
izkjEHk esa esjksa ij iw.kZ fo'okl Fkk] og vc lekIr gks x;kA vUr esa esjksa dh Qkst esa 17- dsfIVu ,p- gkWy] ogh] i`- 33] 35
HkrhZ can dj nh xbZA tks esj QkSt esa Fks] mudh /khjs&/khjs NaVuh dj nh xbZA osru o 18- ukFkwyky 'kekZ] ogh] i`- 48
isa'ku dk Úksr can gks tkus ls esjksa dks vkfFkZd gkfu gqbZ] tks esjksa dh rjDdh gks jgha Fkh 19- ,p- vkj- cqyoVZ] ogh] i`- 36
og 1903 esa can lh gks xbZA ifj.kker~ esjksa dh lkekftd voufr vkjaHk gqbZA gkykafd 20- ukFkwyky 'kekZ] ogh] i`- 4] 49] ,p- vkj- cqyoVZ] ogh] i`- 36
NqViqV HkrhZ vHkh gks jgh Fkh ysfdu cM+h ek=k esa HkrhZ can gksus ls f'k{kk o /ku dh 21- ,p- vkj- cqyoVZ] ogh] i`- 36
deh gksus yxh bl dkj.k dqN yksx iqu% ywVekj dk dk;Z djus yxsA22 22- ukFkwyky 'kekZ] ogh] i`- 4] 50
 299 582 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

egkjktk ds foosd ij fuHkZj FkkA vFkkZr~ ^Fkkjks ikV] Egkjks BkB* (Dignity Yours,
Service Ours) vkn'kZ okD; (motto) FkkA2
chdkusj jkT; ds egkjktk Mwaxjflag ds buds ckn vU; ?kqM+lokj jkBkSM+ FksA vk/kh iSny lsuk esa fons'kh fgUnqLrkuh Fks
'kkludky esa lSU; laxBu (1872&1887 bZ-) ftUgsa ^ijnslh* dgk tkrk FkkA 'ks"k dk;e[kkuh o lS∏;n FksA vkXus;kL= o rksi vkfn
pykus esa lSfudksa dk vH;kl de Fkk ysfdu os canwd pyk ldrs FksA tkxhjnkjksa dh
MkW- eksgEen Qk:d pkSgku ,oa MkW- 'kkjnk 'kekZ dksbZ lsuk ugha FkhA os ,slh lsok ds fy, fu/kkZfjr jde ;k okf"kZd jde ns fn;k djrs
FksA3 blfy, egkjktk Mwaxjflag us [kpks± vkSj lSfudksa dh la[;k esa dVkSrh dhA fooj.k
fdlh jkT; dh lqj{kk O;oLFkk dh ftEesnkjh mlds lSU; laxBu ij fuHkZj fuEu izdkj ls gS &
djrh gSA lSU; laxBu ftruk vf/kd lqn`<+ gksxk] jkT; mruk gh vf/kd lqjf{kr lkj.kh 1 % 1872&73 bZ - es a chdkus j QkS t dh fLFkfr o dh xbZ deh
gksxkA chdkusj jkT; esa Hkh 'kuS% 'kuS% lSU; laxBu etcwr gksrk x;kA jko chdkth dk fooj.k4
}kjk chdkusj jkT; dh LFkkiuk dky ls gh jkT; dh futh QkSt ugha FkhA t:jr iM+us ÿ-la- uke csMk+ iwoZ la[;k deh dh 'ks"k jgh
ij tkxhjnkjksa ls lSfud lgk;rk ys yh tkrh FkhA 1818 bZ- esa vaxzstksa ls laf/k gksus ds I;knxku (iSny lsuk)
ckn bl O;oLFkk esa cnyko t:j gqvk ysfdu jkT; dh futh QkSt u cu ldhA 1- Msjk ljgn dk iwjfc;k 207 6 201
egkjktk Mwaxjflag ds 'kkludky ls igys ds 'kkldksa us dtsZ ys j[ks Fks ftldk pqdkjk 2- QkSt fdyk chdkusj 125 & 125
djuk fodV leL;k FkhA egkjktk ljnkjflag ds dky esa dtZ cgqr c<+ x;k FkkA 3- Msjk xksyUnktku 167 77 90
mudh 1872 bZ- esa e`R;q ds ckn lsuk dh ,d cM+h O;kikfjd vkiwfrZ dks de fd;kA 4- iyVu fryaxku5 110 & 110
ftlls ,d o"kZ esa mudk O;; 1 yk[k #i, ls de gks x;k Fkk ysfdu ;g jkT; vkSj 5- Msjk jke ukjk;.k 27 & 27
x<+ esa fu;qDr lokj o iSny lSfudksa ds vfrfjDr Fkk] ftldk fooj.k fuEu izdkj gS& 6- Msjk ëkd: [kku 57 5 52
en la[;k O;; izfrekg (#-) 7- QkSt ëkgj chdkusj 82 2 80
?kqMl+ okj 228 4440 8- igjk n∂rj 25 & 25
iSny 593 3448 9- Msjk dqenS ku xkSj lgk; 12 11 01
10- Msjk vdcj flag 13 13 &
isa'ku o vU; 46 466
11- Msjk tjhQ [kku 9 9 &
&&&& &&&& 12- Msjk djhc c[ëk 17 17 &
;ksx 867 8348 13- Msjk vQty [kku 23 23 &
&&&& &&&& ;ksx I;knxku (iSny lsuk) 874 163 711
fofHkUu vkdkj dh 30 ;k 40 canwdsa FkhaA jkT; esa vfrfjDr ?kqM+lokj o iSny lokjku
lSfudksa dh la[;k 1060 FkhA1 14- bLyke iqfj;k 69 2 67
15- fjlkyk lkgcjke 161 & 161
osru 16- fjlkyk jkorflag 180 52 128
iSny lSfudksa dks 2 ls 5 #- izfr ekg osru feyrk FkkA jkT; ds foHkkx 17- Msjk vCnqy vtht 29 29 &
(ftyksa) esa rSukr ?kqM+lokjksa dks ^flygiks'k* dgk tkrk FkkA mUgsa izR;sd dks 2 #- 18- Msjk jkeflag 9 9 &
izfrekg vkSj Hkkstu (jk'ku) fn;k tkrk FkkA vf/kdkjh oxZ ftudh la[;k 300 Fkh 19- Msjk ykyflag 7 7 &
muesa ifM+gkj] jktiwr tkfr tks chdk ds lkFk muds la?k"kZ esa lkFk FksA mudk osru
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 583 300 584 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

;ksx lokjku 455 99 356 ^^rksi"kkaus jk gqokynkj tksX; rhFkk canqdka 4 laxhu rkslnku m/kka pqagka.k ukgy
vU; lha?k us daiuh js lqik;ka oklrk nstksfi
20- deZpkjh 32 9 23 n- vghj iqj.k n- Egkjko gjhlha?k
21- is'a kunkj 23 & 23 gk- uhgky lha?k
;ksx vU; 55 9 46
QkSt ds lkFk tks gkFkh oxSjg tkrs Fks] muds fy, ?kkl vkfn dh O;oLFkk Hkh
loZ ;ksx 1384 271 1113
6
dh tkrh FkhA16 ftldh tkudkjh gesa dkSafly js gqdek jh cgh] ua- 3] chdkusj] fo-
lkj.kh 2 % 1874&75 bZ- ls 1876&77 bZ- rd chdkusj QkSt dh la[;k la- 1931@1874 bZ-] i`- 10c] iSjk ÿe la- 109] jk-jk-v-ch- ls izkIr gksrh gS&
o"kZ lokjku I;knxku (iSny lsuk) dqy ^^QkStnkj fyNe.k lha?k th tksX; rhFkk HkkVh gqde lha?k th mnSiqj tklh rka js ?kkl jh
7
ckjxhj [kqn tkxhj ;ksx xksyankt izf'k& vizf'k& iqfyl vU; ;ksx ;ksx gkFkh 2 jk fnu 15 jks vj gkFkh 1 jk fnu 40 jks cankscLr dj nstks oSlk[k on 2fi
vLik8 f{kr f{kr
;qº gksus dh lEHkkouk gksus ij lSfudksa dks rS;kj jgus ds fy, dgk tkrk
1874&75 bZ- 602 213 29 844 139 109 1026 107 287 1668 2512 17
FkkA ftldh tkudkjh gesa dkSafly js gqdek jh cgh] ua- 3] chdkusj] fo-la-
1875&76 bZ- 541 301 23 865 126 135 813 131 600 1805 2670 1931@1874 bZ-] i`- 5c] iSjk ÿe la- 60] jk-jk-v-ch- ls izkIr gksrh gS&^^lkgka.kh
1876&77 bZ- 545 327 31 903 177 201 855 151 619 2003 2906 gehj lha?k tksX; rhFkk Fkkajs jlkys jk vlokj 15 ok uxkjks 1] uhlka.k 1] lq/kk ljc
futh QkSt dh vko';drk dks eglwl djrs gq, egkjktk Mwaxjflag us 1879 ?kksMk+ 17 QkStnkj djeth lkxS mnSiqj tko.k cklrk rh;kj dj jk k tks laor 1931
bZ- esa QkSt rS;kj djus dh ftEesnkjh QkStnkj fcfyUn [kka dks lkSaihA9 mUgksaus QkSt esa pSr lqn 3fi
5 dEifu;ksa ds 596 lSfudksa vkSj nks dEifu;ksa ds 131 xksyUnktksa ls ,d QkSt dk QkSt esa le;&le; ij jax:Vksa (u, flikfg;ksa) dh HkrhZ dh tkrh FkhA
fuekZ.k fd;kA10 lSfudksa ds fy, cUnwdsa t;iqj ls eaxokbZ xbZaA11 1884 bZ- esa dfojkt iksfyfVdy ,ts.V jktk dks bl ckcr fy[krs FksA 'kkld lHkh ijxuksa esa bl ckcr
HkS:anku dks QkSt dk vQlj fu;qDr fd;kA12 1885 bZ- esa ëkqrqj lokj (≈°V gkdeksa dks bfŸkyk djus ds fy, dgrk FkkA18 ftldh tkudkjh gesa dkSafly js gqdek
okfguh) lsuk dh ,d dEiuh rS;kj djuk izkjEHk fd;kA13 bl izdkj egkjktk jh cgh] ua- 46] chdkusj] fo-la- 1938@1881 bZ-] i`- 301vc] iSjk ÿe la- 1163 ls
Mwaxjflag us viuh QkSt dh fLFkfr etcwr dhA izkIr gksrh gS & ^^Jh guqekux<+ jk gkdek tksX; rhFkk estj jkcV lkgc ckgknqj
tc QkSt fdlh LFkku ds fy, jokuk gksrh rks mudh ek°x dh iwfrZ dh tkrh iqyVhdy vtaV jh dSQh;r vkbh rS es yh[kk dS dxkj iyV.k okyh yacj 17 jks
FkhA nk: o xksfy;ksa dh O;oLFkk ckcr vkns'k fudyrs Fks14 ftldh tkudkjh oklrs Hkjrh dj.ks jaxjksV jktlFkkaus js jokuk gqoks NS lq dksbh xkjV vkneh Hkjrh dj.k
dkSafly js gqdek jh cgh] ua- 33] chdkusj] fo-la- 1937@1880 bZ-] i`- 144c] iSjk oklrk Jh chdkusj js bhykds esa vkos rks mqos lq dhl rjs jh eqtkaer u gqbh pkghts bh;s
ÿe la- 817] jk-jk-v-ch- ls izkIr gksrh gS & rjs yh"kks NS lqJh guqekux<+ js ijxus esa vkos rks Fks ijxus lkjs es dsok; ns tks ds bh;ka
^^rksi"kkaus jk gqokynkj tksX; rhFkk nk: lsj 2 lhls jh xksyh 55 bh;s Hkkar nstks lq dsbh rjs eqtkaer u gqos rsjh Fks lkjs ijxus esa bhryk dj jiksV dj nstksfi n-2 n-3
& nk: lsj 1 xksyh 25 "kqokl e?kth mnSiqj tklh rS oklrk nstksA @Hkknjk @Jh lhjnkjlsgsj @Jh jrux<+
nk: lsj 1 lhls jh xksyh 30 pqgk.k gjhlha?k js Msjs jk iksjk 1 e?kth lkxS tklh @jktx<+ @Jh ykyx<+ @uksgksj
mnSiqj rk us ns tksfi @JhMqaxjx<+ @jh.kh @Jh vuksix<+
n- Egkjko gjhlha?k g- e?kth "kqokl @Jh lqtka.kx<+ @pq: @Jh lqjrx<+
vxj canwdsa nsus dk gqDe gksrk rks mldh O;oLFkk dh tkrh FkhA15 ftldh @Vhch @ @lhjnkjx<+
tkudkjh gesa dkSafly js gqdek jh cgh] ua- 33] chdkusj] fo-la- 1937@1880 bZ-] i`- ljc uh 14 vsd udy jk nk 2 nk 3
134v] iSjk ÿe la- 763] jk-jk-v-ch- ls izkIr gksrh gS & @gk- pijklh tyh;ks
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 585 301 586 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

le;&le; ij lsuk dh fxurh o fujh{k.k fd;k tkrk FkkA mlesa lSfudksa dk ckonhZ (onhZ lfgr) flikghA vaxzstksa us tks igyh ckonhZ QkSt HkrhZ dh Fkh eqYd
iw.kZ fjdkMZ j[kk tkrk Fkk tSls lSfud dk uke] firk dk uke] mez] fdrus lky ukSdjh fryaxkuk esa dh FkhA blfy, flikfg;ksa dk ;s uke gqvk (fMD'kujh&Qhjkstqy yqxkr
dh vkfnA lkgc cgknqj iwjh fjiksVZ e; lwph 'kiFk ds lkFk eaxk fy;k djrs FksA (mnw)Z &ekSyoh fQjkstÌq hu] izdk'k ts-,l- larflag ,.M lUl] pwfM+;ksoa kyku] fnYyh&6]
vk/ks lSfudksa dks igys Hkstk tkrk FkkA muds okfil vk tkus ij 'ks"k vk/ks lSfudksa dks chloka laLdj.k] 1976 bZ-] i`- 299)
Hkstk tkrk FkkA19 ftldh lwpuk gesa dkSafly js gqdek jh cgh] ua- 53] chdkusj] fo- 6- eqa'kh Tokyk lgk;] odk, jktiwrkuk (mnwZ)] ftYn&3] vkxjk] 1879 bZ-] i`- 742
la- 1941@1884 bZ-] i`- 8c] jk-jk-v-ch- ls izkIr gksrh gS& 7- ckjxhj & os lSfud gksrs Fks] ftUgsa yM+us ds fy, ?kksM+k o 'kL= jkT; dh rjQ ls feyrs
^^pq: jk gkdeka tksX; rhFkka pq: esa lqik; jk vkneha ok xksyknkj ok vlokj FksA ?kksM+ksa dks nkuk o ?kkl ljdkj ls feyrk FkkA
NS rhdka eka; lq vk/kk lqik; jk vkneh ok vk/kk xksyknkj vk/kk vlokj vBs lkgc 8- [kqn vLik & os lSfud ftuds vius ?kksM+s gksrs FksA budks Hkh jkt dh rjQ ls nkuk o
?kkl feyrk FkkA
cgknqj gktjh yslh rS oklrk rqjr esy nstks vj vsd Qhjlr bh;ka jh gktjh jh rs es
9- dkSafly js gqdek jh cgh] ua- 30] fo-la- 1934&36@1877&79 bZ-] i`- 210v] 211vc]
vkneh jk ukao ok mqoS jS cki jks ukao o mqej ok thrka cjlka jks uksdj gqos rSjk lir ehrh
jk-jk-v-ch-
jh bh;ka js lkxs esy nstks vj bh;ka jh gktjh vBs gq;j iqBk Fkkajs duS vk; tkos rka jk ykjs
10- dkSafly js gqdek jh cgh] ua- 30] fo-la- 1934&36@1877&79 bZ-] i`- 19c] 20v] jk-
lqikbh vlokj oxSjs jS oS rhdks us Qsj vBS rwjr esy ns tks bh;S es nsj erka djtks miz
jk-v-ch-
eqtc 11- dkSafly js gqdek jh cgh] ua- 30] fo-la- 1934&36@1877&79 bZ-] i`- 210v] 211vc]
jktx<+ lqtka.kx<+ Hkknjk jh.kh guqekux<+] uksgj] Vhch] jk-jk-v-ch-
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12- jko xksikyth laxzg (futh laxzg)] cLrk ua- 1] Qkby 3@lh] fnlEcj] 1884 bZ-] jk-
Jhjrux<+ Jhlhjnkjlsgsj Jhlqjrx<+ JhMqaxjx<+fi jk-v-ch-
13- oekZ] lhek % egkjktk Mwxa jflag % O;fDrRo] d`frRo vkSj chdkusj jkT; ds vk/kqfudhdj.k
1 1 1 1
esa mudk ;ksxnku (1872&1887 bZ-)] vizdkf'kr ih,p-Mh- 'kks/k izca/k] egkjktk
vaxzstksa }kjk lgk;rk ek°xus ij ≈°V] lokj lfgr HkstsA le; ij lgk;rk xaxkflag fo'ofo|ky;] chdkusj] 2010 bZ-] i`- 133
igq°pkus dh në<+ bPNk'kfDr us egkjktk Mawaxjflag dh bTtr vaxzst 'kklu us dh vkSj 14- dkSafly js gqdek jh cgh] ua- 33] chdkusj] fo-la- 1937@1880 bZ-] i`- 144c] iSjk ÿe
mudks egŸo fn;kA muds }kjk le; ij fd, x, dk;Z dh ljkguk dhA la- 817] jk-jk-v-ch-
bl izdkj ge de ldrs gSa fd egkjktk Mwaxjflag ds 'kkludky esa lSfudksa 15- dkSafly js gqdek jh cgh] ua- 33] chdkusj] fo-la- 1937@1880 bZ-] i`- 134v] iSjk ÿe
dk j[k&j[kko pqLr&nqjLr FkkA vaxzsth lSfud VqdfM+;ksa ds vuq'kklu o vH;kl dks la- 763] jk-jk-v-ch-
ns[kdj mUgksaus Hkh viuh lsuk dks izf'kf{kr djok;kA mUgha dh rjg QkSt esa vuq'kklu 16- dkSafly js gqdek jh cgh] ua- 3] chdkusj] fo-la- 1931@1874 bZ-] i`- 10c]iSjk ÿe la-
cuk, j[kus ds fy, dBksj dne mBk, o l[r rFkk tYn fu.kZ; ys lq/kkjkRed mik; 109] jk-jk-v-ch-
fd,A 17- dkSafly js gqdek jh cgh] ua- 3] chdkusj] fo-la- 1931@1874 bZ-] i`- 5c] iSjk ÿe la-
60] jk-jk-v-ch-
lanHkZ 18- dkSafly js gqdek jh cgh] ua- 46] chdkusj] fo-la- 1938@1881 bZ-] i`- 301vc] iSjk
1- ikmysV] ih-MCY;w-] xtsfV;j vkWQ chdkusj LVsV] xouZeasV izl
s ] chdkusj] 1932 bZ-] i`- ÿe la- 1163
116 19- dkSafly js gqdek jh cgh] ua- 53] chdkusj] fo-la- 1941@1884 bZ-] i`- 8c] jk-jk-v-ch-
2- ikmysV] ih-MCY;w-] xtsfV;j vkWQ chdkusj LVsV] xouZeasV izl
s ] chdkusj] 1932 bZ-] i`-
116&117
3- ogh] i`- 117
4- eqa'kh Tokyk lgk;] odk, jktiwrkuk (mnwZ)] ftYn&3] vkxjk] 1879bZ-] i`-740&41
5- fryaxk ls fryaxku 'kCn cuk gS tks fryaxk dk cgqopu gSA fryaxk ls rkRi;Z QkSt dk
 302
gkM+kSrh {ks= ds lkekftd tkxj.k esa
^dkykckny* dk ;ksxnku
MkW- iz.ko nso
19&20oha 'krkCnh dk lkekftd&lkaLd`frd tkxj.k lekthdj.k dh og
fof'k"V izfÿ;k Fkh ftlds ek/;e ls ekuorkokn ij vk/kkfjr uohu thou ewY;ksa dh
LFkkiuk gqbZA bl fof'k"V izfÿ;k ds izknqHkkZo ds lw= ;wjksi ds bfrgkl ds ml fpUru
vkSj lkfgR; esa feyrs gSa ftlesa uotkxj.k dks ,d lkaLd`frd] ,sfrgkfld vo/kkj.kk
ds :Ik esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA ;g lkekftd&lkaLd`frd tkxj.k xq.kkRed :Ik
ls e/;dky ls fHkUu gSA bl tkxj.k ds }kjk ekuoek= dh lekurk HkzkrRo dh Hkkouk
us lekt esa u;s ekun.M LFkkfir djus dk iz;kl fd;kA tc vk/kqfudhd`r lekt
lkeUroknh lekt ds ekun.Mksa ,oa ewY;ksa dks /oLr dj jgk Fkk rFkkfi muds
lkekftd ewY;ksa ,oa O;oLFkkvksa dks dqjhfr;ksa ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr dj muds mUewyu
dh izfÿ;k dks] ftl meax ls iwjk dj jgk Fkk rc ml meax dks lkekftd tkxj.k dk
uke fn;k x;kA ;g ewyr% lkeUroknh O;oLFkk fojks/kh tkxj.k FkkA bldh rhu izeq[k
fo'ks"krkvksa dh vksj fo}kuksa us ladsr fd;k gS % bldk /keZfujis{k Lo:Ik] ekuorkoknh
fo'on`f"V rFkk izkphu laLd`fr ij bldh fuHkZjrkA lkekftd tkxj.k esa lekt esa
O;kIr dqjhfr;ksa ,oa cqjkbZ;ksa ds f[kykQ ge u dsoy vkokt mBkrs gSa vfirq lkekftd
dqjhfr;ksa ds f[kykQ tkx`r O;fDr vfUre lkal rd yM+rk gS] tcfd lkaLd`frd
tkxj.k esa gekjh psruk LifUnr gksrh gS] vkSj ,d psrl eu ds lkFk thou dh leLr
xfrfof/k;ksa dks ge ns[krs gSaA gkM+krS h {ks= ds lkekftd tkxj.k eas vusd lq/kkjdks eas
ls Jh HkSjo yky dkykckny dk uke vYiKkr gSA muds tUe 'krkCnh o"kZ esa gkM+krS h
{ks= ds lkekftd tkxj.k esa mudh Hkwfedk ds ewY;kadu dk iz;kl djuk lehphu
izrhr gks jgk gSA izLrqr 'kks/ki= eas gkM+krS h {ks= ds LorU=rk lsukuh] lkfgR;dkj]
i=dkj Jh HkSjo yky dkykckny ds lkekftd tkxj.k ds ;ksxnku dks js[kkafdr
fd;k tk jgk gSA
jktLFkku dk gkM+krS h {ks= e/;dky ls viuh fof'k"V lkaLd`frd ,oa ,sfrgkfld
igpku j[krk gSA gkM+k jktiwrksa }kjk 'kkflr {ks= gkM+krS h {ks= dgyk;kA orZeku esa bl
{ks= esa eq[;r% dksVk] >kykokM+] ckjk° ,oa cwUnh ftys 'kkfey fd, tk ldrs gSA bl
{ks= esa LorU=rk la?k"kZ lkeUroknh lkekftd O;oLFkk ds izfrjks/k ds :i esa eq[kfjr
gksdj lkekftd tkxj.k dk :i ysrk x;kA
588 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
HkSjo yky ^dkykckny* dk tUe 4 flrEcj 1918 esa xzke dkdksMh+ [ksMh+
lkjFky tkxhj] NhikcM+knS ftyk ckjk° eas eh.kk ifjokj eas gqvk] tcfd vkidk iSr`d
xk°o rweM+k rglhy NhikcM+knS ftyk ckjk° Fkk] firk Jh dkywjke eh.kk ,oa ekrk
Jherh /kUuh ckbZ dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr cgqr detksj FkhA budh d{kk ika°p rd dh
f'k{kk [kkuiqj (orZeku ftyk >kykokM+] rRdkyhu dksVk fj;klr) esa gqbZA mlds ckn
vkBoha rd dh f'k{kk ckjk° eas gqbZA LokfHkekuh o tq>k: LoHkko ds HkSjo yky cpiu
ls gh fopkj'khy ,oa v/;;u ds izfr #fp j[kus okys FksA lu~ 1936 esa iztke.My
dh lnL;rk Lohdkj djus ds ckn gh ekLVj cnzh izlkn ds lkfu/; esa f'k{kk izkIr
djrs&djrs mudk ifjp; iztke.My ds izpkj ij fudys dksVk jkT; iztke.My esa
ea=h Jh rulq[kyky th feŸky ls gqvk] mUgha ls mUgksaus LorU=rk dk ea= lh[kkA
r#.kkbZ esa vktknh dh Mxj ij pyrs&pyrs mUgsa ia- vfHkUugfj ,oa Jh eksrhyky th
tSu tSls gejkgh fey x;sA iztke.My ds dk;ks± eas O;Lr jgus ds dkj.k mUgksaus
ljdkjh ukSdjh esa tkus dk fopkj R;kx fn;kA1 vktknh ds fy, la?k"kZjr jgrs gq, os
lu~ 1945 esa jkeuoeh ds fnu Kkuorhth ds lkFk fookg cU/ku eas ca/k x,A
iztke.My ds lfÿ; lnL; ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gq, dkykckny dh
eqykdkr fctkSfy;k vkUnksyu ds iz.ksrk Jh fot;flag ifFkd ls gqbZ] vkSj mudk
lkfu/; izkIr gqvk] ;gh og le; Fkk tc mUgas ia- u;uwjke th 'kekZ dk Hkh vk'khokZn
izkIr gks jgk FkkA mUgksaus ia- u;uwjke 'kekZ ,oa gfjHkkbZ fdadj vkfn ds lkFk xk°o&xk°o
?kwe dj iztke.My ds dk;ksZ dks xfr nh ,oa iztke.My dh 'kk[kk;sa [kksyhA yksd
cksyh esa Lojfpr xhrksa ds ek/;e ls psruk izkfIr dh mRd`"V Hkkouk tkx`r dhA neu
,oa =kl ds lkeUrh ekgkSy esa ifFkd th ds lEiknu esa mudk ^vktknh dh ygj*
uked xhr ladyu izdkf'kr gqvkA lu~ 1942 esa mUgksaus Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu esa Hkkx
fy;k] ftlds dkj.k fczfV'k ljdkj us muds fxj∂rkjh ds vkns'k fudky fn;s]
fxj∂rkjh ls cpus ds fy, os HkSaljksM+x<+ esa vKkrokl esa jgsA lu~ 1946 bZ- esa
mn;iqj esa vk;ksftr ns'khjkT; yksd ifj"kn ds lEesyu esa if.Mr usg: ds le{k tc
HkSjo yky }kjk ,d tkxj.k xhr xk;k x;k& ^dkykckny js*
dkyk ckny js vc rks cjlkns cyrh vkxA
ckny jktk dku fcuk js] lq.ks u Egkadh ckrA
Fkkjk eu dh rw djs] tn pkys okadk gkFkAA
dlkbZ yksx [khaprk jgs] ejh xk; dh [kkyA
[khaps gkde gR;kjk] ;s djlk.kka dh [kkyAA
eky [kkos pksjM+k js] [kkos djt [kyk.kA
dPpsfM+;ka esa gkde [kkos] Hkw[kk daFk dks izk.kAA
isV cka/k [ksrh djka js] lxˇk dk rdkjA
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 589 303 590 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

?kj eas Egkads ≈nj [ksys] Hkjka txr HkaMkjAA usrkvksa ds cnyrs LoHkko vkfn ij fopkj fd;k x;k gSA vktknh ls igys os
xM+k iM+s jksyh lM+s js] mYVks ysys naMA lkeUroknh lkekftd lajpuk esa xjhc fdlkukas dh fpUrk djrs gq, mUgas tkxzr djrs
laM eqlaMk ikih gkfde [kkos Egkadks iaMAA gS&lu~ 1939 esa tkxhjh tqYe jfl;k esa tqYe dh bargk ns[kh gS&
dM+rk dk iM+rk ugha js] gM+D;k [kqM+ [kqM+ [kk;sA tkxhjh esa thck lw° rks Hkyks dqvk esa iM+cksA
gkFk tksMd + j xkY;ka [kkoka] rks Hkh bTtr tk;sAA tkxhjh dk xk°o lwWa rks Hkyks ujd esa lM+cksAA3
Nksjk Nksjh nw/k fcuk js] pwM+ fcuk ?kj ukjA lu~ 1941 bZ- esa <ksyk! tk dhT;kss usg: lwa xhr esa fdlkuksa dh ekyhgkyr
ukt ugha Ns] yw.k ugha Ns] ugha rsy dh /kkjAA bl izdkj crkbZ&
/kkalh pkys Mx xe gksy] csxh vk xbZ gkjA cSy fcd x;k ukt fcd x;ks] vksj fcD;ks ?kj ckjA
Hkjh tokuh chp esa gh] Egkjks lw[k x;ks HkjrkjAA Nksjk fcdX;k] Nksfj;ka fcdxh] vc dkabZ cspwa ukjAA4
QkVh&VwVh lsiV;ka js] yhjd yhjk ikxA lu~ 1945 esa dye dlkbZ ns'k ds nq'eu uked xhr esa os fy[krs gSa&
QVh /kksorh QVh vaxj[kh] QwV~;k Egkadk HkkxAA jktk ds egyka esa fctyh tx&xe djrh gSA
QkVks&VwVks ywxM+ks js] ygaxks fcuk lT;kcA Mkej dh lM+D;ka ij eksVj pyrh fdldh gSAA
Fksxyk is Fksxyk nsok°] rks Hkh nh[ks vkcAA2 odhy gkfde vkSj lsB fdldk /ku [kkrs gSA
bl xhr ij if.Mr th us HkSjo yky dks /kU;okn nsrs gq, mudk miukedj.k fdlds cy ls tgkt gokbZ ≈ij mM+rs gSAA
^dkykckny* dj fn;kA blh fnu ls bUgsa dkykckny ds uke ls tkuk tkus yxkA 'kgjksa ds yksxksa ds nq[k dh jktk lqurs gSA
vki jktLFkku dh izFke fo/kkulHkk lu~ 1952 esa rFkk 1957&67 vkSj 1977 esa 'kd ds nq[k dh dkSu lqus lkSrsyh ek° ds gSAA5
jktLFkku fo/kkulHkk ds lnL; jgsA lu~ 1978 ls 1980 turk ikVhZ ljdkj esa ;|fi dye dlkbZ uke ls lu~ 1939 bZ- esa fy[ks ,d vU; xhr esa Hkh os
vk;qosZn jkT;ea=h jgsA lu~ 1967 ls 1976 rd jktuhfr ls nwj jgdj vki leiZ.k xk°okas dh [ksrh djus okyh vke turk dk nq[k nnZ O;Dr nwljh rtZ ij ,oa nwljs cksyks
Hkko ls lkekftd tkxj.k dk dk;Z djrs jgsA bl nkSjku vkius ^eh.kk&lalkj* if=dk esa igys gh dj pqds FksA
dk lEiknu fd;kA vkius thou i;ZUr gkM+krS h lfgr iwjs jktLFkku eas lkekftd iztk ij tqYe uked dfork esa 1946 esa dkykckny fy[krs gS&
laxBuksa ds fofHkUu egRoiw.kZ inksa ij jgdj tudY;k.k vkSj lkekftd tkxj.k ds ykx ckx csxkj djkos nk.kks [kwc nykosA
cgqvk;keh izsj.kknk;d dk;ksZ dks fd;kA ,d ljl yksdxhrdkj ds :i esa vkidh djs dysoks] d°oj th rks Egka ij ykx yxkosAA
jpukvksa eas lkekftd tkxj.k dh Hkkouk dwV&dwVdj Hkjh gSA psrks js vc rks enkZavksa] ukbZ /kksch dqEgkj [kkrh] dgkj Hkh nq[k ikosA
cksV dh dher] ns'k dh HkykbZ djlk dk°/ks] gy/kj I;kjk ns'k] tu lsok] ns[kks js yksxksa] gqDe vnk tks ugha gqvk rks twrka law fiVokosAA
ekuork nsrh f/kDdkj] dkSu lqusxk xhr gekjs] Hkkjr esa fQj xbZ jke nqgkbZ] fot; nw/k ngh ?kh djlk.kk ls eq∂r esa eaxokosA
gksxh] mBks fdlkuks] mBks mBks] nk: er fioks <ksyk] ikyks ikM+ks er Hkxoku] uk le> xktj] dkank] csax.k ikyd pwV pkaV ys tkosAA6
jgsxh tc rd ;g ?kj okfy;k°] cuh rw lh[k fg;s /kj tS] ek.M] Hkaoj ij ukjh er lu~ 1952 esa dkykckny cksV dh dher vkSj jktusrkvksa ds >wBs oknkas ls cpus
rkdks] R;kxh rks Hkksxh c.kX;k js] /kuokukas dh nqfu;k°] iztk ij tqYe] dye dlkbZ] ds fy, lkekftd tkxj.k bl izdkj djrs gS&
tkxhjh tqYe jfl;k] dye dlkbZ ns'k ds nq'eu tSls xhrkas esa vius le; ,oa lekt xk°/khth dh ea'kk Nh] ;gka djlks c.ks iz/kkuA
dh fpUrk yxkrkj ^dkykckny* djrs gSaA os vius lkekftd tkxj.k esa tgk° ,d vksj thads uhps usg: cSBs] djs ns'k dks dkeAA
jktuhfrd psruk] lkeUroknh lkekftd O;oLFkk dk fojks/k djrs gS ogha nfyr oxZ Hkksyh&Hkkˇh ekNyh us] ;g cxyk Hkxr QalkbZA
eas u'ks] vLoPNrk vkfn dks R;kxus dk Hkh lans'k nsrs gSaA ^dkykckny* ds lkekftd djlk.kk dk cksV ekax ck] cg:I;k c.k vkbZAA
tkxj.k dks nks Hkkxksa esa ck°Vdj le> ldrs gSaA igys Hkkx esa vktknh ls igys dh 'kgjh usrk ehBk Bx NS] Ny lwa dj ys okjA
leL;k,° vkSj ^dkykckny* dh fpUrk,° fn[kkbZ iM+rh gS rks vktknh ds ckn Hkz"Vkpkj ;ka ijns'kh iaPN;ka lwa] lc jhT;ks gksf'k;kjAA7
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 591
vktknh ds ckn rsth ls cnyrs ifjn`'; esa lu~ 1953 esa dkykckny R;kxh rks
Hkksxh c.kX;k js] esa jktuhfr esa vkbZ xqVcUnh Hkz"Vkpkj ij fy[krs gS&
R;kxh rks Hkksxh c.kX;k js]
djlk.kk dh /kwy mM+krh eksVj tkos jsAA
/kuoku dh ukM+ dkVs] djlk.kk dks daBA
etnwjksa dks ekal ywaps] c.;k fQjs yQVaVAA
xk°/kh dk ukao lw° js Hkyh epkbZ ywVA
[kwc yM+kos ?k.kk yM+s Ns] xqVcanh esa QqVAA8
lu~ 1955 eas lkekftd cqjkbZ;ksa ds izfr tkxzr djrs gq, fy[krs gaS&
psrks js vc rks enkZavks js] vkbZ vktknh vka[;k [kksy nksAA
odhyka dh Qw°d lw° js gka js] enkZa ?kj&?kj ykxh vkxA
cˇS xk°oM+k cˇS 'kgj Hkh cˇS ns'k dk HkkxAA
N=h MwC;k 'kjkc eSa js] gka js enkZa cke.k c.X;k MkdhA
lkgwdkj rks pksj c.k x;k] /keZ cps D;ksa ckdhA A
ns[k n'kk fut ns'k dh js] gka js enkZa iyVks vki.kh pkyA
ugha psrks rks nq%[k ikvksxk] c.;ka jgks daxkyAA9
lk°pk usrk R;kx dk js] lr dh cksys ckrA
udyh usrk yhn dj NS] ewaMk law fnu&jkrAA
$ $ $ fd;kA os iztke.My ds lfÿ; lnL; ds :i eas LorU=rk la?k"kZ ls tc ,d ckj tqM+
dkabZ lwrk Nks uhan esa js] dqŸkk [kkoS pkjA
iVokjh] dkuwxks] ukt+e] pkSFkks Fkk.kknkjAA
$ $ $ ls gkM+krS h dh turk ds chp lkekftd tkxj.k dh vy[k txkrs jgsA muds xhrksa esa
djlka Fkkadk vUunkrk NS] D;ksa ykX;k /kedkck usA
tks Fkka ;ka lwa csj djks rks] feys u VqdM+ks [kkck usAA
$ $ $ fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA12 gkM+krS h vapy ds vuks[ks yksd dfo ,oa lsod dkykckny us
Hkkjr ds ohjksa] tufgr ckr fopkjksA
nqf[k;k turk d"V ik jgh] mldh vksj fugkjksAA
vkt+knh ?kj ykus eas] yk[kksa us izk.k x°ok;k gS]
pUnz'ks[kj&Hkxr flag us Qk°lh ij izk.k p<+k;k gSA
ckiw us Hkh xksfy;k° [kkbZ] rqeus mudks fcljk;k gS]
ns'k&izse dh NksM+ Hkkouk] Hkksx ls usg yxk;k gSA
'kghnksa dh dfBu riL;k ^ckny* er fcljkvksAA10
gkM+krS h ds bl vuwBs yksd dfo us dforkvksa dks lkekftd tkxj.k ds fy,
viuh rkdr cuk;k xk°o&xk°o tkdj vius xhrksa ds ek/e; ls yksxkas ds eu eas u
304 592 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
dsoy vktknh dh pkg iSnk dh vfirq mudk nq[k nnZ Hkh ckaVkA vktknh ds iwoZ gekjs
lsukfu;ksa us tks lius ns[ks oks fdl rjg rkj&rkj gq, ;g dkykckny th us ^ge jkLrs
ls HkVd x;s gS* vkys[k fy[kdj O;Dr fd;kA os vius laLej.kkas esa rhu xhr laxzgksa
ds izdk'ku dh ppkZ djrs gS& xk°oksa dh iqdkj] vktknh dh ygj vkSj lkekftd
lq/kkj buesa ls vktknh dh ygj iqLrd dks vaxzst ljdkj }kjk izfrcfU/kr Hkh fd;k
x;kA11
lektlsod ds :i esa vkius NqvkNwr] nfyr frjLdkj] inkZizFkk e`R;q Hkkst
vkfn ds ckjs esa tkxzfr iSnk dj gkM+krS h dh mYys[kuh; lsok djrs gq, vke turk ds
chp jgus okys lgt fdlku] fiNM+h tkfr;ksa ds iqjks/kk] tudfo vkSj LorU=rk
lsukuh dkykckny vktknh dh 50 oha o"kZxkaB u ns[k lds vkSj 20 vizsy 1997 dks
budk nsoyksd xeu gks x;kA os nfyr oxZ ds mRFkku ,oa fodkl ds fy, d`r
ladYi FksA vr% jktrU= esa Hkh mudh gfjtu mºkj ,oa iztke.My ds izpkj
dk;Zÿeksa esa Hkkxhnkjh dks lkekftd tkxj.k ds :i esa js[kkafdr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
os vius O;k[;kuksa esa lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa ds fujkdj.k ds fy, vusd rdZ nsrs gq,
budh fuUnk djrs FksA
dkykckny us vius thou dky esa gkM+krS h {ks= ds lkFk&lkFk lEiw.kZ mRrj&Hkkjr
ds tuthou dks vkyksfdr dj ikFks; fn;kA rRdkyhu jktiwrkuk ds le; ,oa lekt
dks Lok/khurk ds fy;s vko';d jpukRed ,oa vkykspukRed la?k"kZ ds fy, rS;kj
x;s rks fQj vktknh dk lwjt mx vkus rd dHkh ihNs eqMd + j ugh ns[kkA lu~ 1942
dk Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu gks ;k fQj fouksck th dk Hkwnku vkUnksyu iw.kZ lefiZr Hkko
,d vksj tgk° gkM+kSrh Hkk"kk ds mtys ns'kt Lo:i ds n'kZu gksrs gaS ogha nwljh vksj
vktknh ds igys vkSj vktknh ds ckn ds lekt dk vlyh :i Hkh lkQ&lkQ
vius xhrksa dks cM+k gfFk;kj cukdj xk°o&xk°o] <k.kh&<k.kh tkdj u dsoy vke
turk esa vktknh dh vy[k dk tkxj.k fd;k vfirq xzkeh.k lekt esa O;kIr cqjkbZ;ksa
ls NqVdkjk ikus dh Hkh igy dhA jktLFkku ds lUnHkZ eas jktuSfrd psruk vkSj
lkekftd lkaLd`frd tkxj.k ,d gh flDds ds nks igyqvksa tSls jgs gSaA ns'kh fj;klrksa
ds neu pÿ us tc jktuSfrd tu tkx`fr dks dqpyk rc lkekftd&lkaLd`frd ,oa
lkfgR;d tkxj.k dh fn'kk eas dkykckny us izxfr iFk izdkf'kr fd;k ftlls
Lora=rk laxzke dks fur ubZ ≈tkZ feyrh jghA
bl izdkj dkykckny us viuh la?k"kZe; thou ;k=k dk izkjEHk xka/kh;qxhu
LFkkuh; dk;ZdrkZ ds :i esa izkajEHk fd;k tks 'kh?kz gh lEiw.kZ gkM+kSrh esa dfo;ksa]
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 593 305
ys[kdka]s i=dkjksa ,oa lektlsfo;ksa ds fy, mYys[kuh; gks xbZA mUgksaus vius cgqvk;keh
d`frRo ds ek/;e ls rRdkyhu le; ,oa lekt dks ≈tkZoku cuk;kA
lUnHkZ iwoZorhZ chdkusj jkT; esa jktuhfrd tkx`fr ,oa
1- Lokra´;k; Lo.kZ t;afrdk dksVk ftyk iz'kklu 1997 ds i`- 63&64 ij Jh ftrsUnz psruk ds vfHkizsjd ?kVd & ,d v/;;u
fueksZgh dk ys[k ^dkykckny* uke fn;k if.Mr usg: usA
2- (v) HkS:yky dkykckny (la-)] fdlkuksa dh iqdkj lu~ 1941 bZ-] ts-ds- tSu la- MkW- (Jherh) csyk Hkuksr
Lok/khurk ds xhr] jktLLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj chdkusj] 1987 i`- 73
(c) jkeukjk;.k eh.kk gy/kj] vkse ukxj (la-)] dkykckny js] cksf/k izdk'ku chdkusj jkT; ds ,d uxj pw: esa lu~ 1907 bZ- esa Lokeh xksikynkl ds }kjk
t;iqj] 2017 i`- 188 loZfgrdkfj.kh lHkk dh LFkkiuk] mldh lfÿ;rk ,oa chdkusj jkT; dh fujadq'k
3- (v) jkeukjk;.k eh.kk gy/kj] vkse ukxj (la-)] dkykckny js] cksf/k izdk'ku jkt'kkgh }kjk mlds neu ds iz;klksa1_ jkT; ds xaxkuxj {ks= esa fdlkuksa esa O;kid
t;iqj] 2017 i`- 171&172 vlarks"k dk mHkjuk] tehankjk ,lksfl,'ku dh LFkkiuk ,oa d`"kd la?k"kZ2_ chdkusj
(c) fdlku lans'k 9 ebZ 1951 vad 20 jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj chdkusj] jktnzksg rFkk chdkusj "kM~;a= dsl ,oa rnuUrj pyk O;kid neu pÿ o tu
Qkby cLrk ua- 4] ÿe la- 33 izfrfÿ;k3_ chdkusj esa iztke.My dh LFkkiuk rFkk chdkusj ls∂Vh ,DV ds rgr gqbZ
(l) ts-ds- tSu la-] Lok/khurk ds xhr] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj chdkusj] 1987 fxj∂rkfj;ka ,oa lR;ukjk;.k ljkZQ] y{ehnkl Lokeh] ckcw eqDrk izlkn vkfn
i`- 85 ij xk°o dh iqdkj lu~ 1941 bZ- ÿkafrdkfj;ksa dks ns'k fudkyk fn;k tkuk ,oa rn~tfur O;kid izfrfÿ;k4_ chdkusj ds
4- ts-ds- tSu la-] Lok/khurk ds xhr] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj chdkusj] 1987 i`- 84
dfri; lkglh ukxfjdksa }kjk dydŸkk esa ^fgroºZu lsok lnu* uked laLFkk dh
ij xk°o dh iqdkj lu~ 1941 bZ-
LFkkiuk o mldh lfÿ;rk5 chdkusj jkT; esa gq, 'kgjh vkanksyuksa6_ ckcw j?kqojn;ky
5- jkeukjk;.k eh.kk gy/kj] vkse ukxj (la-)] dkykckny js] cksf/k izdk'ku t;iqj]
2017 i`- 170 ds usr`Ro esa chdkusj esa iztke.My vkanksyu dk iqufuZekZ.k o mldh lfÿ;rk7_
6- ogh] i`- 174 jk;flaguxj xksyhdk.M vkSj fdlkuksa dh tcnZLr izfrfÿ;k8 o chdkusj jkT; esa
7- ogh] i`- 179 gq, fofo/k fdlku vkanksyuksa tSls & tlk.kk] dqEHkk.kk] egktu ds fdlku vkanksyu9]
8- ogh] i`- 176&177 nw/kok[kkjk dk fdlku vkanksyu10] dkaxM+ fdlku vkanksyu11 vkfn dh ?kVukvksa dks
9- ogh] i`- 178 rn~fo"k;d fodklÿe ds :i esa fo'ks"k :i ls mº`r fd;k tk ldrk gSA
10- iwoksZDr] i`- 182 iwoZorh chdkusj jkT; esa vkbZ bl jktuhfrd tutkx`fr ,oa psruk ds ewy esa
11- (v) HkS:yky dkykckny (la-)] fdlkuksa dh iqdkj lu~ 1941 bZ-] ts-ds- tSu la- varfuZfgr jgs vfHkizsjd ?kVdksa dks jktLFkku LVsV vkdkZbZOt] chdkusj esa lajf{kr ewy
Lok/khurk ds xhr] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj chdkusj] 1987 i`- 73 iqjkys[kh; lzksr lkexzh ds vk/kkj ij foosfpr vkSj fo'ysf"kr djuk bl 'kks/k&i= dk
(c) jkeukjk;.k eh.kk gy/kj] vkse ukxj (la-)] dkykckny js] cksf/k izdk'ku eq[; /;s; gSA
t;iqj] 2017 i`- 96
12- (v) vkse ukxj] vktknh dh Lof.kZe iksFkh ds vuwBs ftYnlkt] jkeukjk;.k eh.kk jktLFkku esa jktuSfrd tkxj.k ds ihNs ijEijkxr :i ls 19oha 'krkCnh ds
gy/kj] vkse ukxj (la-)] dkykckny js] cksf/k izdk'ku t;iqj] 2017 i`- 13&16 lkekftd lq/kkjksa] vaxzsth f'k{kk o lekpkj&i=ksa ds ;ksxnku] izoklh O;kikjh&oxZ dh
(c) jktLFkku if=dk dksVk laLdj.k] i`- 2 Hkwfedk] d`"kd&vkanksyu ,oa dkaxzsl rFkk vkWy bf.M;k LVsV~l ihiqYl dkWU›sUl tSlh
laLFkkvksa ds ;ksxnku dks eq[; :i ls mŸkjnk;h Bgjk;k tkrk jgk gSA vkfFkZd dkj.kksa esa
fo'ks"k :i ls djksa ds cks>] djksa dh euekus <ax ls olwyh] m|ksx&/kU/kksa dk iru ,oa
vdky tSlh leL;kvksa dks iz'kklu }kjk u lqy>k ikuk vkfn ?kVd fo'ks"k :i ls
lq>k;s tkrs gSaA12 iwoZorhZ chdkusj jkT; esa gqbZ jktuhfrd tkx`fr ,oa psruk ds ihNs Hkh
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 595
dfri; dkj.k ,oa ?kVd fo|eku jgs FksA ftUgsa fuEukafdr 'kh"kZdksa ds varxZr
foosfpr ,oa fo'ysf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
f'k{kk ,oa lekpkj&i=ksa dk izHkko
chdkusj lEHkkx esa gqbZ jktuhfrd tutkx`fr ds n`f"Vdks.k ls f'k{kk ,oa
lekpkj i=ksa dh Hkwfedk egŸoiw.kZ ekuh tk ldrh gSA oSls vkadM+ksa dh n`f"V ls
f'k{kk dk fo'ks"kdj vaxzsth f'k{kk dk izlkj cgqr de ,oa /khek FkkA ysfdu vaxzsth
f'k{kk dk izHkko vkadM+ksa ls ugha vkadk tk ldrkA tks uo;qod jkT; ls ckgj f'k{kk
ysus ds fy, x;s os ykSVdj vk;s rks os gh u;h psruk ds izfrfuf/k cus tcfd mudh
la[;k cgqr de jghA13 blh izdkj fczfV'k bf.M;k esa jgus okys chdkusj okfl;ksa us
ogk° f'k{kk xzg.k djds vius jktuSfrd nkf;Roksa dks le>kA jkT; esa u dsoy
iztke.My vkanksyu cfYd lektoknh o fdlh lhek rd lkE;oknh fopkjksa dh
iqf"V bUgha izfrfuf/k;ksa }kjk lEHko gqbZA14 chdkusj ujs'k egkjktk xaxkflag us chdkusj
dks ,d vk/kqfud jkT; dk Lrj nsus dh gksM+ esa f'k{kk ds izlkj ij i;kZIr /;ku fn;k
FkkA chloha 'krkCnh ds izkjEHk esa jkT; eas dqy 29 f'k{k.k laLFkk,a] 49 v/;kid]
1606 v/;;ujr Nk= ,oa 18126@& okf"kZd f'k{kk&O;; rFkk 80 futh ikB'kkyk,a
FkhaA egkjktk ds nsgkolku ds le; (1943 bZ-) jkT; esa 141 jktdh; fo|ky;]
137 vuqnku izkIr ,oa 191 ekU;rk izkIr futh fo|ky; vkSj ,d LukrdksŸkj egkfo|ky;
Fkk] ftlesa v/;;ujr Nk= la[;k 29]803 rd igq°p pqdh FkhA15 ;s ljdkjh vkadM+s
lEHkor% vfrjatuk ls Hkh vksr&izksr gksa] ysfdu ,d ckr Li"V gS fd bl nkSj esa
chdkusj jkT; esa f'k{kk ds {ks= esa izlkj gqvk FkkA fQj Nk= mPp f'k{kk izkfIr gsrq
cukjl Hkh Hksts tkrs FksA egkjktk us bl ckr dk Hkjld iz;Ru fd;k Fkk fd jkT; esa
Nk= vkanksyu tSlh xfrfof/k;ksa dk fodkl u gks ysfdu f'k{kk ds ikB~;ÿe tks fd
fczfV'k bf.M;k esa py jgs ikB~;ÿeksa ds vuq:i Fks] f'k{kd tks fd vf/kdka'k la[;k
esa iqu% fczfV'k bf.M;k ls vk, Fks vkSj ubZ 'kfDr;ksa ds mn; ds fo#º ugha Fks rFkk
f'k{kk ds lkekU;&Kku ls mRiUu psrukvksa ds izHkko dks rks jksdk ugha tk ldrk FkkA16
f'k{kk ds izlkj us jktra= dh vVwVrk ,oa fujUrjrk dks Lohdkj djkus esa ck/kk,a gh
mRiUu dhA bl e/; lkearh&ifjokjksa ls tqM+s de f'kf{kr yksxksa dks šph ukSdfj;ksa esa
izkFkfedrk nh xbZ rks vU; oxks± ds f'kf{kr yksx jktra=h; O;oLFkk ds fo#º HkM+d
x,A chdkusj esa gq, iztke.My vkanksyu ds vf/kdrj usrk is'ks ls v/;kid] odhy]
fpfdRld o O;kikjh FksA bUgha yksxksa us vkxs pydj jktLFkku esa ,dhdj.k dh
vkokt mBk;h rkfd lekurk ds vk/kkj ij lcdks volj izkIr gks ldsaA
dqyh; jktra= dh O;oLFkk ds fo#º lekpkj&i=ksa us Hkh iqjtksj vkokt
mBk;h vkSj mldk chdksuj lEHkkx ds okfl;ksa ij O;kid izHkko iM+kA ^jktLFkku
dsljh*] ^r#.k jktLFkku*] ^uothou*] ^uo T;ksfr*] ^yksdok.kh* vkfn i=ksa esa
306 596 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
jktra=h; O;oLFkk ds tqYeksa o mlds fojks/k ds lekpkj Hkjs jgrs Fks] ftUgsa i<+dj
yksxksa dk O;oLFkk ds izfr eksg Hkax gksrk tkrk FkkA ljdkj Hkh neudkjh uhfr ij
pyrs gq, bu lekpkj i=ksa ij izfrca/k yxkus esa dlj ugha NksM+rh Fkh] ysfdu
pksjh&Nqis ;s i= lEcfU/kr O;fDr;ksa ds ikl igq°pk fn, tkrs FksA17 bu lekpkj i=ksa ds
vfrfjDr fo'ks"k ^ldZqyj ySVlZ*] ^cqysfVu*] ^fjiksV~lZ* vkfn dk izdk'ku Hkh bl
n`f"V ls de egŸoiw.kZ ugha FkkA18 yanu esa xksyest dkWU›sUl ds le; egkjktk
xaxkflag dh neudkjh uhfr;ksa ds fo#º gqbZ fjiksVZ us chdkusj iz'kklu dks fgyk fn;k
Fkk rFkk ^chdkusj "kM~;a= ekeys* dh uhao iM+h FkhA19 jk"V™™h; lekpkj i=ksa fo'ks"kdj
^cksEcs ÿksfudy*] ^fgUnqLrku VkbZEl* ,oa ^izrki* us Hkh chdkusj ds 'kkldksa dh
neudkjh uhfr;ksa ij fo'ks"k ys[k fudkys FksA cfYd fLFkfr ;g cu vk;h Fkh fd
jk"V™™h; ny chdkusj jkT; dh lgh voLFkk dk ifjp; ikus ds fy, bu jk"V™™h;
lekpkj i=ksa ds fo'ks"k laoknnkrkvksa ls gh lgk;rk izkIr djrs FksA ^chdkusj "kM~;a=
ekeys*] ^nw/kok[kkjk fdlku vkanksyu* rFkk jktx<+ o xaxkuxj esa d`"kd vkanksyuksa ds
neu dh HkRlZuk bu laoknnkrkvksa ds lekpkjksa ds vk/kkj ij gh dh x;h FkhA20 cfYd
iztke.My ds vf/kdka'k usrk i=dkj dk dk;Z Hkh djrs FksA mudh bPNk jgrh Fkh fd
fdlh izdkj os izsl yxkdj viuk lekpkj i= fudkysa rkfd mudh vkokt dks lquk
tk ldsA ;|fi foŸkh; leL;kvksa ds dkj.k cgqrksa dh bPNk eu esa gh jg x;h FkhA
chdkusj esa lR;ukjk;.k ljkZQ] [kwcpUn ljkZQ] oS| e?kkjke] j?kqoj n;ky xks;y ,oa
nk≈n;ky vkpk;Z bl fn'kk esa iz;Ru'khy jgs FksA21
vk;Z lekt vkanksyu dk izHkko
vk;Z lekt vkanksyu us jktLFkku esa cgqr ls Hkkxksa eas ;wjksi ds iqutkZxj.k lk
dk;Z fd;kA ;|fi vk;Z lekt ds vius jktuSfrd dk;Zÿe ugha Fks] ysfdu blds
}kjk izpkfjr /kkfeZd o lkekftd lq/kkjksa us vius gh izdkj dh ,d jktuSfrd psruk
dks tUe fn;kA lkekftd HksnHkko feVkus dh f'k{kk us vusd e/;e o fiNM+s oxZ ds
yksxksa esa ,d u;k mRlkg Hkj fn;kA muds }kjk LFkkfir dh x;h viuh u;h igpku us
ijEijkoknh ,dkf/kdkj j[kus okyh 'kfDr;ksa dks pqukSrh nsus ds fy, mUgsa l{ke cuk
fn;kA vk;Z lekt us izR;sd izdkj ds ,dkf/kdkj o tqYe dk fojks/k djus dh ,d
foy{k.k psruk mRiUu dh ftldk lh/kk izHkko jktuSfrd psruk dks tkx`r djus esa
lgk;d flº gqvkA22 Lokeh th vius thoudky esa pw: vk, Fks vkSj chdkusj
lEHkkx eas pw: dLck] tks [kkylk {ks= esa Fkk] gh muds izpkj dk izFke dsUnz cukA
pw: esa jktuSfrd tkx`fr dk >.Mk Qgjkus okys Lokeh xksiky nkl vk;Zlekth gh Fks]
ftUgksaus ukxfjd vf/kdkjksa dh izkfIr ds fy, loZizFke 1907 bZ- esa gh yksd fgrdkfj.kh
lHkk cuk yh FkhA23 'kh?kz gh vk;Zlekth dsUnz viuh xfrfof/k;ksa esa jktuSfrd
vf/kdkjksa dh O;k[;k djus yxsA ;gk° rd fd fdlku vkanksyuksa dks Hkh vk;Z
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 597
lekft;ksa us izHkkfor djuk izkjEHk dj fn;k FkkA Lokeh dekZuUn vk;Zlekth Fks o
d`"kd vkanksyuksa ds izeq[k lw=/kkj FksA Lokeh xksikynkl rks chdkusj "kM~;a= ekeys ds
izeq[k uk;d FksA tc&tc ljdkj us neu dh uhfr viukdj yksxkas dh oS;fDrd
Lora=rk dh ek°x dh dej rksM+ nh rks mldh vkf[kjh lkal dks iqu% xfBr djus o
mlesa fujUrjrk ykus dk dk;Z vk;Z lekt dh xfrfof/k;ksa dh vkM+ esa gh iqu% lEHko
gks ldkA chdkusj ujs'k egkjktk xaxkflag blh dkj.k vk;Z lekt ds fojks/kh FksA
mUgksaus bl ckr dk Hkjld iz;Ru fd;k fd vk;Z lekt dh xfrfof/k;ksa ij iw.kZ
izfrcU/k yxk fn;k tk;s ysfdu e/;e o fiNM+s oxks± ds yxko us mls fdlh u fdlh
:i esa thfor j[kkA24
izoklh O;kikjh&oxZ dh Hkwfedk
;|fi ;wjksih; ?kVukÿe esa okf.kT; ,oa O;kikj ls layXu oxks± dks xSj&lkearh;
'kfDr;kssa dk izrhd ekuk x;k gS ijUrq Hkkjrh; v/;;u esa mls jktra= dh lŸkk dk
leFkZd le>k x;k gSA25 ;g oxZ lŸkk ds lkFk gksdj Hkh rhljh 'kfDr ds :i esa
fo|eku FkkA ;g lgh gS fd chdkusj lEHkkx ds O;kikfj;ksa us fczfV'k ,tsUV cudj
nwjLFk {ks=ksa esa ykHk dekus gsrq iwjh 19oha 'krkCnh esa Lo;a dks O;Lr j[kk ysfdu 'kuS%
'kuS% muds bUgha fgrksa us mUgsa jk"V™™h; /kkjk ls Hkh tksM+uk izkjEHk dj fn;kA vaxzstksa dh
izfrLi/kkZ ,oa fu;a=.k dh uhfr us Hkkjrh; O;kikfj;ksa ds dne tc jksdus izkjEHk fd,
rks mUgsa jk"V™™h; /kkjk ds Lons'kh dk;Zÿeksa esa viuk fgr fn[kkA bu izoklh ekjokfM+;ksa
dh vU; ck/kk vius oru esa lkearksa ds vga ds :i esa lkeus Fkh rks mUgksaus vaxzstksa ds
lkFk&lkFk ns'kh fu;a=.kksa ls Hkh yM+us dh Bku yhA fQj iwohZ Hkkjr esa QSyh mxz
jk"V™™h;rk dh ygj us Hkh mUgsa >d>ksj fn;kA varr% blh oxZ eas ls dqN yksxksa us lkeus
vkdj xSj&lkearh 'kfDr;ksa dks xfBr djuk izkjEHk fd;k rkfd os oS;fDrd Lora=rk
dk vf/kdkj ysdj vius vkfFkZd vk/kkj dks foLr`r cuk ldsaA26 1918&19 bZ- esa
^ekjokM+h fgrdkfj.kh* vkSj ^jktiwrkuk e/; Hkkjr lHkk* dh LFkkiuk gqbZA 1920 bZ- esa
^jktLFkku lsod la?k* dh 'kk[kk,a jktLFkku esa LFkku&LFkku ij [kqyhaA bu laLFkkvksa us
lekt&lq/kkj ds vusd dk;Zÿeksa dks viukdj ,d u;h psruk mRiUu dhA27 jkT; esa
uksgj] Hkknjk] jktx<+] pw:] jrux<+ ds vusd O;olk;h izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :i ls
u;h tkx`fr dk lans'k QSykus esa ,dtqV gks x,A chdkusj ds lR;ukjk;.k ljkZQ o
[kwcpUn ljkZQ] ekypUn ghlkfj;k dh dgkuh fdlh vU; izkUr ds vkanksyudkfj;ksa
dh xkFkk ls de ugha gSA cfYd jkT; esa mŸkjnk;h ljdkj dh ek°x djus okyksa esa izFke
& lR;ukjk;.k ljkZQ] [kwcpUn ljkZQ o Lokeh xksikynkl gh FksA28
jkT; ds iz'kklfud ,oa vkfFkZd dk;Zÿe
chdkusj jkT; ds ujs'k fo'ks"kdj egkjktk xaxkflag us bl ckr dk fo'ks"k
307 598 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
iz;Ru fd;k Fkk fd jktra= tSlh iqjkuh laLFkk dks u;h i`"BHkwfe o u;s vk/kkj nsdj n`<+
djsaA mUgksaus ,d vksj jktk ds dŸkZO;] fo'ks'kdj iztk ds izfr mlds nkf;Ro] 'kkL=h;
erksa ds vuqlkj gksus pkfg,] crkus izkjEHk fd, rks nwljh vksj mUgksua s iztk esa HkkSfrd&izxfr
ykdj ,oa iz'kklu dks vkfFkZd n`f"V ls n`<+ djds lekt ds lHkh oxks± dk eu thrus
dk iz;kl fd;kA mudh /kkj.kk Fkh fd mUur voLFkk dk jktra= iztk ds fy,
dY;k.kdkjh dk;Zÿe tqVkus esa l{ke gSA29 egkjktk us f'k{kk dh mUufr dh vksj /;ku
fn;k] xax ugj ykdj jsfxLrkuh {ks= esa flapkbZ ij vk/kkfjr d`f"k dk ÿkafrdkjh ;qx
yk fn;k] ifjogu esa fo'ks"kdj jsyos esa 76-40 fdyksehVj ls 1394 fdyksehVj dh
izxfr dh] vk/kqfud vLirky dk fuekZ.k fd;k] u;s U;k;ky; LFkkfir fd,] i'kq
fpfdRlky; [kksys] vukFkky; cuk, vkfnA30 egkjktk xaxkflag }kjk 'kklu ds iw.kkZf/
kdkj izkIr djrs le; (1897&98 bZ-) jkT; dh vk; 20]08]462 #- Fkh] tks fd
muds nsgkar ds le; (1942&43 bZ-) c<+dj 2]02]98]744 #- gks x;ha ;g o`fº
910-66 izfr'kr dh FkhA31
la{ksi esa muds 'kkludky esa chdkusj dk fiNM+k jsfxLrkuh jkT; Hkkjr ds
ekufp= ij mHkjdj lkeus vk x;kA egkjktk ds dVq vkykspdksa us Hkh muds bu
iz;klksa dh iz'kalk dh gSA ysfdu O;fDr dh Lora=rk dk neu djds mls HkkSfrd&izxfr
dk yksHk fn[kkdj egkjktk oLrqr% vius jktra= ds fy, dqN ugha izkIr dj ldsA bl
izdkj egkjktk ds iz'kklfud o vkfFkZd ifjorZuksa us jktra= dk leFkZd ugha cfYd
fojks/kh xqV gh rS;kj fd;kA egkjktk tSls prqj jktuhfrK ;g Hkwy x;s fd vkfFkZd
ifjorZu fcuk lkekftd o jktuSfrd ifjorZuksa ds vlarks"k dh u;h i`"BHkwfe gh rS;kj
djrs gSaA32
fu"d"kZr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ns'k ds Lok/khurk laxzke ds nkSj esa ns'kHkj
esa pyh jktuhfrd tkx`fr ,oa psruk dh ygj dh i`"BHkwfe esa varfuZfgr jgs ?kVdksa o
dkj.kksa ds lkFk gh lkFk lelkef;d chdkusj jkT; ds rRdkyhu jktufrd] lkekftd
,oa vkfFkZd ifjn`'; esa Hkh dqN ,sls ?kVd fo|eku jgs ftUgksaus bl {ks= fo'ks"k esa
jktuhfrd tkx`fr o psruk ykus esa vge~ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ FkhA
lanHkZ
1- gtwj fMikVZesaV] 1914] ua- ch&4] chdkusj] i`- 35&39] jk-jk-v-ch-_ lgknr xokgku
c;ku rgjhjh is'k djnk eqykfteku] fn- 24-11-33] i`- 164@1&4] jk-jk-v-ch-_
xksfoUn vxzoky] Lokeh xksikynkl th dk O;fDrRo ,oa d`frRo] i`- 164
2- Qkby egdek [kkl] chdkusj] 1926&32] ua- lh&2] jk-jk-v-ch-_ gkse fMikVZesaV]
chdkusj (xksiuh;)] tehankjk ,slksfl;s'ku] 1929&37] ua- lh&10] i`- 4&8] jk-jk-v-
ch-
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 599 308 600 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

3- ds-,e- iUuhdj] fge gkbZuSl nh egkjktk vkWQ chdkusj] vkWDlQksMZ] 1937] i`- 22- ,e-,l- tSu] vk/kqfud jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] iwoZ-] i`- 316&17
182_ xksfoUn vxzoky] iwoksZDr] i`- 204 23- gtwj fMikVZesaV] 1914] ua- ch&4] chdkusj] i`- 35&39] jk-jk-v-ch-
4- gkse fMikVZesaV] chdkusj (xksiuh;)] 1937] ua- lh&V] i`- 1&8 ,oa 8lh] i`- 1&23] 24- psruk eqnx~ y] chdkusj eas tu vkanksyu] vizdkf'kr 'kks/k dk;Z] jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky;]
36lh] i`- 11&26] jk-jk-v-ch-_ vkj-,y- gk.Mk] fgLV™h vkWQ ›hMe LV™xy bu fn t;iqj] 1991] i`- 13&17
fizalyh LVsV~l] i`- 90] fnYyh] 1964 25- eksfjl MkWc] dSfiVfyLV ,aVjizkbZt ,.M lksf'k;y izksxzsl] yanu] 1926] i`- 4] 6] 21_
5- gkse fMikVZesaV (xksiuh;)] chdkusj] 1937] ua- 36lh] i`- 11&26] jk-jk-v-ch- Mh-vkj- xkMfxy] vksfjftUl vkWQ nh eksMuZ bf.M;u fctul Dykl] U;w;kWdZ] 1956]
6- vkWy bf.M;k LVsVl ~ ihiYl dkWU›sUl isilZ] Qkby ua- 187] i`- 80&92] usg: eseksfj;y i`- 16&17
E;wft;e ,.M ykbZczsjh] ubZ fnYyh_ vkj-,y- gk.Mk] iwoZ-] i`- 90&92 26- fxfjtk 'kadj 'kekZ] ekjokM+h O;kikjh] vkfFkZd o lkekftd fo'ys"k.k] chdkusj]
7- gkse fMikVZesaV (xksiuh;)] chdkusj] 1937] ua- lhV] i`- 1&8_ ogh] 1942] ua- LVII, 1990] i`- 3&7 (vkeq[k)
i`- 105] ua- 101] i`- 1&7] 1945] ua- 101] i`- 11&16] 1945] ua- VXII, i`- 1&2_ vkWy 27- ,e-,l- tSu] vk/kqfud jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] iwoZ-] i`- 319&20
bf.M;k LVsV~l ihiqYl dkWU›sUl isilZ] QkbZy ua- 102] i`- 40&42] gkse fMikVZeasV 28- xksfoUn vxzoky] Lokeh xksikynkl th dk O;fDrRo ,oa d`frRo] pw:] 1968] i`-
(xksiuh;)] chdkusj] 1949] ua- 101 (fgLV™h 'khV vkWQ j?kqojn;ky xks;y)] i`- 1&9_ 18&21
lR;nso fo|kyadkj] chdkusj dh jktuSfrd fLFkfr] i`- 64&66_ Lora=rk lsukuh 29- th-,l-,y- nsoM+k] egkjktk xaxkflag lsUVsujh oksY;we] iwoZ-] i`- 26
nk≈n;ky vkpk;Z dk Vsi fd;k x;k laLej.k] jk-jk-v-ch-_ xaxk nkl dkSf'kd] cLrk 30- ogh] i`- 20&27
ua- 2] i=koyh la- 15] jk-jk-v-ch- 31- f'kojru HkwrM+k] egkjktk xaxkflag lsUVsujh oksY;we] iwoZ-] i`- 9&10
8- gkse fMikVZesaV (xksiuh;)] 1948] ua- 8] i`- 29&31_ ogh] 1946] ua- 72] i`- 11&33_ 32- th-,l-,y- nsoM+k] egkjktk xaxkflag lsUVsujh oksY;we] iwoZ-] i`- 26
nk≈n;ky vkpk;Z dk Vsi laLej.k] iwoZ-
9- ,e-,l- tSu] vk/kqfud jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] i`- 281&86_ psruk eqn~xy] iwoZ-] i`-
146&49
10- gkse fMikVZesaV] chdkusj] 1945] ua- XXXVI] i`- 18_ ogh] 1946] ua- XXVI] i`- 12]
62] 64] 72&73_ lR;nso fo|kyadkj] iwoZ-] i`- 159&62
11- gkse fMikVZesaV] chdkusj (xksiuh;)] 1946] ua- 40] i`- 1&32] jk-jk-v-ch-
12- ,e-,l- tSu] vk/kqfud jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] iwoZ-] i`- 315&20
13- ogh
14- psruk eqnx~ y] chdkusj eas tu vkanksyu] vizdkf'kr 'kks/k dk;Z] jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky;]
t;iqj] 1991] i`- 114&30
15- f'ko dqekj Hkuksr] chdkusj jkT; esa f'k{kk dh izxfr (egkjktk xaxkflag lsUVsujh
oksY;we)] chdkusj] 1980] i`- 46&49 (fgUnh Hkkx)
16- ogh
17- ,e-,l- tSu] vk/kqfud jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] iwoZ-] i`- 317&19
18- ogh
19- bl fcUnq dks blh v/;k; esa blh 'kh"kZd ds varxZr Li"V fd;k x;k gSA
20- nz"VO; & ikn fVIi.kh ÿ- 3
21- lR;nso fo|kyadkj] chdkusj dk jktuhfrd fodkl] ia- e?kkjke] chdkusj] 1962] i`-
186&90
 309
≈ijeky dh utjksa esa Jh fot;flag ifFkd
(≈ijeky fdlku xk;uksa ds laxzg ls)
MkW- f'kYih xqIrk
fctksfy;ka esa ifFkd th us ≈ijeky fdlku iapk;r dk izHkko'kkyh laxBu
[kM+kdj vkanksyu pyk;k] ftlesa jktLFkku ds jktuhfrd tkxj.k dk izdk'k izNUu
Fkk] blls jktLFkku esa jktuhfrd psruk vk;hA ifFkd th ds usr`Ro esa fo|k izpkfj.kh
lHkk (fprkSM)+ ] ≈ijeky lsok lfefr cuk;h xbZ] ^≈ijeky dk Madk*] jktLFkku
dsljh lekpkj i= fudkyk x;kA1 ifFkd th ds vFkd ifjJe ls ≈ijeky ds
fdlku tkx x;s Fks] mUgksaus fdlkuksa dk ,d LFkk;h vkSj n`<+ laxBu [kM+k dj] jkT;
rFkk fBdkus ds fo#º fdlkuksa dh leL;kvksa dks ysdj la?k"kZ NsM+ fn;kA fdlkuksa dh
n;uh; n'kk] muls fy;s tkus okys 74 ykxrsa] cSB&csxkj dh vekuoh;] ÿwj izFkk ds
fo#º vkokt mBkbZ rFkk le;&le; ij vius iz;klksa ls dBksj 'krks± dks mnkj cukus
dh ckr dghA2 fdlkuksa esa ifFkd th dk bruk izHkko Fkk fd mUgsa os ^egkRek* ds uke
ls vknj nsrs Fks] fdlh eqÌs ij ckrphr gksus ij gj mŸkj muls iwNdj gh nsrs FksA egkRek
xka/kh Hkh ifFkd th dh dk;Z {kerk] lw>&cw> lkgl o laxBu n{krk ls cgqr vf/kd
izHkkfor FksA xka/kh us dydrk esa nhuca/kq ,saM™wt dks ifFkd th dk ifjp; bl izdkj
fn;k fd ^ifFkd ,d lPpk dk;ZdŸkkZ gS vkSj lc ckrwuh gS] ifFkd ,d lSfud gS]
cgknqj gSA mYys[kuh; ckr ;g gS fd fctksfy;ka ds tUk&tu dk mu ij fo'okl
gSA*3 fctksfy;ka vkanksyu dkQh yack pyk ijUrq blds lQy iz;klksa ls izsj.kk ysdj
csxwa] Hkal
S jksMx+ <+] /kkaxMe≈] cksjko] ikjlksyh] cLLkh] vejx<+ vkfn {ks=ksa esa fdlku
vkanksyu rsth ls c<+ pys] esokM+ ds lHkh vkanksyuksa us ifFkd th dh uhfr dk gh
vuqlj.k dj jktLFkku lsok la?k dk ekxZn'kZu fy;kA ifFkd th us Lo;a vusd d"V
>sys ij mUgksaus fdlkuksa dks ihNs gVus ugha fn;k] os gj fLFkfr esa fdlkuksa ds lkFk [kM+s
jgs] mudk gkSalyk c<+krs jgsaA pkgs o/kkZ esa jguk iM+k gksa ;k vtesj esa4] tsy ls vkdj
Hkh esokM+ izos'k fu"ks/kkKk ds ckotwn ifFkd th vtesj ls viuk usr`Ro lapkyu djrs
jgsA
,d ÿkafrdkjh] ,d v/;kid] ,d tu usrk] laxBudŸkkZ] ,d dfo& ys[kd5
tSls cgqeq[kh O;fDrRo ds /kuh ifFkd th dk thou la?k"kZe; gh jgk] muds }kjk
fd;k tkus okyk fdlku vkanksyu] jktuhfrd dk;Z ftruk izHkkoh jgk] mruk gh
izHkkoh jgk gS mudk dkO;e; O;fDrRo o d`frRo] tgka mUgksaus vius vusd xhrksa] x|
602 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
dkO;] lkfgR;] miU;kl] dgkuh laxzg6 vkfn ls jktLFkku o mlds deZB dk;ZdŸkkZvksa]
ns'k izsfe;ksa] ÿkafrdkjh ohjksa dks >d>ksj fn;k gS] ogha muls vke ekul] efgykvksa]
fdlku Hkh vNwrs ugha jgsA fctksfy;ka fdlku vkanksyu ds nkSjku ifFkd th] Jh
ekf.kD;yky oekZ] izKkp{kq Hkaojyky Lo.kZdkj] izsepan Hkhy vkfn ds esokM+h Hkk"kk
ds vkstLoh xhr bl le; ≈ijeky vapy7 esa cPPks] ;qod] fL=;ksa] o`º lHkh dks
izsfjr djrs Fks] lkewfgd :i ls ;s xhr ≈ijeky esa xk;s tkrs Fks rFkk fdlkuksa dk
mRlkgo/kZu vkSj muesa lR;kxzg ds fy, tks'k Hkjrs FksA vr% ifFkd th dk O;fDrRo]
dk;Z] jpuk;sas rks gesa vkUnksfyr djrh gh gaS vkSj muds ek/;e ls mudk ;ksxnku Hkh
Li"V gks tkrk gSA ysfdu ifFkd th dh okLrfod Nfo vkSj egkurk dh >yd] ml
lkfgR; ls T;knk Li"V gksrh gS tks tulk/kkj.k us muds fy, jps ga]S tks ,d ekSf[kd
vkSj ykSfdd lzksr gSA ≈ijeky ds vketu us tks ifFkd th ds fy, eglwl fd;k
vkSj mUgsa ftl :i esa ns[kk gS] mldk ,d egRow.kZ lanHkZ lzkrs gS& ^≈ijeky fdlku
Hktukoyh* uke ls fdlku xk;uksa dk laxgz ] tks ≈ijeky fdlku iapk;r }kjk izdkf'kr
dh xbZA blesa lR;kxzg] jk"V™] ns'kHkfDrijd] fo|kfFkZ;ks]a ckfydkvks]a fdlkuks]a iztkeaMykfn
lac/a kh yxHkx 50 xhrksa dk laxgz gS] ftlesa ls vkjrh Hkkjrekrk dh] ekpZ xhr] fdlkuksa
dk >aMk] ≈ijeky] fo|kfFkZ;ks&a ckfydkvksa ds fy, dbZ xhr ifFkd th }kjk Hkh fy[ks
x;s gSa ijUrq blesa dqy 6 xhr ,sls Hkh gS tks fot;flag ifFkd th ds fy, fy[ks x;s ga]S
tks muds pfj=] ;ksxnku dks ≈ijeky ds yksxksa dh utjksa ls ns[krs gSASa buesa nks xhr
^Hkoajyky Lo.kZdkj }kjk jfpr gS ftlesa ls ,d esa ^,d lR;kxzg dh jsy* pyus dk
ftÿ gS tks ≈ijeky igkM+ esa 3 lky ds la?k"kZ ds lkFk ?kwerh gS] fQj jkoM+nk xkao ls
gksrh gqbZ csxwa dh rjQ tkrh gS] blh rjg ls ;g vkxs c<+dj cLLkh] lknM+h] nsyokM+]s
HkhyokM+k] mn;iqj ds e/; pyrh jgrh gS] vU;k; dk fojks/k djrh gS] ≈ijeky ds
fdlkuksa ds la?k"kZ dks n'kkZrh gS ftlus ywVus okyksa dh nky ugha xyus nh gS D;ksfa d bl
^lR;kxzg ds la?k"kZ :ih jsy* ds xkMZ fot;flag th tks/kk egkcyh gS] tks varr% vtesj
esa jgdj Hkh bls lapkfyr dj jgs gSAa
lR;kxzg dh jsy ^≈ijeky* lwa pyh ikNks
bZadks vatu ykSV;ks lknM+h pyh]
xkjM+ Egka dk fot;flag th tks/kk egkcyh]
vtesj lwa lhVh nh nh Qwyh vkSj QyhAA8
nwljs xhr ^Hkkouk* ls esokM+ ds uj ukjh }kjk ifFkd th ds izfr xq.kxku djus]
mudh efgek xkus dh ckr djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd gekjh dksbZ lqurk ugha Fkk] bl ns'k esa
yacs le; ls dkQh nq%[k ijs'kkuh FkhA ij bZ'oj us ge ij d`ik dj fourh tYnh lqu yh
gS vkSj ifFkd th dks vorkj ds :i esa gekjs mºkj ds fy, Hkstk gSA ftUgksua s vkdj Kku
crk] lR;kxzg djuk fl[kyk;k gS] oans ekrje~ dk ea= i<+dj gesa nq[k ls mckj fy;k gS]
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 603
ifFkd th cM+s ri/kkjh egkRek ga]S ftudk xq.kxku lkjk esokM+ dj jgk gSA
ifFkd dh efgek Hkkjh th] xq.k xkos esokM+ ns'k lkjk uj&ukjh th
ifFkd HksT;ksa vorkjh th lR;kxzg djuks fl[kyk;ksA
oans ekrje~ ea= i<k;ks] nq[k lwa fy;k mckjAA
egkRek gS ri/kkjh thAA9
ifFkd th us viuh lHkkvksa esa efgykvksa dks Hkh vkeaf=r fd;k D;ksafd fL=;ksa
ds tkx`r gksus ls ifjokj tkx`r jgrk gSA ifFkd th us ;gka vkdj mUgsa txk;k gS] twrs
ls ihVus ls cpk;k gS] lR;kxzg dk jkLRkk fn[kk;k] gekjs cPpksa dks ohj cuk;k] ns'kizse
fl[kyk;k gS] jkt okyksa dks uhpk fn[kk;k gSA fL=;ksa dh vkokt lqu] mudh fLFkfr
dk /;ku j[krs gq, ifFkd th us L=h tkfr dks Mwcus ls cpk;k gSA mUgsa /kjrh] Hkkjr
ekrk ds izfr dŸkZO;ksa dk lPpk Kku djk;k gS blfy, ;s efgyk;sa ifFkd th ds xq.kksa
dks ugha Hkwy ldrh] ,slk lqanj fopkj bl xhr ds ek/;e ls efgykvksa us ifFkd th
ds fy, j[kk gSA
Egkaus ifFkd th vk; txk;k , ek;] b.k lwa Egka xq.k ugha Hkwyka
Egkus lR;kxzg dks ekjx fn[kk;ks , ek; Egka dk Vkcjka us
ohj c.kk;k , ek; -10
blh rjg ^ckts NS* uked xhr esa dgk x;k gS fd ftl rjg xka/kh th dk
Madk lkjs Hkkjr esa ct jgk gS] oSls jtokM+k esa ifFkd th] bUÊ tSls xjt jgs gaSA ;gka
cgqr fnuksa ds ckn fQj ls lq[k ds fnu vk;s gSa] vc ikfi;ksa dh Nkrh&dystk /kM+d
jgs gSa] vU;k;h ytk jgs gaS] fdlkuksa dk le; vk x;k gS vkSj muds nq[k nwj gks jgs gSaA
xka/khth dks Madks lkjk Hkkjr esa ckts NS jsA
jtokM+k esa fot;flag th bUnj T;wa xktS NS jsAA11
^jktLFkku txkus okys* 'kh"kZd dfork esa ifFkd th dks leLr jktLFkku dks
txkus okyk crk;k x;k gS fd ftlus jktLFkku esa vkdj mldh iqjkuh 'kku] igpku
dks cjdjkj j[kk gS] tks detksj gqvk tk jgk FkkA tgka xjhc fdlku dh nqcZy] cscl
fLFkfr Fkh] ftls lq/kkjdj mUgksaus fdlkuksa dks ,d fd;kA fctksfy;ka ls mUgksaus viuk
dk;Z izkjaHk fd;k gS] dkaxzsl dk lkFk Hkh fy;kA ifFkd th dh pkjksa fn'kkvksa esa /kkd
gS] fdrus Hkh muds f[kykQ iz;kl gks jgs gSa ij mudh pkd (pDdh) pyrh jgsxh
D;ksafd mudk uke Hkh ^fot;* gh gSA
/kU; /kU; ifFkd egkjkt] jktLFkku txkus okys
izFke ys fctksfy;ka dks lkFk] c<+k;k tx esa viuk gkFk
nL;q x.k yxk jgs gSa rkd] iM+h gS pgq° fnf'k rsjh /kkd
pysxk fdarq rqEgkjk pkd] uke ls fot; dgkus okysAA12
jktLFkkuh }kjk fyf[kr ,d xhr ^xk<+k jhtks js eankZvksa Fkkadk nq[k lHkh feV
310 604 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
tk;* esa ;gka ds enks± dks /kS;Z] fgEer j[krs gq, MV dj jgus dh ckr le>k;h xbZ gS
fd tc vki yksx usrk ds fcuk HkVd jgs Fks] rc ifFkd th us Bhd le; is vkdj
ckxMksj laHkkyhA lsB&tkxhjnkj nksuksa fdlkuksa dks ywV&ywVdj viuh lsgr cuk jgs
Fks] fdlkuksa dk dksbZ viuk lxk ugha Fkk] rc fdlkuksa ds chp vkdj tkfyeksa ds Qans
ls cpk ds LojkT; fnykus gsrq ifFkd th us >aMk Qgjk;kA gj xkao esa iapk;r cukdj
viuh f'k{kk] 'kklu O;oLFkk] 'kqº U;k; [kqn djus dh ckr dgh] ,drk dk ikB
fl[kyk;k] ftlls vU;k;h] fj'or[kksjh dks c<+kok u feysA tc ;gka ij vf/kdka'k
fdlku gS rks mu ij lcls T;knk yxku ugha jgs rFkk ifFkd th ds ftUnk jgrs fdlkuksa
dk gd dksbZ ugha Nhu ldrk gS] bl rjg dh mfpr uhfr dh jkg fn[kkrs gq, lcls
fgEer j[k] nq[k dks feVkus dh ckr dgh xbZ gSA
Fkk usrk fcu HkVd j;k gka Nwtk nkjk iVd j;k gksA
fot;flag th Bhd c[kr ij ckx lEgkyh vk;A xk<+k jhtks jsA
xkao&xkao iapk;r Fkkiks] ,d dj ;k QwV mpkiksA
f'k{kk] 'kklu] pkSdhnkjksa] lc ij gh Fkkadh eq[kR;kjhA
lkS esa uCcs gS djlk.k] lc lwa T;knk Hkjk yxk.kA
fQj dq.k gS tks Egka thrka Egka dks gd [kk tk;A xk<+k jhtks jsA13
ifFkd th ds tsy ls o"kks± ckn NwVus ij Hkh tc esokM+ izos'k ij fu"ks/k vkKk
yxk nh xbZ] rc ifFkd th Xokfy;j jkT; ds flaxksyh iÍs ds fctksfy;ka dh lhek ls
yxs Qqlfj;k xkao esa fctksfy;ka ds fdlkuksa ls feyus igqaps] rc dkQh lkjs fdlku
vius fiz; usrk ds n'kZu djus vk;s] cgqr ls ;qodksa us 'kiFk j[kh Fkh fd tc ifFkd
th tsy ls NwVsxsa rHkh vius ds'k dVok;sxsa vr% blh le; fdlkuksa us viuh tVk
dVok;h] nk<+h cuok;hA bl fnu ekuks Qqlfj;k xkao esa fdlkuksa dk ,d esyk yx
x;k FkkA14 ;s ?kVuk;sa ,oa xhr fot;flag th dh ≈ijeky esa iSB dks n'kkZrs gaS] muds
}kjk tkx`r djus ls turk] fdlku fdl rjg vius usrk] ns'k ds fy, lefiZr gS]
lR;kxzg] ns'kizse] Lora=rk dh pkg j[k jgs ga]S fdlku] efgyk;sa] vke turk lh[kus
dh izsj.kk ys jgs ga]S bu xhrksa esa ifFkd th ds d`frRo dh bruh iz'kalk gS fd ≈ijeky
ds yksxksa us mUgsa] vius fy, ,d mºkjd] vorkj ds :i esa ns[kk gSA Jh ekf.kD;yky
oekZ th ds izflº xhr ^iaNhM+k* esa Hkh ^^lq.k dj vthZ ,d nsork vk;ks NSA th dks
irk ugha ik;ks NSAA cwVh lR;kxzg yk;ks NSA lc yksxka ds eu Hkk;ks NSA enkZa vksajs
dkyhAA**15 esa Hkh ^nsork* ls oekZ th dk ladsr ifFkd th dh vksj Fkk tks xqIr gksdj
vkanksyu lapkfyr dj jgs Fks] lR;kxzg dh cwVh lcdks f[kyk jgs FksA OkLrqr% fdlh
O;fDr dh lQyrk dh igpku bl ckr ls gksrh gS fd ogka ds LFkkuh; yksxksa dk
mlds izfr D;k utfj;k gS\ ifFkd th ds usr`Ro] dk;ks± ds izfr D;k mŸkj gS] rks
fulansg gesa ifFkd th dk vewY; ;ksxnku] u flQZ ≈ijeky] esokM+ vfirq jktLFkku
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 605
ds yksdfiz; usrk ds :i esa nh[k iM+rk gSa] tgka og tulk/kkj.k] L=h&iq#"k] fdlku]
cPps&cw<+s lHkh dks vU;k; ds fo#º viuh vkokt cqyan djus ds fy, rS;kj dj nsrs
gSa rFkk viuh yM+kbZ Lo;a yM+us ;ksX; cuk nsrs gaSA
lanHkZ
1- lDlsuk] 'kadjlgk;] in~etk 'kekZ] fctksfy;ka fdlku vkanksyu dk bfrgkl] chdkusj]
jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kxkj] 1972] i`- 59&66
2- jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj] mn;iqj dkWfUQMsaf'k;y fjdkWMZl~ Qkby ua-
31] cLrk ua- 4 esa i`- 27&28 ij jktLFkku lsok la?k ds v/;{k fot; flag ifFkd dk
24-4-1932 dk i= gS] ftlesa mUgksaus 'krks± dks mnkj djus dh ckr dgh gSA ('kekZ
c`tfd'kksj] jktLFkku esa fdlku ,oa vkfnoklh vkanksyu] t;iqj] jktLFkku fgUnh xzaFk
vdkneh] 2008] i`- 54)
3- lDlsuk 'kadjlgk;] in~etk 'kekZ] fctksfy;ka fdlku vkanksyu dk bfrgkl] iwokZsDr]
i`- 89
4- isekjke] ,xzsfj;u ewoesUV bu jktLFkku] t;iqj% iap'khy izdkíku] 1986]i`- 25
5- ifFkd] fot;flag] izgykn fot;] ubZ fnYyh] v:.k izdk'ku] 1961] i`- ?k&M
(thou ifjp;) tc egkjk.kk dh fo'ks"k vkKk ls ifFkd th dks mn;iqj tsy esa ikap
lky rd jguk iM+k rc bl vof/k esa ifFkd th ls <sj lkjs lkfgR; dh jpuk dhA
1928 esa tsy ls fjgk gksus ds ckn mUgsa esokM+ izos'k fu"ks/kkKk rFkk mudk lkjk lkfgR;
jkT; us vius ikl jksd fy;k FkkA vktknh ds ckn ;g lkfgR; mUgsa okil feyk vkSj
eq[;r;k muds fu/ku ds ckn izdkf'kr gqvkA
6- xqIrk]ds- ,l- ^fot;flag ifFkd O;fDrRo muds Lo;a ds ys[ku ds vk/kkj ij*]
levkWlisDVl vkWQ jktLFkku fgLV™h ,aM dYpj] isekjke (laik-)] ouLFkyh fo|kihB]
bfrgkl foHkkx] 2002] i`- 270
7- lDlsuk 'kadjlgk;]in~etk 'kekZ] fctksfy;ka fdlku vkanksyu dk bfrgkl] iwokZsDr]
i`- 87
8- ≈ijeky fdlku Hktukoyh (fdlku xk;uksa dk laxzg)] ≈ijeky fdlku iapk;r
(laxzgdŸkkZ)] fctksfy;ka] jktLFkku izdk'ku Hkou] i`- 11&12
9- iwokZsDr] i`- 23&24 (xhr ds vk/kkj ij Lo;a dk fo'ys"k.k)
10- iwokZsDr] i`- 23 (xhr ds vk/kkj ij Lo;a dk fo'ys"k.k)
11- iwokZsDr] i`- 22 (xhr ds vk/kkj ij Lo;a dk fo'ys"k.k)
12- iwokZsDr] i`- 18 (xhr ds vk/kkj ij Lo;a dk fo'ys"k.k)
13- iwokZsDr] i`- 38&39 (xhr ds vk/kkj ij Lo;a dk fo'ys"k.k)
14- lDlsuk 'kadjlgk;] in~etk 'kekZ] fctksfy;ka fdlku vkanksyu dk bfrgkl] iwokZsDr]
i`- 224
15- iwokZsDr] i`- 277&78
311
lektlq/kkjd ,ao LorU=rk lsukuh
fpeuyky ekyksr
Mk- gsesUnz PkkS/kjh
LorU=rkdkyhu Hkkjr esa 1885 bZ- esa dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk ds lkFk Hkkjr esa
py jgs vyx&vyx usr`Ro ds vkUnksyuksa dks ,d eap dh izkfIr gq;h vkSj bu
vkUnksyuksa us jk"V™h; Lrjh; vkUnksyu esa ifjofrZr gksdj ,d :irk vkSj ,d mÌs'; esa
vkUnksfyr gksuk 'kq: dj fn;kA dkaxzsl ds usr`Ro esa pys vkUnksyu us vyx&vyx
fopkj/kkjk ds rgr pyrs gq, iwjs Hkkjr dh turk dks jk"V™h;rk dh /kkjk esa tksM+us dk
iz;kl fd;kA uje ny] xje ny ,oa ÿkfUrdkjh fopkjksa ls u dsoy izkUrh; Hkkjrh;
turk vfirq fj;klrh Hkkjrh; turk Hkh LorU=rk dh vy[k txkus esa 'kkfey gks
x;hA egkRek xka/kh ds vorj.k ds ckn vkUnksyu xka/khoknh fopkjksa ds rgr pyus
yxsA bl le; ds vkUnksyuksa us ns'k ds xjhc vkfnoklh] nfyr] vf'kf{kr oxZ dks
'kkfey djus gsrq dk;Zÿeksa dks pyk;kA
izkUrh; Hkkjr esa jgus okyh turk ls T;knk =Lr fj;klrh turk FkhA fj;klrh
turk f=gjh xqykeh vaxzst] jktk ,oa lkeUroknh iz.kkyh esa fil jgh Fkh] xzkeh.k
turk esa lkekftd tkxzfr ,oa jktuhfrd tkxzfr dk izLQqVu uk gks] blds fy,
Hkjdl iz;kl fd;s x;ss] ftlls turk u dsoy vf'kf{kr jgh cfYd 'kksf"kr turk
vius lhfer nk;js ls ckgj ugha vk ldhA egkRek xka/kh ,oa xka/khoknh fopkjksa ds tu
usrkvksa us bl 'kksf"kr turk dks ckgj fudkyus ds fy, ,sls dk;Zÿe cuk;s] ftlls
budk u dsoy lkekftd fodkl gqvk] cfYd vkfFkZd LokoyEcu ds lkFk jktuhfrd
tkx`fr Hkh iSnk gq;h] ;s dk;Zÿe jpukRed dk;Zÿe FksA
bu jpukRed dk;Zÿeksa ls nf{k.kh jktLFkku Hkh vNwrk ugh jgkA nf{k.kh
jktLFkku ds ckalokM+k&Mwaxjiqj ,sls {ks= gaS] tgk° vkfnokfl;ksa ,oa nfyrksa dk ckgqY;
gSA ;gk° dh turk Hkh vaxzstksa dh nklrk ,oa lkeUroknh xqykeh ls =Lr FkhA chloha
'krkCnh ds vkjfEHkd n'kdks esa egkRek xka/kh ds jpukRed dk;Zÿeksa ls okaxM+ ds
tuusrk tqMs+ vkSj vkfnoklh turk esa lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd tkx`fr ds dk;Zÿeksa
dks 'kq: fd;k] ifj.kker% 20oh 'krkCnh ds 30&40osa n'kd esa Lok/khurk la?k"kZ
mQku ij vk;kA lewps ns'k ds lkFk okxM+ ds uo;qod Hkh viuh jk"V™h; psruk ds
fÿ;kRed vfHkO;fDr nsus ds fy, mnŸk FksA laxBuksa ds xjeny] ujeny] l'kL=
ÿkfUr ,oa vlg;ksx vkUnksyu ls ;qod vufHkK ugh jgk rFkk ogh okaxM+ dh /kjrh
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 607
ij xqtjkr (vgenkckn) ls vkrh gokvksa us ≈tkZ dk dk;Z fd;kA bl jpukRed
dk;Zÿeksa }kjk okxM+ ds usrkvksa us vke tu dks csxkjh] nksgjh xqykeh] lkekftd
fo"kerk vkSj tM+rk ds na'k ds xgjs nnZ dk vglkl djk;kA bl tu usrkvksa ess okaxM+
esa tu&vkUnksyu ,oa lkekftd tkxzfr iSnk djus okyksa esa egkRek fpeuyky ekyksr
dk uke vxz.kh; jgk gSA
vkjfEHkd thou & Jh fpeuyky dk tUe jktLFkku ds ckalokM+k uxj esa
,d lkekU; of.kd ifjokj esa fnukad 06 twu 1908 bZ- dks gqvk] buds firk dk uke
ukjk;.k yky ,oa ekrk dk uke J`axkj nsoh FkkA pkj Hkkb;ksa esa lcls fpeuyky NksVs
FksA vU; rhu Hkkb;ksa us ifjokj dh ijEijk ds vuqlkj vukt ds lkekU; O;kikj }kjk
vius x`gLFk thou dk fuokZg dk dk;Z fd;kA fpeuyky ekyksr us ,d lkekftd
dk;ZdrkZ cudj viuk iwjk thou gfjtuksaºkj ,oa xjhcksa dh lsok esa fudky fn;kA
ns'k HkfDr & fpeuyky ekyksr ds le; esa fj;klr esa f'k{kk ds fy,
fefMy Ldwy Fkk] ftlesa ekyksr fefMy ls vkxs ugh i<+ ldsa vkSj f'k{kk dsoy
ikapoh d{kk rd izkIr dh] bl Ldwy ds gsMekLVj csuthZ FksA ekyksr muds vR;Ur
fiz; Nk=ksa esa ls ,d FksA bUgksaus ekyksr esa jk"V™h;rk dh Hkkouk tkx`r dhA bl caxkyh
gsMekLVj us Ldwy dh izkFkZuk esa xhrk vfuok;Z dj nh vkSj izR;sd fo|kFkhZ dks
izfrfnu xhrk dk ,d 'yksd ;kn djds lqukuk FkkA bUgksus gh ekyksr ds thou esa
jk"V™h;rk ds cht cks;sA blh Ldwy ds gsMekLVj ds ckn esokM+ ds gksdehpUn lqjk.kk
us vk;Z lekth izo`fr;ksa ds ek/;e ls ckalokM+k ds laHkzkar ifjokjksa esa lekt&lq/kkj
fo"k;d tkxzfr QSyk;h] budh dk;Z 'kSyh dk izHkko Hkh ekyksr ij Hkh iM+k vkSj
budh iszj.kk ls gh mUgksaus lekt ds fuEu oxZ dks ≈apk mBkus ds fy, gfjtuksa dks
i<+kuk 'kq: fd;kA fd'kksjkoLFkk ls ekyksr ;qokoLFkk esa izos'k dj pqds Fks] jk"V™h;rk ds
cht tks fo|kFkhZ dky esa cks, Fks] oks vadqfjr gksus yxs dqN ÿkfUrdkjh dk;ksZ dks dj
xqtjus ds fy, os cSpsu Fks] mUghaa fnukas okxM+ ds xka/khoknh dk;ZdrkZ ckck y{e.k nkl
ds lEidZ esa vk;sA ckckth us mUgs fgald ÿkfUr dh fujFkZdrk le>kdj xka/khoknh
jpukRed dk;Zÿeksa dh vksj vkdf"kZr fd;kA
fpeuyky ekyksr bl mez esa igqp pqds Fks] tc ifjokj muls vk'kk djus yxk
fd ekyksr ifjokj dh vkfFkZd enn djs rFkk ijEijk ds vuqlkj fookg dh mez Hkh gks
x;h FkhA ysfdu ekyksr us ifjokj okyks dks bu nksuks ckrks ls bUdkj dj fn;kA ekyksr
ds cxkorh fopkjksa ls ekyksr ds ifjokj okyks esa jktHk; Nk x;kA vr% ifjokj okyks
us ifjokj dh ijEijkvksa ls ckxh ekudj mUgsa ifjokj ls vyx dj fn;k] ftuls mu
ij vius thou fuokZg dk Hkkj Hkh vk x;kA
312 608 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
lkoZtfud thou esa izos'k & ckalokM+k dh turk vaxzstks dh nklrk ,oa
lkeUroknh xqykeh esa ihl jgh FkhA bu tqYeksa ls ckgj fudkyus dk iz.k ekyksr us
fd;k vkSj xka/khoknh jpukRed dk;ks± dks vius gkFkks esa fy;k vkSj okxM+ dh turk esa
lkekftd tkx`fr dk dk;Z 'kq: fd;kA ckalokM+k rc NksVh lh ns'kh fj;klr Fkh vkSj
egkjkoy i`Fohflag ;gk° ds 'kkld Fks] oks fujadq'k FksA
,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ekyksr us jk"V™h; tkxj.k dk dk;Z dh 'kq:vkr dh]
ftles ?kj&?kj tkdj dqN iqLrdas bdV~Bh dh vkSj NksVs iSekus ij ,d iqLrdky;
LFkkfir fd;k vkSj ;qok Nk=ksa esa iqLrd forj.k dk dke izkjEHk fd;kA mUgksaus nks
jk"V™h; lekpkj i= eaxokuk 'kq: fd;k tks mudh nqdku ij lkoZtfud okpuky; ds
:i esa miyC/k jgrs FksA ogk° jk"V™h; fo"k;ksa ij ppkZ gksrh FkhA bl izdkj ekyksr us
jk"V™h; fopkj&izpkj dk dk;Z 'kq# fd;kA thou fuokZg ds fy, ekyksr us izkjfEHkd
dky esa flykbZ dk dk;Z vkjEHk fd;kA ysfdu ;s vf/kd le; ugh pyk] ckn esa
viuk iwjk le; lkoZtfud dk;ksZ esa nsus yxs] muds Hkkstu O;oLFkk muds ;qok lkFkh
pqipki vius ?kjks ls djrs FksA 1931&32 bZ- ds tekus esa tc dqN jk"V™h; izsfe;ksa us
[kknh fcÿh dk dk;Z 'kq: fd;k rc ekyksr [kknh dk;Z ls tqM+ x;s vkSj 1930&32 bZ-
ds vkl&ikl os [kknh/kkjh cu x;sA ysfdu fj;klr ds 'kkldks dks [kknh esa cxkor
dh cw vkrh Fkh vksj os mls lgu ugh dj ldrs FksA fdlh izdkj [kknh fcÿh dks cUn
djok fn;k x;k] ysfdu 'kklu dks ekyksr dks bl dk;Z ls NqMk+ uk Fkk] rks dbZ ckj >wBs
vkjksi yxkdj muds ?kj dh ryk'kh yh x;hA blds lg;ksxh ;qok lkfFk;ksa ds ifjokj
okyksa dks cqykdj Mjk;k x;k rkfd os ekyksr dk lkFk NksM+ nsA
jk"V™h; tkxj.k & fpeuyky ekyksr us lekt lsok esa lkoZtfud thou esa
izos'k fd;k] [kknh dk;Z ds lkFk&lkFk mUgksaus lekt esa e`R;qHkkst dk fojks/k fd;kA
vki lekt esa BaMk ikuh forfjr djus ,oa >wBh irys mBkus dk dk;Z fd;kA bu lc
dk;ksZ ls ekyksr dks lekt ,oa 'kklu dh ukjktxh >syuh iM+h rc ekyksr us eglwl
fd;k fd fdlh Hkh vPNs dk;Z djus ds fy, ftruk tu leFkZu gksuk t:jh gS mlh
izdkj dksbZ Hkh jk"V™h; dk;Z djus ls igys turk esa jk"V™h; psruk txkuk Hkh mruk gh
t:jh gSA blh fopkj ls ekyksr us ckck y{e.k nkl ds lkFk laxBu dh LFkkiuk dh]
rc okpuky; 'kq: fd;k x;k] tks fiiyh pkSd esa jkeukjk;.k th ds edku esa Fkk rFkk
blh mn~ns'; dks ysdj 1930 bZ- 'kkUr lsok dqVh uke ls iqLrdky; dh LFkkiuk dhA
dqN ekax dj vkSj dqN pank bdV~Bk djds iqLrds bdVBh dh x;h vkSj jk"V™h;
fopkj/kkjk okys v[kckj eaxk;s tkus yxsA iqLrdky; esa ppkZ,a&lHkk,a gksrh FkhA
vius fopkjksa ds izpkj ds fy, ^lsod* uke dk ,d gLr fyf[kr if=dk Hkh fudkyk
tkus yxhA ekyksr us bl dk;Z ds fy, u dsoy viuk iwjk le; cfYd olh;r izkIr
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viuk futh ?kj Hkh vfiZr dj fn;kA lkFk gh bl le; muds nSfud fnup;kZ esa Hkh
eqf'dys vk;h ijUrq lg;ksxh ,oa fe=ksa ds lkFk ds dkj.k mnj iwfrZ ,oa vU; dk;ksZ dk
fuiVkjk dj fy;k djrs FksA T;kas&T;ksa 'kkUr lsok dqVh iqLrdky; dh izo`fr;k c<+us
yxh] gfjtuks] fuEu oxhZ; o vkfnokfl;ksa dh tkx`fr;k° c<+us yxh] rc mu izo`fr;ks
dks ,d laxfBr laLFkk dk :i nsus dks lkspk x;k vksj vius vR;Ur fudV ,oa
fo'okl ik= dqN lkfFk;ksa dks ysdj 1935 bZ- esa ^'kkUr lsok&dqVh* uked laLFkk dk
xBu fd;kA blds v/;{k ve`ryky th ukxj FksA ekyksr vkthou bl laLFkk ds
laLFkkid ea=h ds :i esa dk;Z djrs jgsA bl laLFkk ds fuEu mÌs'; Fks &
^^laLFkk mÌs'; dh iwfrZ ds fy, jpukRed dk;Z djsxhA egkRek xka/kh }kjk
fufnZ"V lEiw.kZ jpukRed izo`fr;ksa dk fodkl djuk] iqLrdky;&okpuky; [kksyuk]
xzkeks|ksx dk fodkl djuk] vLi`';rk HksnHkko feVkuk] [kknh dk izpkj djuk] vius
mÌs'; ds fy, iqLrd rFkk i=&if=dk,° izdkf'kr djuk] ys[ku rFkk Hkk"k.k }kjk izpkj
dk;Z djuk rFkk turk dkss vdLekr vk;h gqvh foifŸk;ksa esa lkFk nsukA** laLFkk ds
lnL;ksa ds fy, fuEu ;ksX;rk fu/kkZfjr dh x;h ftlesa lnL;ksa dks mDr mÌs';ksa dks
fny ls ekuuk iM+sxk 'kqº [kknh oL= iguuk iM+sxk rFkk fu;fer 160 rkj dkrus
iM+sxs] NwvkNwr dks ugh ekusaxs] laLFkk dks 1 #- ekfld lgk;rk vko';d :i nsuk
gksxk] bldh fjiksVZ gj ekg nsuh iMsx+ h] ;fn 6 ekg rd fjiksVZ ugh vkus ij lnL;rk
ls eqfDr gks tk,xhA
gfjtuksºkj dk dk;Z & iqLrdky; LFkkiuk ds lkFk gh ekyksr gLrfyf[kr
i= ^lsod* fudkyuk 'kq: fd;k] blds lEiknd ds :i esa xkSjh 'kadj mik/;k;]
ckck y{e.knkl] /kwyth HkkbZ+ o uVoj HkkbZ HkÍ tSls ;qodkas us dk;Z fd;kA bl
if=dk esa lkekftd tM+rk] lkekftd cqjkb;ka lekt dks detksj djus okyh jLeks
fjoktksa NqvkNwr ds fo#º ys[k fy[ks tkus yxsA bu dk;ks± ls Lok/khurk la?k"kZ dh
gypy rst gks x;h] ogh nwljh rjQ ljdkjh neu pÿ c<+ x;kA xkSjh 'kadj mik/
;k; dks jkT; ls fuokZflr dj fn;k x;kA rc fpeu yky ekyksr us gfjtu lsok dks
viuh lkekftd ÿkfUr dk vk/kkj cuk;kA izkjEHk esa mUgksaus uxj ds gfjtu ckydksa
dsk v{kj Kku djkus dh n`f"V ls i<+kuk vkjEHk fd;kA gfjtu cLrh esa Ldwy [kksy
fn;kA gfjtukas ds LokLFk ,oa lQkbZ lEcU/kh tkudkjh nsus ,oa mlds fy, ,d
mnkgj.k dk;e djus dh n`f"V™ ls Lo;a us gfjtuksa ds cLrh ds chp ,d >ksiM+h esa
viuk fuokl LFkku cuk;kA bl vkyksd esa fuEu tkfr ds yksxksa dks mij mBkus dk
dk;Z 'kuS%&'kuS% vkjEHk fd;k] rc uSek tkfr us ekyksr ds bl dk;Z dks dkQh
xaHkhjrk ls fy;k rFkk bUgs tkfr ls cfg"d`r dj fn;kA
313 610 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
jkT; us gfjtuksa dks tks vf/kdk'kr% uxjikfydk ds osruHkksxh deZpkjh FksA
vusdks izdkj ls HkM+dk;k] rkfd os vius cPpksa dks ekyksr ds ikl i<+us ugh Hksts]
vkSj vius eksgYys ls fudky ns] ijUrq ekyksr ,slh vMpuks ls Hkkxs ugh vkSj gfjtu
f'k{kk ds dk;Z dks pkyq j[kkA ukFkqyky gfjtu crkrs gS fd ^1935&45 bZ- rd
ekyksr us esjs nknk ds ?kj esa fo|ky; pyk;k*A ekyksr dh f'k{kk o izsj.kk ds ifj.kke
ls ,d gfjtu ;qod dk:yky us ^lkfgR; jRu** (fgUnh lkfgR; laLFkku] iz;kx)
dh ijh{kk mŸkhZ.k dh vkSj fo'kkjn o izFkek rd dk v/;;u dbZ yM+dks us fd;k
ftlesa dk:yky] dp:yky nksuks gfjtu rFkk ghjthHkkbZ vkSj cynso vkfnoklh FksA
egkRek xka/kh ds funsZ'kkuqlkj ,oa lkekftd tM+rk dks feVkus ds fy, okxM+
ds usrkvksa us u dsoy gfjtu lekt dk mnkj fd;k vfirq ;FkkFkZ esa xys yxkdj
vius ifjokj dk lnL; cuk;kA bl dk;Z esa xkSjh'kadj mik/;k;] HkwisUnzukFk f=osnh]
/kqyth HkkbZ Hkkolkj] pUnqyky xqIrk ,oa fpeuyky ekyksr vxz.kh jgsA ftl ;qx esa
'kqnz dgs tkus okys O;fDr dh Nk;k esa ijgst fd;k tkrk Fkk] budh vkokt dku esa
iM+us ij Luku djuk iM+rk Fkk] rFkk ftl cLrh ls xqtjus ij lkekftd cfg"dkj tSlk
n.M ikus dk Hk; jgrk Fkk] ,sls ifjfLFkfr es fpeuyky ekyksr us u dsoy gfjtukss ess
f'k{kk dk vy[k txk;k vfirq lekt lq/kkj esa vxz.kh jgrs gq, nks ifr;ksa ls
ifjR;drk vkSj larkuorh ,d vui<+ gfjtu efgyk ls vUrZtkfr; fookg dj ,d
u;k ÿkfUrdkjh dne mBk;kA okxM+ es ekyksr ds lkekftd lq/kkjd dk;Zÿe dh
xqat jktuhfrd Lrj ij igq°pus yxhA bl le; egkRek xka/kh Hkh gfjtu lsod la?k
ds ek/;e ls iwjs Hkkjr esa gfjtuks ds mnkj dk dk;Z dj jgs FksA
1939 bZ- esa xka/kh ds fudVre lg;ksxh vkfnoklh ,oa gfjtu mRFkku vkUnksyu
ds izeq[k dk;ZdrkZ Jh BDdj cIik ,oa Jherh jkes'ojh usg: us ckalokM+k dk nkSjk
fd;k rc oss fpeuyky ekyksr ,oa 'kkUr lsok dqVh ds dk;ks± dks ns[k vR;Ur izHkkfor
gq,A mUgksaus vius nkSjs dh fjiksVZ xka/khth dks HksthA ftlesa mUgksaus ekyksr dh Hkwjh&Hkwjh
iza'klk dhA ifj.kker% tc 1939&40 bZ- esa teukyky ctkt us jktLFkku gfjtu
lsod la?k dh LFkkiuk dh] rc ekyksr dks Hkh lEekuiwoZd la?k esa fy;k x;k rc
ekyksr lEiw.kZ jktLFkku ds jk"V™h; dk;ZdrkZvksa ls lEidZ esa vk;sA ckalokM+k esa vDlj
BDdj cIik ,oa jkes'ojh usg: dk vkxeu gksrk jgrk Fkk vkSj os ekyksr dks ^egkRek
th* ds uke ls iqdkjrs FksA
ekyksr us lkekftd tkx`fr ds lkFk vU; tkfr;ksa esa gfjtuksa ds izfr vknj
LFkkfir djokus gsrq prqHkZt jk; efUnj esa gfjtuks dks izos'k djok;kA buds iz;Ruksa dk
,d lnizHkko ;g jgk fd ckalokM+k esa blkbZ;r ds izpkj&izlkj o NksVh tkfr /keZ
ifjorZu dh tky;kstuk ls ckalokM+k dk gfjtu lqjf{kr jgkA ekyksr us f'k{kk ds
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 611
lkFk&lkFk gfjtuksa o vkfnokfl;ksa esa 'kjkc NqMo+ kus] va/kfo'okl feVkus ,oa :f<+oknh
ijEijkvksa ls eqfDr fnykus dk y{; Hkh j[kkA
vdky jkgr dk;Z & 1934 bZ- es ckalokM+k fj;klr es Hk;adj vdky iM+k]
xjhc ,oa Hkw[k ls ihfM+r vkfnoklh dke dh ryk'k es bZ/kj&m/kj HkVd jgs Fk]s uxj
Hkh vkfnokfl;ksa ls vVk iM+k FkkA ysfdu jkT; 'kklu muds fo"k; es ekSu o fu"ÿ;
FkkA fpeuyky ekyksr vkfnoklh;ksa dh bl ihM+k dks lgu ugh dj lds vkSj vdky
jkgr dk;Z izkjEHk dj fn;kA bl dk;Z ds fy, feM+y Ldwy ds fd'kksj Nk=ksa dk
lg;ksx fy;k vkSj Ldwy ls NqVus ds ckn ;g ny muds fu/kkZfjr eksgYyksa esa ^eqB~Bh
Hkj vkVs dk nku* ekaxus dks fudy iM+rkA izkjfEHkd nkSj es rks yksx galrs] ysfdu
mÌs'; le> es vkus ij eqDr gLr ls vkVs dk nku djus yxsA dbZ yksx rS;kj jkfV;k°
nku djrsA jksfV;k° ckydks es ckaV nh tkrh vksj Jfedks dks etnwjh es vkVk fn;k tkrk
Fkk vkSj bl izdkj ekyksr us flºukFk egknso ds ikl tokgj iqy ds iwoZ es dkaxMh
unh dk iky pkSM+k djok;kA ;g dk;Z nks efgus pyk rFkk o"kkZ Ωrq vkjEHk gksus ij
cUn fd;k x;kA 1951 bZ- esa Hkh vdky iM+us ij ekyksr us 'kkUr lsok dqVh es ek/;e
ls nqX/k forj.k dk dk;Z fd;kA
egkekjh es ekyksr dh Hkwfedk & okxM+ dh turk dPph ckofM+;ksas] ukyksa esa
dkj.k uk: jksx ls ihfM+r jgrh FkhA vktknh ls igys ifjokj es dksbZ ,d u ,d
lnL; bl jksx ls ihfM+r FkkA blls nzfor gksdj ekyksr us ,d ckj bl jksx ls ihfM+r
yksxks dk O;kid losZ{k.k djok;k vkSj ckgj ls fpfdRld cqykdj bykt djokus
dh dksf'k'k dhA
1941 bZ- es ckalokM+k fj;klr ds xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa gSts dk Hk;adj izdksi
gqvkA ml le; uxj es ek= ,d fMlisUljh Fkh] xkaoks es fpfdRlk ds uke ls dksbZ
O;oLFkk ugh FkhA vkfnoklh bls nSoh izdksi ekudj >kM+&Qwd es fo'okl djus
yxs] ifj.kke dkQh yksx ej x;s] xkao ds xkao [kkyh gks x;sA dbZ ifjokjksa es yk'kksa
dks mBkus okyk Hkh ugh cpk FkkA jkT; dh rjQ ls dksbZ fpfdRlh; O;oLFkk ugha dh
x;h] rc ekyksr o muds lkfFk;ks us bl chM+s dks vius gkFkks eas fy;kA mUgksaus vius
lkfFk;ks dks gSts ds batsD'ku nsus dk izf'k{k.k fnyk;k vkSj okafNr nokbZ;kas vkSj jksx ds
jksd&Fkke lEcU/kh izkjfEHkd tkudkjh nh vkSj Vksfy;k cukdj fofHkUu {ks= es Hkst
fn;kA bl dk;ksZ ds nkSjku Lo;a ekyksr Hkh gSts ds pisV es vk x;s A bu dk;ks± ls
fpeuyky ekyksr dh izfr"Bk es o`fº gqbZA
jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ka & chloh 'krkCnh ds 30&40 ds n'kd dk le; oks
dky Fkk] tc vktknh dh yM+kbZ pje ij FkhA fj;klrh vkUnksyu es ,d rjQ turk
Fkh] rks nwljh rjQ vaxzst ,oa lkeUroknh rkdrs FkhA ;s rkdrs viuh iw.kZ 'kfDr ds
lkFk lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd tkx`fr dks nckus es yxh gq;h FkhA ;gh gky bl le;
314 612 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
ckalokM+k dk Hkh FkkA fpeu yky ekyksr] ef.k'kadj uxj] ckck y{e.knkl] /kwyth
HkkbZ Hkkolkj vkfn usrkvks us ckalokM+k es jktuhfrd tkx`fr iSnk dj nh Fkh vksj ;gk
dh iztk Hkh jk"V™h; vkUnksyu es Hkkjr vktknh ds lkFk fj;klrh vktknh dk liuk Hkh
ns[kus yxh FkhA fpeuyky ekyksr ds lkekftd tkx`fr o jpukRed dk;Zÿeksa ls
rFkk iztk dh nq%[kksa esa fu%LokFkZ Hkkxhnkjh ls ekyksr dh izfr"Bk c<rh x;h] blls
'kklu dks muls Hk; gksus yxk bl le; ekyksr uxjikfydk ds fuokZfpr lnL; FksA
viuh ukjktxh dh lkoZtfud vfHkO;fDr nsus ij 'kklu us ekyksr dks uxj ikfydk
dh lnL;rk ds fy, v;ksX; ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA esokM+ ,oa vU; fj;klrh dh rjg
ckalokM+k es 1942 bZ- rd dksbZ jktuhfrd vkUnksyu ugha gqvk FkkA tc xka/kh th us
1942 bZ- esa Hkkjr NksMks vkUnksyu dk ,syku fd;k rks fj;klr es Hkh ^Hkkjrh;
ujs'kksa&vaxzstks dk lkFk NkM+ks* ds mÌs'; dks ysdj vkUnksyu gq,A ckalokM+k ds tu
usrkvksa us Hkh 1942 bZ- ds Hkkjr NksMks vkUnksyu dks izR;{k vkUnksyu dk :i ugha fn;k
ijUrq jpukRed dk;ks± }kjk tu&tkx`fr dk iz;kl rst dj fn;kA
1942 bZ- ds Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu ds i'pkr tc iwuk ds vkxk [kka egy esa
xka/khth ds lfpo egksno HkkbZ nslkbZ dh e`R;q gks x;h rc muds fy, fpeuyky
ekyksr us uxj es ,d lkoZtfud 'kksd lHkk vk;ksftr djus dk r; fd;kA ml le;
ljdkj dh Hkkjr NksMk+ s vkUnksyu ds dkj.k fj;klr dh jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa ij
dM+h utj FkhA ;|fi ;g 'kksd&lHkk dksbZ jktuhfrd lHkk ugha Fkh fQj Hkh fj;klrh
'kklu yksxkas dks Mjk /kedkdj iwjk iz;Ru fd;k fd ;g 'kksd lHkk ugha gks ldsA
ekyksr us fu;r le; ij uxj ds dsUnz esa fLFkr egky{eh pkSd esa vius okpuky; ds
ckgj eSt&dqlhZ fudkydj lHkk dk vk;kstu fd;kA bl lHkk esa iqfyl dk l[r
igsjk Fkk] fQj Hkh lkr ;qod Jksrk ds :i es mifLFkr] mles es iwuepUn lksuh]
dkys[kka iq:"kksRre f=osnh ,oa fgEer yky f=osnh izeq[k LorU=rk ds iqtkjh ekStwn
FksA
ekyksr dks turk dks HkM+dkus vkSj 'kkfUr Hkax djus dk vkjksi yxkdj fxjrkj
dj tsy eas Mky fn;k x;kA ml le; jktuSfrd dSnh dk ntkZ ugha Fkk] rks mUgs
lkekU; dSfn;ksa dh rjg j[kk x;k vkSj O;ogkj Hkh lkekU; dsfn;ksa dh rjg fd;k
x;kA [kkus&ihus dh O;oLFkk lkekU; dSfn;ks ls cnŸkj Fkh] ogh fo'ks"k Hkkstu ds uke
ij dkap dk pw.kZ feyk dj [kkuk fn;k tkrk FkkA ,slh fLFkfr eas ekyksr dk LokLF;
fcxM+ x;kA ckn eas jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds ncko ds dkj.k fj;klr dks mUgsa tsy
ls eqDr djuk iM+kA
[kknh dk;Z & ckalokM+k jk"V™h; psruk [kknh ozr ds ek/;e ls vk;hA y{e.k
nkl ckck dh izjs.kk ls nsoh'kadj ukxj us 1930 es ^[kknh efUnj* [kksyk ysfdu fdUgha
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 613
dkj.kkas ls [kknh efUnj cUn gks x;kA ysfdu bl dk;Z us iwjs okxM+ us [kknh iguus dh
izsj.kk ns nhA ckalokM+k ds jpukRed dk;ks± esa yxHkx lHkh tu usrkvksa ;Fkk /kwyth
HkkbZ Hkkolkj] ef.k'kadj ukxj] iwuepu lksuh] y{e.k nkl] pkndj.k 'kkg] fpeu
yky ekyksr vkfn us [kknh dk;ks± }kjk jk"V™h; psruk dk dk;Z fd;kA blls izHkkfor u
dsoy vketu vfirq fj;klrh yksxksa esa Hkh [kknh dk;Z ,oa [kknh igukos us [kkSQ dk
dk;Z fd;kA
1935 bZ- es tc fpeu yky ekyksr us 'kkUr lsok dqVh dh LFkkiuk dh mlds
ewy mÌs'; eas [kknh izpkj djuk Fkk] rFkk laLFkk ds lnL;ksa ds fy, ;g vfuok;Z Fkk fd
os 'kqº [kknh ifgus rFkk 160 rkj fu;fer dkr dj laLFkk dks nsaxs] rFkk gj ekg bldh
fjiksVZ nh tk,xhA ;fn 6 ekg rd [kknh dkrus dh fjiksZV ugha nsus ij laLFkk dh
lnL;rk ls cgky dj fn;k tk,xkA 1944&45 bZ- es ekyksr us ckalokM+k uxj dh ubZ
vkcknh eas fo'kky iSekus ij [kknh mRifRr dsUnz izkjEHk fd;kA ;gk drkbZ&cqukbZ ds
vykok fiatkbZ ,oa iw.kh cukus dk dke Hkh gksrk FkkA uo;qodksa dk bl dk;Z eas izfr
lEeku iSnk gqvk] ifj.kker% [kknh dk;Z ls uo ;qodksa us jk"V™h; izse dh vy[k txhA
iztke.My dh LFkkiuk & ckalokM+k eas jk"V™h; psruk dk lw=ikr xksfoUn
fxjh ds Hkxr vkUnksyu us fd;k FkkA 20 'krkCnh es xka/khth us jpukRed dk;Zÿekas
dks ysdj fpeuyky ekyksr] /kqyth HkkbZ Hkkolkj vkfn tu usrk ckalokM+k eas tu
vkUnksyu dks jk"V™h; vkUnksyu cny fn;kA fujUrj ljdkjh tqYeks] dBksj iz'kklfud
dk;Zokfg;ksa] csxkj izFkk] 'kkld dk dBksj 'kklu] vU;k;iw.kZ uhfr;ka] deZpkfj;ksa dh
Hkz"V dk;Zokgh;ka] jk"V™h; izseh;kas ij ljdkjh neu pÿ rFkk ns'k eas py jgs LorU=rk
vkUnksyu o iMkSlh fj;klrks eas fLFkr iztke.Myks dk usr`Ro] 'kklu ds fo#º fd;s
tkus okys lR;kxzg vkUnksyu dks eglwl dj turk ,oa tu&lsodksa us ,d jktuSfrd
laxBu dh vko';drk eglwl dhA1938bZ- ds gfjiqjk vf/kos'ku eas ckn dkaxzsl us
fj;klrh vkUnksyu dk leFkZu nsdj jktuhfrd laxBu LFkkfir djus dh LorU=rk o
leFkZu nsus dh ?kks"k.kk dhA ftlds rgr jktiqrkus dh fj;klrksa eas iztke.Myks&a iztkifj"knksa
vkfn jktuhfrd lxaBuksa dh LFkkiuk gq;hA ckalokM+k eas 'kkUrlsok dqVh tSlh lkekftd
laLFkk lkekftd tkx`fr dk dk;Z dj jgh FkhA 'kkUrlsok dqVh ls bl tkx`fr ds dkj.k
ckalokM+k eas jktuhfrd tkx`fr vk;h] vkSj jktuhfrd laxBu dh vko';drk eas 'kkUr
lsok dqVh egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jghA ,slh fLFkfr esa 27 ebZ 1945bZ- dks ckalokM+k ds
deZB dk;ZdrkZvksa us ckalokM+k eas iztke.My dh LFkkiuk dh] ftlds v/;{k ef.k'kadj
ukxj ,oa /kwyth HkkbZ Hkkolkj ea=h cus vkSj fpeu ekyksr bl laLFkk ds izeq[k lnL;
cusA
vukt vkUnksyu es Hkwfedk & ckalokM+k es 1945&46bZ- eas Hk;adj vdky
315 614 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
iM+kA bl Hkh"k.k vdky ds le; jkT; }kjk fd;s tk jgh vukt fudklh ds fojks/k es
24 Qjojh] 1946 bZ- dks gtkjksa O;fDr;ksa us iztke.My ds usr`Ro rRdkyhu fnoku
eksgu flag esgrk ds fuokl ij vkUnksyu fd;kA ljdkj us neu dk lgkjk fy;k vkSj
iztke.My ij uxj ikfydk lhek esa lHkk djus ij jksd yxkA rc iztke.My us uxj
ikfydk dh lhek ds ckgj ckjsjko orZeku eas ;g vkdsV~Vk; ukdk ,oa cksgjksa dk
dfczLrku gS] ogka ij 4 ekpZ 1946bZ- dh iztke.My }kjk lHkk dh x;hA 5 ekpZ
1946 bZ- dks izkr% /kqyth HkkbZ] HkwisUnz ukFk f=osnh] 'kadj nso] lw;Zdj.k xqIrk dks
fxj∂rkj dj fy;k x;kA ;g lekpkj lkjs 'kgj eas QSy x;k] lkjk 'kgj bl dk;Z ls
mŸksftr gks x;kA 'kgj es /kkjk 144 yxk nh x;hA ljdkj ds bl neu ds f[kykQ
fpeu yky ekyksr ,oa vU; lkFkh;ksa us /kkjk 144 rksM+dj tqyql fudkyk ,oa gM+rky
djok;hA bl ij iqfyl us fpeu yky ekyksr ,oa vU; lkfFk;ksa dks fxj∂rkj dj
fy;kA ifj.kke Lo:i turk o iqfyl ds chp dkQh ruko cu x;k vkSj okrkoj.k
mŸkstuk iw.kZ gks x;kA 'kgj dh turk mxz gks x;h] eq[; lfpo ds caxys dks ?ksjdj
fxjrkj usrkvksa dh fjgkbZ dh ekax djus yxhA turk ds vkUnksfyr gksus ds dkj.k
ljdkjh dke BIi gks x;kA rhu fnu rd pys tu&vkUnksyu vkSj gM+rky ds vkxs
ljdkj dks >qduk iM+k vkSj fxjrkj yksxks dks fjgk djuk iM+kA ckalokM+k dh turk
dh ;g egku fot; FkhA 15 vxLr 1947 bZ- dks Hkkjr vktkn gqvkA fj;klrh
foyhuhdj.k eas ckalokM+k izFke la;qDr jktLFkku la?k es 'kkfey gks x;kA ckalokM+k es
bl tu&psruk vkUnksyuksa ds ifj.kke Lo:i 1948 es izfrfuf/k ljdkj cuhA ekyksr
jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa ls Lo;a dks nwj j[kk vkSj ek= egkRek xka/kh }kjk funsZf'kr
jpukRed dk;ks± esa yxs jgsA 1948 bZ- ds ckn os iw.kZr;k gfjtuksºkj] lkekftd
mRFkku vkSj gfjtukssa dh f'k{kk nh{kk esa yx x;sA lkFk gh 'kkUr lsok dqVh ds rRoko/
kku es fofo/k xzkeks|ksx] drkbZ&cqukbZ] rsy&?kk.kh] dqEgkj] Vsyfjax] dkajiasfVx dk;ks±
}kjk yksxksa dks vkfFkZd LokoyEcu dh izsj.kk nsus dk dk;Z fd;kA gfjtu ikB'kkyk ds
lkFk& lkFk ekyksrkas dh f[kM+dh eas vius isr`d edku es efgyk ikB'kkyk LFkkfir
dhA e| fu"ks/k] vU/kfo'oklksa ,oa :f<+oknh ijEijkvksa ls lekt ls eqfDr fnykus dk
dk;Z vkius thou Hkj fd;kA 1954 bZ- es izk<S + f'k{kk dk izkjEHk fd;k
gfjtu thou & fpeuyky ekyksr lkoZtfud thou esa izos'k gfjtu lsok ls
gh fd;k FkkA gfjtuksºkj dk;Zÿe eas mUgksaus gfjtu ckydks f'kf{kr&nhf{kr djus ds
lkFk&lkFk vkfFkZd LokoyEch Hkh cuk;kA dbZ ckydkas dks f'kf{kr dj ns'k&lsok ds
fy, ;ksX; cuk;k] blds fy, mUgsa lekt dk dksi Hkktd Hkh cuuk iM+kA
lekt es ;FkkFkZ es gfjtuksa dks xys yxkus dh felky dks izekf.kr djus fy,
mUgksaus u dsoy viuk edku gfjtuksa ds eksgYys es cuk;k] vfirq mUgksaus nks ifr;ks ls
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 615 316 616 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

ifjR;Drk rFkk larkuorh ,d vui< izk<S + gfjtu efgyk ls vUrZtkfr; fookg dj
,d u;k ÿkfUrdkjh dne mBk;k vkSj mldh iq=h dk fookg ,d laHkzkar ifjokj eas
djok;kA gfjtuksa dks lekt es ≈apk mBkus ds fy, rFkk muds eu ls ghurk dh
Hkkouk dks nwj djus ds fy, :i prqHkZqt jk; efUnj eas gfjtukas dks izos'k djk;kA
Hkkjr dh vktknh ds ckn fpeuyky ekyksr us Lo;a dks jktuhfrd lŸkk ls
nwj j[k dj ek= gfjtuksºkj ds dk;ks± eas layXu j[kk vkSj os bl dk;Z esa brus je x;s
rc 1966 es os rRdkyhu uxj ikfydk v/;{k nhudj yky esgrk ds ikl x;s vkSj
mUgksaus vius fy, Lohij dk dk;Z ekax fy;k vkSj djk fd ^^eSa lQkbZ dk dk;Z
d:axk vksj eq>s oS/kkfud :i fn;k tk;**A fnudj esgrk is'kk&is'k iM+ x;s fd dSls
,d o`º ,oa izfrf"Br O;fDr dks ;g dk;Z fn;k tk ldrk gSA ysfdu os viuh bl
lsok ds fy, vfMx FksA fnudj esgrk uss rRdkyhu eq[;ea=h eksguyky lq[kkfM+;k
dks Hkh ekyksr dh bl ftn ls voxr djk;k] ysfdu mUgksaus ;g in ugha nsus ij
Hkw[k&gM+rky dh /kedh ns nhA ekyksr us viuh LorU=rk lsukuh dh isa'ku dh cUn
gksus dh fpUrk Hkh ugha dh vkSj Lohij in gsrq ftn ij vMs+ jgsA vUr esa etcwj gksdj
fnudj esgrk us ekyksr dks Lohij ds in ij fu;qfDr nh vkSj mUgas xka/kh ewfrZ ls dqq'ky
ckx ds {ks= esa dke djus ij yxk;k] ijUrq os fn[kkoss ek= ds fy, dke ugha pkgrs
Fks] okLrfodrk eas dke djuk pkgrs Fks] vkf[kj eas etcwj gksdj fnudj esgrk dks]
ekyksr dks eq[; cktkj eas dke nsuk iM+k] tgka mUgkasus gfjtu dk;Z iz.kkyh dh rjg
dbZ efgukas rd dk;Z fd;kA ekyksr gfjtu eksgYys ls gfjtukas dks xka/kh ewfrZ ij
ykrs] izkFkZuk lHkk djokrs ,oa vius&vius dke ij tkus ds fy, funsZ'k nsrsA ekyksr us
okLrfodrk esa vius dk;Z :i dks Hkaxh thou dk :i fn;kA
vkthou gfjtuksºkj dk;Z es layXu jgrs ekyksr us fouksck Hkkos ds Hkwnku
vkUnksyu esa 'kkfey gq, vkSj loksZn; lsod cus vkSj fopkj&izpkj dh n`f"V ls
^loksZn;* uked ,d ekfld i= dk izdk'ku fd;k] blds fy, ,d Nkik[kkuk Hkh
LFkkfir fd;kA fpeuyky ekyksr dk thou jk"V™h; lsok ds fy, lefiZr Fkk rFkk
mUgksaus cpiu ls gh jk"V™h; psruk dk dk;Z fd;kA ckalokM+k es jk"V™h; psruk dk
izknZqHkko ekyksr us 'kkUr lsok daqVh ls dh FkhA okpuky; ,oa iqLrdky; LFkkfir dj
ml tekus es jk"V™h;rk ls vksr&izksr if=dk,a eaxok dj vke tu dks jk"V™h;rk ds
fy, izsfjr fd;kA bUgh dk;ks± ds lkFk ekyksr us xka/khth ds jpukRed dk;ks± ls okxM+
ds vkfnoklh ,o nfyrkas ds lkekftd tkx`fr dk dk;Z 'kq: fd;k vkSj gfjtuks)kj ds
fy, vkius thou yxk fn;kA bUgh dk;ksZ dks lEikfnr djrs gq, mUgksaus e`R;q ls iwoZ
olh;rukek fy[kk ftlesa viuh jktuhfrd ihfM+r ia'S ku ls feyus okyh jkf'k rd
dks lkoZtfud dk;ks± esa yxk fn;k rFkk mUgkasus bl olh;rukes eas viuh bPNk tkfgj
dh fd ^^esjh e`R;q ds ckn eSjh vFkhZ gfjtu yksx Hkh mBkuk pkgs] rks mudks bUdkj
ugha fd;k tk;s vkSj de ls de ,d [kkank gfjtu mBkos] esjs ihNs dksbZ e`R;qHkkst ugah
fd;k tk;sA**
bUgha la?k"kks± ,oa lekt lsok djrs&djrs 25 uoEcj 1969 bZ- dks fpeuyky
ekyksr bl nqfu;k ls py clsA vfUre le; esa muds izk.k rHkh fudys rc mUgss
jk"V™h; xhr ^fo'o fot; frjaxk I;kjk* lquk;k x;kA
lUnHkZ
1- uothou (lekpkj i=) ] fnukd&6uoEcj] 1944 bZ- jpukRed dk;Zÿe ij ys[kA
2- Jheky] nhid] 2004] bfrgkl iq:"k ekyksr] izdk'kd&okxM+ uk vkEck] ckalokM+kA
3- lkeosnh] pÿdhfrZ] jktLFkku es LorU=rk laxzke ds vej iqjks/kk&/kwyth HkkbZ Hkkolkj]
jktLFkku Lo.kZ ta;fr izdk'ku lfefr] t;iqjA
4- lk{kkRdkj&Jh Hkxorhyky ekyksr (fe= fpeuyky ekyksr)] fnukd&24]vxLr]
2004
5- ^olh;r&ukek* Lo- Jh fpeuyky ekyksr lEcf/kr i=] ckalokM+k tu lEiZd dk;kZy;
ls izkIrA
6- ^ckalokM+k jkT; iztke.My fo/kku i=*] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] cdkusjA
7- ^gfjtu lsod& Lo- Jh fpeuyky ekyksr*] ckalokM+k tu lEiZd dk;kZy; ls izkIrA
8- ^'kkUr lsok dqVh fo/kku i=*] ckalokM+k tu lEiZd dk;kZy; ls izkIrA
9- 'kekZ] jkexksiky] ckalokM+k jkT; iztke.My vkUnksyuA
10- f=osnh] fgEeryky] ckalokM+k&lkaLd`frd] lkekftd] jktuSfrd psruk dk laf{kIr
bfrgkl] izdk'kd&Jh /kwyth HkkbZ Hkkolkj] ckalokM+k
11- ^;knsa&57 os LoarU=rk fnol ij okaxM+ ds ns'kHkDrksa vkSj mudh Le`fr;ksa dk fouez
fuosnu---------*] uothou (lekpkj i=) ] fnukd&15 vxLr] 2004] ckalokM+k
tu lEiZd dk;kZy; ls izkIrA
12- pkS/kjh] gseUs nz (2007)] okaxM+ es jpukRed dk;Zÿe] pUnz'ks[kj 'kekZ] izk-s d`".kLo:i
xqIrk vfHkuUnu xzUFk (ist u- 273&276) mn;iqj] vfHkuUnu lekjksg lfefrA
 317 618 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

jk"V™h; psruk ds laokgd & 'kadj nku lkeksj
MkW- (Jherh) pUÊizHkk ikjhd
mÈkhloha lnh esa jktLFkku esa Lora= o jk"V™h; psruk dk 'ka[ku djus okys
dfo 'kadjnku lkeksj dk tUe pq: ftys ds cksolj xkao eas 22 uoEcj 1824 esa gqvk
FkkA vaxzstksa o muds vkfJr jktkvksa] lkeUrksa dh tu fojks/kh ?kkrd uhfr bl ;qx esa
jktLFkku esa lkeUrh O;oLFkk] iztkihM+u] o ÿwjrk o ekuoh; v|%iru dh ijkdk"Bk
dk izrhd cu dj jg x;h FkhA ,d taxy jkt dh 'kq:vkr gks xbZ ftlesa turk
jktkvksa o muds tkxhjnkjksa dk Hkkx cu xbZA xksjs Lokfe;ksa dh pkVqdkfjrk esa Mwcs jktk
o tkxhjnkj iztk dks uhacw dh rjg fupksM+us yxsA1 ftu esgurd'k yksxksa ds ifJje
ij mudh foykflrk dk rkaMo py jgk Fkk] os frgjh xqykeh ds cks> ds uhps ncdj
loZFkk vlgk; gks x,A ;s 'kks"kd lkeUr brus foosdghu gks pqds Fks fd jS;r }kjk dh
xbZ Qfj;kn dks Hkh mUgksaus viuh lŸkk ds fy;s pqukSrh le>dj fueZe neu dk lgkjk
fy;kA lkeksj us rRdkyhu ifjfLFkfr ij lexzrk ls fopkj fd;kA Qyr% ;g ckr
muds lEeq[k fnu ds mtkys dh Hkkafr Li"V gks xbZ fd flehBs Bxfi2 vaxzstksa dh cfu;k
eukso`fŸk gh blds fy;s mŸkjnk;h gSA viuh of.kd o`fŸk ls mUgksaus iwoZoŸkhZ lHkh
vkÿkUrkvksa dks ihNs NksM+ fn;k FkkA bl ckr dks js[kkafdr djrs gq, lkeksj us dgk fd
vaxzst rks paxst[kka ls Hkh nks den vkxs Fks D;ksafd &
egyt ywV.k eksdyk p<~;k lq.;k paxstA
ywV.k >waik ykyph vk;k cl baxjst˚3
fons'kh 'kklu dsd vfHk'ki ls ns'k dks eqDr djkus gsrq izk.ki.k ls laps"V
lkeksj dk rstLoh :i 1857 ds Lora=rk eas viuh iw.kZrk ls izdV gqvkA os bl laxzke
dh egŸkk dks Hkyh&Hkkafr le>rs FksA mUgksaus ns'kokfl;ksa dks mn~cks/ku nsrs gq, Li"V
fd;k fd bl nqyZHk volj dks [kks nsus ij fgUn dh [kks;h vktknh dks izkIr djus dk
,slk ekSdk fQj ugha vk,xkA tSls Nykax Hkjrs le; ,d ckj fgj.k pwd tkrk gS rks
fQj laHky gha ikrk ;g NIi.k n`"VO; gS &
vk;kS vkSlj vkt] iztk i[k iwj.k iky.k
vk;kS vkSlj vkt] xjc xksjka jkS xky.k
vk;kS vkSlj vkt] fodV j.k [kkx ctk.kh
Qky fgj.k pqD;k QVd] ikNkS Qk u ikolh
vktkn fgan djok voj] vkSlj bL;kS u vkolhA4
bl foIyo esa jktLFkku esa fczfV'k lŸkk dks xEHkhj pqukSrh nsus okys vk≈ok ij
fczfV'k lŸkk dks lokZf/kd /;ku nsuk iM+kA blds fo:º vk≈ok dk loZuk'k djus ds
fy, fofHkÈk vfHk;kuksa ,oa izfr'kks/k dh Hkkouk ls Li"V djrs gS fd vaxzstksa dh n`f"V
esa vk≈ok dh bl ;'kLoh ?kVuk dk o.kZu lkeksj us bl izdkj fy[kk gS &
gqvk nq[kh fganmqok.k jk :dh u xksjka jkgA
fodV yM:ks fc[kkS l>ksa okg vk≈ok okgA5
vk≈ok Bkdqj dq'kkyflag us 1857 ÿkfUr ds le; la?k"kZ dk usr`Ro fd;k
muds ckjs esa lkeksj dgrs gS &
[ksY;ksa j.k esa [kkx gwa tpdj twL;ksa taxA
fn;ks ljc fgr ns'k jS jax [kq'kkyk jaxA6
vFkkZr~ ns'k ds fy;s lc dqN U;kSNkoj dk vk≈ok Bkdqj bl tax esa dwn iM+sA
vk≈ok dh vxqokbZ bl vfHk;ku esa vkyfu;kokl fBdkus us Hkh dkQh lkFk
fn;kA bl ÿe esa vkyfu;kokl dks vaxzsth lsuk }kjk ?ksj fy;kA tc eaMkok Bkdqj
vkuUnflag 'ks[kkor dks bl ckr dk irk pyk rks og ny cy ds lkFk vkyfu;kokl
dh vksj py iM+kA 'ks[kkorksa us vaxzsth lsuk ij ihNs ls vkÿe.k dj fn;k] vaxzstksa dks
bl ckr ls dkQh /kDdk yxkA vkuUn flag }kjk ekSds ij dh xbZ lgk;rk ls
vkyfu;kokl vklÈk ladV ls eq‰ gqvkA
lkeksj us bl ?kVuk dh ljkguk djrs gq, fy[kk7 &
eksn eaMkoS eksdyksa <ksy <edS ikyA
doIo dBs dksBkj lwa xksjka ?ksj.k xksy˚
vkyfu;kl vatlS vtS ljk ljk ls[kk.kA
xksjka eq[k x< x;kS ijkS ik;kS ls[kka ia.k˚
1857 ds laxzke dk nq[kn i{k ;g jgk fd lHkh ns'kh fj;klrksa o fBdkuksa us
vius vkidks blls vyx j[kk lkFk gh bls dqpyus esa Hkh vaxzstksa dh Hkjiwj enn dhA
jk"V™Hk‰ 'kadjnku dk jktkvksa ds bl fuanuh; œR; ij cgqr ÿks/k vk;kA mudh
viuh fj;klr chdkusj ds 'kkld ljnkjflag Hkh bl nq"deZ esa Hkkxh FksA dfo us bu
lHkh ns'kÊksfg;ksa dh tedj [kcj yhA Lokra´; ;ksºkvksa dks Lrou djus okyh mudh
ys[kuh us vaxzst leFkZdksa dh HkRlZuk djus esa dksbZ dlj ugha NksM+hA
ljnkjflag dks f/kDdkjs gq, dgk8 &
ns[k ejS fgr ns'k jS] ia[k lpks jtiwrA
ljnkjk rkuS lnk] dglh txr diwr˚
[kkl cka/kok [kht] lS.k xksfj;k fx.k lpkA
Fkwa ckoS vsgMk cht] lS.k xksfj;k fx.k lpkA
Fkwa ckoS vsgMk chtk] Qksx&Qksx Qy Hkksxlh˚
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 619 318 620 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

pq: ds f'koukFkflag dks nckus eas vaxzstksa dk lkFk nsuk lkeksj dh n`f"V esa dgha ij Hkh lgk;rk u feyrh ns[kdj lkekjs mUgsa vius iSr`d xkao ckscklj vius HkkbZ
chdkusj dh dk;jrk dh ijkdk"Bk Fkh ftl dfo us ew[kZ e.Myh dh miek nsrs gq, i`Fohflag lkeksj ds x<+ esa ys vk,A bl ij ÿqº gksdj vaxzstksa us x<+ dks ck:º ls
dgk9 & mM+k fn;kA bl izdkj lkeksj us dsoy 'kCnksa }kjk gh ugha oju~ vius dŸkZO; }kjk Hkh
MQ jktk MQ eqln~nh MQ bZ ns'k dh oka.kA lPPks jk"V™Hk‰ gksus dk izek.k fn;kA 'kadjnku us vius ok.kh dh Tokyk ls jk"V™h;rk
MQ bZ MQ Hksyk gqvk (tn) ckT;ksa MQ chdka.kA dh ,slh vy[k txk;h fd ns'kHkfDr dh Hkouk viuh fj;klr dh lhekvksa ls
vaxzstksa ds lkFk la?k"kZ djus okyk gj O;f‰ mudh dfork dk uk;d FkkA bl fudydj tkfr] /keZ vkSj izkUrh;rk dk vfrÿe.k djrh gqbZ jk"V™ ds uofo/kku dh
lUnHkZ esa pq: dh ?kVuk vkSj mlls lEcU/k jfpr dkO; flpq: jkS tlfi fo'ks"k :i ls lwpd Lora=rk dh 'ka[k/ofu lquk;h iM+rh gSA12 muds fu/ku ij ikcwnku ckjgB Qksxk
mYys[kuh; gSA pq: Bkdqj f'koukFkflag us LorU= j{kd ds fy, vaxzstksa ls la?k"kZ us fy[kk &
fd;k ftlesa vaxzstksa dk lkFk chdkusj dh lsuk us Hkh fn;kA ?ksjkcUnh ds nkSjku Bkdqj lq.;ks fu/ku lkeksj jks pV vk;h vk phar
ds ikl rksiksa ds xksyksa ds fy, lhls dh deh vk xbZ rks dbZ /kuk<~ lsB vkxs vk, vkSj dq.k ndky dglh geS xksBh tsgM+k xhr
xksyksa ds fy, cM+h ek=k esa pkanh Bkdqj dks vfiZr dj nhA pq: dh vksj ls [kkfyl ehBk Bx b.k eqyd jk ugpS gqok uphar
pkanh ds xksys nkxs tkus dk n`'; nsdj 'k=q lsuk nax jg xbZ vkSj mlds gkSalys iLr gks chrkS 'kadj ckg; eqyad r.kkS M<+ ehrA
x,A lkeksj us bl ?kVukÿe dk vR;Ur izHkkoh fp=.k fd;k gS flpq: jkS tlfi esa 'kadjnku lkeksj dk lR; ds iqtkjh] laLœfr ds j[kokys] ohjrk ds itkjh]
bldh izLrqfr bl Hkkafr gqbZ gS & xksjh lŸkk ds foÊksgh dfo] ÿkfUrohj vkSj jk"V™h;rk dh vy[k txkus okyh psruk ds
tx tkgj pq: tBS] dkph jgh u tsVA laokgd FksA
lkcl jk[kh lqra=rk] larka lsBka isB˚
chdks Qhdks iMX;kS c.k xkSjk geehjA
lUnHkZ
1- izdk'k ukjk;.k ukVk.kh] jktLFkku dk Lok/khurk vkUnksyu] xzUFk fodkl] t;iqj
pkanh xksyk pkfy;k vk pq: jh rklhj˚10
1998] i`- 12
rksiksa ls pkanh ds xksys pyus dh ?kVuk iwjs ns'k esa jktLFkku esa ?kfVr gqbZA cgy 2. Consideration of India by Willion Bolts 1772 to 1914, p. 88
Bkdqj dkuflag lysnhfla|ksr us vaxzstksa ds lkFk tksjnkj la?k"kZ fd;k] mudh iz'kalk esa 3- ijEijk ^xksjk gV tk* vxLr 1956 (pkSikluh 'kks/k laLFkku }kjk izdkf'kr)] i`- 100]
lkeksj us ,d ^/keky* fy[kh gSA tks vkt Hkh turk dh tqcka ij gS & 119
czt dks dku rks dky dal dksA 4- MkW- vkj-ih- O;kl] jktLFkku dk Lok/khurk laxzke] iap'khy izdk'ku] t;iqj] 1997]
vks rks dky fQjaxh dks gn dj X;kSA i`- 78&79
gj dj X;ks dky lysnh dks gj dj X;kSA 5- MkW- vkj-ih- O;kl] Lora=rk laxzke esa jktLFkku dk ;ksxnku] jktLFkkuh xzUFkkxkj]
czt dks dku efg nf/k ywVs vks rks QkSt fQjaxh dh gn dj X;kSA tks/kiqj] 2004] i`- 50
gn dj X;ks dku lysnh dks˚11 6- eksgu yky ftKklq] pkj.k lkfgR; dk bfrgkl Hkkx 2] tSu cznlZ] tks/kiqj] i`- 258
bl laxzke esa lkeksj rkaR;k Vksis ds izR;{k lEidZ esa vk, vkSj dfBu le; esa 7- jktLFkkuh 'kks/k laLFkku pkSikluh ds laxzg lsA
Vksis dh mUgksaus lgk;rk dh] og bl izns'k ds fy, vR;Ur xkSjo dk fo"k; gSA rkaR;k 8- MkW- 'kf‰nku dfo;k] jktLFkku lkfgR; dk vuq'khyu] lkfgR; laLFkku] tks/kiqj] i`-
ds vFkd iz;klksa ls os vfHkHkwr FksA lkeks }kjk jfpr xhr esa fljpk;kS :yauh jtiwrh jkS 90
vk[kjh jaxfi vkSj fliydrh vkdk'k cht dBS bZ tkorh iM+fiS tSlh iaf‰;k° vizfre 9- MkW- Hkaojnku lkeksj œr 'kadjnku lkeksj (jktLFkku) ds ifjf'k"V esa laxzfgr] lkfgR;
;ksºk rkaR;k ds lEcU/k esa dfo dh xgu v/;;u dks n'kkZrh gSA 1857 ds foIyo ds vdkneh] ubZ fnYyh] 1995
vkf[kjh nkSj esa pkjksa vksj ls fujk'k gksus ds i'pkr~ rkaR;ka Vksis enn dh vk'kk esa 10- jktLFkku 'kks/k laLFkku pkSikluh ds laxzg ls
'ks[kkokVh bykds esa vk,A bl le; lkeksj us mudh ;FkklaHko Hkjiwj enn dhA enn 11- jktLFkku 'kks/k laLFkku pkSikluh ds laxzg ls
ds Hkjksls rkaR;ka y{e.kx<+ ds fdys esa f?kj x,A ogk° ls fdlh rjg fudyus ds ckn 12- MkW- vpZuk 'kekZ] jktLFkku ds Lora=rk laxzke esa pkj.kksa dk ;ksxnku ('kks/k izcU/k)
 319
19oha ls 20oha 'krkCnh esa dksVk njckj
,oa Hkkjrh; ljdkj ds e/; f'k{kk
lEcU/kksa ij ,sfrgkfld leh{kk
izHkkorh ekyo
gekjs ns'k esa izkphudky esa f'k{kk dk vR;f/kd egŸo jgk gSA mŸkj izkphudky
ls f'k{kk dk egŸo /khjs&/khjs de gksus yxk] ;gh dkj.k gS fd nloha ls mUuhloha
'krkCnh rd vf/kdka'k fgUnw jktk izk;% fuj{kj FksA muds ea=h Hkh lk{kj gh FksA ml
dky esa f'k{kk dk egŸo blfy, Hkh de Fkk D;ksafd jktk ds fy, 'kwjrk vkSj ea=h ds
fy, iziap&dkS'ky i;kZIr xq.k ekus tkrs FksA 'kkld] Lo;a ds vf'kf{kr gksus ds dkj.k
f'k{kk izpkj ij /;ku ugha fn;k tkrk FkkA dksVk njckj ds jktjk.kk tkfyeflag us lsuk]
eky] tdkr] d`f"k vkfn foHkkxksa dks vPNk laxfBr fd;k Fkk vkSj dbZ ckrksa esa vaxzsth
<ax dks xzg.k fd;k Fkk fdUrq os vf'kf{kr FksA
vr% f'k{kk ds egŸo dks vuqHko ugha fd;kA lu~ 1874 ls igys jkT; dh
vksj ls dksbZ ikB'kkyk ugha FkhA ijxuksa esa f'k{kk dk vO;ofLFkr :i Fkk ftlesa yM+dksa
dks ns'kh fgUnh vkSj ekewyh fglkc i<+k;k tkrk FkkA Hkkjr esa f'k{kk izpkj dk lw=ikr
loZizFke dEiuh ljdkj us fd;k FkkA Hkkjrh; jkT; ds izFke xouZj tujy okjsu
gsfLVaxt us dydŸkk esa ,d dkWyst LFkkfir djok;k vkSj fgUnh rFkk mnwZ dh iqLrdsa
fy[kokbZ xbZA ykMZ cSafVd ds 'kkludky esa vaxzsth Hkk"kk dks mPp f'k{kk dk ek/;e
cuk;k x;kA ykMZ es;ks (rRdkyhu ok;ljk;) us lu~ 1870 esa jktiwrkus esa es;ks
dkWyst dk vtesj esa f'kykU;kl fd;k x;k vkSj izFke vaxzsth Ldwy lu~ 1869 esa
vtesj esa bZlkb;ksa us LFkkfir fd;k FkkA vaxzsth ljdkj dh uhfr Fkh fd ns'kh jkT;ksa esa
vk/kqfud f'k{kk dk izpkj fd;k tkosA uokc QStvyh [kk° mnwZ vkSj Qkjlh dk fo}ku
Fkk] vaxzstksa ds lEidZ ls og f'k{kk ds egŸo dks Hkh le>us yx x;k Fkk] vr% dksVk
jkT; ds izcU/k dh ckxMksj gkFk esa ysrs gh jkT; dh vksj ls uokc us f'k{kk dk izpkj
dk dk;Z vkjEHk fd;kA1
dksVk uxj esa ,d yM+dksa dk Ldwy ftlesa eq[;k/;kid ftls vkt ds lUnHkZ
esa iz/kkukpk;Z dg ldrs gSa] mUgsa lkS #i;s ekfld osru feyrk FkkA vaxzsth] mnwZ]
Qkjlh] fgUnh fo"k; ds nks&nks v/;kid fu;qDr FksA yM+fd;ksa ds Ldwy esa nks&ik°p
yM+fd;ka ftUgsa ,d v/;kfidk i<+krh FkhA vkjEHk esa f'k{kk dk dqy okf"kZd [kpZ
622 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
3760@& #i;s FkkA uokc QStvyh }kjk [kksyh xbZ izFke ikB'kkyk dh yxkrkj mUufr
gksrh xbZA dksVk jkT; esa ckjk°] bVkok] ?kkVksyh] duokl] 'ksjx<+] fd'kuxat] cM+knS ]
dqUtsM]+ lkaxksn] [kkuiqj] lqYrkuiqj] nhxksn] lhlokyh] ekaxjksy] vUrk] dSFkwu vkSj
Nkouh esa lu~ 1893 ls igys fo|ky; [kqy pqds FksA2 es;ks dkWyst dh LFkkiuk ds
le; dksVk jkT; us Hkkjh pUnk fn;k FkkA dksVk jkT; us gtkjksa #i;s [kpZ djds ,d
Nk=ky; Hkh cuok;k FkkA ihiYnk ds Bkdqj dksVk jkT; ds izFke es;ks dkWyst esa izos'k
ysus okys Nk= FksA lu~ 1880 esa yM+dksa dks ikfjrksf"kd forj.k esa rRdkyhu xouZj
tujy ykMZ fyVu us vius Hkk"k.k esa dgk Fkk fd es;ks dkWyst dh f'k{kk dk ,d ;g
Hkh mÌs'; gS fd fo|kFkhZ vius ns'k vkSj /keZ ls izse djuk lh[ksaA3
'k=q'kkyth ds nsgkUr ds ckn xksnu'khuh ds fo"k; esa Hkkjr ljdkj us viuk
fu'p; ?kksf"kr dj egkjko mEesnflag dk mŸkjkf/kdkfjRo Lohdkj fd;kA vc rd
mEesn flag th dks O;ofLFkr :i ls dksbZ f'k{kk ugha feyh Fkh] vr% jktfryd ds
ckn budks f'k{kk izkfIr ds fy, es;ks dkWyst esa HkrhZ fd;k x;kA es;ks dkWyst esa
yxHkx pkj o"kZ rd bUgksaus f'k{kk ikbZA bl nkSjku vaxzsth vkSj fgUnh dk lk/kkj.k Kku
izkIr fd;kA blds ckn Hkkjr ljdkj us budks 'kklu ds dqN vf/kdkj ns fn;sA buds
iq= egkjkt dqekj Hkheflag th us Hkh es;ks dkWyst esa f'k{kk izkIr dhA lu~ 1922 esa
dksVk NksMr+ s le; duZy esdksuth ikWfyfVdy ,ts.V us viuh fonk nkor dk /
kU;okn nsrs gq, dgk Fkk fd ^^eq>s [ksn gS fd egkjktdqekj bl le; ;gk° mifLFkr
ugha gS] ijUrq muds fo"k; esa lc vksj ls ;g lqu dj eq>s cM+h izlUurk gksrh gS fd
es;ks dkWyst esa mUgksaus vPNh [;kfr izkIr dj yh gSA eq>s fo'okl gS fd tc njckj
mudks dkWyst ls okil cqyk;saxs rks mudks 'kkludk;Z dh Hkh vki Lo;a f'k{kk nsaxsA4
dksVk jktifjokj esa gh ugha cfYd lEiw.kZ jktiwrkus esa jktdqekj dh es;ks dkWyst esa
f'k{kk lEcU/kh miyfC/k;k° egRoiw.kZ FkhA
lezkV }kjk lEeku & mEesn flag th ds jktdk;Z ls izHkkfor gksdj lkezkKh
foDVksfj;k us fnlEcj lu~ 1899 dks ds-lh-,l-vkbZ- mikf/k ls lEekfur fd;kA5 bl
mikf/k ds miy{k esa 03 vizsy lu~ 1901 dks njckj esa duZy okbyh ,-th-th- us
lkezkKh foDVksfj;k dh vksj ls dksVk ujs'k dks mikf/k ds fp HksaV djrs gq, dgk Fkk fd
vkils tks Hkh vk'kk dh og lc izdkj ls iwjh dh gSA vkidh iztk dh HkykbZ esa
O;fDrxr #fp gS] jkT; ds 'kklu dks mUur djus esa lnSo iz;Ru'khy jgs gSaA vkidk
O;fDrxr thou fu"dyad gSA bu xq.kksa ds dkj.k vkSj mPp oa'k ds dkj.k rFkk
lkezkKh ds izfr jktHkfDr fn[kkus ds dkj.k LoxhZ; lkezkKh us rFkk ok;ljk; us
vkidks bl mikf/k ls lEekfur djus dh d`ik dh gSA6 28 tuojh 1908 dks
ok;ljk; ykMZ feUVksa us egkjko mEesn flag th dks dydŸkk cqykdj e;kZnkiwoZd
Lokxr fd;k vkSj th-lh-vkbZ-bZ- dh mikf/k ls dksVk ujs'k dks vyad`r fd;kA egkjko
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 623
mEesn flag th us lu~ 1901 esa egw esa if'peh 'kSyh dh lSfud f'k{kk izkIr dh FkhA
lu~ 1911 esa lezkV us izlUu gksdj dksVk ujs'k dks vkWujsjh ysf∂VusUV duZy fu;qDr
fd;kA bl mikf/k ds fy, rRdkyhu ok;ljk; ykMZ gkfM±x us flQkfj'k dh FkhA
lu~ 1974 esa egkjko mEesn flag th dks th-ch-bZ- dh mikf/k izkIr gqbZ ,oa
lkezkT; esa dksVk ujs'k us cgqr špk lEeku izkIr fd;kA egkjko mEesn flag th us
Hkkjr esa lu~ 1901 esa ph∂l dkWystksa ds lq/kkj ds fy, rRdkyhu ok;ljk; us jblksa
dh ,d lHkk dh Fkh] ftlesa dksVk ujs'k lfEefyr gq;sA 1915 esa ia- enu eksgu
ekyoh; th us fgUnw fo'ofo|ky; ds f'kykU;kl ds mRlo ij dksVk ujs'k dks
vkeaf=r fd;kA dksVk njckj us ,d yk[k ipkl gtkj #i;s blesa fn;s FksA10 blh o"kZ
ok;ljk; us fL=;ksa ds esfMdy dkWyst dk mn~?kkVu fd;k] bl mRlo esa lfEefyr
gksus ds fy, ok;ljk; us dksVk ujs'k dks vkeaf=r fd;k FkkA11 blesa dksVk ujs'k us ,d
yk[k #i;s dk pUnk fn;k FkkA lu~ 1936 esa dk'kh fo'ofo|ky; us dksVk ujs'k
egkjko mEesnflag th dks ,y-,y-Mh- dh mikf/k ls foHkwf"kr djus ds fy, lu~
1937 esa fo'ofo|ky; us fuefU=r fd;k ,oa mikf/k ls vyad`r fd;kA mikf/k
Lohdkj djrs gq;s dksVk ujs'k us dgk fd fo'ofo|ky; vkSj bldk lEiw.kZ Js;
Ωf"koj if.Mr ekyoh; th dks gSA ykMZ dtZu ,oa dksVk njckj 6 uoEcj 1902 dks
ykMZ dtZu igyk ok;ljk; Fkk ftlus dksVk jkT; dk nkSjk fd;kA egkjko dh
f'k"Vkpkj nkor esa dtZu us /kU;okn nsrs gq, dgk fd eq>s bl ckr dh izlUurk gS fd
esjk jktiwrkus dk nkSjk ,slh fj;klr ls vkjEHk gqvk gS ftlds ;qod 'kkld dk;Z dk
bfrgkl bruk lqUnj gSA ykMZ dtZu dksVk esa pkj fnu #ds FksA dtZu us dgk fd ^^eq>s
bl ckr dh cM+h izlUurk gS fd eSa ,slh fj;klr esa vk;k tgka dk iqjkuk bfrgkl bruk
vPNk gS vkSj ftldk 'kklu ,sls lq;ksX; vkSj ns'kHkDr jktk ds gkFk esa gSA lu~ 1900
esa dtZu us dksVk ujs'k dks ds-lh-,l-lh- dh mikf/k HksaV dhA12
ykMZ fyVu vkSj dksVk njckj & lu~ 1925 esa ykMZ fyVu dksVk vk;sA dksVk
esa gjcVZ dkWyst vkSj Hkhe dsfMV dksj dks ns[kkA mEesn Hkou esa egkjko ds }kjk nh
xbZ nkor esa /kU;okn Hkk"k.k esa fyVu us dgk fd bl vlsZ esa eSaus ns[k fy;k fd tks
dqN eq>ls dgk x;k Fkk og cgqr cgqr lR; gSA vius 'kkld dh dksVk jkT; dh iztk
cM+h d`rK gS vkSj muls izse djrh gSA fu%LokFkZ Hkko ls tufgr fpUru esa yxs jgus ds
dkj.k dksVk ujs'k bl izse vkSj d`rKrk ds ik= gSaA13
ykMZ jhfMax & ekpZ 1926 esa ykMZ jhfMax dksVk vk;s vkSj bUgksaus Hkh dsfMV
dksj vkSj gjcVZ dkWyst dks ns[kkA bUgksaus dksVk ujs'k ds fy, dgk fd ^^vkidk
iztk&izse vkSj fgr fpUru izflº gSA vkids jkT; ls ckgj fj;klrksa ls lEcU/k j[kus
okys ekeyksa tSls ujsUnz e.My vkSj jbZlksa ds dkWystksa ij Hkh vkidk cM+k /;ku gSA
egklej (izFke fo'o ;qº) ds le; vkius lkezkT; dh Hkkjh lgk;rk dh Fkh]
320 624 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
mYys[kuh; pUnk fn;k Fkk rFkk vkReksRlxZ fd;k FkkA vkidks tks mikf/k;k° feyh gSa os
bl ckr dh lwpd gS fd lezkV vkidh O;fDrxr lsokvksa dk] tks vkius bl fj;klr
ds jbZl dh gSfl;r ls dh gS] fdruk vknj djrs gSaA ,slh cgqr de fj;klrsa gSa tgk°
dh lSfud ijEijk;sa vkids jkT; ls vf/kd vPNh gksA14
ykMZ bfoZu & bfoZu ds le; dkaxzsl us jktuSfrd Lora=rk ds fy, ?kksj
vkUnksyu fd;k FkkA 27 tuojh 1929 dks bfoZu dksVk vk;sA ijEijkxr f'k"Vkpkj ds
vuqdwy ok;ljk; njckj ls vkSj njckj ok;ljk; ls feysA ok;ljk; us dgk fd
O;kid izse vkSj vuqxzg ls eSa dksVs esa f?kj x;k gw° og vU;= dgha ugha fey ldrkA
jktk ds O;fDrRo dh mldh iztk ij Nki yx tkrh gS ;g muesa izfrfcEc gksus yxrk
gSA njckj tkurs gSa fd orZeku Kku vkSj foKku dk turk dh vko';drk ds fy,
dSls mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA lkFk gh ;s mu izkphu fjoktksa vkSj ijEijkvksa dh j{kk dh
Hkh fpUrk djrs gSa tks jktiwr vkSj jktiwrkus dh tknw Hkjh fo'ks"krk;sa gSaA vkids jkT;
ds ckjg ujsUnz e.My esa tgka vius lkFkh ujs'kksa dks usd lykg nsus ds fy, vki lnSo
rRij jgrs gSa ;k vkids foLr`r fe= e.My esa tgka vki vknj vkSj izse mikftZr dj
pqds gSa] dksVk egkjko ds uke dk cM+k vknj gS ijUrq pEcy unh ds rV ij vkidk
uke blls Hkh vf/kd dhfrZ dk ifjpk;d gSA vkids jkT; dh f'k{kk dh rktk fjiksVks±
esa eSaus i<+k gS fd fgUnh rFkk nwljh ijh{kkvksa esa reke jktiwrkus ds Ldwyksa esa vkids
jkT; dk LFkku cgqr špk gSA dy gjcVZ dkWyst dks ns[kus ls eSaus vkids jkT; dh
f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dh mŸkerk dh tks ppkZ lquh Fkh] mldh iqf"V gks xbZ gSA bl {ks= esa
vkius cryk fn;k gS fd vk/kqfud thou esa tks f'k{kk dk ekfeZd Hkkx gS] mldks vki
[kwc le>rs gSaA15
duZy csuj esu & dksVk jkT; dk loksZPp mŸkjnk;h 'kkld iksfyfVdy
,ts.V jgkA egkjko mEesn flag th dks 'kklu lapkyu ds iw.kZ vf/kdkj izkIr gksus ij
Hkh iksfyfVdy ,ts.V ls 'kklu dk;Z esa ijke'kZ fd;k tkrk FkkA bUgksaus dgk fd dqN
le; igys esjs fe= jk;cgknqj eq- f'koizrki th dks jk;cgknqjh dh lun HksaV djus
dk tc eq>s lkSHkkX; izkIr gqvk rc eSaus ftÿ fd;k Fkk fd mudh fu;qfDr ls vc rd
jkT; esa f'k{kk dh lUrks"kizn mUufr gqbZ gSA xr pkj o"kks± esa N% xzke ikB'kkyk,a vkSj
[kqy xbZ gSaA eSaus vius nkSjs esa ns[kk fd vf/kdka'k fo|kFkhZ egktuksa vkSj vQljksa ds iq=
gSa] ijUrq fQj Hkh iVsyksa rFkk lEiUu d`"kdksa ds yM+ds Hkh ikB'kkykvksa esa vkus yxs gSaA
igys yksx izkjfEHkd f'k{kk ls foeq[k Fks fdUrq vc yksx vuqHko djus yxs gSa fd
fu%'kqYd f'k{kk ls ykHk mBkuk Js;Ldj gSA
dksVk jkT; esa f'k{kk & lu~ 1893 ls igys jkt/kkuh esa ,d yM+dksa dk rFkk
,d yM+fd;ksa dk Ldwy Fkk vkSj bykds esa 18 xzke ikB'kkyk,° FkhA lEiw.kZ jkT; esa
1085 fo|kFkhZ f'k{kk ikrs Fks] lc feydj 34 v/;kid Fks vkSj 8710 #i;k f'k{kk
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 625
foHkkx ij O;; gksrk FkkA lu~ 1893 esa eq- f'koizrki th bl foHkkx ds v/;{k fu;qDr
gq, vkSj mUgksaus cM+h yxu ls f'k{kk izpkj djuk izkjEHk fd;kA bl le; xzkeh.k
ikB'kkykvksa esa gkM+krS h fyfi i<+kbZ tkrh FkhA lu~ 1898 esa izFke ckj jkT; ds lc
Ldwyksa esa fgUnh tkjh dh xbZA vkjEHk esa dqN dfBukbZ vo'; gqbZ ijUrq ,d o"kZ ckn
gh bldk lqifj.kke n`f"Vxkspj gksus yxkA lu~ 1903 esa fe-Vh-,y-jhM- fizfUliy
xouZesUV dkWyst vtesj dks dksVk njckj us vius jkT; dh f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk fujh{k.k
djus ds fy, rFkk Hkfo"; ds fy, vk;kstu rS;kj djus ds fy, vkeaf=r fd;kA
mlus dksVk jkT; ds izk;% lc Ldwyksa dks ns[kdj rFkk LFkkuh; ifjfLFkfr dk v/;;u
djds f'k{kk ds lEcU/k esa ,d fjiksVZ is'k dh tks Lohdkj dh xbZ vkSj rc ls fe-jhM-
dh crkbZ gqbZ f'k{kk 'kSyh ls bl jkT; esa f'k{kk nh tkus yxhA lu~ 1906 esa Ldwyksa dh
rFkk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k bruh c<+ xbZ FkhA eq- f'koizrki th ds lkFk nks bUlisDVj
fu;qDr gq;s vkSj f'koizrki th Mk;jsDVj vkWQ LdwYl dgykus yxsA
dksVk jkT; esa vaxzsth f'k{kk &1893 ls iwoZ jkt/kkuh esa dsoy ,d gh vaxzsth
fo|ky; FkkA lu~ 1894 esa jktiwrksa ds fy, ,d i`Fkd fo|ky; LFkkfir fd;k x;k
ftldk uke ukscYl Ldwy j[kk x;kA duZy pkYlZ gjcVZ dksVk jkT; dk iksfyfVdy
,ts.V jg pqdk Fkk ,oa egkjko mEesn flag th dk fe= FkkA blh o"kZ ukscYl Ldwy]
gjcVZ gkbZ Ldwy esa lfEefyr dj fn;k x;kA vuqHko ls flº gqvk fd tkfr fo'ks"k
ds fy, vyx f'k{kk laLFkk fgrdj ugha gSA eq- f'koizrki th us foKku dh iz;ksx'kkykvksa
dks lEiUu rFkk iqLrdky; dks mUur djds bl laLFkk dks lok±x lqUnj cuk fn;kA
lu~ 1921 ls gjcVZ gkbZ Ldwy bUVj dkWyst dgykus yxkA
dksVk jkT; esa L=h f'k{kk & ckjka esa turk dk L=h f'k{kk ds izfr fojks/k Fkk
fd Ldwy esa yM+fd;ksa dks v{kj f'k{kk ugha nh tk ldrh FkhA lu~ 1905 esa egkjkuh
tkMsphth us L=h f'k{kk ds fy, iPphl gtkj #i;s iznku fd;s ftlls orZeku
egkjkuh dU;k ikB'kkyk dh LFkkiuk gqbZA
Hkkjr esa f'k{kk izpkj dk lw=ikr loZizFke dEiuh ljdkj us fd;k FkkA fe-
okjsu gsfLVaxt dks Hkkjrh; jkT; dk izFke xouZj tujy cuk;k x;kA mlus dbZ
dkWyst LFkkfir djok;s rFkk fgUnh mnwZ dh iqLrdsa fy[kok;hA mPp f'k{kk esa vaxzsth
ek/;e ykMZ csfUVd ds 'kklu esa j[kuk fuf'pr gqvkA ykMZ es;ks (rRdkyhu
ok;ljk;) us 1870 esa jktiwrkus esa es;ks dkWyst dk f'kykU;kl fd;kA Hkkjr esa
19oha&20oha 'krkCnh esa dksVk jkT; esa uokc QStvyh us vaxzstksa ds lEidZ esa vkdj
f'k{kk ds egŸo dks le>k lkFk gh mnwZ] Qkjlh ds lkFk&lkFk vaxzsth Hkk"kk dks egŸo
nsus yxkA dEiuh ljdkj us Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa esa vk/kqfud f'k{kk ds izpkj ds fy, dksVk
jkT; ds izcU/k dh ckxMksj uokc QStvyh dks lEHkyk nhA dksVk jkT; esa yM+dksa ,oa
321 626 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
yM+fd;ksa ds i`Fkd fo|ky; [kksysA dksVk jkT; us es;ks dkWyst dh LFkkiuk] Nk=ky;
fuekZ.k] dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky;] ujsUnz e.My vkfn esa ljkguh; vkfFkZd ;ksxnku
fn;kA ykMZ fyVu }kjk es;ks dkWyst dh f'k{kk dk ;g Hkh ,d mÌs'; crk;k gS fd
fo|kFkhZ vius ns'k ,oa /keZ ls izse djuk lh[ksaA vFkkZr~ Hkkjrh; ljdkj us vaxzsth f'k{kk
esa Hkh ns'kizse vkSj /keZ ds egŸo dks crk;kA 'k=q'kky th ds ckn egkjko mEesnflag
th us lkezkKh foDVksfj;k ls ds-lh-,l-vkbZ- dh mikf/k izkIr dh tks jktHkfDr dk
izrhd gksus ds lkFk Lo;a ds O;fDrxr xq.k] f'kf{kr gksdj 'kklu ds vf/kdkjksa dks
tkurs gq, špk lEeku izkIr djuk FkkA vFkkZr~ Hkkjrh; ljdkj us 'kklu ds vf/kdkj
Hkh izR;sd jktHkfDr djus okys 'kkld dks ugha fn;s cfYd mPp f'k{kk izkIr] 'kklu
dh le> j[kuk] iztk fgrs"kh gksuk] iztk izseh vkfn xq.kksa ls ;qDr gksus ij gh špk
lEeku izkIr fd;kA egkjko mEesn flag th dks mudh if'peh 'kSyh dh f'k{kk ds
fy, mUgsa lu~ 1914 esa vkujsjh ysf∂VusUV duZy fu;r fd;kA lu~ 1901 esa phDl
dkWystksa ds lq/kkj] fgUnw fo'ofo|ky; ds f'kykU;kl] fL=;ksa ds esfMdy dkWyst
vkfn mRloksa esa lfEefyr gksdj f'k{kk esa vkfFkZd ;ksxnku fn;kA ykMZ dtZu igyk
ok;ljk; Fkk ftlus dksVk jkT; dk nkSjk fd;kA ftlesa dtZu us egkjko ds 'kkld
dk;Z dks jktiwrkuk dh dksVk fj;klr bfrgkl esa lqUnj crk;k gSA ykMZ fyVu us dksVk
egkjko ds fy, dgk fd dksVk jkT; dh iztk cM+h d`rK gS vkSj vius 'kkld ls izse
djrh gSA Hkkjrh; ljdkj us dksVk fj;klr ds 'kkldksa ds fu%LokFkZ Hkko ls tufgr esa
fpUru ds dkj.k izse vkSj d`rKrk ds ik= crk;k gSA
ykMZ jhfMax dksVk vk;s ,oa dksVk ujs'kksa dks dksVk fj;klr dk jbZl crk;k
mlesa ;gk° ds 'kkldksa }kjk dh xbZ O;fDrxr lsokvksa ds dkj.k mikf/k;ksa ls uoktk x;k
;g crkrk gS fd Hkkjrh; ljdkj us fj;klrksa ds 'kkldksa dks mikf/k;ksa ls vkdf"kZr
fd;k gqvk FkkA ykMZ bfoZu ds 1929 esa dksVk vkus ij dksVk njckj esa dgk fd njckj
tkurs gSa fd orZeku Kku vkSj foKku dk turk dh vko';drk ds fy, dSls mi;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA jkT; dh f'k{kk fjiksVks± esa reke jktiwrkuksa] dksVk jkT; dk LFkku
ijh{kkvksa esa cgqr špk crk;k gSA dksVk ujs'k ds fy, dgk x;k fd bl {ks= (f'k{kk)
esa vkius cryk fn;k fd vk/kqfud thou esa f'k{kk ds ekfeZd Hkkx dks vki [kwc
le>rs gSaA ikB'kkykvksa esa lHkh oxZ ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk vkus esa #>ku c<+kA igys yksx
izkjfEHkd f'k{kk ls foeq[k Fks] ckn esa vuqHko djus yxs fd fu%'kqYd f'k{kk ls ykHk
mBkuk Js;Ldj gSA izkjfEHkd f'k{kk esa fu%'kqYd f'k{kk vkt Hkh fo|eku gSA
Hkkjr ljdkj us dksVk jkT; esa f'k{kk ds izpkj ds lkFk f'k{kk ds egŸo dks
dksVk 'kkldksa dks le>k;kA dksVk ds 'kkld f'k{kk dks ysdj lpsr gq, vkSj viuh
vkus okyh ihf<+;ksa ,oa iztk ds izfr f'k{kk tkx:drk c<+hA dksVk 'kkldksa dk Hkkjrh;
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 627 322
ljdkj dks vkfFkZd lg;ksx djuk ;g n'kkZrk gS fd gekjs 'kkldksa us Hkkjrh; ljdkj
ds izR;sd ml dk;Z esa lgk;rk dh gS ftlls iztk o ns'k dks ykHk igq°psA iztk vaxzsth
f'k{kk ,oa fgUnh] mnwZ Hkk"kkvksa ls viuk fodkl djus esa l{kerk c<+hA iztk dks vius vyoj fj;klr esa jk'u O;oLFkk] fj'or ,oa
'kkldksa dks mikf/k;ksa ls vyad`r gksrs ns[k mUgsa Hkh vPNs fo|ky;ksa vkSj dkWystksa esa
i<+us dh bPNk izcy gqbZA Hkkjrh; ljdkj us mPp f'kf{kr 'kkldksa dks vf/kd egŸo csxkj izdj.k 1947 ds lekpkj&i=ksa ds vkbus ls
fn;k gS ;g gekjk ,sfrgkfld fjdkMZ crkrk gSA D;ksafd mudk ekuuk Fkk fd mPp MkW- Qwyflag lgkfj;k
f'kf{kr O;fDr dks 'kklu ds vf/kdkjksa dh le> vf/kd gksxhA bl 'kks/k izi= ds
'kks/k dk;Z ls bl fu"d"kZ ij igq°p ldrs gSa fd f'k{kk ds egŸo us izR;sd dky oxZ esa jktLFkku dh fj;klrksa esa vyoj fj;klr Hkh egŸoiw.kZ FkhA vyoj fj;klr esa
O;fDr dks lEeku fnyok;k gSA 'kklu dk;Z dks HkyhHkkafr le>us dh {kerk iSnk dh u:dk 'kkldksa us 1775 bZ- ls 1948 bZ- rd 'kklu fd;kA 1937 bZ- esa egkjkt
gSA Hkkjrh; ljdkj us vius ykHk ds fy, gh lgh fdUrq vijks{k :i ls Hkkjrh; turk t;flag dks ns'k fudkyk fn;k x;kA 1937 esa isfjl esa mudh ekSr gks xbZA 1937 eas
dks Hkh ykHk igq°pk;k gSA ;gk° ds 'kkldksa us ekuk fd jktHkfDr dh gS fdUrq buds vyoj fj;klr ds vafre 'kkld rstflag xn~nh ij cSBsA egkjkt rstflag ds le;
f'k{kk esa vkfFkZd ;ksxnku dks Hkqyk;k ugha tk ldrkA dksVk jkT; ds 'kkldksa dh f}rh; fo'o;qº gqvk ftlesa vyoj dhlsuk dk egŸoiw.kZ ;ksxnku FkkA blh nkSjku u
x.kuk jbZlksa esa gksrh FkhA bl jbZlh ds dkj.k izR;sd f'k{kk lEcfU/kr ,oa vU; dk;ks± dsoy vyoj esa cfYd lEiw.kZ Hkkjro"kZ esa vktknh dk vkUnksyu py jgk FkkA
esa budks llEeku vkeaf=r fd;k tkrk FkkA dksVk jkT; ds Hkkjrh; ljdkj ds f'k{kk vyoj&Hkjriqj fj;klrksa esa fo'ks"kdj 1947 esa lkEiznkf;d naxs pje lhek ij FksA
lEcU/k cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ ,oa izcy jgsA dqN lkekpkj i= fj;klrh 'kkldksa ds fo#º iztke.My iztkifj"kn ds ek/;e ls
lUnHkZ turk dh vkokt cusA ehfM;k ml le; tupsruk tkxzr djus esa viuh vge
1- n∂rj fglkc ctV lEor~ 1940 Hkwfedk fuHkk jgk FkkA ,sls lekpkj&i=ksa esa ^vyoj if=dk* ,oa ^Lora= Hkkjr* izeq[k
2- estj MCyw- LV™sVu & , 'kkWVZ fgLV™h vkQ nh dksVk LVsV] i`- 35 gSaA vyoj jkT; esa 1947 dk o"kZ iwjh rjg vO;oLFkk dk FkkA rRdkyhu Hkkjr
3- egdek [kkl] lu~ 1937] QkStnkjh ua- 15 foHkktu ds le; fgUnw&eqfLye lkEiznkf;d naxs vke FksA vyoj jkT; esa ?kfVr gksus
4- ,MfefuLV™s'ku fjiksVZ lEor~ 1976 i`- 5 okyh ?kVukvksa ds lekpkj izdkf'kr fd;s x;s ftudk v/;;u ,oa fo'ys"k.k ls irk
5- ,MfefuLV™s'ku fjiksVZ lEor~ 1956 i`- 1 pyrk gS fd jkT; esa vO;oLFkkvksa dk rkark yxk gqvk FkkA ,d vksj iqfyl iz'kklu
6- ,MfefuLV™s'ku fjiksVZ lu~ 1964 i`- 1&3 dh Hkz"V uhfr] fj'or[kksjh] flfoy lIykbZ jk'ku dh vfu;ferrk] pksjh&MdSrh]
7- mijksDr] lEor~ 1958] i`- 1 csxkj O;oLFkk] tkxhjnkjksa dh euekuh] 'kjkc[kksjh] vR;kpkj] efgykvksa dk vigj.k
8- mijksDr] lEor~ 1971] i`- 2
vke ckr FkhA
9- mijksDr] lEor~ 1972] i`- 3
10- mijksDr] lEor~ 1972] i`- 6 (1) flfoy lIykbZ jk'ku dh O;oLFkk
11- ,MfefuLV™s'ku fjiksVZ lEor~ 1959 i`- 6&7 vyoj fj;klr esa jk'ku lIykbZ vyoj iz'kklu dh vksj ls dh tkrh Fkh
12- ,MfefuLV™s'ku fjiksVZ lEor~ 1981 i`- 7&11 ftldh fuxjkuh ds fy, dsUÊh; flfoy lIykbZ desVh dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ FkhA
13- ,MfefuLV™s'ku fjiksVZ lEor~ 1982 i`- 7 desVh ds lnL;ksa esa 1- Hkokuh lgk; 'kekZ] 2- jkethyky vxzoky] 3- jkepUÊ mik/
14- ,MfefuLV™s'ku fjiksVZ lEor~ 1985 i`- 6&7 ;k;] 4- bUÊyky feŸky vkSj 5- ekLVj HkksykukFk FksA flfoy lIykbZ desVh us cM+h
15- ,MfefuLV™s'ku fjiksVZ lEor~ 1959 i`- 5&12 mEehn vkSj vk'oklu ds lkFk dke 'kq: fd;k Fkk fd cqfu;knh mlwy dUV™ksy dh
16- MkW- txrukjk;.k] dksVk jkT; dk bfrgkl] Hkkx 2] jktLFkkuh xzUFkkxkj] 2008 oLrqvksa ds lgh forj.k rFkk izkfIr ds fu;e r; fd;s tk;saxsA ijUrq fj;klrh ljdkj
ds desVh ds fu.kZ;ksa eas rktheh ljnkj rFkk fefuLVj vkfn dks jk'kfuax dh Ldhe esa
j[kdj vke turk esa vlUrks"k iSnk dj fn;kA bldk fojks/k djus gsrq desVh dk
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 629
f'k"VeaMy izkbe fefuLVj ls feykA bldk fefuLVj ij dksbZ vlj ugha gqvk cfYd
Lis'ky ijfeVksa dk vf/kdkj vius ikl j[kdj bl O;oLFkk dk nq:i;ksx fd;k x;kA
ukfteksa us Hkh mUgsa cM+s jlw[knkjksa dk lkFk fn;kA desVh ds fu.kZ;kuqlkj lkexzh &
phuh] feV~Vh dk rsy] xqM]+ ued vkfn dk dksVk Hkh ugha eaxok;kA desVh dh
ehfVax gj g∂rs gksuh pkfg, Fkh ysfdu ukfteksa us efguksa rd dksbZ ehfVax ugha cqykbZA
bZekunkj ;ksX; flfoy deh'uj iafMr ukjk;.k fcgkjh yky dks Hkh in ls gVk fn;k
x;kA vc desVh dk dksbZ vkSfpR; ugha jg x;kA vr% desVh ds lnL;ksa us izkbe
fefuLVj dks iztkeaMy ds ek/;e ls vius bLrhQk fHktok fn;ks x;sA1 blds i'pkr~
flfoy lIykbZ dh fj;klr ds ethZnkuksa us [kwc ywV epkbZ vkSj yksxksa ds gd dks
csbZekuh ls Nhuk ftlds lekpkjksa ls v[kckj Hkjs iM+s gSaA
vUrdkZyhu ljdkj ds LokLF; ea=h xtuQj vyh [kka tks igys vyoj jkT;
ds jsosU;w fefuLVj jg pqdk Fkk] tks cM+s fnuksa dh NqfV~V;ksa es vyoj vk;k FkkA mls
vkehZ fefuLVj vyoj us nks lkS xt Qkbu diM+s dk Lis'ky ijfeV fn;kA vkehZ
fefuLVj iwoZ esa dUV™ksy fMikVZesaV ds fefuLVj jg pqds FksA ;gk° ;g Hkh mYys[kuh; gS
fd vyoj esa igyk fgUnw&eqfLye naxk xtuQj vyh [kka ds le; gqvk FkkA bl
vkUnksyu dks HkM+dkus esa budh vge Hkwfedk jgh ftlds dkj.k mls vyoj NksMu+ k
iM+kA vc mlh O;fDr dks ;gk° esgeku rFkk turk ds fgLls dk diM+k fn;k x;k tks
xyr FkkA2 vyoj iztkeaMy dk fdlku lEesyu xqxfM;k esa gqvk ftlesa jkethyky
vxzoky us Hkk"k.k esa crk;k fd jkT; esa vke yksxksa dh lqfo/kkvksa dk /;ku ugha j[kk
tkrk FkkA yksx 2&2 iSls dh nokbZ ds fcuk ej jgs FksA ljdkj [ktkus dks fQtwy[kphZ
esa cckZn djrh gSA lkFk gh turk dk diM+k] phuh] rsy dks viuh ethZnkuksa dks nsrs
gSaA fj;klr esa izfrekg 500 xkaB diM+k] 400 xkao lwr] 1600 cksjh phuh vkSj 2600
Vhu rsy vkrk Fkk tks lc ethZnkuksa ds ikl pyk tkrk FkkA xkao okyksa dks dqN ugha
feyrkA3 jk'ku lkexzh dks CySd esa cspk tkrk Fkk tSls izrkix<+ esa dksVs dk diM+k
csprs gq, idM+k x;kA CySd ekdsZV dk diM+k ukfte Fkkukxkth dks is'k fd;k x;k
ftlls ?kcjkdj nqdkunkj Hkkx [kM+s gq,A4 ckulwj esa ukfte }kjk 3&3] 4&4 eu xqM+
ds ijfeV vius ethZnkuksa dks fn;k x;k FkkA vke vkneh 4&4 vkus ds xqM+ ds fy,
ekjs&ekjs fQjrs FksA phuh ,oa diM+s ds ijfeV Hkh ethZnkuksa dks nsrs FksA ;gh fLFkfr
uhejkuk] uhewpkuk vdcjiqjk] [kSjFky esa Hkh FkhA5
ekyk[ksM+k esa tehankjeaMy cuk;k x;k ftlds ljnkj fe;k elhgmn~nhu mQZ
elhrk FkkA ;s igys lh-vkbZ-Mh- ds bUQkeZj FksA [kku cgknqj [kka vkbZ-th-ih- ds lkFk
iqfyl ds losZ lokZ Hkh jgsA pkanksyh esa buds }kjk eos'kh pksjh >xM+s esa xM+cM+ dh
rFkk estj gkosZ izkbe fefuLVj dks ijs'kku fd;kA bldks tehnkj eaMy esa 'kkfey
323 630 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
djds vyoj dysDVj us flfoy lIykbZ desVh dk lnL; cuk;kA blus ekyk[ksM+k esa
tehnkj eaMy LVksj [kksykA ;gk° ds uk;c ukfte ds b'kkjs ij HkM+ksM+h ds lwjtey
egktu dks viuk lk>hnkj cuk;k ftlds f[kykQ Hkh fj'or dk eqdnek yafcr FkkA
bl tehankj eaMy esa ,d Hkh tehankj ugha Fkk vkSj uk gh dksbZ dk'rdkj fnlEcj
1946 rd bl tehankj eaMy dks fj;klrh ljdkj }kjk 276 cksjh (746 eu) [kkaM
nh xbZ ftls mPp nkeksa ij vke turk esa lIykbZ dj fn;k x;kA ;gh fLFkfr xqM+] rsy
vkSj diM+s Fkh FkhA6 bl nkSjku vyoj fj;klr esa jk'ku lIykbZ dh va/ksj xnhZ eph gqbZ
Fkh] tSlk fd ;g tku dj vk'p;Z gksxk fd vyoj 'kgj esa jk'ku ds ckotwn yksxksa dks
60]0000 #- ds dherh diM+s ds Lis'ky fiNys nks ekg esa fn;s ftrus fiNys 6 ekg
es ugha fn;s x;s FksA7 vyoj esa ued ds uke ij turk dh ywV gksus ij lekpkj Hkh
izdkf'kr gS tSls fd dsUÊh; ljdkj }kjk ued dj gVk ysus ij vyoj esa igys vizy S
ls ued 27 lsj ds Hkko ls vk;k ftls ;gk° 12 lsj ds fglkc ls cspdj vke yksxksa
dks ywVk x;kA iM+kSlh jkT;ksa esa ;gh ued 15 lsj dk fey jgk FkkA8 12 tqykbZ 1947
ds Lora= Hkkjr ds vad esa fy[kk gS fd ued ds fy, yksx rjl jgs gSaA ,d vksj
jk'ku dkMks± ls phuh ugha feyrh] ogha ethZnkuksa dks Lis'ky ijfeV igys gh ns fn;s
x;s FksA ydM+h lok nks #- eu] xqM+ dk izcU/k ugha] 'kgj esa ikap lsj dk pkjk] phuh
ugha feyrh gS vkSj deh'ku[kksjksa dks ltk Hkh ugha nh tkrhA9
(2) fj'or izdj.k
vyoj ds ewypUn pkScs ds fj'or ds ekeys esa ukfte in ls gVk fn;k
D;ksafd blus 25 cksjh xqM+ dks Fkkukxkth ds nqdkunkj dks CySd esa csp fn;k FkkA10
vyoj fj;klr dh fofHkUu futkerksa esa xqM+ dks Fkkukxkth ds nqdkunkj dks Cysd esa
csp fn;k FkkA10 vyoj fj;klr dh fofHkUu futkerksa esa xqM+ ds Cysd ekdsZfVax cM+s
Lrj ij djus ds lekpkj izdkf'kr gSaA fofHkÈk LFkkuksa ij Cysd esa 170 cksjh isgy esa]
6 cksjh rrkjiqj] 125 cksjh [ksMy
+ h] 1000 eu jkex<+] 100 eu fd'kux<+] 250 cksjh
frtkjk] ckulwj vkSj jktx<+ esa cspk x;kA11 bu lHkh rF;ksa ls Li"V gksrk gS fd fj;klr
esa vke yksxksa ds gd dk jk'ku fdl izdkj tkxhjnkjksa ,oa ea=h vkfn mM+k ysrs Fks vkSj
vklikl ds cktkjksa esa šps nkeksa ij CySd esa csp nsrs FksA
fj;klr dkyhu lekpkj i=ksa esa fj;klrh deZpkjh vkSj vf/kdkfj;ksa ds fj'or
izdj.k cM+h la[;k esa Nis gSa & vyoj ljdkj us pkj vQljksa dh fj'or fojks/kh
desVh cukbZ Fkh ftlds lHkkifr Bk- cgknqj flag [ksMk+ dks cuk;k x;kA Lora= Hkkjr
lekpkj i= esa fy[kk x;k gS fd Bk- cgknqj flag desVh ds lHkkifr ds fy, mi;q‰
vQlj ugha Fks D;ksafd tc os iqU; ds egdes esa Fks rks muds dky esa fj'or o xcu
vke ckr jgh Fkh] ftls ;s jksd u lds vc blesa jgdj fj'or[kksjh dks dSls jksd
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 631
ldsaxsA12
vyoj iz'kklu us Bk- j?kqohj flag dks eqaflQ jgrs gq, Hkz"Vkpkj ds tqeZ esa
uk;c ukfte cuk;k x;k FkkA jktlŸkk ls tqMk+ gksus ds dkj.k mls iqu% jktx<+ dk
ukfte cuk;k x;kA ijUrq mlds O;ogkj esa dksbZ rCnhyh ugha gqbZA mlds f[kykQ
LFkkuh; i=ksa esa mlds fo:º fj'or dh cM+h f'kdk;rsa fey jgh FkhA vr% mls
ukfte ds LFkku ij uk;c ukfte cuk;k x;kA13 vyoj esa nkeksnj uked O;fDr tks
lsaV™y fjdkWMZ dk udy uohl Fkk ftldks fj'or ds tqeZ esa c[kkZLr fd;k x;kA
nkeksnj us ckulwj ds egktu ls 24 ?kaVs ds ckn Hkh udy u nsus ij 5 #i;s esa udy
nsus dh ekax dhA izkbe fefuLVj ds lsÿsVjh Hkz"Vkpkj desVh ds lnL; ds ek/;e ls
ik°p ds uksV ij nLr[kr dj fn;s tks deZpkjh ls cjken gqvkA [ksepUÊ us mls c[kkZLr
dj fn;kA14 blh izdkj vyoj ds ewy pUn pkScs dks jk'ku dh 25 cksjh xqM+
Fkkukxkth esa nqdkunkj dks Cysd es csprs idM+s tkus ij vyoj ds ukfte in ls gVk
fn;kA fd'kux<+ ds Fkkusnkj lksguyky ryokj dks fj'or ds ekeys esa eqvkfŸky
fd;k rFkk foHkkxh; dk;Zokgh dh xbZA mls T;wfMf'k;jh esa lqiqnZ ugha fd;kA15
(3) csxkj
bu v[kckjksa esa tkxhjnkjksa }kjk csxkj ysus ,oa vR;kpkj djus ls lEcfU/kr
egŸoiw.kZ [kcjsa izdkf'kr gqbZ ftuesa vukoM+k (jktx<+) ds tkxhjnkj Bk- ek/kksflag
}kjk rjg&rjg dh ykx&ckx] HksaV] csxkj ysus ds lkFk fdlkuksa ds 'kks"k.k dh ,d
fdlku }kjk lEiknd ds ek/;e f'kdk;rsa izdkf'kr dh Fkh fd &
1- tehu dh eky xqtkjh ds vykok vukt esa ls rhljs fgLls ds caVkbZ vyx
ls ysrs FksA
2- dqvka pykus ij Qh pyl
3- ykx&ckx ysrs FksA
4- eDdk dh Qly ds le; Qh yko 65 eqV~Bh yh tkrh FkhA
5- ,d lky esa Qh pwygk 1 #i;k ykx ysrs FksA
6- fdlkuksa ds vukt esa ls 20 lsj vukt dh yko ds fglkc ls fBdkus ds
pijklh dks fnyk;k tkrk FkkA
7- gj jkst rhu nfyr efgykvksa dks csxkj esa nkuk nyus o vukt ihlus vkSj
xkscj Fkkius dks cqyk;k tkrk Fkk ftlds cnys 1 Qly ij 1 eu vukt fn;k tkrk
FkkA
8- dkenkj fBdkuk cM+k ncax O;f‰ j[kk tkrk Fkk ftls rkdhn gS fd
fdlkuksa ls ftruk #i;k ,saBk tk lds] ,saBsA mlh esa mldh rjDdh ekuh tkrh FkhA16
324 632 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
blh izdkj jktx<+ ds ikl /kejsM dk LFkkuh; iVokjh x.kifr jke fdlkuksa ds
lkFk T;knrh djrk FkkA euekuh rEckdw dh iSnkokj fy[k ysrk ftlls fdlku dks
mruk gh dLVe nsuk iM+rk FkkA17 fBdkuk cqtkZ ds fBdkusnkj ds ;gk° xkao okyksa dh
vksj ls ,d tksM+h cSyksa ds lkFk ,d vkneh jkstkuk csxkj nsus gsrq Hkstk tkrkA og
O;f‰ ogk° csxkj nsrk FkkA mls fdlh izdkj dh etnwjh ugha nh tkrh FkhA18 chtokM+
pkSgku ds gfjtuksa us lEiknd dks fpV~Bh fy[kh ftlesa crk;k fd chtokM+ pkSgku
fBdkusnkj gels csxkj djkrs gSa] euekuh djrs gSa tcfd csxkj lHkh cUn gks pqdh
FkhA19 ekStiqj ds gfjtuksa us iztkeaMy ds ea=h jkethyky ls fey dj crk;k fd ;gk°
ds uEcjnkjksa }kjk muls csxkj yh tkrh gS tcfd cnys esa mudks etnwjh Hkh ugha nh
tkrh gSA20 xksfoUnx<+ esa 18 Qjojh] 1948 dks Bk- Hkokuh flag vkbZ-th-ih- vius
lkFk flikfg;ksa dks [kkuk eaxkus dh csxkj ds flyflys esa x;s FksA LFkkuh; iztkeaMy
ds ea=h ckcw yky xxZ dks cqyk;k x;k ftlds csxkj nsus ls euk djus ij Bk- lkgc us
x.ks'khyky Fkkusnkj dks ckcwyky xxZ dks ihVus ds vkns'k fn;s ftlds QyLo:i mls
ykr] ?kwlksa ,oa twrksa ls ihVk x;kA blds nks"k esa Bk- Hkokuh flag dks phQ iqfyl
vQlj Jh eygks=k }kjk eqvfŸky fd;kA21
nfyrksa ls csxkj rks yh tkrh Fkh ijUrq mPp tkfr ds yksxksa }kjk mu ij
vR;kpkj djus ds ekeys Hkh izdfk'kr gq, tSls 21 Qjojh] 1948 dks BsBj ckluk
fuoklh eq.Mkoj ds dqN jktiwrksa us tkV HkMksMh ds gfjtuksa dks ihVk vkSj mu ij
vR;kpkj fd;sA gfjtukssa }kjk lhy xkao dh tehu Bsds ij yh ftlesa Qly [kM+h
FkhA vejflag uked jktiwr muds [ksr esa šV pjk jgk FkkA euk djus ij >xM+k gqvk
vkSj vejflag dks xkao ds jktiwrksa }kjk ykfB;ksa ,oa Qjfl;ksa ls ihVdj t[eh ,oa
?kk;y dj fn;kA22 eksjksMh+ ckulwj dk dkywjke iq= ljnkj xqtj vdsyk xkao dh pkj
gtkj ch?kk tehu dk fcLosnkj Fkk tks ;gk° dh turk ls vkB&nl xquk T;knk olwy
djrk Fkk vkSj mlds lkFk csxkj Hkh ysrk Fkk rFkk xkao okyksa dks ijs'kku djrk FkkA ;fn
dksbZ f'kdk;r djrk rks vuqfpr ncko nsus ds fy, eqdnek pyk nsrkA dqN fj'rsnkj
mlds ikl jgrs Fks tks >wBs eqdnesa esa >wBh xokgh ns nsrs FksA ljdkjh vQljksa vkSj
vgydkjksa dh vkoHkxr dj [kq'k dj nsrk FkkA23
mijks‰ ?kVukvksa ds fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gksrk gS fd rRdkyhu vyoj fj;klrh
ljdkj ds le; jk'ku O;oLFkk vPNh ugha FkhA vke turk vius gd dk jk'ku izkIr
ugha dj ik jgh Fkh] ogha jktlŸkk ds utnhd yksx xjhcksa ds gd dk jk'ku lexzh
gM+i ysrs FksA lkeku CySd dj eksVh jde izkIr djrs FksA dbZ ekeyksa esa ;s ncax yksx
fj'or izdj.kksa esa fpf r gksus ij Hkh mPp in izkIr djus esa lQy gksrs FksA lkFk gh
fj;klrh ljdkj }kjk bu ij yxke yxkus dh dBksj dk;Zokgh u djuk bl O;oLFkk
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 633 325 634 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

ij iz'uokpd fp yxkrk gSA 17- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 1 ekpZ 1947] i`-
7] jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj
lanHkZ
18- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 1 ekpZ 1947] i`-
1- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 1 tuojh 1947] 7] jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj
jktLFkku jkt; vfHkys[kkxkj] vyoj 19- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 24 ebZ 1947] jk-
2- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 1] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 15 tuojh 1947] jk- vfHk- vyoj
i`- 8] jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj 20- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 5] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 23 Qjojh 1948]
3- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 1 ekpZ 1947] i`- i`- 8] jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj
2] jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj 21- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 26 vizSy] 1947]
4- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 1 ekpZ] 1947] i`- jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj
5] jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj 22- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 23 Qjojh 1948]
5- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 5 ekpZ] 1947] i`- jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj
5] jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj 23- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 5] vyoj if=dk] 3 vxLr 1948] jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj
6- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 22 ekpZ 1947] i`-
2] jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj
7- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 26 vizSy] 1947]
i`- 8] jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj
8- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] vyoj if=dk] 25 ebZ 1947] i`- 3] Lora= Hkkjr] 17 ebZ]
1947] i`- 6] jk-jk-vfHk- vyoj
9- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 12 tqykbZ] 1947]
i`- 1] jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj
10- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 12 tqykbZ 1947]
i`- 1] jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj
11- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 18 vDVwcj]
1947] i`- 1] jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj
12- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 5 Qjojh 1947]
i`- 3] jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj
13- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 12 tqykbZ] 1947]
i`- 2] jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj
14- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 17 ebZ] 1947] i`-
8] jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj
15- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 12 tqykbZ 1947]
i`- 2] jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj
16- cLrk ua- 417] Qk-ua- 2] Lora= Hkkjr (jk"V™h; lkIrkfgd if=dk)] 12 tuojh 1948]
i`- 2] jk- jk- vfHk- vyoj
 326
;qx ;qxhu foy{k.k vtesj (vk/kqfud
dky ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa)
MkW- fof/k 'kekZ
mŸkjh Hkkjr ds bfrgkl esas vtesj dk lfn;ksa ls ,d fof'k"V LFkku jgk gSA
fnYyh&xqtjkr ekxZ ij fLFkr vtesj dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr us bls fo'ks"k lkefjd
egRo iznku fd;kA vr% duZy VkWM bls ^jktiwrkuk dh dqath* ds :Ik esa ns[krs gSaA1
viuh HkkSxksfyd vofLFkfr ds dkj.k vtesj 12oha 'krkCnh ls fujUrj lŸkk dk dsUnz
cuk jgkA fdlh 'kkld }kjk vtesj ij vkf/kiR; LFkkfir fd;k tkuk] mŸkj Hkkjr ij
mlds izHkqRo dk lwpd FkkA vtesj 'kgj dh LFkkiuk ds fo"k; esa bfrgkldkj ,der
ugha gSA gjfcykl 'kkjnk dk er gS fd bldh LFkkiuk pkSgku jktk vt;iky ;k
vt;jkt }kjk dh xbZ] ftldk dky NBh ;k izkjfEHkd lkroha 'krkCnh bZ- ekuk tkrk
gSA2 ogha MkW- n'kjFk 'kekZ rFkk MkW- ds- lh- tSu vkfn dk ekuuk gS fd bldh LFkkiuk
foÿe laor 1170 ls dqN le; iwoZ pkSgku 'kkld vt;jkt }kjk dh xbZA3 vtesj
ftyk xtsfV;j ds ys[kd ch-,u- <ksaf<;ky dk er gS fd rkjkx<+ o vtesj ds vkl
ikl ds izkphu [k.Mgjksa dks vk/kkj ekurs gq, 'kgj dh LFkkiuk lkroha 'krkCnh bZ- esa
t;jkt ;k t;iky (iw.kZiky ds mŸkjkf/kdkjh) ds le; gqbZ gksxhA4 rjkbZu ds f}rh;
;qº ds ckn xkSjh ds mŸkjkf/kdkjh dqrqcqn~nhu ,scd us vtesj dks fnYyh lYrur esa
'kkfey dj fy;kA blds ckn ;g dHkh fnYyh lqYrku] dHkh esokM+ egkjk.kk] dHkh
ekaMw ds v/khu jgkA vUrr% 1544 esa vQxkuksa ds vkf/kiR; esa pyk x;kA5
vUrr% 1558 bZ- esa vQxku vf/kdkjh gkth [kka dks ijkLr dj ds eqxyksa us vtesj
ij vf/kdkj dj fy;kA blds lkFk gh vtesj ds bfrgkl esa ,d egRoiw.kZ v/;k;
izkjEHk gqvkA lwQh lUr [oktk eqbuqn~nhu glu fp'rh] tks lu~ 1191 (587 fgtjh)
esa vtesj vk, Fks] dh njxkg ij vdcj ckn'kkg tuojh 1562 esa igyh ckj ft;kjr
ds fy, vtesj vk;k vkSj rRi'pkr~ mldh /kkfeZd ;k=kvksa dk flyflyk tkjh jgkA
lu~ 1570&1579 bZ- ds o"kks± esa ;g izfro"kZ mlZ ds volj ij vtesj vkrk jgkA mnkj
fopkjksa ds dkj.k vtesj ls dqN gh nwjh ij fLFkr iq"dj Hkh dbZ ckj x;kA bu vtesj
;k=kvksa ds ,sfrgkfld ifj.kke fudys vkSj vtesj dh fxurh Hkkjr ds izeq[k 'kgjksa esa
gksus yxhA eqfLye rhFkZ ds :Ik esa vtesj dh [;kfr ns'k fons'k esa QSyus yxhA6
vdcj ds le; esa eqxy lkezkT; ds nl lwcksa esa ls vtesj Hkh ,d lwck Fkk]
636 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
ftldh izkUrh; jkt/kkuh vtesj 'kgj FkhA bl lwcs esa lkr ljdkjsa o utjkuk nsus okys
jkT; 'kkfey FksA bu lkr ljdkjksa esa ls vtesj vkSj ukxkSj dk 'kklu izcU/k dsUnzh;
ljdkj ds v/khu FkkA7 lwcs dk eq[;ky; gksus ds dkj.k ;gka vU; dsUnzh; vf/kdkjh
Hkh fu;qDr FksA bl eq[;ky; ls eqxy lwcsnkj jktiwr fj;klrksa ij fu;=a.k j[k dj
mudh 'kfDr dk eqxy lkezkT; ds fgr esa mi;ksx djrk FkkA vdcj ds le; esa
vtesj esa rkacs ds flDds <kys tkrs FksA8 bu lHkh ckrksa us feydj vtesj dks jktiwrkuk
esa eqxy 'kfDr dk dsUnz fcUnq cuk fn;kA vdcj us bl 'kgj dks f}rh; 'kkgh vkokl
dk tks fo'ks"k ntkZ iznku fd;k] og yEcs le; rd cuk jgkA vkSjaxtsc us Hkh esokM+
rFkk ekjokM+ ds fo#º vius la?k"kZ esa vtesj dks viuk eq[;ky; cuk;kA9
lu~ 1720 esa lS;n cU/kqvksa dh e`R;q ds ckn eqxy lŸkk detksj iM+us ij
ekjokM+ ds 'kkldksa dks vtesj o xqtjkr dh lwcsnkjh fey xbZ vkSj vtesj O;ogkfjd
:i ls ekjokM+ dk vax cu x;kA10 fdUrq ekjokM ds 'kkld vHk; flag o mlds HkkbZ
c[krflag o mu nksuksa ds iq=ksa ds e/; gq, vkUrfjd la?k"kZ vkSj mlesa ejkBksa ds gLr{ksi
ds ifj.kkeLo:Ik vUrr% lu~ 1756 esa ejkBksa ds lkFk lEiUu laf/k ds }kjk vtesj
ejkBksa ds vf/kdkj esa pyk x;kA11 lu~ 1756 ls twu 1818 rd vtesj ejkBk vkf/
kiR; esa jgkA fi.Mkjh ;qº ds ckn vtesj dks nkSyrjko flfU/k;k o vaxzstksa ds e/;
25 twu 1818 dks lEiUu laf/k dh 'krZ ds vuqlkj ejkBksa us vtesj bZLV bf.M;k
dEiuh dks lkSai fn;kA 28 tqykbZ 1818 dks feLVj ,Q- okbYMj us vtesj ds izFke
v/kh{kd ds :Ik esa vfUre ejkBk lwcsnkj ckiw flfU/k;k ls izHkkj xzg.k fd;kA12 lu~
1818 ds ckn vtesj dk bfrgkl bl {ks= esa vaxzsth iz'kklu dk bfrgkl gSA ;|fi
1818 dh laf/k;ksa ds ifj.kkeLo:Ik vtesj lfgr yxHkx laiw.kZ jktiwrkuk ij fczfV'k
izHkqRo LFkkfir gks x;k Fkk fdUrq izR;{k :Ik ls fczfV'k 'kkflr izns'k gksus ds dkj.k
vtesj 'ks"k jktiwrkuk ls i`Fkd ,d foy{k.k fLFkfr esa jgkA vtesj dh bl foy{k.krk
dks vxzkafdr fcUnqvksa ds :Ik esa js[kkafdr fd;k tk ldrk gS&
(v) fj;klrh jkT;ksa ds fy, izfreku & fczfV'k vkf/kiR; esa vkus ds lkFk gh
vtesj&esjokM+k esa fczfV'k iz.kkyh ij vk/kkfjr vk/kqfud iz'kklfud O;oLFkk dh
LFkkiuk gqbZA bls ,d i`Fkd izkUr cukdj vaxzstkas us ;g iz;Ru fd;k fd os ;gka fczfV'k
Hkkjrh; iz'kklfud O;oLFkk ds le:Ik <kapk LFkkfir dj fj;klrh jkT;ksa ds 'kkldksa
dks vius&vius jkT;ksa esa visf{kr iz'kklfud ifjorZu djus ds fy, ncko Mky ldsaA
jk"V™h; vfHkys[kkxkj esa miyC/k nLrkostksa ls ;g ckr Li"V :Ik esa mHkjrh gS fd
fczfV'k 'kkldh; eUrO; vtesj iz'kklu dks jktiwrkuk fLFkr fj;klrh jkT;ksa ds fy,
,d izfreku ds :Ik esa fodflr djus dk FkkA13
(c) jktiwrkuk esa fczfV'k loksZPprk dk izgjh & jktiwrkuk ds jkT;ksa ij
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 637
izHkko'kkyh fu;a=.k rFkk fczfV'k loksZPprk dh LFkkiuk ds mn~ns'; ls lu~ 1832 esa
vtesj esa ^,tsUV Vw n xoZuj tujy QkWj n LVsV~l vkWQ jktiwrkuk (,-th-th-) ,.M
dfe'uj vkWQ vtesj&esjokM+k* in dk l`tu fd;k x;kA jktiwrkuk ds jkT;ksa ds
ikWfyfVdy ,tsUV] ,-th-th- ds v/khu FksA lHkh jkT; vius izfrfuf/k] ftUgsa odhy
dgk tkrk Fkk] vtesj Hkstrs FksA bu odhyksa ds ek/;e ls ,-th-th- ljyrk ls viuh
ckr euok ldrk FkkA14 vUrjkZT;h; ekeyksa o fooknksa dk gy Hkh odhy dksVZl~ esa
fd;k tkrk FkkA pwafd izR;sd jkT; Lo;a dks LokoyEch ekurk FkkA vr% budks
^bUVjus'kuy odhy dksVLZ k~* dgk x;kA bl izdkj ,-th-th- dk;kZy; rFkk ^bUVjus'kuy
odhy dksVZLk~* dh LFkkiuk ds ifj.kkeLo:i vtesj jktiwrkuk esa fczfV'k loksZPprk
dk izgjh cu x;kA15
(l) jktiwrkuk esa Hkkjrh; jk"V™h; vkanksyu dk dsUnz fcUnq & dqN fo'ks"k
dkjdksa us vtesj&esjokM+k esa jk"V™okn dks mHkkjk ,oa ;g jktiwrkuk esa jk"V™h; vkanksyu
dk dsUnz cu x;k &
1- vtesj fczfV'k Hkkjr dk vax FkkA vr% ;gka dh ifjfLFkfr;ka fczfV'k Hkkjr ls
lkE; j[krh Fkh Qyr% ogka gksus okyh xfrfof/k;ksa dh izfr/ofu ;gka Hkh gksrh
Fkh fQj pkgs og dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk gks ;k gkse:y vkanksyu] ÿkafrdkjh
xfrfof/k;ka gks ;k xka/khoknh vkanksyuA
2- viuh lkezkT;h; vko';drkvksa ds vuq:Ik vaxzstksa us vtesj dks lu~ 1805 esa
ckEcs] cMkSnk ,.M lsUV™y bf.M;k ehVj xst flLVe dk eq[;ky; cuk;kA
jsYos ls tqMs laLFkkuksa] tSls jsYos odZ'kki] jsYos gkWfLiVy] jsyos bULVhV~;wV] jsYos
osyQs;j lsaVj RkFkk cM+h la[;k esa ;gka fuokl djus okys jsyos ds iz'kklfud o
rduhdh deZpkfj;ksa us vtesj esa loZns'kh; okrkoj.k rFkk 'kgjhdj.k dks tUe
fn;k ,oa lkekftd xfr'khyrk dks c<+k;kA
3- blkbZ fe'kufj;ksa rFkk ljdkj ds f'k{kk izlkj ds dk;ksZ ds dkj.k 'ks"k jktiwrkuk
dh rqyuk esa vtesj esa f'k{kk lqfo/kkvksa dk vf/kd fodkl gqvk] ftlus ;gka
ds lkekftd thou dks ldkjkRed :i ls izHkkfor fd;k rFkk jktuSfrd
tkx:drk esa Hkh o`fº dhA
4- n;kuUn vkJe] ijksidkjh.kh lHkk] vk;Z izfrfuf/k lHkk&jktiwrkuk ekyok]
oSfnd ;a=yk; vkfn dh mifLFkfr us vtesj dks jktiwrkuk esa vk;Z lekt dk
eq[;ky; cuk fn;kA izFker% vk;Z lekt dh l'kDr mifLFkfr us ;gka jk"V™h;
psruk dks mHkkjk vkSj ;gka jk"V™h; vkUnksyu dks gjfcykl 'kkjnk] pkandj.k
'kkjnk tSls usr`RodrkZ iznku fd;sA f}rh;r% ;gka mfnr gksrs f'kf{kr e/;eoxZ
327 638 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
us vk;Z lekt ds eap ls viuh Hkkoukvksa dks vfHkO;Dr djuk izkjEHk fd;kA
mDr lHkh dkjdksa ds dkj.k fczfV'k Hkkjr easa Hkkjrh; jk"V™h; dkaxzsl ds usr`Ro
esa py jgs jk"V™h; vkUnksyu ds gj dne dh xwat vtesj&esjokM+k esa Hkh lqukbZ nhA
fnlEcj 1885 esa cEcbZ esa jk"V™h; dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk gqbZA uoEcj 1887 bZ- esa gh
;gka Hkh xouZes.V dkWyst] vtesj ds Nk=ksas us dkaxzsl lfefr dh LFkkiuk dhA Hkkjrh;
jk"V™h; dkaxzsl esa vtesj&esjokM+k dk igyh ckj izfrfuf/kRo tktZ ;wy dh v/;{krk
esa gq, iz;kx vf/kos'ku esa xksihukFk ekFkqj] fd'kuyky rFkk gjfcykl 'kkjnk }kjk fd;k
x;kA16 ;g {ks= 1905 ds cax Hkax fojks/kh Lons'kh rFkk cfg"dkj vkanksyu ls Hkh
vNwrk u jgkA ';keth d`".k oekZ ls izHkkfor C;koj ds lsB nkeksnj nkl jkBh dh
d`".kk fey Lons'kh oL=ksa dh ekax dks iw.kZ dj jgh FkhA17 vtesj&esjokM+k dh [kjok
tkxhj esa 14 ebZ 1907 dks nqdkunkjksa us fons'kh phuh cspuk cUn dj fn;k] fons'kh
oL=ksa dh gksyh tyk;h rFkk Lons'kh oL= iguus dh izfrKk yhA18 1907 esa dkaxzsl ds
foHkktu ds ckn Hkkjrh; jk"V™h; LorU=rk vkanksyu esa tks ÿkafrdkjh #>ku vk;k]
mlls Hkh ;g {ks= vNwrk ugha jgk] tSlk fd o"kZZ 1915 dh l'kL= ÿkafr vFkok
ykgkSj&fnYyh "kM~;U= dsl esa [kjok ds jko xksiky flag] fot; flag ifFkd rFkk lsB
nkeksnj nkl jkBh dh Hkwfedk ls Li"V gksrk gSA
tqykbZ 1916 esa enkj xsV ij gkse:y yhx dh milfefr dh LFkkiuk dh
xbZA izkjfEHkd pj.k esa 70 lnL;ksa us bldh lnL;rk x`g.k dhA19 o"kZ 1919 ls
1922 rd bl {ks= esa Hkh 'ks"k Hkkjr dh Hkkafr f[kykQr rFkk vlg;ksx vkanksyu dh
gypy O;kIr jghA vtesj ds ,d eqfLye rhFkZ gksus ds dkj.k cM+h la[;k esa eqfLye
rhFkZ;k=h Hkkjr Hkj ls ;gka vkrs Fks] bl rF; dk Qk;nk mBkus ds fy, ^tek;r my
myek , fgUn* f[kykQr ds iz'u dks ysdj ;gka fo'ks"k :i ls lfÿ; FkkAa20 vkanksyu
ds izkjEHk ds lkFk gh vtesj esa Hkh ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa] mikf/k;ksa] fons'kh oL=ksa rFkk
ljdkjh mRloksa dk cfg"dkj fd;k x;kA d`".k xksiky xxZ rFkk vksadkj yky
ckdyhoky us ljdkjh ukSdjh NksM+ nh] xksjh 'kadj HkkxZo us vius fons'kh oL=ksa ds
O;kikj dks cUn dj fn;k] pkandj.k 'kkjnk us viuh ch-,-] ,y-,y-ch- dh fMfxz;ka
fo'ofo|ky; dks ykSVkrs gq, odkyr NksM+ nhA21 22 uoEcj 1921 dks fizal vkWQ
osYl ds vtesj vkxeu ij ;gka iw.kZ gM+rky jghA22 vkanksyu esa ;gka dh efgykvksa]
fdlkuksa rFkk fo|kfFkZ;ksa us mYys[kuh; Hkkxhnkjh n'kkZ;hA23 vtesj] C;koj tSls 'kgjh
dsUnzksa ds vykok vkanksyu iq"dj] dsdM+h rFkk ihlkaxu tSls vkUrfjd {ks=ksa esa Hkh
QSykA24 5 Qjojh 1922 dks pkSjk&pkSjh dk.M ds ckn vlg;ksx vkanksyu dks
;dk;d okil ysus ls dkaxzslh usr`Ro ds izfr eksgHkax dh] tks eufLFkfr cuhA mlds
ifj.kkeLo:Ik la;qDr izkUr vkSj iatkc esa f'kf{kr ;qok oxZ iqu% ÿkafrdkjh rjhdksa dh
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 639
vksj vkd`"V gksus yxkA vtesj&esjokM+k esa Hkh ;g #>ku Li"Vr;k n`f"Vxkspj gksrk
gSA bl le; ia- Tokyk izlkn] jkeflag mQZ gsepUn] jkepUnz CkkiV] izdk'k nŸk] :nz
nŸk feJk vkfn ;gka izeq[k ÿkafrdkfj;ksa ds :Ik esa mHkjsA ;s yksx vkuklkxj ds rV ij
xqIr :Ik ls ,d ÿkafrdkjh dk;kZy; pykrs FksA lu~ 1931 esa pUnz'ks[kj vktkn Hkh
;gka vk, FksA25 Tokyk izlkn rFkk jkeflag mQZ gsepUnz us 4 vizSy 1935 dks vtesj
ds iqfyl mi v/kh{kd izk.kukFk Mksxjk rFkk lc baLisDVj [kyhyqn~nhu ij izk.k?kkrd
geyk fd;kA ftlesa os nksuksa ?kk;y gq, rFkk Tokyk izlkn o gsepUnz dh fxj∂rkj dj
fy;k x;kA26 jkepUnz ckiV dks vtesj&esjokM+k ds rRdkyhu phQ deh'uj bZ-lh-
fxClu ij geyk djus ds vkjksi esa 11 o"kZ dh dBksj dkjkokl dh ltk lqukbZ xbZA27
xka/khoknh vkanksyu ds f}rh; pj.k ds :i esa lfou; voKk vkanksyu Hkh
vtesj&esjokM+k esa ,d egRoiw.kZ nkSj dks js[kkafdr djrk gSA bl nkSjku ;gka loZizFke
C;koj rFkk fQj vtesj o jkelj esa d`f=e :i ls ued fuekZ.k dj ued dkuwu
rksM+k x;kA28 ued lR;kxzg ds ckn fons'kh oL=ksa rFkk 'kjkc dh nqdkuksa ij] ljdkjh
rFkk vuqnku izkIr f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa ij /kjus fn, x,A lfou; voKk vkanksyu ds
f}rh; pj.k esa xks;y] lkoj] cyokbZ] elwnk] cxlwjh] dY;k.kiqjk rFkk lruk vkfn
xzkeh.k bLrsejkjh {ks=ksa esa bLrsejkjnkjksa ds fo#º pyk yxku canh vkanksyu fo'ks"k :i
ls mYys[kuh; gSA29 bl vkanksyu ds nkSjku ;gka tsy tkus okyksa dh la[;k 300 ds
vklikl Fkh tks vlg;ksx vkanksyu ds nkSjku tsy tkus okyks ls rhu xquk ls Hkh vf/
kd FkhA30 ;g vkadM+k ;gka fujUrj c<rh tupsruk dk lwpd gS fdUrq vxLr ÿkafr
ds le; dBksj ljdkjh neu ds pyrs ;gka O;kid tu lfÿ;rk dk vHkko jgkA 9
vxLr 1942 dks Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu ds izFke fnu gh ;gka ds 13 izeq[k usrkvksa dks
fxj∂rkj dj fy;k x;kA31 blds ckn Hkh tc rd lHkh usrk o dk;ZdŸkkZ canh ugh
cuk fy, x, fxj∂rkfj;k° tkjh jghA Qjojh 1943 rd Hkkjr lqj{kk vf/kfu;e ds
rgr ;gka dqy 93 yksx fxj∂rkj fd, tk pqds FksA32 xka/khoknh vkanksyu ds nkSjku
tulfÿ;rk esa vkrs mrkj p<koksa ds ckn 15 vxLr 1947 dks jk"V™ Lora= gks x;k rks
lkjs Hkkjr dh Hkkafr vtesj esa Hkh ;g fnu g"kksZYykl ds lkFk euk;k x;kA
Lora=rk izkfIr ds ckn vtsej % Lora=rk izkfIr ds ckn vtesj ds lanHkZ esa
foy{k.k rF; ;g jgk fd Lora=rk feyus ij fj;klrksa ds ,dhdj.k dh izfÿ;k
izkjEHk gqbZ vkSj jktiwrkuk dh ns'kh fj;klrksa dks jktLFkku jkT; ds :i esa ,dhd`r dj
fn;k x;k fdUrq HkkSxksfyd n`f"V ls jktLFkku ds dsUnz esa fLFkr gksus ds ckotwn
vtesj&esjokM+k us yxHkx vxys 9 o"kks± rd vius i`Fkd vfLrRo dks lqjf{kr cuk,
j[kkA Lora=rk izkfIr ds rqjUr ckn blds iz'kklfud <kaps esa fo'ks"k ifjorZu ugha
gqvkA ;g Hkkjr 'kklu vf/kfu;e 1935 ds rgr tkjh 8 Qjojh 1947 dh
328 640 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
vf/klwpuk ds vuqlkj ,d dsUnz 'kkflr izns'k gh cuk jgkA ftldk iz'kklu phQ
dfe'uj rFkk mldh lkr lnL;h; ijke'kZnk=h ifj"kn~ }kjk pyk;k tkrk FkkA33 fdUrq
;gka ds tuekul rFkk usr`RodrkZvksa ds eu esa ;g ckr cSBh gqbZ Fkh fd izFker% pwafd
vtesj&esjokM+k ,d fczfV'k 'kkflr izns'k Fkk vr% Hkkjr la?k esa mls ogha LFkku o
iz'kklu feyuk pkfg, tks vU; fczfV'k izkUrksa dks izkIr gqvk gSA f}rh;r% pawfd ;g
{ks= fdlh fczfV'k izkUr dh lhek ls tqM+k gqvk ugha gS] vr% bls fdlh fczfV'k izkUr
esa foyhu ugha fd;k tk ldrk vr% bls Lok;Ÿkrk iznku dh tk,A pwafd ijke'kZnk=h
ifj"kn~ tuer dh izfrfuf/k Fkh vkSj phQ dfe'uj ukSdj'kkgh ds izfrfuf/k FksA vr%
vf/kdkf/kd Lok;Ÿkrk dh ijke'kZnk=h ifj"kn~ dh ekax ds dkj.k o"kZ 1948&52 ds
nkSjku nksauks ds e/; la?k"kZ vkSj xfrjks/k dh fLFkfr cuh jgh ,oa iz'kklu ckf/kr jgkA
o"kZ 1951 esa ^ikVZ ^lh* LVsV~l ,DV 1951* ikfjr gqvk ftlds rgr ikVZ
^lh* jkT; ds :i esa vtesj dk xBu gqvkA34 tuojh 1952 esa 30 lnL;h; fo/kku
lHkk dk xBu gqvkA Jh gfjHkk≈ mik/;k; ds eq[; eU=hRo esa rhu lnL;h;
ea=heaMy dk xBu gqvkA35 ftlus uoEcj 1956 dks vtesj ds jktLFkku esa foy;
rd 'kklu lapkyu fd;kA 29 fnlEcj 1953 dks Hkkjr ljdkj ds x`g ea=ky; }kjk
jkT; iquxZBu vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k x;kA36 ftlds le{k jktLFkku ljdkj us foy;
ds i{k esa rFkk vtesj ljdkj us vtesj ds i`Fkd vfLrRo dks cuk, j[kus ds lanHkZ esa
vius nkos&izfrnkos izLrqr fd,A37 ftudh tkap ds ckn jkT; iquxZBu vk;ksx us ;g
fu.kZ; fn;k fd ^^vtesj HkkSxksfyd :i ls i`Fkd ugha gS vkSj u gh vc fczfV'k izgjh
dh Hkwfedk fuHkk jgk gSA blfy, ge jktLFkku ljdkj ls lger gS fd vtesj rFkk
jktLFkku ds e/; fLFkr Hkk"kk;h] lkaLd`frd vkSj HkkSxksfyd laca/kksa dk lEeku fd;k
tkuk pkfg, vkSj dqN vU; dkj.kksa] mnkgj.kkFkZ & nksgjs fu;U=.k dh lekfIr ls dkuwu
rFkk O;oLFkk dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj gksxk] ls vtesj ds jktLFkku esa foy; dk izLrko
vkSfpR;iw.kZ gSA38 jkT; iquxZBu vf/kfu;e 1956 ds rgr 1 uoEcj 1956 dks vtesj
dks jktLFkku esa fofyu dj fn;k x;kA vtesj dh ;qx;qxhu foy{k.krk ds lkFk U;k;
djus ds fy, vtesj ds rRdkyhu eq[;ea=h gfjHkk≈ mik/;k; }kjk vtesj dks
jktLFkku dh jkt/kkuh cukus ds Hkjld iz;Ru fd, x,] fdUrq vtesj dks ek=
jktLFkku yksdlsok vk;ksx] jktLo eaMy] ek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ tSlh laLFkkvksa ds
lkFk gh larks"k djuk iM+kA
lanHkZ
1- <kSf<;ky] ch- ,u-] jktLFkku fMfLV™DV xtsfV;lZ&vtesj] xoZues.V vkWQ jktLFkku]
t;iqj] vyoj (1966)] i`- 57
2- 'kkjnk] gjfoykl] vtesj fgLVksfjdy ,.M fMfLÿfVo] vtesj (1941)] i`- 137
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 641 329 642 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

3- 'kekZ] n'kjFk] ysDplZ vkWu jktiwr fgLV™h ,.M dYpj] eksrhyky cukjlh nkl] ihjh;M ,f.Mx 28-02-1921] ,u-,-vkbZ-
fnYyh (1970)] i`- 54] 71] 82 25- tks'kh] lqeus'k] jktLFkku esa Lora=rk laxzke ds lsukuh] t;iqj (1972)] i`- 389
4- <kSf<;ky] ch- ,u-] iwoksZDr] i`- 55 26- gkse ikWfyfVdy@44@63@1935@ fMVsU'ku vkWQ Tokyk izlkn ,t , LVsV fiztuj vaMj
5- vcqy Qty vYykeh] vkbus vdcjh] okY;we 2] vuqokfnr ,p- ,l- tSjV rFkk jsX;wysíku 3 vkWQ 1818] ,u-,-vkbZ
tnqukFk ljdkj] f}rh; laLdj.k (1949)] i`- 273&78 27- O;kl] bUnzk] ›hMe ewoesUV bu jktLFkku] t;iqj (2004)] i`- 94] 95
6- <kSf<a;ky] ch- ,u- iwoksZDŸk] i`- 57 28- jktLFkku lans'k] 26 vizsy 1930] ifFkd laxzg] QkbZy la- &12] ,u-,-vkbZ-] t;iqj
7- ogh] i`- 84] 88 dsUnz
8- ogh] i`- 124&126 29- xzqi&,@iSM&10@Qkby ua- 274&275@ohdyh ,.M vnj fjiksV~lZ vkWu n flpq,'ku
9- okVlu lh- lh-] jktiwrkuk fMfLV™DV xtsfV;j & vtesj&esjokM+k] okY;we & 1& ,] vjkbftax vkmV vkWQ lh- Mh- ,e- bu vtesj&esjokM+k] jktLFkku LVsV vkdkZbOl]
vtesj (1904)] i`- 11 chdkusj (vkj-,l-,-ch-)
10- ifjgkj] th- vkj-] ekjokM ,.M n ejkBkt~ (1724&1843)] fgUnh lkfgR; efUnj] 30- xqzi lh@dkWfUQMsfU'k;y@1022@52@ikWfyfVdy lQjlZ@LVsVesUV vkWQ ikfyfVdy
tks/kiqj (1968) i`- 22&24] 40 fiztulZ ,MfeVsM bu lsUV™y tsy bu n ewoesUV vkWQ 1942] vkj-,l-,-ch-
11- ogh] i`- 84] 88 31- O;kl] bUnzk] iwoksZDr] i`- 137
12- ,fplu] lh- ;w-] ,- dysD'ku vkWQ V™hVht] ,UxstesaV~l ,.M luln fjysfVax Vw 32- xzqi lh@dkWfUQMsfU'ky@10@2@52] iwoksZDr
bf.M;k ,.M uscfjax dUV™ht] okY;we 5 (1932) f'kM~;wy 2] i`- 412 33- Qkby Uka- 1@42@52 ,y-,-@1947&52@phQ deh'kulZ vkWfQl vtesj] vkj-,l-,-
13- QkWjsu ikWfyfVdy] 14 Qjojh 1832] u- 33] QkWjsu ikfyfVdy tujy & ,] vxLr ch-
1867] u- 46&48] QkWjus ikfyfVdy ,] fnlEcj 1870 ua- 626&639] us'kuy vkdkZbOl 34- Qkby ua- 1@4@52&,y-,-@xouZeUs V vkWQ vtesj@ysftlysfVo vlsEcyh fMikVZeUs V@
vkWQ bf.M;k (,u-,-vkbZ-) ,uqvy ,MfefuLV™s'ku fjiksVZ 1955] vkj-,l-,-ch-
14- tSu ,e- ,l-] vk/kqfud jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] t;iqj (1995)] i`- 65&66 35- Qkby ua- 1@13&,@52&,y-,-@xouZesUV vkWQ vtesj@ysftlysfVo vlsEcyh
15- mi;qZDr] i`- 71&72 fMikVZesUV@isilZ fjysfVax Vw QLVZ ls'ku vkWQ vtesj ysftlysfVo vlsEcyh] vkj-
16- lDlsuk] ds- ,l-] jktLFkku esa jktuSfrd tu tkxj.k] jktLFkku fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh] ,l-,-ch
t;iqj (1999)] i`- 39 36- gkse fMikVZeUs V~l fjtksY;w'ku ua- 53@69@53@ ifCyd] MsVM s 29-12-1953 okbM fjiksVZ
17- 'kekZ] gfjukjk;.k] jktLFkku esa Lora=rk laxzke ds vej iqjks/kk&lsB nkeksnj nkl jkBh] vkWQ n LVsV~l fjvkxZukbts'ku deh'ku 1955] ifCysds'ku czkap] xouZesUV vkWQ
Lo.kZ t;Urh lekjksg lfefr] t;iqj] i`- 17 bf.M;k] fnYyh (1956)
18- ukVk.kh] izdk'k ukjk;.k] jktLFkku esa Lora=rk laxzke ds vej iqjks/kk jko xksikyflag 37- O;wt ,.M lts'kUl] xouZes.V vkWQ jktLFkku Vw n LVsV~l fjvkxZukbts'ku deh'ku
[kjok] jktLFkku Lo.kZ t;Urh lekjksg lfefr] t;iqj] i`- 16 1954] rFkk eseksjs.Me lcfeVsM Vw n LVsV~l fjvkxZukbts'ku deh'ku ckb n vtesj
19- Qkby ua- th & 157&166] ,- vkbZ- lh- lh- isilZ] usg: eseksfj;y E;wft;e ,.M LVsV xouZesUV
ykbcszjh] fnYyh (,u-,e-,e-,y-) 38- fjiksVZ vkWQ n LVsV~l fjvkxZukbts'ku deh'ku] 1955] i`- 136
20- feukWYV xsy] n f[kykQr ewoesUV] vks- ;w- ih- nsgyh (1982)] i`- 79
21- pkandj.k 'kkjnk isilZ] ,u-,e-,e-,y-
22- gkse iksfyfVdy (vkbZ)@QksVZukbVyh eseksj.Me (57) vkWu n bUVjuy flpq,'ku
bu vtesj&esjokM+k QkWj n ihfj;M+ ,f.Mx 30 uoEcj 1921] ,u-,-vkbZ-
23- gkse iksfyfVdy (Mh)@fnlEcj 1921@QksVuZ kbVyh eseksj.Me (59),u-,-vkbZ-_ QkbZy
ua- th 1921@,-vkbZ-lh-lh- isilZ] ,u-,e-,e-,y-_ vk;ZZ ekrZ.M] 9 vxLr 1921
24- Qkby ua- 76@pkandj.k 'kkjnk isilZ] ,u-,e-,e-,y-] gkse iksfyfVdy (Mh)
QksVZukbVyh eseksj.Me (38) vkWu n bUVjuy flpq,'ku bu vtesj&esjokM+k Qkj n
 330
f'k{kk ds fodkl esa vuqdj.kh; iz;kl&lsok
eafnj (1997&2002)
MkW- dSyk'k tks'kh
lsok eafnj laLFkk dh LFkkiuk 1969 ls mn;iqj esa gqbZA ftlesa mn;iqj ftys
dh 6 rglhyksa ds 535 xkaoks dk p;u fd;k x;kA tks lqnwj vkfnoklh {ks= ds FksA ;s
N% rglhyas cMxkao] fxokZ] >kM+ksy] [kSjokMk] dksVM+k] xksxqUnk FkhA tSlk dh uke ls
gh Li"V gS lsok eafnj ,d lkekftd lsok ds {kS= esa ,d xSj ljdkjh laLFkku gSA1
fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa dk;Z ds mijkUr lsok eafnj us viSzy 1995 ls f'k{kk ds {ks= esa viuh
fofHkUu xfrfof/k;ksa dks vkjEHk djrs gq, ,d vyx f'k{kk izHkkx dh LFkkiuk dh rFkk
bl izHkkx us vius fuEu y{; j[ks&
1- laLFkk dh f'k{kk uhfr dk fÿ;kUo;u djukA
2- vukSipkfjd 'kSf{kd dk;Zÿe ykxw djukA
3- tu f'k{k.k ^fuy;e* ds uke ls lkoZtfud iqLrdky;ksa dh LFkkiukA
4- yksd tqfEc'k ifj;kstuk (esa eq[; Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu)A
5- lk{kjrk f'kfojksa dk lapkyuA
6- vukSipkfjd f k{kk {kS= esa ìkks/k dk;Z djukA
laLFkk dh ubZ f'k{kk uhfr rFkk ;kstuk 6&12 o"kZ ds cPpksa ds fy, &
1- vukSipkfjd f'k{kk dsUnzkas dh LFkkiuk (NFES) (Non Formal Education Center)
dh ftles tu lgHkkfxrk dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jghA
2- bu vukSipkfjd f'k{kk dsUnzksa ds ek/;e ls f'k{kk ds fodkl gsrq fofHkUu
;kstukvksa dks lapkyu ds lkFk&lkFk uohu LFkkuksa dk p;u] izLrkoksa dk
ladyu fd;k x;kA
3- bu dsUnzksa ds ek/;e ls fofHkUu ;kstukvksa dks cPpksa ds lkFk tksMk x;kA
4- efgyk f'k{kk dks c<kok fn;k x;kA
5- xzke fodkl lfefr dk fuokZpu ,oa izf'k{k.k djukA
6- xzke lewgksa ls xfrfof/k;ksa ds izLrko izkIr dj laLFkku ls Lohd`fr izkIr djukA
7- vukSipkfjd f'k{kk dsUnz ds LFkku rFkk mls pykus gsrq lg (isjk) deZpkjh dk
p;u djukA
644 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
8- lg (isjk) deZpkjh rFkk f'k{kd ds izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk djukA
9- dsUnz lapkyu gsrq vko ;d lkexzh dh ig°qp dsUnz rd lqfuf'pr djukA
10- xzke fodkl lfefr gsrq izca/kdh; dk;Z'kkyk dk vk;kstu djuk rFkk le>kSrs
ij gLrk{kj djokukA
11- dsUnz gsrq laLdkfjr xfrfo/kh dk p;u djukA
;kstuk esa p;fur pkj rglhyksa ds 9 xk°oksa esa ls 6 xk°oksa esa foŸkh; o"kZ 97&98
rd lEiw.kZ lwpuk izkIr dj xzke lewgksa dk fuekZ.k dj fy;k x;kA
ÿ-la- rglhy lfEefyr xk°o
1 dksVMk jkUnyk] oklsyk
2 [kSjokMk xksxkQyk] xesrh Qyk] Mkeksj Qyk] uhpyk Qyk
3 >kM+ksy ikjM+k] fupyh fcjksBh
4 fxokZ jok
vukSipkfjd f'k{kk dsUnz dh LFkkiuk 6&12 vk;q oxZ ds mu cPpksa ds fy,
LFkkfir fd, x, tks vukekafdr] M™kivk≈V Fks vkSj fofHkUu dkj.kks ls f'k{kk dh
eq[;/kkjk ls tqM+us ls oafpr jg x, FksA
f'k{kk dk ikB~;ÿe
mu vukSipkfjd f'k{kk dsUnzksa ds fy, ikB~;ÿe SIERT (jkT; 'kSf{kd
vuqla/kku ,oa izf'k{k.k laLFkku) }kjk rS;kj fd;k x;k rFkk fgUnh dh ikB~; iqLrd dks
^fnxUrj* uked 'kSf{kd laLFkk }kjk rS;kj fd;k x;kA
vU; lg'kSf{kd xfrfof/k;ksa dks vk;ksftr fd;k x;kA bues izeq[k f'k{kd
ikyd cSBd] cky esyk] izos'kksRlo] cSBd ,oa izf'k{k.k] vkSipkfjd f'k{kk vuqla/kku
gsrq ifj;kstuk dk;Z] xzke iqLrdky; ds :i esa ^tu f'k{k.k fuy;e* dh LFkkiuk
djukA
yksd tqfEc'k ifj;kstuk esa dk;Z
jktLFkku esa f'k{kk ds lkoZtuhdj.k gsrq yksd tqfEc'k ifj;kstuk dks o"kZ
1992 ls izkjEHk fd;k x;kA lsok eafnj ds lg;ksx ls bls mn;iqj ftys esa >kMksy
rglhy ds nks ladwy ds (eknMh] Qykfl;k) 46 xkaoks esa oíkZ 1996 ls ykxw fd;k
x;kA ftuesa izFke okrkoj.k fuekZ.k gsrq] yksd u`R;] yksd xku] Hktu e.Mfy;ka]
iSny ;k=k dk vk;kstu fd;k x;kA rRi'pkr~ izsjd ny dk fuekZ.k] efgyk lewgksa
dk fuekZ.k ,oa izf'k{k.k] xk°o dk utjh uD'kk fuekZ.k] vukSipkfjd f'k{kk dsUnz gsrq
LFkku dk p;u rFkk LFkkiuk dh xbZA izkFkfed 'kkyk ,oa f'k{kkdehZ 'kkyk dh LFkkiuk
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 645
djus ds lkFk izkFkfed 'kkyk dk mPp izkFkfed Lrj ij ÿeksUur Hkou fuekZ.k gsrq
xzke Lrj ij lfefr xB+u dj izf'k{k.k ,oa 'kkyk ejEer dk;Z djok;s x,A
ge ik°p xk°o ik°p & bl ;kstuk ds varxZr p;uhr ladqy esa 'kr izfr'kr
ukekadu dk iz;kl fd;k x;kA ;g ukekadu vkSipkfjd ;k vukSipkfjd tks Hkh gks
bl gsrq iz;kl fd;k x;kA vukSipkfjd f'k{kk dsUnzksa us izsjd nyksa ds lg;ksx ls vPNk
dk;Z fd;kA nks ladqyksa esa p;fur 10 xk°oksa esa ls 4 xk°oksa us yxHkx 98&99 izfr'kr
dk y{; izkIr fd;kA Qykfl;k esa 24 lewgksa esa 385 efgykvksa] eknMh esa 21 lewgksa
esa 331 efgykvksa dks pkj fnolh; vkoklh; f'kfojksa ds ek/;e ls izf'kf{kr fd;k
x;kA ;g f'kfoj eq[;r% iapk;rh laLFkkvksa ds fy, efgykvksa dh lfÿ; Hkwfedk ij
dsfUnzr FkkA
lgt f'k{kk dk;Zÿe & lgt f'k{kk dsUnz ,d izdkj ds vukSipkfjd f'k{kk
dsUnz FksA ftUgsa tqykbZ 97 ls LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA eknMh esa 55 rFkk Qykfl;k esa
43 dqy 98 lgt f'k{kk dsUnz LFkkfir fd;s x;sA ftuesa yxHkx 1552 cPpksa dks
ukekafdr fd;k x;kA lgt f'k{kk dsUnzksa gsrq vU; 'kSf{kd xfrfof/k vk;ksftr dh xbZ
ftuesa izeq[k fuEu Fks &
π bu dsUnzksa ds f'k{kdksa ds izf'k{k.k esa 88 f'k{kdksa ds lkFk yksd tqfEc'k rFkk
laLFkku ds lanHkZ O;fDr Hkh lfEefyr FksA
π lgk;d f'k{k.k lkexzh dks bu dsUnzksa dks forfjr fd;k x;k ftuesa izeq[k
fdrkcsa] dkfi;ka] isfUly vU; lkexzh izeq[k FkhA
π xzkeh.k iqLrdky;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
π efgyk f'k{kk ds izeq[k iz;klksa esa ckfydkvksa dks xksn ysus dh ,d ;kstuk izeq[k
Fkh ftlds varxZr izR;sd dsUnz ds dehZ us ,d cPph dks xksn fy;k rFkk mls
f'k{kk dh eq[;/kkjk ls tksMu+ s ds fy, fo'ks"k iz;kl fd;k lkFk gh ckfydkvksa
dks Ldwy esa izos'k fn;k x;kA
π izsjd ny] efgyk lewg rFkk lk{kjrk dsEiksa ds fy, ekM~;wy fuekZ.k dk;Z'kkyk
dk vk;kstu fd;k x;kA
π o"kZ 1998&99 esa dksVM+k CykWd ds ekesj ladqy esa dk;Z izkjEHk fd;k x;kA
π ckyokM+h rFkk vkaxuokM+h dk;ZdrkZvksa ds fy, lk{kjrk dsEi gsrq leUo;
LFkkfir fd;k x;kA
bu vkSipkfjd f'k{kk dsUnzksa gsrq f'k{kdksa dk p;u LFkkuh; Lrj ij xzke
lfefr }kjk U;wure vkBoh d{kk mŸkh.kZ dhA2
o"kZ 1999&2000 esa lsok eafnj us 6&14 vk;q oxZ ds cPpksa ds fy,
331 646 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
vukSipkfjd f'k{kk dsUnz LFkkfir fd;sA 176 vukSipkfjd f'k{kk dsUnzksa esa ls 72 jkT;
ljdkj dh lgk;rk ls lapkfyr FksA fdUrq ukekadu esa 18 cPpksa dh deh gqbZA
ukekadu 3472 ls 3454 gks x;kA bldk eq[; dkj.k jkT; ljdkj }kjk NksVs <k.kh
etjksa esa jktho xk°/kh ikB'kkyk dh LFkkiuk FkhA ;s ikB'kkyk,a mu LFkkuksa esa [kksyh xbZ
tgk° lsok eafnj ds vukSipkfjd f'k{kk dsUnz iwoZ ls gh lapkfyr FksA
yksd ijEijkvksa dk mi;ksx & lsok eafnj us f'k{kk fodkl gsrq yksd ijEijkvksa
dk mi;ksx fd;kA yksd laLd`fr dks ysdj lk{kjrk lans'k lsok lk/kuk ÿkfUr] xfr
fcEc uked if=dkvksa dk izdk'ku djok;kA lkFk gh fdlku izosf'kdk uke ls ;qok
f'k{kk gsrq lanHkZ lkexzh rS;kj dhA lkFk gh xjkfl;k efgykvksa dks u`R; f'k{kk nsdj
rS;kj fd;k x;kA nks vyx jaxeapkas ij dBiqryh ds [ksyksa dk vk;kstu Hkh fd;k
x;kA3
o"kZ 2001&02 esa lsok eafnj us xq.koŸkkiw.kZ f'k{kk ,oa f'k{kk {ks= esa tu
vkUnksyu ykus ds fy, dk;Z fd;kA ckydksa dks lh[kus ds fy, ubZ 'kSf{kd fo|k
rS;kj djus rFkk Lo;a ds laLFkk ds Lrj ij ubZ mtkZ Mkyus] {kerk vfHko`fº djus dk
dk;Z fd;kA [kkldj cPpksa esa 'kSf{kd dkS'ky dk fodkl djus ,oa laLFkk us
vukekafdr rFkk M™kivkmV cPpksa dks f'k{kk dh eq[;/kkjk ls tksM+us ds fy, NksVs&NksVs
'kSf{kd Lrj r; dj f'k{kk iznku djus gsrq dk;Z fd;k rkfd] blls vf/kd vPNs
ifj.kke izkIr gks ldsA
vukSipkfjd f'k{kk dsUnzksa ds v/;kidksa ds p;u esa iq#"k gsrq 8oha rFkk efgyk
gsrq 5oha mŸkh.kZ djus dk 'kSf{kd Lrj r; fd;k x;kA izR;sd vukSipkfjd f'k{kk dsUnz
gsrq U;wure 20&25 cPpksa dk ukekadu vfuok;Z j[kk x;k rFkk bu dsUnzksa dk lapkyu
U;wure rhu ?k.Vs djuk vfuok;Z FkkA lkFk gh vf/kd ukekadu gksus ij vfrfjDr
f'k{kd dh O;oLFkk Hkh djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;kA
ubZ 'kSf{kd fo/kk
lsok eafnj us dsUnz dh lgk;rk ls 134 vukSipkfjd dsUnzksa dh LFkkiuk]
[kSjokM+k] >kMksy] cMxkao] CykWd esa fd;k ftlesa f'k{kk Hkou lkslkbVh dh lgk;rk
yh xbZA lkFk gh 'kSf{kd fo/kk esa Hkh uohurk ykus gsrq iz;kl fd;s x, lkFk gh ,slh
'kSf{kd lgk;d lkexzh ds fuekZ.k [kkldj ekWMy fuekZ.k ij /;ku fn;k x;k tks
xzkeh.k {kS= ds cPpksa gsrq Qk;nseUn gksA ml gsrq t;iqj dh laLFkk ^lEHko* ls Hkh lg
lEcU/k LFkkfir fd;k rFkk fxokZ esa 10 vukSipkfjd f'k{kk dsUnzksa dh LFkkiuk Hkh dh
rFkk bl gsrq jaxeap fo/kk dk iz;ksx fd;kA ftlls ns[kdj tYnh lh[k ldsA lkFk gh
fo|kHkou lkslkbVh ls lglEcU/k LFkkiuk lsok eafnj laLFkk gsrq fgrdj jgkA blls
laLFkk ds dk;Zÿeksa dh ubZ fn'kk r; gqbZ rFkk vuqdwy ifj.kke izkIr gq,A lkFk gh
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 647
fofHkUu leL;kvksa ij uohu laLFkkxr uhfr r; gqbZA
lkFk gh f'k{kdksa dks dsUnzksa dks lapkfyr djus gsrq uohu lanHkZ lkexzh iznku
dh xbZA bl o"kZ laLFkk us cPpks ds fy, 21 cky esyksa dk vk;kstu fd;kA ftlesa
cPps vkil esa ,d nwljs ls ifjfpr gq, rFkk vU; lg 'kSf{kd xfrfof/k;ksa tSls M™kbZax]
isfUVx] leL;k lek/kku] fDot dk vk;kstu Hkh fd;k x;kA fxokZ ,oa >kMksy
CykWd ds cPpksa ds fy, if'peh lkaLd`frd dsUnz us ,d cMk jaxkjax lekjksg
vk;ksftr fd;kA4
LorU=rk vkUnksyu ds nkSjku egkRek xka/kh ds funs'Z kkuqlkj ftl izdkj iztke.My
,oa futh f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa fo|k Hkou] fo|kihB efgyk e.My] efgyk ifj"kn vkfn
us f'k{kk dk izlkj dj vkUnksyu dks ubZ fn'kk nhA LorU=rk izkfIr ds i'pkr lsok
eafnj us vkfnoklh {ks=ksa esa f'k{kk izlkj ,oa fodkl gsrq uohu ;kstuk,a viukdj dk;Z
dj jgk gSA mlls fu'p; gh {ks= ds ckyd&ckfydkvksa dks fodkl dh eq[;/kkjk ls
tqMu+ s dk volj izkIr gks jgk gSA blls ljdkjh ,oa xSj ljdkjh izfrLi/kkZ Hkh c<+ jgh
gSA ,oa f k{kk ds {ks= esa f'k{kk mUu;u ds iz;klksa dh lkFkZdrk esa Hkh o`fº gks jgh gSA
lUnHkZ
1- lsok eafnj okf"kZd fjiksVZ o"kZ 1997&98 eq[; i`"B
2- lsok eafnj okf"kZd fjiksVZ o"kZ 1997&98 i`- 35&40
3- lsok eafnj okf"kZd fjiksVZ o"kZ 1999&2000 i`- 23&25
4- lsok eafnj okf"kZd fjiksVZ o"kZ 2001&2002 i`- 16&21
332
e# {ks= dh ijEijkxr gLrdyk&vtj[k %
,d ,sfrgkfld v/;;u
MkW- lqjs'k dqekj
if'peh jktLFkku ds Fkkj e#LFky dk ,d fo'kky Hkw&Hkkx ckM+esj ftysa ds
vUrxZr vkrk gSA ckM+esj dh 270 fdyksehVj lhek ikfdLRkku ls tqMh+ gSA bl uxj
dh LFkkiuk 13 oha 'krkCnh esa cgkMkjko (c<+jko) }kjk dh xbZ FkhA cgkM+kjko
(c<jko) ds uke ij gh bl uxj dk uke ckM+esj iM+kA cgkMkjko }kjk LFkkfir uxj
orZeku ckM+esj uxj ls 4 ehy (6-4 fdyksehVj) mRrj&if'pe dh vksj fLFkr gSA
bls twuk ckM+esj ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA orZeku vkcknh okys ckM+esj dh LFkkiuk
jkor Hkhekth }kjk dh xbZ FkhA1 orZeku ckM+esj ftyk jktLFkku ds la;qDr jkT;ksa esa]
tks/kiqj fj;klr ds lu~ 1949 esa foy; ds Ik'pkr~ vfLrRo esa vk;kA2 ckM+esj
jktLFkku ds gLrdyk NikbZ ds eq[; dsUnzksa esa ls ,d gSA ;gkWa dh gLrdyk NikbZ dks
izkphu ekuk tk ldrk gSA gLrdyk NikbZ dk dk;Z twuk ckM+esj esa fd;k tkrk gSA
;gkWa ds gLrdyk NikbZ dkjhxjksa dk izeq[k dk;Z LFky vktkn pkSd] ukbZ;ksa dk ckl]
[kf=;ksa dk fupyk ckl] ujxklj ukM+h (ujlkxj)] jk; dkWyksuh ,oa Qdhjksa dk
rYyk jgk gSA3
ckM+esj gS.M CykWd fizafVx ouLifrd jaxksa dh dykRed oL= NikbZ dh ,slh
ijEijkxr gLrdyk rduhd gSA ftlds cy ,oa dyk dkS ky ij LFkkuh; f'kYih
de ls de jaxksa ds mi;ksx ls gh gLrdyk mRiknu esa fofo/krk mRiUu dj nsrs gSA ;g
gLrdyk nLrdkjksa dh ijEijkxr dyk dkS'ky rduhd] LFkkuh; ujxklj ukM+h ds
[kkl xq.kks;qDRk ty rFkk e:LFkyh; Ik;kZoj.k dh fof'k"Vrk dh mikns;rk gSA4
jaxkbZ NikbZ esa iz;qDr gksus okys BIis jksfgM+s dh ydM+h ls cuk;s tkrs FksA ;g
ydM+h otu esa gYdh gksus ds lkFk&lkFk blesa [kqnkbZ Hkh xgjkbZ rd vklkuh ls gks
tkrh FkhA bldk fuekZ.k blh {ks= ds dkjhxjksa }kjk fd;k tkrk FkkA5
ckM+esj NikbZ dk gh ,d vksj dsUnz ckyksrjk FkkA ;g tks/kiqj o ckM+esj ds
e/; fLFkr gSA Lo=ark ls iwoZ 1941 bZ- rd ;gkW ds oL=ksa ij jaxkbZ&NikbZ dk dk;Z
yxHkx 400 eqlyeku Nhik gh fd;k djrs FksA rc ;g ?kjsyw m|ksx rd lhfer FkkA
1947 bZ- esa Hkkjr&ikd foHkktu ds le; vf/kdka'k eqfLye Nhik ifjokj ikfdLrku
pys x;sA bu eqLyeku Nhik ifjokjksa ds lkFk ijEijkxr gLr f'kYi Hkh pyk x;kA
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 649
blds i'pkr vxzoky jes'k dkdk us jaxkbZ&NikbZ dks izkFkfedrk nsrs gq, dk;Z dks
tkjh j[kkA lu~ 1975 bZ- esa igyh ckj lwrh diM+s ij jaxhu iksiyhu rS;kj dh] tks
ckn'kkg iksiyhu ds uke ls lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa fo[;kr gks xbZA6
ckM+esj esa oL=ksa dh jaxkbZ&NikbZ djus okys vf/kdka'k gLrf'kYih [k=h gSA
[k=h ^{kf=;* dk viHkza'k 'kCn gSA [k=h tkfr vius vki dks jktk jke ds oa'kt
crkrh gSA ftldk izek.k j?kqoa'ke~ esa feyrk gS] j?kqoa'ke~ esa of.kZr fla/k uked ns'k
jkepUnzth ds }kjk Hkjr dks fn;s tkus dk mYys[k feyrk gSA7 dgk tkrk gS] fd tc
ij'kqjke us /kjrh dks {kf=; foghu djus dk ladYi fy;k rks lHkh jkeoa'kh; {kf=;
viuh izk.k j{kk gsrq fgaxykt nsoh dh 'kj.k esa x;s FksA nsoh ds vkns'kkuqlkj ;s yksx
ftuksbZ /kkj.k dj czk„.k {kf=; cu x;s vkSj rHkh ls czk„.k {kf=; dgykus yxs vkSj
ogh cl x;sA dkaykrj esa bUgksaus vL=&'kL= R;kx dj jaxkbZ&NikbZ dk dk;Z viuk
fy;kA Lora=rk izkfIr ds iwoZ ;s [k=h dkjhxj vfoHkkftr ikfdLRkku esa fla/k]
cyqfpLrku ,oa iatkc ds dqN {ks=ksa esa cls gq, FksA
Hkkjr ikfdLrku foHkktu ds le; ;s [k=h ckM+esj ,oa blds vkl&ikl
vkdj cl x;s ;s vius lkFk viuk ijEijkxr gLrf'kYi ysdj vk;sA bldh ijEijkxr
gLrdyk jaxkbZ&NikbZ esa eq[; mRiknu vtj[k ,oa ywaxh FkhA vtj[k fgUnw dkjhxjksa
([k=h) }kjk cuk;k tkrk Fkk rFkk bldk vf/kdka'k mi;ksx eqfLye ifjokj esa fd;k
tkrk FkkA8
laLd`r esa vtj[k 'kCn dk vFkZ ^ml diM+s ls gS ftldk jax Qhdk ugh gksrk
gSA* vjch esa vtj[k dk vFkZ uhy ls gSA pwafd vtj[k fizaV esa uhy dk iz;ksx gksrk
gSA9 ckM+esj [k=h dkjhxj NikbZ djus okys diM+s+ dks ,d fnu ds fy, fHkxksdj j[kk
tkrk gSA ckdh dk dk;Z nwljs fnu ij NksMk+ tkrk gSA blfy, bls vtj[k dgrs gSA 10
flU/kh okr ds vuqlkj & fla/k izns'k ds ,d jktk dks vius fcLrj ij fcNk
diM+k bruk ilUn vk;k fd mlus viuh lsfodk dks bls ,d fnu vksj j[kus ds fy,
dgkA fla/kh cksypky Hkk"kk esa ,d fnu vksj j[kus dks vtj[k dgk tkrk gSA jktk }kjk
fcLrj ij fcNs diM+s ds fy, ftl 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA mlh 'kCn ds uke mls
vtj[k lEcks/ku feykA izkphu Hkkjrh; flU/kq ?kkVh lH;rk esa gesa jaxkbZ&NikbZ ds
vo'ks"k izkIr gksrs gSaA flU/kq ?kkVh lH;rk ds yksx fla/kq unh ds ty ls d`f"k dk;Z
djrs FksA lwrh oL=ksa ds vo'ks"kksa11 ls fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd flU/kqoklh dikl mxkuk
tkurs FksA loZizFke dikl dh [ksrh flU/kqokfl;ksa us izkjEHk dhA [kqnkbZ esa izkIr drkbZ
cqukbZ ds midj.kkas (;Fkk rdyh lqbZ vkfn) ls irk pyrk gS fd flU/kqokfl;ksa dk
diM+k cquuk ,d izeq[k m|ksx jgk gksxkA flU/kq?kkVh ls izkIr jaxs gq, crZuksa ls Kkr gksrk
gS fd flU/kqoklh ouLifr jaxksa ls ifjfpr FksA12 ;FkklEHko fla/kqoklh us diMs ij
333 650 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
ouLifr jaxksa ls jaxkbZ NikbZ dk dk;Z djuk lh[k fy;k gksxk bl rF; dks udkjk ugh
tk ldrk D;ksafd flU/kq?kkVh lH;rk ds izkphu uxj eksgutksnM+ks ls iqtkjh jktk dh
ewfrZ izkIr gqbZ gSA bl iqtkjh jktk us ,d 'kkyuqek diM+k /kkj.k fd;k gqvk gSA
iqjkrRoosRrk bls frifRk;k vyadj.k ls ;qDr ekurs gS] ysfdu bl ij tks NikbZ fn[kkbZ
nsrh gS og vtj[k esa ddaM ;k DykmM NikbZ dgykrh gSA ftlesa Qwy ,oa ifRr;ksa
dh ljapuk cuh gksrh gSA orZeku ckM+esj dh vtj[k esa Qwy ifRr;ksa ls ;qDr dadM+
;k DykmM NikbZ gksrh gSA13 vr% vtj[k dk lEcU/k flU/kq lH;rk ls LFkkfir fd;k
tk;s rks vfr'k;ksfDr ugh gksxhA izkphu phu esa oqM CykWd isafVx ds T;kfefr;
ljapuk dk izFke ckj iz;ksx gqvkA ;s CYkkWd isafVx /khjs&/khjs flU/kq?kkVh esa igqWap xbZA14
flU/kq lH;rk dk fo'o ds dbZ ns'kksa ds lkFk O;kikfjd lEcU/k FksA e/;
,f'k;k] Qkjl dh [kkM+h ds ns'kksa] bZjku] cgjhu }hi] eSlksiksVkfe;k] feJ] ÿhV ds
lkFk flU/kqokfl;ksa us ?kfu"V O;kikfjd lEcU/k LFkkfir dj fy;s FksA15 QkWLVsV dSjks
feJ dh ,d dcz ls diMs dk ,d VqdM+k iqjkrRoosrkvksa us izkIr fd;k ftl ij uhys
jax dh NikbZ FkhA bl f'kYi esa flU/kq unh ds pkjksa rjQ lH;rk dks egkjr gkfly
FkhA D;ksfd diM+s /kksus ,oa uhy mRiknu ds fy, flU/kq unh dk ty gh mi;ksx esa
vkrk gksxkA ;gkW ls ;g diM+k (vtj[k) feJ dks fu;kZr gksrk gksxkA Hkkjro"kZ gh
uhy dk vkfnLFkku jgk gSA 80 bZ- esa fla/k ds fdukjs ,d uxj ls uhy dks ckgj Hksts
tkus dk mYys[k ,d izkphu ;qukuh ys[kd us fd;k gSA16 Hkkjr esa lcls izkphu
vtj[k fizaV dk diM+k dPN (xqtjkr) izkIr gqvk gSA tks fd yxHkx 800 o"kZ iqjkuk
gSA ;g vtj[k fizUV dk diM+k bf.M;k ,.M n oYMZ ,axthfc'ku lh-,e-,l-oh-
,l- E;wft;e eqEcbZ esa j[kk gqvk gSA17
vtj[k gLrdyk NikbZ dk dk;Z djrs FksA D;ksafd ml le; diM+s dk
dk;Z djus okys dkjhxjksa dh dPN esa deh FkhA bUgha dkjhxjksa us dPN ds vtj[k dks
ih<+h nj ih<+h vkxs c<+k;k Hkkjr esa vtj[k dk dk;Z dPN ,oa ckM+esj esa vHkh Hkh
vius ikjEikfjd rjhds ls gks jgk gSA18 [k=h ukscsy rLohj esa vtj[k fizaV 18 oha
'krkCnh dk gSA ftlesa nks O;fDr ?kqVuksa ds cy cSBs gSaA muds dU/kksa ij 'kkWy gS ftl
ij vtj[k fizaV Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA19
fla/k ds yksx izkphu le; ls ijEijkxr rjhds ls vtj[k dh NikbZ dk dk;Z
dj jgs gSaA vtj[k fla/kh laLd`fr dk izrhd le>k tkrk gSA bldh iqf"V fla/kh
yksd&xhrksa esa gksrh gSA
fla/kh yksd xhr
th;s fla/kq th;s] flU/k okjk th;uA
fla/kh Vksih] vtj[k okjk th;uAA
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 651 334 652 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

bl yksd&xhr esa fla/kh eqlyekuksa ds eq[; igukosa ds :Ik esa vtj[k dk 5- ekFkqj deys'k] gLrf'kYi ds fofo/k vk;ke] tSu ifCy'klZ t;iqj] 1996
ftÿ fd;k x;k vtj[k mudh lkekftd ,oa lkaLd`frd thou dk eq[; vax jgk 6- tSu HkwjpUn] ckyksrjk uxj ikfydk Lekfjdk] izdk'ku 1999] i`- 9&20
gSA20 7- j?koa'ke~] ;q/kkftrJ lans'kkRl ns'k fla/kqukede~
n nkS nRr izHkkok;% Hkjrk; Hk`rizt%AA i`- 15] 87
lu~ 1947 bZ- esa Hkkjr ikd foHkktu ds le; dbZ [k=h ,oa fla/kh eqlyeku
8- jktLFkku esa oL= NikbZ oL=ks|ksx&,d v/;;u] jk"V™h; oL= NikbZ gLrdyk laLFkku]
ifjokj fla/k ls iyk;u dj ckM+esj] pkSgVu] jkelj] xM+jk] lhekorhZ bykds esa vkdj
ubZ fnYyh] Hkkx&4 i`- 17
cl x;s FksA ml le; foLFkkfirksa dh vkthfodk ds lEcU/k esa eq[; leL;k FkhA 9- n V™hQ vkWQ ÿkQ~V] xkFkk] fgLV™h vkWQ vtjd] 20 ebZ 2013
[k=h ifjokjksa us viuk ikjEifjd gLrdyk vtj[k fizaV dk dk;Z ckM+esaj esa izkjEHk 10- [k=h mnkjke] [kf=;ksa dk fupyk okl ckM+esj% ekSf[kd tkudkjh
fd;kA /khjs&/khjs vtj[k fizUV us ;gkWa dh yksd dgkorksa esa Hkh viuk LFkku cuk 11- ds-lh- JhokLro] izkphu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl ,oa laLd`fr] i`- 43
fy;kA ckMesaj dk pkSgVu dLck tks fd Hkkjr&ikfdLrku dk lhekorhZ {ks= gSa /kkV n;kjke lkguh dks pkWanh ds dy'k esa diM+s dk VqdM+k feyk]
ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA /kkV dh yksd&dgkorksa ds vuqlkj& eSds us vusd oLrqvksa esa fyiVs /kkxs izkIr fd;sA
/kkV jks vtj[k] eu[kka jh euqgkjA 12- ogh] i`- 42
esg ojls u ojls] bZ;k nks vk jks ugh nqadkjAA 13- iqtkjh jktk dh ewfrZ] us'kuy E;wft;e vkWQ ikfdLrku&djkph
vFkZ & ckfj'k gks ;k u gks /kkV {ks= esa yksxksa dh vkoHkxr ,oa vtj[k dh 14- Mk- fcyxkeh uwjtgkWa] fla/k tks vtj[k (fMiksZVesUV vkWQ dYpjy ,aM V~;wfjTe
dksbZ deh ugh gksrh gSA21 xojesaUV fla/k 1990) i`-177
15- ds-lh- okLro] izkphu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl ,oa laLd`fr] i`- 44
vkt ckM+esjh vtj[k NikbZ dk dk;Z viuh fof'k"V igpku fy;s gq, gSA
16- Mk- fcyxkeh uwjtgkWa] fla/k tks vtj[k (fMiksZVesUV vkWQ dYpjy ,aM V~;wfjTe
orZeku esa vtj[k NikbZ dh nks 'kSfy;ka izpyu esa gS& vtj[k ,oa eyhjA vtj[k esa xojesaUV fla/k 1990)] i`-177
ouLifr jaxksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] tks 'kjhj ds fy, gkfu jfgr gksrs gSA bldks /kksus ls 17- lh-,e-,l-oh-,l E;wft;e] eqEcbZ
bldk jax vf/kd f[kyrk gS ,oa diM+k vkSj vf/kd eksVk gksrk gSA eqy :Ik ls vtj[k 18- n V™hQ vkWQ ÿkQ~V% xkFkk] fgLV™h vkWQ vtjd] 20 ebZ 2013
esa yky ,oa uhys jax dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vktdy diM+sa dh lqUnjrk c<+kus ds 19- [k=h ukscsy rLohj] [k=h ukscsy vkVZ ,.M xSysjh
fy, gjk] ihyk] dslfj;k] dkys jax dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bu jaxksa dks cukus ds 20- ekSykuk ehj eksgEen] fla/kh yksd&xhr] th;s fla/kq th;s] flU/k okjk th;u
fy, gYnh dslwyk] lkQwM+ nkfM+e ds fNyds] yksgs dh tax] beyh] jrutksr] ethB] 21- MkW-,e-vkj x<ohj]vCck dh ckrs] jktLFkkuh xzaFkkxkj tks/kiqj i`- 36
gjM] fQVdjh] rFkk uhy dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vtj[k dh /kqykbZ dk dk;Z 22- MkW- lUrks"k x<ohj] ekykuh {ks= dh laLd`fr dk vkykspukRed fo'ys"k.k (19oh-
vktdy Nhik eqlyeku djrs gSA eyhj esa yykbZ fy, gq, dRFkbZ ,oa dkys jax dk 'krkCnh ls 20 oh- 'krkCnh rd)] i`- 112
iz;ksx gksrk bu nksuksa 'kSfy;ksa esa NikbZ nksuksa rjQ gksrh gSSA lhekorhZ {ks= esa lxkbZ dh
jLe ij fgUnw yksx Hkh vks<+uh ds :Ik esa eyhj dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA22
lUnHkZ
1- tkslQ Mh-lh-] xtsfV;j vkWQ bf.M;k] jktLFkku ckM+esj 1962] i`- 20&41 dk
laf{kIr fgUnh :ikUrj.k
2- if=dk b;j cqd 2007] i`- 735
3- jktLFkku esa oL= NikbZ oL=ks|ksx&,d v/;;u] jk"V™h; oL= NikbZ gLrdyk laLFkku]
ubZ fnYyh Hkkx la- 04 i`- 17
4- f=osnh ih-vkj-] le; ij Nki NksM+rh ckMesjh fizUVdyk] nsfud HkkLdj] 16 uoEcj
2000] i`- 5
 335
lkaxkusj % jktLFkku ds ikjaifjd
CykWd fizfVax dk ,sfrgkfld la/kku
MkW- vatq 'kekZ
HkkSfrd thou ds lanHkZ esa izR;sd ns'k o tkfr ds ifj/kku o igukoksa ds
rduhdh i{k ds ek/;e ls muds izdkj rFkk fofo/krk dh dyk dk Kku lgt gh
izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA1 euq"; dk 'kjhj ftl izdkj vkRek dk oL= gS]2 mlh izdkj
'kjhj dk oL= ifj/kku gSA Hkkjr esa izkphudky ls gh pkSlB dykvksa esa ifguus vFkkZr~
/kkj.k dyk dk Kku izkIr gksrk gSA oL= dks iguuk Hkh Hkkjr esa dyk ds :i esa
Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dk egRoiw.kZ vax ekuk tkrk jgk Fkk tks fd ^fo|rs Kk;rs vu;k*
Kku ds :i esa tkuk tkrk jgk gS] vr% ifj/kku ds fy, oL=&Kku (;k foKku) ds
varxZr izd`fr ls lh/kk laca/k jgk gSA eksgutksnM+ks ,oa gMIik laLd`fr ls vusd rdqvksa
dh fQjfd;k° izkIr gqbZ gSa] ftlls Kkr gksrk gS fd ogk° lwr dkrus dh ijaijk FkhA xje
diM+s ≈u ls curs Fks rFkk gYds diM+s lwrh gksrs FksA3 fla/kq ?kkVh esa pk°nh ds crZu ij
fpidk ,d lwrh oL= feyk FkkA4 ΩXosn esa ,sls dbZ 'kCn feyrs gSa] ftuds vk/kkj ij
rRdkyhu oL=ksa dh tkudkjh feyrh gS] tSls dj/ks dks ^ra=*] diM+s cquus okys dks
^rarqok;* vkSj lwr dks rarq dgrs FksA lkekU; mi;ksx ds fy, yksx ?kj esa gh oL= rS;kj
dj ysrs FksA cqukbZ dk dke ?kjksa esa fL=;k° gh djrh Fkh] os iq=ksa ds fy, oL= cqurh
Fkh] ^oL= iq=k; ekrjks o;fUr*A5 Hkkjr esa izkphudky ls ;gk° ds cqudj gFkdj?kk ls
vius oL=ksa dks cqurs Fks ijarq vktdy vf/kd mRiknu izkIr djus gsrq ikojywe ,oa
vU; vR;k/kqfud e'khuksa dk iz;ksx gksus yxk gS tks xjhc cqudjksa dh jksth&jksVh dks
izHkkfor dj jgs gSa ,oa gFkdj?kksa dh la[;k /khjs&/khjs de gksrh tk jgh gSA dbZ cqukbZ
ds dsUnzksa ls ogk° dh LFkkuh; ijEijkxr oL= fuekZ.k ijEijk lekIr gksrh tk jgh gSA6
jktLFkku ds lanHkZ esa ns[ksa rks bl {ks= esa izkIr izkphure mnkgj.k cSjkB dk gS] tgk° ,d
ckSº fogkj eB ls ,d feV~Vh ds crZu esa lwrh diM+s esa ca/ks iapekdZM flDds ,oa
crZu esa vU; b.Mksxzhd flDds Hkh feys FksA7
12&17oha 'krkCnh rd gesa eq[;r% ewfrZ;ksa] fp=ksa vkSj lkfgR; esa mYysf[kr
ukeksa ls gh larks"k djuk iM+rk gSA bu lzksrksa ds vk/kkj ij jktLFkku ds oL= ,oa ifj/
kkuksa dk v/;;u rks laHko gS fdarq ewŸkZ mnkgj.k ds vHkko esa gekjh tkudkjh v/kwjh jg
tkrh gS vkSj blds fy, gesa izrh{kk djuh iM+rh gS] 17oha 'krh rd mlds ckn rks ewrZ
mnkgj.k] fczfV'k bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh ds fjdkWMZ vkSj jktLFkkuh o.kZd lkfgR;]
654 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
jkt?kjkuksa ds fjdkWMZ vkfn fey tkrs gSa] ftuds vk/kkj ij jktLFkku dh oL= ijEijk
dk foLr`r v/;;u fd;k tk ldrk gSA8 gky gh esa ckykFky (oYyHk uxj rglhy
mn;iqj) dh [kqnkbZ ls bZlk iwoZ dh izFke lglzkCnh ds oL= dh tkudkjh feyh gSA9
jktLFkku vius cgqjaxh oL=ksa ds fy, izkphu dky ls gh fo[;kr jgk gSA ;gk°
ds oL= oSHko dk mYys[k vusd e/;dkyhu xzaFkksa esa gqvk gS vkSj fo'o ds dbZ
laxzgky;ksa esa ;gk° ds jaxs&Nis oL= lqjf{kr gSA vkt dk rduhdh fo'kss"kK nax jg
tkrk gS fd dSls ek= dqN Qy&Qwy] fNyds vkfn ls jktLFkku ds Nhis vkSj
jaaxjst&uhyxj ,slh nqyZHk jaxrs izkIr dj ysrs gSaA lcls vf/kd fofo/krk yky jax esa
feyrh gS] bldh jaxrksa dh fxurh dfBu gSA blhfy, rks dgk tkrk gS fd&
ek: Fkkjs ns'k esa mitS rhu jru]
bd <ksyk] nwth ekjok.k] rhtks dlwey jaxA
^dlwey* vFkkZr~ cgqewY; yky jaxA dgk tk ldrk gS fd jktLFkku dk vf/
kdka'k fgLlk jsfxLrku gS] ;gk° rks gfj;kyh gh nqyZHk pht gS] Qwy ifŸkk;k° dSls yxs!
,slh fLFkfr eas euq"; bl jax foghu /kjrh dh deh vius igukos ls iwjh djrk gSA
la;ksxo'k ;gk° dh ufn;ksa esa dqN ,sls jklk;fud rRo gS ftuls jax fVdk≈ vkSj
pedhys gksrs gSa] ftlls jaxkbZ&NikbZ esa lqfo/kk gksrh gSA vkS|ksxhdj.k ls igys ?kj&?kj
esa pj[ks pyrs Fks] cqudj dj?ks ij oL= rS;kj djrs vkSj yksXk viuh vko';drkuqlkj
mUgsa [kjhn ysrs FksA bUgha esa ls dqN cgqr fodflr gq, vkSj mudh izflfº nwj&nwj rd
QSy x;hA dbZ dks lkfgfR;d d`fr esa Hkh LFkku feykA ^diM+k dqrqgy* ds dfo
iz;kxnkl dgrs gSa&
VqdM+h :ibZvk xtr.kh lqUnj jgs u lqgyA
fire egqxk eksyjh] lks fn;kS eq[k Y;k;AA10
bl nksgs esa mfYyf[kr ^VqdM+h* ekjokM+ ds ns'kh diM+ksa esa loksZŸke fxuh tkrh
FkhA ;g tkykSj rFkk ekjksB dLcksa esa vPNh curh FkhA ekjksB dh VqdM+h yackbZ pkSM+kbZ
esa tkykSj ls T;knk gksrh gSA etcwrh nksuksa dh izflº gSA ijUrq bl dfo ds le; esa
VqdM+h cgqr eg°xs eksy dh curh Fkh] tSlkfd mlus mijksDr nksgs esa dgk gSA11
jktLFkku ds oL= m|ksx ij ;gk° dh tyok;q dk iwjk&iwjk izHkko gS] ;gk° lHkh izdkj
ds oL= cuk;s tkrs gSa vkSj ns'k dh oL= vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ esa jktLFkku dk
fof'k"V ;ksxnku gSA jkT; esa LFkkuh; mi;ksfxrk vkSj miyC/k rduhd ds leUo; ls
iq'rSuh oL=&NikbZ m|ksx Hkh iuik gqvk gSA jktLFkku ds eq[; NikbZ m|ksxksa esa
lkaxkusj] cx:] vdksyk (fpŸkkSMx<+)] dkykMsjk] t;jkeiqjk] cLlh] mn;iqj] tSlyesj]
ihikM] tks/kiqj] ikyh] HkhyokMk] vkgM+ ,oa ckyksrjk] ckM+esj dh gkFk dh NikbZ vkSj
ikyh ftys dk Lÿhu fizUVhax vkfn izeq[k gSA12 jaxkbZ&NikbZ ds {ks= esa t;iqj ftys ds
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 655
nks dLcksa lkaxkusj vkSj cx: dks bl dke esa fo'kss"k [;kfr feyh gSA 18oha 'krh dh
gh ,d iqLrd ^QqVdj dgk* esa izflº LFkkuksa ds o.kZu esa lkaxkusj dk uke Hkh vkrk
gS tks vius pednkj vkSj xgjs jax ds fy, e'kgwj FkkA13 lkaxkusj dh clkoV t;iqj ls
Hkh iqjkuh gSA vEcj (vkesj) vkSj lkaxkusj ds e/; lokbZ t;flag us 18 uoEcj
1727 bZ- dks ftl t;iqj dk f'kykU;kl fd;k Fkk] mldh ukS pkSdfM+;ksa esa ls ,d
vkt Hkh iqjkuh cLrh dgykrh gSA vc rks vkesj (mŸkj esa) vkSj lkaxkusj (nf{k.k esa)
bl uxj dh iqjkuh cfLr;k° dgh tk ldrh gSA t;iqj rks 18oha lnh esa cuk&clk
fdarq lkaxkusj 16oha lnh ds vfUre pj.k esa gh vkckn gks x;k vkSj igkfM+;ksa ls f?kjs
vkesj dh rqyuk esa ;g vf/kd lqfo/kktud cLrh Fkh] ;g unh ds fdukjs clk gqvk
{ks= FkkA t;iqj ds mŸkj&if'pe dh igkfM+;ksa esa ls fudydj vkus okyk vekuh'kkg
dk ukyk] lkaxkusj ds ik'oZ esa] vkdkj esa cM+s pkSMs+ ikV dk cu tkrk gSA izkphu ys[kksa
esa bls ^ljLorh unh* rks dgha&dgha n`"V&bPNkorh unh dgk x;k gSA lkaxkusj dk
dLck O;kikj O;olk; dk vPNk dsUnz FkkA14 16oha lnh ds izkjEHk esa dNokgk
jktdqekj lkaxkth }kjk lkaxkusj dLcs dks clk;k x;kA ,d f'kykys[k esa bl uxj dk
izkphu uke ^laxzkeiqjk* rFkk blds laLFkkid dk uke ^lkaxk* crk;k x;k gSA ;g lk°xk
dNqokgk jktk i`Fohjkt ds 17 iq=ksa esa ls ,d FkkA 1561 bZ- esa vdcj ds vtesj
njxkg tkrs le; lkaxkusj dh LFkkiuk dNqokgk jktk lkaxk us 16oha 'krkCnh esa dh
FkhA15
fnYyh esa Hkkjrh; dyk izn'kZuh 1902&03 eas lj tkWtZ okWV us lkaxkusj ds
oL=&m|ksxksa ij fVIi.kh dh fd ^^tgk° rd lkSan;Zoknh dYiuk vkSj rduhd dk
laca/k gS] t;iqj esa lkaxkusj 'kgj dks Hkkjr esa diM+k NikbZ dh dyk dh jkt/kkuh ekuk
tk ldrk gSA16 17oha 'krkCnh rd lkaxkusj esa oL=&NikbZ ds lanHkZ esa dksbZ fo'ks"k
fooj.k izkIr ugha gksrk gSA ml le; rd lkaxkusj dsoy lkns ,oa jaxs gq, oL=ksa ds
fy, tkuk tkrk FkkA bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh ds 16oha vkSj 17oha lnh ds fjdkMkZuqlkj
lkaxkusj esa oL=ksa dh lknh cqukbZ o jaxkbZ dk dke cgqrk;r esa gksrk FkkA17 1703 ds
nLrwj vy&vey fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj 18oha lnh ds izkjEHk esa lkaxkusj dk oL= m|ksx
NikbZ dsUnz ds :i esa izflº gks x;k FkkA18 lokbZ t;flag us jktx`g O;oLFkk esa
laLFkkfir dk;Z'kkykvksa ds Qkjlh uke dkj[kkusa ls cnydj ^x`g* dj fn, tSls
tjx[kkus dk jRux`g] fdjfdjkd [kkus dk oL=x`g vkfnA tjx[kkuk] rks"kk[kkuk vkfn
oL=x`g ds varxZr gh Fks] blfy, lcdks feykdj ,d ^diM+}kjk* uke j[k fn;k
x;kA vLrq diM+}kjs esa 17oha] 18oha vkSj 19oha 'krkCnh ds fofo/k oL=ksa dk foiqy
laxzg gks x;k FkkA19
eq[;r% lkaxkusj ds oL= m|ksx dks jaxkbZ ds dsUnz ds :i esa tkuk tkrk Fkk
ysfdu 18oha lnh esa lokbZ t;flag us Nkik[kkuk O;ofLFkr fd;k rFkk ftlds
336 656 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
ifj.kkekLo:i lkaxkusj NikbZ ds dsUnz ds :i esa izflº gqvkA20 jktLFkku ds fofHkUu
oL= m|ksxksa esa lkaxkusj dk viuk vyx gh egRo gSA ;gk° ds oL= m|ksx ls mRikfnr
oL= bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh ds izeq[k fu;kZr oLrqvksa esa ls ,d cu x;k Fkk vkSj /khjs&
/khjs ;g m|ksx ;wjksih; laLd`fr esa egRo dk fo"k; cu x;kA21 17oha lnh ds var esa
Hkkjr ij eqxy ckn'kkg vkSjaxtsc ds vkÿe.kksa ,oa ckj&ckj ejkBkvksa ds gLr{ksi ds
dkj.k vusd f'kYidkj (oL= NikbZ ,oa jaxkbZ) jktLFkku ds iM+kl S h jkT; xqtjkr ls
22
vkdj ;gk° cl x;sA dbZ oL= f'kYih jktLFkku o mŸkj if'peh Hkkjr ds vU;
fgLlksa esa O;ofLFkr jkstxkj dh ryk'k esa fudy x;sA23
lkaxkusj dk {ks= gh ,d ek= ,slk LFkku tks vusd ty Lkzksrksa ls f?kjk gqvk Fkk]
;Fkk <w°<+ unh] jktckx dh ugj] Vksad ugj] utdk ugj] erokyh ugj rFkk vekuh'kkg
dk ukykA blesa vekuh'kkg dk ukyk orZeku esa Hkh t;iqj 'kgj esa fo|eku gSA iwoZ esa
bl vekuh'kkg ds ukys ds ikuh esa ouLifr jaxksa esa pVdhykiu ykus okys [kfut
fo|eku FksA24 bl unh ds ikuh dk Qk;nk ;g Fkk fd ;gk° oL=ksa dh /kqykbZ vkSj jaxkbZ
dk dk;Z vklkuh ls gks tkrk FkkA egkjktk lokbZ t;flag us vkU/kz izns'k vkSj xqtjkr ls
oL= NikbZ ds dkjhxjksa dks cqyk;k vkSj lkaxkusj dks oL= NikbZ ,oa jaxkbZ ds ,d m|ksx
dsUnz ds :i esa fodflr fd;kA lokbZ jktk t;flag us ekyok ls Hkh dqN dkjhxjksa
dks t;iqj cqyk;k D;ksafd lkaxkusj ds lwrh oL= NikbZ vkSj ekyok ds oL= NikbZ dk
,d vuwBk la;kstu bu jaxjstksa us fodflr dj fy;k FkkA bl la;kstd ijEijk esa
ekyok dh laqnjrk] flajkst dh fo'ks"krk vkSj xqtjkr dh xhrkRed xq.koŸkk FkhA25 bZLV
baf.M;k ds fjdkWMZ ls irk pyrk gS fd 16oha&17oha 'krkCnh esa fljksat NikbZ dk cgqr
cM+k dsUnz Fkk vkSj ;gkaW ds Nis diM+s lkjs ;wjksih; ns'kksa dks fu;kZr fd, tkrs Fks] vkSj
ogha flajkst vkt mtM+ x;k gSA ogkaW u rks og cLrh jgh vkSj uk gh clus okys Nhis]
ij budh dkjhxjh vHkh Hkh yanu ds foDVksfj;k laxzgky;] okf'kaxVu ds VSDlVkbYl
E;wft;e] Hkkjr dyk Hkou dk'kh] jk"V™h; laxzgky;] ubZ fnYyh] dsfydks laxzgky;]
vgenkckn esa ;gk° ds Nis gq, mŸke oL= lqjf{kr gSA26
1703&1727 ds nLrwj&vy&veky ds fjdkWMZ esa oL=ksa ij yxk, x, djksa
dk Hkh foLr`r fooj.k feyrk gSA27 gkykafd jax[kkuk ds dkxtkrksa esa jaxkbZ 'kCn dk
mi;ksx NikbZ ds LFkku ij fd;k tkrk FkkA lkaxkusj esa jaxkbZ vkSj NikbZ nksuksa gh izdkj
ds dk;Z fd;s tkrs FksA mnkgj.kr;k jax[kkuk fjdkWMZl (1727) ds ,d nLrkost esa
fy[kk gS fd ^^egewnh jaxokus nh cwVsike** vFkkZr~ egewnh dks ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dk
diM+k vk'kqyksih o.kZ (mM+ tkus okys jax) esa jaxus ds fy, fn;kA28 vr% ;g dgk tk
ldrk gS fd 18oha 'krkCnh ds vkjEHk esa lkaxkusj oL= NikbZ ,oa jaxkbZ ds dsUnz ds :i
esa tkuk tkrk Fkk D;ksafd bldk uke nLrwj&vy&veky fjdkWMZl (1703&1727)
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 657
,oa jax[kkuk fjdkWMZ (1727] jktifjokj ds 36 dkj[kkuksa esa ls ,d) esa izkIr gksrk gSA
;g oL=ksa dh jaxkbZ ,oa NikbZ ds dk;ks± dks ns[krk FkkA29 lkaxkusj ds vMlV~Vk esa
mYys[k gS fd jaxjstksa us c;kuk tSls bykdksa ls uhyk jax oL= jaxkbZ ds fy,
eaxok;kA30 lkaxkusj dLcs esa rhu lky rd uhys jax ds fy, uhy dh [ksrh djh
xbZA31 ;gk° mRikfnr uhy (uhyk jax) dh dqN ek=k dks yach nwjh ds O;kikfj;ksa dks
cspk x;kA ;g uhyk jax vkesj ijxus esa Hkh mRikfnr fd;k tkrk FkkA32 dqN ek=k esa
uhys jax o js'keh oL=ksa dks vk;kr Hkh fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj ;g vk;kr xqtjkr o vkxjk
ds dkfQyksa ls fd;k x;k FkkA33 t;iqj dk jax[kkuk fjdkWMZ lkaxkusj esa oL= m|ksx eas
dk;Z djus okys jaxjstksa ,oa vU; dkjhxjksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh iznku djrk gSA ukFkw
t;iqj jax[kkuk ds izflº ,oa dq'ky jaxjstksa esa ls ,d FkkA34 18oha 'krh dh ,d
iqLrd ^cqfºfoykl* esa tSu dfo c[krjke 'kkg us ;g fy[kk gS fd lkaxkusj ds jaxjst
oL=ksa dh jxkbZ vkSj fMtk;u (tSls fd ygfj;k fMtkbZu) ds dk;Z esa egkjr Fks&
jaxjst jaxr dgw° ij lqajxA
ygfj;k tq cka/kr~ dfj meaxAA35
t;iqj ds flVh iSysl os'kHkw"kk laxzg esa fo-l- 1856 dh ,d ixM+h jax o
fMtkbZu dk vuwBk mnkgj.k is'k djrh gSA bl ixM+h ds iYyksa (fdukjs) ij Qwy
ifŸk;ksa dk csgrjhu dke fd;k gqvk gSA bl ij BIik vyadj.k }kjk vPNh fdLe ds
jaxksa dk dk;Z fd;k gqvk gSA 18oha 'krkCnh esa ;g iŸkh dk dke ,d u, iSVuZ :i esa
mHkjk Fkk tks fd lkaxkusj esa gksrk FkkA36
izfÿ;k
18oha 'krh esa lkaxkusjh NikbZ yB~Bk ;k eyey ij dh tkrh FkhA yB~Bk
vgenkckn] ikyh vkSj fd'kux<+ ls vkSj eyey tks/kiqj ls vkrh FkhA orZeku esa
CykWd fizfVax (gS.M CykWd] Lÿhu fizafVax ,oa e'khu fizafVax) yB~Bk] eyey]
lkVu&dkWVu] js;kWu vkfn oL=ksa ds fofHkUu izdkjksa ij dh tkrh gS rFkk vc O;kikjh
vius vuqlkj dgha ls Hkh diM+k [kjhn ysrs gSa tgk° ls mls lgh eky feyrk gSA diM+s
dks NikbZ ds ;ksX; cukus ds fy, 18&19 oha 'krkCnh esa diM+s dh dyQ dks gVkus ds
fy, mls xkscj ;k ehax.kh ds ?kksy esa yxHkx 24 ?kaVs rd fHkxksdj j[kk tkrk Fkk
rRi'pkr~ mls lq[kkdj iqu% gjM+ ds ?kksy esa fHkxksdj j[kk tkrk FkkA orZeku esa pkgs
gS.M CYkkWd fiazfVax gks ;k Lÿhu fizfVax] ,d cM+s ls gkSt esa dSfedy ;qDr xje ikuh
eas 24 ?kaVs rd diM+s dks fHkxksdj j[kk tkrk gS vkSj ;fn lQsn eyey dks MkbZ djuk
gS rks blh izfÿ;k ds lkFk cqfu;knh jax Hkh p<+k fn;k tkrk gSA lw[kus ds ckn diM+k
NikbZ ds fy, rS;kj eku fy;k tkrk gSA37 18oha vkSj 19oha 'krkCnh esa diM+s dk
dyQ fudkyus ds i'pkr~ rS;kj diM+s ij fofHkUu izdkj dh NikbZ dh tkrh Fkh vkSj
337 658 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
muds jaxksa dks xgjk djus ds fy, mUgsa eghuksa rd nck dj j[kk tkrk Fkk rkfd jax
xgjs vkSj vkRelkr gks tk;saA38 orZeku esa Lÿhu tkyh ls NikbZ dk;Z fd;k tkrk gS]
;g LVsafly dk fodflr :i gSA bl Lÿhu tkyh esa dSfedy;qDr jaxksa dks Hkjdj]
jcj ds fuihMd (Squezee) ls jax vkxs ihNs [khapk tkrk gS] rc jax fpf=r LFkkuksa dks
ikjdj diM+s ij igq°p tk;sxk bl izdkj Lÿhu dh NikbZ dh tkrh gSA39 bl dk;Z esa
,d ckj esa nks dkenkj 'kkfey gksrs gSaA gS.M CykWd fizafVax dh QSDV™h foftV esa eSaus
ik;k fd ydM+h dh estksa ij diM+k (pknj ;k lkM+h ftls Nkik tkuk gS) fcNkdj nks
dkjhxj feydj gS.M CykWd dks jaxksa esa Mwcksdj Nkis yxk jgs gSaA pwafd bl dk;Z esa
le; vkSj esgur T;knk yxh gksrh gS vr% bldh etnwjh Hkh T;knk gS vkSj cktkj esa
bl mRikn dh dher HkhA40 Lÿhu fiazfVax esa veweu ,d fnu esa 200 cSM'khV ,oa
gS.M CykWd fizafVax esa 20 ds djhc cSM'khV dh NikbZ gks ikrh gSA orZeku esa T;knkrkj
dkexkj fcgkj ,oa mŸkj izns'k ls gSA tks fnuHkj esa NikbZ ls vuqekur% 600 #i;s rd
dek ysrs gSaA Lÿhu dh NikbZ dk fodkl vHkh dqN le; ls izkjEHk gqvk gS ijarq tks
mUufr NikbZ ds bl lk/ku dh gqbZ gS] og ljkguh; gSA eksVs ls eksVk vkSj irys ls
iryk diM+k fcuk fod`r gq, fp=ksa vkSj pVdhys xgjs jaxksa esa Nkik tk ldrk gSA Nkik
vkSj jax nks gh phtsa gS tks lkaxkusj dh viuh fof'k"Vrk gSA 18oha 19oha 'krkCnh esa
lkaxkusjh fizaV esa izk;% dkyk vkSj yky jax gh T;knk dke esa vkrs Fks] ;g jax cukuk
fdlh tekus esa xksiuh; Fkk ijarq vkt dSfedy ls dksbZ Hkh jax vklkuh ls rS;kj fd;k
tk ldrk gSA ijEijk ls lkaxkusj esa /kkcyk] pwuM+h] nqiV~Vk] xeNk] lkQk] tkte]
rfd;k vkfn dh NikbZ gksrh gSA ;gk° dh Nkih gqbZ nk[kcsy vkSj pkScwUnh dh Qjn
vR;f/kd pko ls [kjhnh tkrh FkhA41
19oha 'krh esa NikbZ jaxksa ds izeq[k uke Fks lCt] dkgh] /kkuh] fiLrbZ] ek'kbZ]
lqjebZ] pEibZ vkfnA42 orZeku esa dSfedy jaxksa ds uke gSa] fiXesaV (ikmMj izdkj esa)]
if'kZ;u (cus cuk;s isLV izdkj esa) vkSj fj,fDVo jaxA43 Lkkaxkusj fLFkr jaxkbZ&NikbZ ls
jkstkuk yk[kksa yhVj MkbZ osLV ikuh fudydj vekuh'kkg ukys ;k lM+d fdukjs QSy
jgk gSA ljdkj dks bl ikuh dk 'kqfºdj.k djds 'kqº ikuh cukus ij fopkj djuk
pkfg,A bl ikuh esa BOD, COD, TDS, TSS tSls gkfudkjd dSfedy vkSj dbZ gSoh
eSVYl gksrs gSaA ;g u flQZ i;kZoj.k] d`f"k vkSj i'kq if{k;ksa ds fy, uqdlkunk;d gS]
cfYd vklikl ds [ksrksa esa gksus okyh Qlyksa dk lsou djus okyksa esa blls xEHkhj
chekfj;k° Hkh gks ldrh gSA44 jaxkbZ mi;ksx ls fudyus okys xans ikuh dks de ykxr
esa fjlkbdy dj fQj ls dke esa fy;k tkrk gSA bl laca/k esa ^nSfud HkkLdj*
lekpkj i= esa 9 fnlEcj 2017 dks Nis ,d lekpkj ds vuqlkj mPp U;k;ky; us 3
vxLr] 2017 eas iznw"k.k fu;a=.k ds fy, foLr`r vkns'k fn, Fks rFkk lkaxkusj dh
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 659 338 660 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

diM+k jaxkbZ&NikbZ QSfDV™;ksa ds fctyh dusD'ku dkVus ds vkns'k fn, FksA45 ijarq vc 12- yky] ,-ch-] oL= m|ksx dk rkuk&ckuk] lanfHkZdk] jktLFkku lqtl] lwpuk ,oa
vf/kdka'k QSfDV™;ksa esa ^bVhih* IykaV yxk fn, gSa vkSj lhbZVhih IykaV dh LFkkiuk dk tulaidZ foHkkx] jktLFkku] t;iqj] i`- 759
flfoy dke iwjk gks x;k gSA 13- 'kj.k] ih- (laikfnr)] fMfLÿifVo dsVsykWx vkWQ ukWu if'kZ;u lkslsZt vkWQ esfMoy
Lkkjka'kr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd lkaxkusjh jaxkbZ&NikbZ dk ;g m|ksx o"kks± ls bafM;u fgLV™h] nsgyh] 1965
viuh le`ºrk dk mnkgj.k jgk gSA ns'k&fons'k eas lkaxkusjh fiazV dh tcZnLr ek°x gksus 14- MkW- ik.Ms jke] t;iqj fogaxe lkaLd`frd foospu] if'pe {ks=] lkaLd`frd dsUnz]
ds dkj.k LFkkuh;] jk"V™h; o varjkZ"V™h; cktkj esa bldh ek°x rsth ls c<+hA blh ek°x mn;iqj 'kks/kd] t;iqj] i`- 92
ds pyrs lkaxkusjh fizaV dk dk;Z djus okyksa ds chp izfrLi/kkZ esa Hkh o`fº gqbZA ekax ds 15- ';ke flag (laikfnr)] dNqokgksa dh oa'kkoyh] i`- 134] tSu ds-lh-] ,fU'k;UV VkmUl
vuq:i mRikn dh miyC/krk ds Hkkj us Lÿhu fiazfVax ;kfu lkaxkusjh fizaV dh e'khuh ,.M flVht vkWQ jktLFkku] i`- 455&458
udy djus okyksa ds gkSlys Hkh c<k, gSa vkSj rknkn HkhA ijarq rhoz mRiknu dh 16- okWV] tkWt] ,f.M;u vkVZ ,V nsgyh 1903] foax n vkWfQf'k;y dsVy s kWx vkWQ n nsgyh
vko';drk us le`º gS.M CykWd fiazfVax dk LFkku rsth ls Lÿhu fiazfVax us ys fy;k ,Dthfc'ku 1902&03] i`- 247
17- bfoZu tkWu] bf.M;u VSDlVkby Vs™M bu fn lsouVhaFk lsUpqjh tuZy % bf.M;u VSDlVkby
gSA ftlesa jaxkbZ ds fy, rhoz dSfedYl dk iz;ksx Hkh fd;k tkrk gS tks u rks bdks
fgLV™h Hkkx 1] i`- 14
›saMyh gS vkSj uk gh fLdu ›saMyhA ljdkj us lkaxkusj fizaV m|ksx dks c<+kok nsus ds
18- nLrwj&vey fjdkWMZl] foÿe laor~ 1760 (1703 bZ-) jktLFkku LVsV vkdkZbOt
fy, Bksl dne mBk, gSaA ns'kHkj esa gS.Mywe vkSj ÿk∂V esyksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk
laLFkku] Hkkx 1] i`- 5&7
gS] izn'kZuh yxkbZ tkrh gS] ftles dkjhxj dks viuh esgur dk mfpr ikfjJfed
19- cgqjk xksiky ukjk;.k] t;iqj dk oL= fo/kku] vrhr dk la/kku] lanfHkZr dk jkt-
fey ldsaA orZeku esa ljdkj ls vuqeksfnr Lÿhu fiazfVax ,oa CykWd fiazfVax dh
lqtl lap;] lwpuk] i`- 742
yxHkx 1500 bZdkb;k° vkSj gS.M CykWd fiazfVax dh 125 bdkb;k° gSa rFkk okf"kZd VuZ
20- xqIrk] MkW- feuk{kh] lkaxkusj BIik NikbZ esa vyadj.k] i`- 21
vksoj 10 djksM+ #i, ds yxHkx gSA lkaxkusj esa ,d yk[k ehVj diM+k izfrfnu Nirk
21- bfoZu tkWu ,oa ekxsZV] gkWy] bf.M;u iS.MsV ,aM fizUVsM QsfczDl] vgenkckn E;wfte;]
gSA
1971
lanHkZ 22- xqIrs] oh-,- tuZy vkWQ bf.M;u vkVZ] Hkkx&1] i`- 129&130
1- MkW- 'kekZ] dYiuk] jktLFkku esa ifj/kkuksa dh laLd`fr] (nf{k.kh jktLFkku 1700 bZ- 23- flag pUnzef.k] VSDlVkbYl ,.M dkWLV;wEl] i`- 30 ,oa 33] ts- bfoZu ,ao ekfVZu gky]
1900 bZ- ds lanHkZ esa)] i`- 217] mn;iqj bf.M;u isMsaV ,oa fiazVsM QsfczDl] i`- 111
2- Jhen~ Hkkxor xhrk] v/;k; 2] 'yksd 22 24- feJ cynso izlkn] Tokyk (laikfnr) jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] Hkkx&2 (VkWM tsEl
3- MkW- eksrhpanz] izkphu Hkkjrh; os'kHkw"kk] i`- 22 d`r)] i`- 560
4- Ekk'kZy] tkWu] eksgutksnM+ks ,aM bV~l flfoykbts'ku] 1973] i`- 33 25- flag pUnzef.k] v flVh vkWQ E;wft'k;Ul&iSaVlZ ,.M ÿk∂VleSu fgLV™h ,.M Vs™fM'kUl]
5- ΩXosn 5]6]47 t;iqj 1978] MkWD;wesaV 1 ,oa 2
6- MkW- JhokLro] ds-,u] MkW- xqIrk ehuk{kh] ijEijkxr Hkkjrh; oL=] i`- 8 26- uhjt] t;flag] 'kekZ] Hkxorh yky] jktLFkku dh lkaLd`frd ijEijk] i`- 231&32
7- MkW- flag] panzef.k ,oa iks[kj.kk] izes yrk] le; dh lh<+h ij ;ksa p<+k diM+k] lanfHkZdk] 27- lanfHkZdk] lqtl] MkW- egf"kZ gfj] Nkiks lkaxkusj dks] i`- 750
jktLFkku lqtl] lwpuk ,oa tulaidZ foHkkx] jktLFkku] t;iqj] i`- 753 28- nLrwj&vy&veky fo-la- 1760] jktLFkku LVsV vkdkZbCt chdkusj ,oa nLrwj ijxuk]
8- MkW- flag panzef.k VSDlVkbYl ,aaM dkWLV;wEl] ›kWe fn egkjktk lokbZ ekuflag&f}rh; Qkxh fjdkMZ 1703&1727] jax[kkuk fjdkWMZl vkWQ fn b;j] fo-la- 1784] jktLFkku
E;wft;e] flVh iSysl] t;iqj 1979] i`- 21 LVsV vkdkZbOt] chdkusj
9- lanfHkZdk] jktLFkku lqtl] lwpuk ,oa tulaidZ foHkkx] jktLFkku] t;iqj] i`- 753 29- flag pUnzef.k] VSDlVkbYl ,oa dkWLV;wEl] i`- XXXIII
10- dfo iz;kxnkl] diM+k dqrqgy] nksgk&20 30- bfoZu] tkWu ,oa 'okVZ~t] ikWy vkj-] LVMht bu b.Mks ;wjksfi;u VSDlVkbZYl fgLV™h]
11- MkW- uhjt t;flag] MkW- 'kekZ] ch-,y-] jktLFkku dh lkaLd`frd ijEijk] jktLFkku vgenkckn] i`- 16] 1966
fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh] i`- 225&226 31- vMlV~Vk lkaxkusj] fo-la- 1772@1715 ls fo-la- 1828@1771] ftczsyh] vjcu lsUVlZ
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 661 339
,.M ikWiwys'ku M~;wfjax ,fVUFk ukbUVhaFk lsUpqjh bu jktLFkku] i`- 91
32- IySlVZ] tgkWaxhtZ bf.M;k] i`- 10&18
33- xqIrk] ,l-ih-] vxzsfj;u flLVe vkWQ bZLVuZ jktLFkku] i`- 110&115 LorU=rk la?k"kZdkyhu dksVk dh i=dkfjrk
34- tek[kpZ jax[kkuk] ch-,u-&2] fo-la- 1793@1736
35- cjrjke 'kkg] cqfºfoykl] nksgk&8 ds iqjks/kk % Jh vfHkUugfj
36- flag panzef.k] VSDlVkbYl ,.M dkWLV;wEl] i`- 30 o 33 MkW- vpZuk f}osnh
37- nz"VO;] 17-12-2017] y'djh Lÿhu fizfVax VSDlVkbYl] lkaxkusj izcU/kd&euh"k y'djh
}kjk mº`r tkudkjh ds vk/kkj ij
xqykeh esa tdM+s jktLFkku dk Lok/khurk laxzke okLro esa ekuoeqfDr dk ;K
38- lanfHkZdk jktLFkku lqtl] i`- 750
Fkk] ftlesa fgUnh i=dkfjrk ds vusd lekpkj i=ksa] i=dkjksa ,oa laoknnkrkvksa us
39- nz " VO;] 17-12-2017 y'djh Lÿhu fiz a f Va x VS D lVkbYl] lka x kus j ] voxr
tkudkjh&dkexkj&jes'k] ?ku';ke fnukad 17-12-2017
viuh vkgqfr;k° nhA LorU= psruk dk tkxj.k if.Mr vfHkUugfj tSls vf/kdrj
40- nz"VO;] 17-12-2017 y'djh gS.M CykWd fizafVax QSDV™h] [k=h uxj] lkaxkusj i=dkjksa dk gh vfHk;ku FkkA LorU=rk izkfIr ds fy, fdlku vkUnksyu] vlg;ksx
41- jax[kkuk fjdkWMZ] 1727 vkUnksyu] iztke.My vkUnksyu] Hkkjr NksMk+ s vkUnksyu ds ek/;e ls jktLFkku ds
42- lanfHkZdk] jktLFkku lqtl] i`- 750 jktuhfrd ,oa lkekftd thou esa tu&tkxj.k gqvk] ftlesa i=dkfjrk us mYys[kuh;
43- nz"VO; 17-12-2017] y'djh Lÿhu fiazfVax ,o gS.M CYkkWd fizfVax VSDlVkbYl ;ksxnku fn;kA1 i=ksa ,oa vusd lapkydksa] lEikndksa] laoknnkrkvkas us rjg&rjg ds
44- 'kkafr ,tqds'ku lkslk;Vh xqzi vkWQ baLVhV~;wV ds dsfeLV™h foHkkx ds foHkkxk/;{k MkW- vadq'kkas ,oa d"Vksa dks lgdj Hkh fdl izdkj fe"kujh Hkkouk ds lkFk dk;Z fd;k ,oa
xkSre flag ds vuqlkj y{; izkfIr ds fy, fcuk fopfyr gq, fujUrj vkxs c<+rs jgs] ;g fopkj.kh; gSA blh
45- fgUnh lekpkj i= ^nSfud HkkLdj* 9 fnlEcj] 2017] i`- 3 dk lehphu ,oa leqfpr ewY;kadu djus dk iz;kl bl 'kks/k i= ds ek/;e ls dj
jgh gw°] ftlesa dksVk ds ia- vfHkUugfj dk ,d tq>k: i=dkj ds :i esa O;fDrRo ,oa
frRo dks 'kkfey fd;k gSA
ia- vfHkUugfj dk tUe 27 flrEcj lu~ 1905 bZ- dks ekaxjksy ftyk ckjk°
(ufugky) esa gqvkA firk Jh jkexksiky of'k"B ,d lk/kkj.k fdlku ,oa ekrk
Jherh iUuh ckbZ /keZijk;.k x`fg.kh FkhA vkidk cpiu dk uke cnzhyky Fkk] ftls
vkius 1930&31 bZ- esa ued lR;kxzg ds nkSjku vtesj esa ^fo;ksxhgfj* ls izsfjr gksdj
^vfHkUugfj* j[k fy;kA bUgksaus fefMy (vkBoha) rd dh i<+kbZ ekaxjksy dLcs esa
jgdj gh iwjh dhA i<+kbZ iwjh djrs gh lu~ 1920 bZ- eas vkidks v/;kid dh ukSdjh
fey xbZA rRi'pkr~ dksVk ds ukeZy fo|ky; ls vkius ch-Vh-lh- dh ijh{kk mŸkh.kZ
dhA v/;kiu ds lkFk&lkFk vkius iz;kx fgUnh lkfgR; lEesyu dh ^lEiknu dyk
fo'kkjn ,oa lkfgR; jRu* dh ijh{kk,sa mŸkh.kZ dhA blds ckn vkius dsoy vaxzsth
fo"k; ls eSfV™d ijh{kk ikl dhA vtesj ,oa bykgkckn esa LdkmfVax dk fo'ks"k
izf'k{k.k dj LdkmfVax dh izfrKk ,oa fu;eksa ls jk"V™izse dh nh{kk yh] rFkkfi
yksdekU; cky xaxk/kj fryd ds ?kks"k ^LojkT;* esjk tUeflº vf/kdkj gS] ls izsj.kk
izkIr dhA fefMy Ldwy esa lSd.M ekLVj ds :i esa tc vkidh fu;qfDr ekaxjksy esa
gqbZ] rc vkius ^lsok lfefr* ds dk;ks± dks foLrkj fn;kA xzke lq/kkj ,oa lkekftd
dqjhfr;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy, LdkmV ny dks lfÿ; fd;kA csxkj izFkk lekIr
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 663
djus] f'kdkj&gkadk esa tcju idM+dj csxkj ds fy, ys tkus okyksa dks NqM+kus vkSj
tkus okys dks eqvkotk fnykus] lekt&lq/kkj ,oa :f<+oknh ijEijkvksa dks nwj djus ds
fy, vkUnksyu fd,] ;|fi Nk= thou ls gh vki ^lsok lfefr* ds lnL; cu x,
FksA LdkmfVax ds ek/;e ls Hkh Nk=ksa esa jk"V™lsok ds Hkko txkus dk dk;Z vki djrs
jgsA v/;kiudky ls gh vki jkT; deZpkfj;ksa ds tqYe&T;knfr;ksa ds fo#º vius
laokn fofHkUu lekpkj i=ksa esa fHktokrs jgs] vkidh dk;Ziºfr dh f'kdk;rksa dks
ysdj vkids rcknys Hkh gksrs jgsA lu~ 1927 bZ- esa firk ds LoxZokl gksus ij vkius
LorU=rk vkUnksyu esa lfÿ; :i ls Hkkx ysus ds fy, lu~ 1928 bZ- eas duokl
Ldwy ds iz/kkuk/;kid in ls R;kxi= ns fn;k vkSj lfÿ; Hkkxhnkjh fuHkkus ds fy,
mTtSu pys x, ,oa ogk° ls ^ued lR;kxzg vkUnksyu* ds fy, vtesj esa Hkkx yssus
x,A vkids rhu fookg gq,A igyk fookg jsykou dh uV~VhckbZ ls gqvk ftlls rhu
csfV;k° gqbZ] ij ,d Hkh thfor u cphA nwljk fookg egkjk"V™ ds ÿkfUrdkjh txUukFk
dh cfgu y{ehckbZ ls fd;kA Vk;QkbM chekjh ls tw>rs gq, nwljh iRuh dk fu/ku
gks x;k] lu~ 1950 bZ- esa vkidh igyh iRuh dk Hkh LoxZokl gks x;kA lu~ 1953 bZ-
esa lR;orh ls vkius rhljk fookg fd;k] ftlls ,d iq= dh izkfIr gqbZA vfHkUugfj
us mldk uke ^euqgfjof'k"B* j[kkA cpiu ls gh jk"V™h; Hkkouk ls vksr&izksr gksdj
LorU=rk vkUnksyu esa lfÿ; Hkkxhnkjh fuHkkrs gq, dHkh vkius vius ifjokfjd thou
dh rjQ /;ku ugh fn;k] ftlds pyrs vkidh viuh tehu Hkh vkids gkFk ls tkrh
jghA LorU=rk izkfIr dh yyd fy, vki viuh ys[kuh ls vkSj dHkh ,d lsukuh ds
:i esa vktknh dh ykS tykrs jgsA
;qokoLFkk esa lkfgR;d lEesyuksa ds nkSjku x.ks'k'kadj fo|kFkhZ] ckyœ".k 'kekZ
(uohu)] cyoUrflag uke/kkjh rFkk Hkxrflag ls lEidZ ls vkids ÿkfUrdkjh fopkjksa
dks cy feyrk jgkA vki fot;flag ifFkd ,oa if.Mr u;uwjke 'kekZ ds lg;ksxh
jgsA vki eFkqjkyky 'kekZ dks viuk jktuhfrd xq# ekurs FksA jktLFkku ds Lok/khurk
la?k"kZ eas i=dkfjrk dk tks ,sfrgkfld ;ksxnku jgk gS] mlesa ia- vfHkUugfj tSls
jktuhfrd dk;ZdrkZ] LorU=rk lsukuh] tq>k: i=dkj ,oa lEiknd ds œfrRo ds
:i eas ns[kk tk ldrk gSA 'kkldh; lsok ds nkSjku gh vkius lu~ 1925 bZ- esa dkuiqj
esa vk;ksftr dkaxzsl vf/kos'ku ,oa ns'kh jkT; iztkifj"kn dh cSBd eas Hkkx fy;kA tgk°
vkidk ifjp; vtqZuyky lsBh] fot;flag ifFkd ckck u`flagnkl] jk/kkeksgu xksdqy
,oa lR;HkDr ls gqvkA vf/kos'ku eas gq, lHkk&lEesyuksa ,oa Hkk"k.kksa ls izsfjr gksdj
ekaxjksy esa vius Nk=ksa ,oa LdkmVksa ls bZ'ojhizlkn 'kekZ }kjk fyf[kr ^'kd nqnZ'kk*
uked ukVd dk eapu djk;k] ftlds QyLo:i vkidk rcknyk dksVk dj
fn;k x;kA dksVk esa vkius ^frydny* cukdj Nk=ks eas jk"V™Hkkouk tkx`r djus ,oa
340 664 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
Lok/khurk vkUnksyu ds fy, ;qokvksa eas tks'k Hkjus dk dk;Z fd;kA
tc 1930 bZ- esa xk°/kh th dk lfou; voKk vkUnksyu izkjEHk gqvk] rc vki
Hkh ns'k eas ued dkuwu rksM+dj ued cukus vkSj vkUnksyu esa fxjrkj gksus ds fy,
[k.Mok igq°ps] ogk° ij vki if.Mr ek[kuyky prqosZnh vkSj ukxj th ls feysA
vkidh fxj∂rkjh gqbZ] fdUrq iksLV ekLVj xksfoUn ckcw rFkk ukxj th us vkidks NqM+k
fy;kA ;gk° ls vki ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk }kjk vk;ksftr dfo lEesyu dh v/;{krk
djus vtesj x;sA dksVk vkdj vki jk"V™h; fopkj/kkjk ds mRlkfgr ;qodksa dk ,d
^lR;kxzgh tRFkk* rS;kj dj vtesj ys x;sA ogk° vtesj eas vkidk lEidZ izflº
ÿkfUrdkjh fot;flag ifFkd ls gqvkA vkids tRFks dks fxj∂rkj dj ckn eas lhdj esa
NksM+ fn;k x;kA dksVk esa lu~ 1934 bZ- eas fot; n"keh ds fnu if.Mr u;uwjke 'kekZ
ds lkFk feydj vkius gkM+krS h iztke.My dh LFkkiuk dhA iztke.My ds fy,
yxkrkj dk;Z djrs gq, cSBdas cqyokrs] ;kstuk,sa cuokrs jgsA 19 ebZ 1939 bZ- dks
iztke.My dk vf/kos'ku vkius reke lkft"kksa vkSj gFkd.Mks dks njfdukj dj
ekaxjksy dLcs eas lEiUu fd;kA turk dh vf/kd ls vf/kd Hkkxhnkjh ds fy,
xk°o&xk°o esa lEidZ djus ds fy, iSny ;k=k dhA bl vf/kos'ku esa Lo;alsodksa vkSj
efgykvksa dk ny laxfBr fd;kA dksVk jkT; esa vuqŸkjnk;h 'kklu iz.kkyh vkSj
ukSdj'kkgh dh [kqyh vkykspuk dhA bl vf/kos'ku dh ppkZ Jh eksrhyky tSu us Hkh
vius Lej.kksa esa dh gSA2
vki lu~ 1941 bZ- esa dksVk jkT; iztke.My ds v/;{k cusA3 vkidh
v/;{krk esa >kyk gkml dksVk ds lkeus jke rykbZ esa ,d fojkV lEesyu gqvkA bl
vf/kos'ku esa Jh fot;flag ifFkd] mTtSu ds Jh f'ko 'kadj jkoy ,oa Jh enueksgu
'kekZ Lokxrk/;{k ds :i esa 'kkfey gq, FksA vkius vius v/;{kh; Hkk"k.k esa vkadM+ksa
lfgr dksVk jkT; dh fLFkfr dh ppkZ dh ,oa lkeUrh 'kklu dh cqjkbZ dj ukSdj'kkgksa
ds dqpÿ dh fuUnk dhA iztke.My ds v/;{k jgrs gq, Hkh vkidks dksVk ls NcM+k
tkrs le; LVs'ku ij fxjrkj fd;k x;k vkSj rhu fnu rd xwxksj ds fdys esa cUn j[kk
x;kA ÿkfUrdkfj;ksa dk 28 Qjojh 1942 bZ- dks vtesj esa ,d xqIr lEesyu gqvk
ftlesa vkius Hkkx fy;k FkkA dkykUrj esa 8&9 vxLr 1942 bZ- dks eqEcbZ ds
Xokfy;k VSad eSnku esa vk;ksftr dkaxzsl ds vf/kos'ku esa dksVk ls 'kkfey gksus okys
vki ,d ek= izfrfuf/k FksA 9 vxLr 1942 bZ- dks Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu us dksVk 'kgj
esa Hkh xfr idM+ yhA tuekul jkeiqjk dksrokyh vkSj xk°/kh pkSd esa tek gksus yxkA
lSykc c<+rk ns[kdj fugRFks tu lewg ij ?kksM+s nkSM+k;s] Hkh"k.k ykBh pktZ fd;kA
vcks/k ckyd&ckfydkvksa] ;qodks] efgykvksa vkSj o`ºksa rd dks ugha NksM+kA if.Mr
vfHkUugfj vLirky esa ?kk;yks ds fy, fpfdRlk O;oLFkk dk cUnkscLr djk jgs Fks
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 665
fd ogk° ls vkidks Hkh fxjrkj dj jkeiqjk dksrokyh esa yk;k x;kA4 ;gk° ij vkbZ-th-
us if.Mr th dks HkhM+ dks le>kus rFkk okfil ?kj ykSVus dk ncko cukdj gFkdM+h
Mkydj ckgj yk;sA if.Mr th us vPNk volj ns[kdj iwjs tks'k ds lkFk dgk&;g
vktknh dh vk[kjh yM+kbZ gSA dksbZ dlj er NksMu+ k] djks ;k ejksA ;gh ns'k dks
xk°/kh th dk lans'k gSA ;gk° ls jkf= 2-00 cts vfHkUugfj] os.khek/ko] 'kEHkwn;ky
lDlsuk] tksjkoj flag tSu dks dksrokyh ds ihNs ds jkLrs ls lsUV™y tsy Hkst fn;k
x;kA 14 vxLr ls vkius tsy esa vkej.k vu"ku 'kq: dj fn;kA 24 vxLr dks tsy
ls fjgk dj dksVk njckj us vfHkUugfj th ds lkeus odhy jkeukjk;.k }kjk crkbZ xbZ
'krks± dks ekuus dk vk'oklu fn;kA mYys[kuh; ;g gS fd Hkkjr NksMk+ s vkUnksyu ds
nkSjku 14&15 vxLr 1942 bZ- dks dksVk 'kgj ij turk dk jkT; jgkA
LorU=rk la?k"kZ eas tu&tkxj.k ,oa tutkx`fr dk dk;Z i=dkjksa us c[kwch
fuHkk;kA vius ys[ku ls jk"V™h; fopkj/kkjk dks u dsoy tu&tu esa izokfgr fd;k]
cfYd turk dks LorU=rk laxzke esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, m}sfyr Hkh fd;kA ml le;
i=dkfjrk dk dk;Z djuk dfBu Fkk] ok.kh o ys[ku vfHkO;fDr ij cU/ku Fkk] lapkj
ek/;eksa dk vHkko Fkk] izsl ij rjg&rjg ds cU/ku Fks fQj Hkh n`<+ bPNk 'kfDr vkSj
muds tq>k:iu us LorU=rk vkUnksyu dks tu vkUnksyu cukus esa egrh Hkwfedk vnk
dhA gkM+kSrh eas bl dk;Z ds vxqok Fks ia- vfHkUugfjA Nk=thou esa gh vkius fofHkUu
lekpkj i=ksa esa (caxoklh] vH;qn;] izrki] drZO;] iz.kohj) ns'kizse] jk"V™HkfDr ,oa
ÿkfUrdkfj;ksa ds ys[k i<+s] ftlls ns'kHkfDr dh Hkkouk tkx`r gqbZA vkius vius laokn
fofHkUu i=&if=dkvksa esa HkstsA dHkh&dHkh Nn~euke ls Hkh jkT; deZpkfj;ksa mudh
tqYe&T;knfr;ksa ds f[kykQ vius laokn fHktok,aA izsl vkSj i=dkfjrk dk izf'k{k.k
mTtSu] [k.Mok] vkxjk] iz;kx] dkuiqj] cEcbZ vkSj fnYyh ls izkIr fd;kA ljdkjh
lsok ls lu~ 1928 eas R;kx i= nsus ds i'pkr~ vkius i=dkfjrk ds ek/;e ls LorU=rk
la?k"kZ esa tu psruk ykus dk oh.kk mBk;kA mTtSu esa Jh nqxkZ'kadj ukxj th ds
^dYio`{k* lekpkj i= esa ,oa Jh ek[kuyky prqoZsnh ds ^deZohj* ([k.Mok) esa
lEiknu dk dk;Z fd;kA lu~ 1930 bZ- lfou; voKk vkUnksyu ds nkSjku Hkh vkius
vtesj ls ^of'k"B Ωf"k* (Nn~euke) uke ls ^j.kHksjh* dk izdk'ku fd;kA ;g
nSfud lkbDyksLVkby lekpkj i= Fkk] ftls jkr ds le; iq"dj dh ?kkfV;ksa esa e'kky
vkSj fn;ksa dh jks'kuh esa rS;kj dj lw;ksZn; ls iwoZ gh lR;kxzg f'kfoj ds lkfFk;ksa esa
caVok fn;k tkrk FkkA
bl i= esa turk vkSj lR;kxzfg;ksa dk eukscy c<+kus] ekr`Hkwfe dks LorU=
djkus vkSj ns'k ij ej feVus ds Hkko tkx`r djus ds fy, xhr] vkys[k rFkk
ÿkfUrdkfj;ksa ds lekpkj gksrs FksA bl i= ds flyflys esa vkidks fxj∂rkj dj
341 666 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
vtesj tsy dh dky dksBjh esa Mky fn;k vkSj ;kruk,sa nh xbZA vtesj izokl ds
nkSjku gh vkius fot;flag ifFkd ds ekxZn'kZu esa ^jktLFkku lan's k* i= eas lg&lEiknu
ds :i esa dk;Z fd;k vkSj ;gha ij ^foIyo* lekpkj i= ds fy, Hkh vkosnu fd;kA
fxClu ce dk.M eas uketn gksus ls vki nks o"kZ (1932&34) vKkrokl eas jgs] ij
fQj Hkh vkius viuh ys[kuh cUn ugha dh vkSj fofHkUu lekpkj i=ksa esa] uoy]
vfHkUu] izy;adj jktLFkkuh ;qod vkfn Nn~e ukeksa ls ys[k] dfork,sa ,oa
tqYe&T;knfr;ksa ds lekpkj fHktokrs jgsA
lu~ 1934&35 esa vkxjk esa Bkdqj ns'kjkt ds lkFk jgdj ^x.ks'k* uked
lekpkj i= esa lg lEiknd ds :i esa dk;Z fd;kA bl i= esa dksVk dh xfrfof/k;ksa
ij vk/kkfjr gkL;&ifjgkl vkSj O;X; iz/kku jpuk,sa izdkf'kr gksrh FkhA rRdkyhu
dksVk jkT; ds f"k{kk funs"kd }kjk ekugkfu dk eqdnek pyk;k x;k Fkk] ftlds dkj.k
i= dks 'kklu ds dksi dk f'kdkj gksuk iM+k5] rFkkfi x.ks'k ij cwUnh fj;klr esa izos"k
ij Hkh jksd yxk nh FkhA6 rRi"pkr~ lu~ 1936&38 rd fnYyh eas izdkf"kr ^nSfud
fgUnqLrku* ds la;qDr lEiknd jgsA vkius LorU= :i ls fnYyh ls lkIrkfgd
^vxzlj* i= dk izdk"ku fd;kA7 ftlds 'kh"kZ Hkkx ij ^loZrU= LorU= lkIrkfgd
vxzlj* vafdr jgrk FkkA bl i= esa MkW- loZiYyh jk/kkœ".ku] ia- vouhUnz dqekj
fo|kyadkj] cafdepUnz pVthZ lfgr ns'k ds 'kh"kZ usrkvksa vkSj LorU=rk lsukfu;ksa ds
ys[k] dfork,sa izdkf'kr gksrs FksA vkfFkZd ladV ds dkj.k v[kckjksa dk cUn gksuk
rRdkyhu le; dh ,d csgn nk#.k dgkuh ml le; izdkf'kr gksus okys vf/kdrj
v[kckj dgrs gSa] ftlds dkj.k v[kckjksa dks chp eas gh cUn djuk iM+k ;k dqN fnuksa
ds fy, fojke nsuk iM+k ;k fQj dtkZ ysuk iM+k] vkSj blh nk#.k dgkuh dk fgLlk
^vxzlj* Hkh cukA ftlds izdk'ku dk 'kqYd 25 gtkj tek djkus ds fy, vkidks
viuh iSr`d X;kjg ch?kk Hkwfe cspuh iM+h vkSj v[kckj cUn djuk iM+k] rRi'pkr~
vki dkuiqj esa x.ks'k'kadj fo|kFkhZ ds i= ^izrki* esa lEiknu dk;Z djus yxsA
Hkkjr NksMk+ s vkUnksyu dh rS;kjh rFkk egkRek xk°/kh ds funsZ'k ij vki lu~
1941 esa dksVk ykSV vk,A 21 ekpZ 1942 ls ^yksdlsod* lkIrkfgd i= dk izdk'ku
'kq: fd;k8 ;|fi bl i= ds izdk'ku ls iwoZ tu lk/kkj.k dks lekpkj i= ds izdk'ku
dh tkudkjh nsus ds fy, ^FkksMk+ bUrtkj djas* uked 'kh"kZd ls ,d ipkZ Nkidj
tkudkjh nh] rFkkfi ^yksdlsod* ds izdk'ku ds la?k"kZ dh dgkuh ,d o"kZ rd (30
uoEcj 1940&13 uoEcj 1941) pyrh jgh] yxkrkj vfHkUugfj th vkSj jkT; ds
}kjk i=ksa dk vknku iznku pyrk jgk] rc tkdj egdek [kkl us fgUnh lkIrkfgd
yksd lsod ,oa blh uke dh izsl pykus dh Lohd`fr ykxw dj ^dksVk izsl ,DV* ds
fu;eksa dh ikyuk dh 'krks± ij ns nhA9 yksd lsod dk izFke vad nks i`"Bkas dk FkkA
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 667
'kh"kZ Hkkx ij xksLokeh rqylhnkl dh izflº pkSikbZ ^ijfgr lfjl /keZ ugha HkkbZ]
ijihM+k le ugha v/kekbZ* Nkik Fkk ,oa lekpkj dh izlkj la[;k 500 Hkh vafdr dh
xbZA nwljk vad 8 i`"Bkas dk Fkk ,oa pkSikbZ lEikndh; i`"B ij izdkf'kr gksus yxhA
i= ds rhljs vad 9 vizsy 1942 ds lEikndh; eas vfHkUugfj th us fy[kk Fkk fd
^yksdlsod* blh vVy fo'okl dks ysdj tUek gSA og euq";&euq"; ds chp
lkekftd ,drk vkSj Lora=rk dk izpkj djsxkA yksdthou dks gj rjg mUur cukus
dh fujUrj izsj.kk nsxkA --------'kkUr ÿkfUr gh mldk 'okl gksxk vkSj lR; rFkk U;k;
lk/kuA lalkj dh dksbZ 'kfDr ;k ladV mls yksd lsok ds] ifCyd dh HkykbZ ds]
nhughuksa dk lkFk nsus ds lUekxZ ls fopfyr ugha dj ldasxsA vkius vkOgku fd;k
fd&
vkt tkxj.k dh csyk ;g]
^lsod*! mBks] c<+ks yydkj]
uo fuekZ.k fo"o dk djds]
cuks fo'odekZ lkdkjA
yksdlsod ds fofHkUu vadks esa ^gkM+kSrh eas lR;kxzg dk fcxqy ctsxk*
fj;klrksa esa Hkh vkUnksyu gksxk] dkaxzsl lkewfgd vkUnksyu djsxh] Lojkt gekjk
tUefl/k vf/kdkj gS] xk°/kh th dh vk°/kh jkT;ksa esa Hkh pysxh] djks ;k ejks] vaxzstksa
Hkkjr NksM+ks tSls ys[k ,oa lEikndh; turk dks tkxzr djus ds fy, izdkf'kr fd;s
tkrs jgsA ^iqfyl dh T;knrh* ,oa ^egkjko lkgc* (17 vxLr 1942 vad 21)
'kh"kZd ls lekpkj eas dksVk esa gqbZ tuÿkfUr dk foLr`r fooj.k bl vad eas izdkf'kr
fd;k x;kA ;g nksuks lekpkj vfHkUugfj th dh fuHkhZd ,oa lVhd i=dkfjrk ds
mnkgj.k ds :i eas ns[ks tk ldrs gaAS i= us csokd] LorU= ,oa fuHkhZdrk ls jkT;
ljdkj dh Hkh vkykspuk dhA yksdlsod dks cUn djkus ds fy, rjg&rjg ds
gFkd.Ms viuk;s tkus yxs] laoknnkrkvksa dks ekjk&ihVk tkus yxk] >wBs eqdneksa esa
Qlkus dh /kedh nh tkus yxhA
22 ekpZ 1943 dks i= dk nwljk o"kZ 'kq: gqvk ftlesa fo'ks"k mYys[k ds :i
eas izdkf'kr fd;k x;k fd ^vc rd lkyHkj eas yksdlsod us viuh vksj ls ,d Hkh
vad dh NqV~Vh ugha dhA vxys lIrkg gksyh ds miy{; esa vad ugha fudysxk*A ;g
fVIi.kh lekpkj i= dh fu;ferrk ,oa ikBdkas ds fo'okl dk ,d vkn'kZ mnkgj.k
gSA yksdlsod vc jftLVMZ gks x;k gSA lok lky ls bl eqlhcr dk tks fgeky;
[kM+k gqvk Fkk og lkeus ls gV x;k] vc rd geus f'k'kq yksdlsod dks utjksa ls
cpkus ds fy, gkM+kSrh dh pgkj nhokj ls ckgj uk gksus fn;kA tkucw>dj cnjax cuk;s
j[kk vkSj pkgdks ds I;kj&nqykj ls eu elksl dj oafpr j[kkA gj rjg ds [kpsZ]
uqdlku vkSj ijs'kkfu;k° lgha] ljdkjh utj ls mHkkjk] yM+[kM+krs ik°oksa ls] Qwyrs ne
342 668 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
ls] {kh.k Loj ls gh lgh] vkt dh Hk;adj egaxkbZ eas Hkh tulsok eas fujUrj dfVcº
j[kk vkSj vc\ vc yksdlsod ?kj ckgj cs[kVds vk tk ldsxkA lqLi"V Loj esa
vius ijk;s ds vU;k; vuhfr dks yydkj ldsxkA tu cy gh bldk vk/kkj gSA bl
rjg dh ekfeZd fVIi.kh vfHkUugfj 24 ebZ 1942 bZ- o"kZ 2 vad 2 eas nsrs gSaA 15
vxLr dks Lok/khurk fnol vk;kstu dh lwpuk yksdlsod ns'k dh vktknh ls iwoZ gh
vius 6 vxLr 1945 o"kZ 4 vad 13 esa nsrk gSA
18 fnlEcj 1950 vad 8 eas yksdlsod vf[ky Hkkjrh; fgUnh i=dkj o
lkfgR; lEesyu dh foKfIr dqN bl izdkj ls izdkf'kr djrk gS10 vf[ky Hkkjrh;
i=dkj o lkfgR; lEesyuA dksVk esa blh 26-12-1950 ls 29-12-1950 rd Jh
t;pUn fo|kyadkj (v[kckj esa eqnz.k =qVh ls pUnzxqIr fo|kyadkj Ni x;k gS) dh
v/;{krk esa vf[ky Hkkjrh; fgUnh lkfgR; lEesyu dk 38oka° okf"kZd vf/kos'ku vkSj
,d lqizflº i=dkj dh v/;{krk esa 29&30 fnlEcj dks vf[ky Hkkjrh; fgUnh
i=dkj lEesyu gksus tk jgk gSA blds fy, lc rS;kfj;k° dh tk jgh gSA blh i= esa
turk vc u lgsxh] vkcw jksM+ dk tuvkUnksyu] pksj cktkjh cUn djks uked ys[k
cs[kk°i izdkf'kr djuk vfHkUugfj th dh i=dkfjrk /keZ ,oa laosnu 'khyrk dks
js[kkafdr djrh gSA yksdlsod ds vadks eas dfo lq/khUnz] uUn prqosZnh] ckyd`".k
'kekZ] Jh Tokyk izlkn T;ksr"kh] csfjLVj Jh vklQvyh] e/kqozr] izgykn ik.Ms]
if.Mr vouhUnzdqekj fo|kyadkj ,oa cafde pUnz pVthZ tSls ys[kdksa] dfo;ksa ,oa
i=dkjksa ds ys[k ,oa dfork,° izdkf'kr gksrh FkhA
gkM+kSrh ds tq>k: fuHkhZd i=dkj] LorU=rk lsukuh] LorU=rk la?k"kZ ds
lw=/kkj] lekt lq/kkjd ,oa vkstLoh dfo vkn'kks± ij vfMx deZ;ksºk if.Mr
vfHkUugfj vius thou ds vfUre o"kks± esa la?k"kZe; thou ,oa vkfFkZd foiUurk ls
tw>rs gq, 14 ebZ 1999 dks e/;kUg djhc 1-00 cts dksVk ds egkjko Hkheflag
fpfdRlky; eas yxHkx 95 o"kZ dh vk;q esa la?k"kZ djrs&djrs U;k; dh vk'kk esa
viuk gd ikus dh jk; ns[krs&ns[krs bl yksd ls lnk loZnk ds fy, fonk gks x;sA
LorU=rk la?k"kZdkyhu dksVk dh i=dkfjrk ds iqjks/kk Jh vfHkUugfj vkSj muds
yksdlsod lekpkj i= ds la?k"kZ us ;gk° i=dkfjrk ds fodkl dk] tks Qyd rS;kj
fd;k] ml ij ukFkwyky tSu }kjk lEikfnr ^nhucU/kq*] f'kon;ky jktkor dk ^fdlku
lans'k* ^pEcy*] ghjkyky tSu rFkk egkohj izlkn 'kekZ dk ^t;fgUn*] cnzhukjk;.k
'kkL=h ^ns'kHkDr*] Qrgflag }kjk ^fodkl* guqeku izlkn lDlsuk ^HkkjrsUnq* (=Sekfld
lkfgfR;d i=)] jktsUnz lDlsuk ^dkeuk* ukFkwyky tSu vkSj ghjkyky dk tSu
^t;fgUn* ckcwyky bUnq dk ^fuHkhZd* ^/kjrh ds yky*] ';keukjk;.k lDlsuk dk
^tkx`fr* f'koizrki JhokLro dk ^yksdfuekZ.k*] ljnkj vthrflag dk ^vkx*] MkW-
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 669 343 670 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

cks/kjkt dk ^turk dh vkokt*] lhrk'kj.k nsofy;k dk ^lks'kfyLV lekpkj*] ok.kh izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 2010] i`- 1011
egsUnzukFk prqosZnh dk ^loksZn;* vkSj vkt dk Hkkjr] foey dqekj datksfy;k dk 8- fot;nŸk Jh/kj (la-)] Hkkjrh; i=dkfjrk dks'k (1901&1947)] [k.M&2] ok.kh
^;qx/keZ*] d`".kpUnz prqosZnh dk ^ekr`nwr*] vatuh dqekj Hkkj}kt dk ^;qxiq#"k*] izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 2010] i`- 1062
gfjdqekj vkSnhP; dk ^jk"V™'kf‰] vkn'kZ jktLFkku (1946) tSls i=&if=dkvksa dk 9- jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj 'kk[kk dksVk] dksVk egdek [kkl] cLrk ua- 15 AA]
mn; gks ldkA bl dky dh i=&if=dkvksa us rjg&rjg ds neu nckoksa ds ckotwn Qkby ua- 6@18] 6@33] 6@59
vius iz;kl tkjh j[ks11 ,oa i=dkfjrk ds fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;kA blfy, 10- jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj chdkusj] yksdlsod (1948) cLrk ua- 1] ÿe la- 22
bl Qkby esa dsoy nks i= gS& 26 tuojh 1950 vad 27 rFkk 18 fnlEcj 1950
Jh vfHkUugfj dks LorU=rk la?k"kZdkyhu dksVk dh i=dkfjrk dk iqjks/kk dguk
vad&8
lkFkZd izrhr gks jgk gSA
11- MkW- izdk'k iqjksfgr] jktLFkku esa LorU=rk laxzkedkyhu i=dkfjrk] jktLFkku fgUnh
lUnHkZ xzUFk vdkneh] t;iqj] 2007] i`- 151
1- MkW- fo".kq iadt] Hkk"kk;h i=dkfjrk vkSj tu lapkj] foosd ifCyf'kax gkml] t;iqj
1991 (izFke laLdj.k)] i`- 0&178 ij jkeLo:i tks'kh dk ys[k&gkM+kSrh {ks= eas
i=dkfjrkA
2- MkW- egsUnz flag [kM+xkor (la-)] jktLFkku Lok/khurk laxzke ds lk{kh] tu&vkUnksyu
xzUFkekyk] prqFkZ iq"i xzUFkkad&44] jktLFkku jkT; vfHkys[kkxkj] chdkusj 2007] i`-
13
3- MkW- fouhrk ifjgkj] jktLFkku esa iztke.My vkUnksyu] jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh]
t;iqj] 2010] i`- 126
4- ch-,y- ikuxfM+;k] jktLFkku esa LorU=rk laxzke] jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh]
t;iqj] 2015] i`- 78
5- (v) MkW- euksgj izHkkdj] jktLFkku eas fgUnh i=dkfjrk] iap'khy izdk'ku] t;iqj
1981] i`- 122
(c) egsUnz e/kqi] t;iqj jkT; dh i=&if=dk,sa (vizdkf'kr 'kks/k xzUFk)
(l) jktLFkku Jethoh i=dkj la?k ifjp; iqqfLrdk] 1956] i`- 61
6- x.ks'k vkxjk] 9 vxLr 1935
7- (v) jke Lo:i tks's kh] jktLFkku esa LorU=rk laxzke ds vej iqjks/kk if.Mr vfHkUugfj]
jktLFkku Lo.kZ t;Urh lekjksg lfefr] t;iqj 2001] i`- 28
(c) LokrU=; Lo.kZ t;fUrdk] dksVk ftyk iz'kklu] 1997 ds i`- 74&77 ij Jh
?ku';ke oekZ dk ys[k&gkM+kSrh eas LorU=rk vkUnksyu ds vxznwr] ia- vfHkUugfjA
(l) Jh egsUnz e/kqi] jktLFkku dh lkfgR;d i=&if=dk,sa uked 'kks/kxzUFk rFkk
t;iqj jkT; dh i=&if=dk,sa uked xzUFk esa ^vxzlj* ds dksVk ls izdkf'kr gksus dh
tkudkjh nsrs gaSA tks mfpr izrhr ugha gks jgk gS D;kasfd dksVk fj;klr eas ^yksd lsod*
ls igys ^dksVk izsl ,DV* ugh Fkk tcfd vxzlj dk izdk'ku lu~ 1938 eas fnYyh ls
izkjEHk gks pqdk FkkA
(n) fot;nŸk Jh/kj (la-)] Hkkjrh; i=dkfjrk dks'k (1901&1947)] [k.M&2]
 344
lkjka'k@Summary
The Trial of Bahadur Shah Zafar - Re-
examining of Colonial Judicial 'Frameworks :
Witnesses, Guarantees and Privileges'
Shaheen Islamuddin
It will be sobvious to state that the 'trial of Bahadur Shah Zafar'
after the suppression of the uprising nothing but a farce created by
the colonial authorities as by any stretch of imagination the Mughal
king could never have been charged with treason or still ridiculous
allegation of waging a war against his own nation. But these
constitutional and legal niceties seem to have been haughty and ruthless
of the military officers who have destroyed the Mughal capital beyond
recognition and have perpetuated atrocities on the royal families in the
most gruesome manner. They wanted a farce of trial for the British
audience which was turning extremely hostile to the aggressive policies
of the East India Company and its Directors. But the trial could not
have proceeded without creating, planniong and buying the witnesses.
These witnesses have to be from the close circle of the King and his
household. The confident servants of the Mughal King had coerced,
first by acting as a spies and later on deposing themselves against
their erstwhile master. These unfortunate souls had no other option
but to toe British line, because their entire things including their lives
and livelihood depended on these very British officials. We find that
after the conclusion of the trial that British officers filled some of
their promises provided livelihood and guarantees to the unfortunate
victims of circumstances to live their life with meager pension and
public humiliation. The paper attempts to examine some of the instances
from the trial proceeding of Bahadur Shah Zafar as to see how the
witnesses were made to depose before the King and to toe the official
line of the colonial masters. By screwing the net and bold of the events
belonged to the witnesses' part and highlighting the two important
witnesses named Hakim Ahsanullah Khan and Ghulam Abbas who wer
the royal servants and had served Mughal emperor's from generations.
672 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
It can be said that, the trial was very much important episode
in the history of the uprising. To prove Bahadur Shah Zafar was
important for their stable and longer future ruole. For eradicating him,
Hakim Ashanullah Khan and Ghulam Abbas were considered important
approvers because of having rich past. Undoubtedly, Bahadur Shah
Zafar remained alive in the writing as well as imagination of the post
1857 generation. His picture was constantly depicted as humble and
loving person. Howerver, trial resolved the issue of political legitimacy
or the question of soverignty by elimination him from India to Rangoon,
a place which was unknown to him and he was unknown to it. But, it
left a psychological impact on him where people closed to him before
the uprising were intentionally and in a very calculative manner was
stood in front of him to speak against him. Likewise, the approvers
were also not under pressure of British that had turned their life too.
British decided to collect evidences from them to full fill their interest
and give authenticity to their 'legal drama'.

Social Evils and Evolution of Social Reform
in Rajputana during Nineteenth Century
Pratyusha Dasgupta
The eighteenth century was very important in history of
Rajputana for the treaty with the British. But as per the social history
was concerned, there were many severe social problems which had
risen at that time. They believed in the various social evils like witch-
craft and vodooism which were popularly known as Dakin or Dakan
pratha, sati system, female infanticide, Samadhi, traffic in slavery
etc. could be evolved till 1832. When the British came to Rajputana,
they tried to eradicate these social evils from the civil society. In
1832, Lord William Bentinck, then viceroy of India instructed the
political officers stationed at the states of Rajputana to seek the co-
operation of the rulers within their own territories in a friendly and
confidential manner to take drastic steps in eradicating the social evils
prevalent in the area overcame this crisis. Through this research paper
it will be discussed the social evils of Rajputana and how the society
overcome it.
This paper highlighted the most inhuman practices of Rajputana.
When the British people came to India they tried to eradicate such
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 673
social evils and custom of our society. The rulers of Rajputana were
not happy due to the arbitrary character of the social policy. After that
they established the Walterkrit Hitakarni Sabha (The council of help
and support) in 1889 with its headquarters at Ajmer. It implements the
rules framed by the Sabha, its branches were established in every
state by the rulers themselves and tried to abolish the social evils from
the society. The British interference in Rajputana resulted in turning
point to progressive social reforms.

Tourism in Rajasthan : An Overview
Dr. Suman Dhanaka
Tourism in an economic and industrial activity in which many
individuals, firms, corporations, organisations and associations are
engaged it is economically important as it provide employment, it brings
infrastrucrural improvement and it may help regional development. It
can flourish best best when it fits into the context of general economic
policies and programs designed to lead to the optimum growth of the
economy of a country as a whole. It is a sun rise industry of the 21st
century of India.
Rajasthan - a culturally strong state of India is a natural choice
of tourism. It has a flourishing tourism industry. Its historic forts,
palaces, art and culture attracts the domestic and international tourists.
Department of tourism of Rajasthan Government organizes multiple
fairs and festivals during the year for our tourists. Tourism in Rajasthan
plays a positive role in enhancing its economy to a great level along
with shedding light on its rich and splendid heritage.
Nine tourist circuits have been developed by Rajasthan
Department of Tourism namely - Desert Circuit (Jodhpur-Jaisalmer-
Bikaner-Barmer), Mewar Circuit (Udaipur-Rajsamand-Chhittorgarh-
Bhilwara), Dundhar Circuit (Jaipur-Dausa-Tonk), Godwar Circuit
(Sirohi-Pali-Jalore), Merwara-Marwar Circuit (Ajemr-Nagaur), Brit-
Mewat Circuit (Alwar-Bharatpur-Karauli-Dholpur-Sawai Madhopur),
Shekhawati Circuit (Sikar-Jhunjhunu-Churu), Hadoti Circuit (Kota-
Bundi-Jhalawar), Vagad Circuit (Dungarpur-Banswara) as tourist
destinations.
Tourism has come to play a significant role in Rajasthan's
economy. Although the sector has huge potential to contibute
345 674 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
significantly towards the state's overall socio-economic development,
the same has yet to fully realized. Recognizing this, the state
government has formulated a comprehensive tourism policy and taken
up several initiatives to harness the untapped potential of tourism.
Under tourism promotion policy strategically tourism has emerged as
growth engine promoting socio-econims development of the state.
Tourism as conserving and augmenting the core that is heritage and
culture expressed through legends, buildings, events, art, music and
dance. Tourism will be made more participative involving local
communities in developing and maintaining their tourism assets and
more responsible by ensuring tourist well-being and increasing tourist
responsibility towards the host community. Also the sate is striving
hard in creating a green channel for tourist investment.

jktLFkku fj;klr esa lkekftd tkx`fr
esa lekpkj i=ksa dk izHkko
MkW- jk/kkfd'ku
jktiqrkuk esa chloha 'krkCnh esa fgUnh ,oa mnwZ i=&if=dkvksa dk jktiqrkuk ds
jktuSfrd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj lkaLœfrd {ks= esa fo'ks"k ;ksxnku jgk FkkA chloha
'krkCnh esa vaxzsth] fgUnh] ejkBh] iatkch] xqtjkrh Hkk"kh lekpkj i=ksa ds i'pkr~ mnwZ
lekpkj i=ksa dk Hkh egRoiw.kZ LFkku FkkA tgka rd jktiqrkuk ds lanHkZ esa v/;;u
djrs gSa rks ge ikrs gS fd Vksad] t;iqj] vtesj ,oa vU; LFkkuksa ls le;&le; ij
vusd i=&if=dkvksa dk lapkyu gqvkA ;g lekpkj i= T;knkrj ;gka ds jktkvksa]
uokcksa] fczfV'k jsthMsalh] ,tsafl;ka] jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd] ukSdj'kkgh] lkekftd ,oa
le&lkef;d ?kVukvksa ds ckjs esa lelkef;d ys[k fy[krs FksA izsl ds gh ek/;e ls
fofHkUu lekt lq/kkjd] jktuhfrd usrkvksa us vius fopkjksa dks vke yksxksa rd QSykus
esa lQyrk izkIr dhA ljdkj dh okLrfod uhfr dks] mldh nksgjh pkyksa dh dVq
vkykspuk dks turk rd igqapkus okyk izsl gh FkkA izsl dks ,d egRoiw.kZ laLFkk ekuk
x;k gSA lekpkj i= turk ds e/; jpukRed Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSA 19&20oha 'krkCnh
esa izsl dk eq[; mÌs'; tu&tkxj.k FkkA bl mÌs'; dh izkfIr esa lfÿ; Hkwfedk rFkk
mYys[kuh; dk;Z fd,A ^R;kxHkwfe* ds izdk'ku ds le; jktLFkkuh lekt esa fL=;ksa
dh fLFkfr cM+h n;uh; FkhA cky fookg o vuesy fookg] inkZ&izFkk] fuj{kjrk]
cgqiRuhRo izFkk] yM+fd;ksa dk ÿ;&foÿ;] fL=;ksa ds lkaifrd vf/kdkjska dk vHkko
,oa fo/kokvksa dh d:.k n'kk vkfn dqjhfr;ksa ls L=h lekt dqafBr FkkA ^R;kxHkwfe* us
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 675
bl nkSj esa tgka ,d rjQ lekpkjksa] fVIif.k;ksa ,oa laikndh; ys[kksa ds ek/;e ls ukjh
mRihM+u dh fofHkUu ?kVukvksa dks ;Fkkle; mtkxj dj muds izfr tu Hkkoukvksa dks
m}sfyr fd;k] nwljh rjQ vius ldkjkRed :[k ds }kjk L=h&Lok/khurk] mudh
f'k{kk ,oa iqufoZokg vkfn ds izfr tksjnkj 'kCnksa esa viuk leFkZu izdV dj ukjh
tkxj.k ds bl dk;Z dks fn'kk nhA

t;x<+ nqxZ ,d Lof.kZe fojklr
v'kksd dqekj ;kno
fo'o izflº t;iqj uxj dh LFkkiuk ls iw.kZZ vkesj dNokgk jktkvksa dh
jkt/kkuh Fkh bldk ukedj.k Hkxoku f'ko ds i;kZ; vfEcds'oj ;k vEcΩf"k ls
gqvk] eqfLye bfrgkldkjksa ds vuqlkj bls vEcj vFkok vfyd vEcj dgk x;k]
ysfdu ;g vkej ;k vkEcsj uke ls tkuk tkus yxk vkEcsj esa jktizlkn ,oa nqxZ&nsoky;
gS] lw;Z J`axkj ,oa HkfDr dk ,d laxe] ;gka ns[kus dks feyrk gS] vkesj dk lqn`<+ nqxZ
t;x<+ viuh fo'kky dk;k dks ilkjs ,oa etcwrh ls iko tek, [kM+k gS ftlds pkjks
vksj eu dks eksg ysus okyh gfj;kyh gSA
cjlkr esa ;gka ij vR;f/kd i;ZVd ?kweus vkrs gSA vkesj ds fdys dh
≈pkbZ;ksa ls uhps ns[ks rks mŸkj if'pe dh rygVh esa izkphu uxj ds /olar vo'ks"k
fc[kjs iM+s] dHkh iÌekdj us vkesj ds bl nqxZ dh xfjek dks vius 'kCnksa esa dgk fd
t; t; 'kfDr f'kyke;h] t; t; x<+ vkesj] t; t; t;iqj lqjiqj ln'kZ tks tkfgj
pgqaQsjA ;g uxj dksbZ lk/kkj.k uxj ugha jgk nqxZ dk }kj f'kyknsoh ds eafnj dks tkus
okys lhf<+;ksa }kj ekxZ ds e/; ls gS] fdUrq bldk eq[; }kj vf/kd vkxs tkus ij vkrk
gS] dHkh ;gka eh.kk igjsnkjksa }kjk nqxZ dh lqj{kk dh tkrh Fkh] vkSj vkt Hkh eh.kk tkfr
gh ds yksx gh bldh igjsnkjka djrs utj vkrs gSA igys nqxZ rd igqap ikuk cgqr gh
eqf'dy Fkk] exj vc nqxZ ds fdlh Hkh Hkkx rd igqapk tk ldrk gSA nqxZ dk
le;&le; ij th.kksºkj djok;k tkrk jgk gSA ns'k esa lokZf/kd pfpZr t;x<+ nqxZ
dks t;iqj jkT; dk ,slk nqxZ ekuk x;k gS tks j{kkRed cuk jgk] bl nqxZ ij dHkh Hkh
vkÿe.k ugha fd;k x;kA
dHkh jkf= ds le; ;k o"kkZ dky esa bl nqxZ esa jgus okyh jkuh;ka ekoVk >hy
ds ikl cus m|ku esa ?kweus tk;k djrh Fkh] ogka ls nqxZ ds fiNys Hkkx ls ns[ks rks vkesj
dLcs dh vksj lkxj vkSj vkFkwuh dk dq.M fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] nqxZ dh cukoV ,slh gS] tSls
igkM+h ds nqxZ ij rkt j[kk gks] vR;ar vkd"kZd bl nqxZ dks t;iqj jkt?kjkus dk
346 676 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
jgL;e;h LFky Hkh dgk x;k gS] tks fd uxj fu;kstu dŸkkvksa dh lw>cw> o
nwjnf'kZrk dk izrhd gSA bl nqxZ dks ^jktiwrkuk dk 'kkS;Z* dgk tkrk gSA ;wa rks jktLFkku
ds lHkh nqxZ viuh vts;rk o [kwfc;ksa ds fy;s izflº gS] ysfdu t;x<+ lkgl ,oa
ohjrk ds bfrgkl esa vR;ar izflº jgk gSA
vkesj uke ysrs gh eqxydkyhu bfrgkl dk Lej.k gksrk pyk tkrk gS] t;x<+
nqxZ dk fuekZ.k ckn'kkg 'kkgtgka ds ledkyhu fetkZ jktk t;flag us 'kq: djok;k
FkkA t;x<+ nqxZ ds ijdksVs dk fuekZ.k t;flag us djok;k fdarq nqxZ dk laiw.kZ dk;Z
lokbZ t;flag ds le; djok;k x;kA vr% ;g dgk tkrk gS fd t;x<+ nqxZ dk
fuekZ.k fetkZ jktk t;flag ,oa lokbZ t;flag nksuksa ds dk;Zdky esa iw.kZ gqvkA t;x<+
ds Hkhrj tgka <kˇs egy ,oa edkukr gS ogka ,sls xqIr LFkku Hkh gS tgka lokbZ t;flag
dh /kjksgj lqjf{kr j[kh x;h Fkh] ;g nqxZ ljq{kkRed j{kkRed n`f"Vdks.k ls cuok;k
x;k Fkk] fdarq lokbZ t;flag us vkokl dh O;oLFkk dks Hkh /;ku esa j[kk Fkk] ;g nqxZ
vR;ar jgL;e;h ,oa lkear lkSUn;Z dk dsUnz gSA

bfrgkl ds oa'kkoyh ys[ku dh izkjfEHkd voLFkk
lquhrk Lokeh
Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa oa'kkoyh ys[ku ijEijk dk LFkku egRoiw.kZ gSA oa'kkoyh
ys[ku ijEijk O;fDr ds bfrgkl dks 'kqº :i ls lgst dj j[kus dh iz.kkyh gSA ;g
,d ,slh ijEijk gSA ftlesa oa'kkoyh ys[kd gj tkfr oxZ ds ?kj&?kj tkdj izeq[k
yksxksa dh mifLFkfr esa la{ksi esa l`f"V jpuk ls ysdj mlds iwoZtksa dh ,sfrgkfld]
lkekftd] vkfFkZd o /kkfeZd ?kVukvksa dk o.kZu djrs gq, ml O;fDr dk oa'k ÿe
gLrfyf[kr iksfFk;ksa esa vafdr djrk gSA oa'kkofy;ksa ds v/;;u esa gesa tkudkjh
feyrh gS fd gekjs iwoZt dkSu FksA 16oha 'krkCnh ds ckn jktLFkku ds ,sfrgkfld x|
ds vusd :i ns[kus dks feyrs gSa tSls fd oa'kkoyh] [;kr] okr vkfnA iqjksfgrksa }kjk
fufeZr oa'kkofy;k° ;k cfg;k° izkekf.kd nLrkost U;kf;d lk{; ds :i esa ekU; gSA
blesa ikfjokfjd lEcU/kksa ds fo"k; esa dkxt bR;kfn ij o.kZu fd;k tkrk gSA bldk
mÌs'; muds lnSo fjdkWMZ ds :i esa j[kus dk gksuk gSA o.kZu esa v{kjksa ds lkFk fpUgksa
dk Hkh iz;ksx djrs gSaA ekSf[kd lk{k; ls fyf[kr lk{; vf/kd izHkko iw.kZ gksrk gSA
fuf'pr :i ls cfg;k° ;k oa'kkofy;k° ,d U;kf;d nLrkost gSA Hkkjrh;
lk{; vf/kfu;e 1872 ds vuqlkj oa'kkofy;ksa] cfg;ksa bR;kfn dks lqlaxr U;kf;d
rF; ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA oa'kkoyh ys[kdksa dks yksd bfrgkldkj Hkh
dg ldrs gSaA iqjkru ,oa e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ys[ku esa oa'kkofy;k° lokZf/kd
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 677
egRoiw.kZ L=ksr jgh gSA oa'kkofy;ksa esa izR;sd tkfr o izR;sd O;fDr ds bfrgkl dk
ys[ku gqvk gSA muds oa'kkuqÿe dh tkudkjh gesa oa'kkofy;ksa esa feyrh gSA oa'kkoyh
ys[ku ijEijk dh 'kq:vkr oSfnd Ωf"k;ksa }kjk lekt dks lqlaxfBr ,oa lqO;ofLFkr
djus dh n`f"V esa dh xbZ Fkh tks gtkjksa o"kks± ls vkt Hkh vuojr tkjh gSA oa'kkoyh
ys[ku ds dk;Z esa yxs leqnk;ksa dks vyx&vyx jkT;ksa esa vusd ukeksa ls tkuk tkrk
gSA buesa eq[; :i ls jko] cM+ok] HkkV] cL= HkV~V] ckjksV] tkxk] ;kfKd] rhFkZ
iqjksfgr] i.Ms] jkuheaxk] gsyok iathdkj ,oa jktoa'k vkfn uke izeq[k gSaA buds ikl
vkt Hkh yksxksa ds gtkjksa lky iqjkuh oa'kkoyh dk fjdkWMZ ekStwn gS rFkk dbZ ys[kdksa ds
ikl rks yxHkx 1500 lky iqjkuk ys[kk&tks[kk ekStwn gSA
oa'kkoyh ijEijk ds gLrfyf[kr xzaFkksa ls vusd ,sfrgkfld iq:"kksa dk ifjp;
izkIr gksrk gSA oa'kkoyh ys[kd ,d fuf'pr le; rd O;fDr ds vkokl ij gh
fuokl djds bldk ys[ku djrk Fkk] blfy, blesa lekurk fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA vkt Hkh
oa'kkoyh ys[kd ?kj&?kj tkdj bldk okpu rks djrs gh gSa blds vykok oa'kkoyh esa
iSnk gq, u, lnL;ksa ds uke Hkh tksM+rs gSaA iwtk o deZdk.M djokus okys czk„.k yksxksa
dh oa'kkoyh fyf[kr :i ls O;ofLFkr j[krs gSaA ;s oa'kkofy;k° dHkh&dHkh eqdneksa
ds fuiVku esa Hkh lgk;d jgh gSA

dsljhflag ckjgB % ,d ÿkfUrdkjh O;fDrRo
MkW- lqesj
dsljhflag ckjgB dk tUe 'kkgiqjk ds xzke nsoiqjk esa 23 uoEcj 1873 dks
œ".kflag ds ?kj ij gqvkA budh izkjfEHkd f'k{kk mn;iqj esa gqbZ mlds i'pkr~ os
egkjkuk Qrsgflag dh lsok esa 1891 bZ- rd dk;Z djrs jgsaA budh izfrHkk ls izHkkfor
gksdj dksVk egkjko mEesnflag us bUgsa dksVk cqyk fy;k rFkk Hkkjrh; tkfr;ksa ds ckjs esa
lwpuk ,df=r djus dk dk;Z lkSaik ftls os 1907 bZ- rd djrs jgsA2
dksVk esa jgrs gq, muds fopkjksa esa ifjorZu vkus yxk vkSj mUgsa vaxzstksa dh
dqfRlr uhfr rFkk ukSdj'kkgh ds f'kadts ls mUgsa ?k`.kk gksus yxhA mUgsa Hkkjrh; lekt
dh gkykr o nklrk ij {kksHk gksus yxk D;ksafd mUgsa vius jk"V™h; xkSjo ij cM+k xoZ
FkkA bldh iwfrZ ds fy, muds fopkjksa esa mxzrk vkus yxh mudh bPNk Fkh fd Hkkjrh;
ujs'kksa dh lgk;rk ls ÿkfUr dh tk;A tc mudk lEidZ vtqZuyky lsBh] xksikyflag
[kjok] jklfcgkjh cksl vkSj 'kphUnz lkU;ky ls gqvk rks os ^l'kL= ÿkfUrdkjh rFkk
fczfV'k fojks/kh xfrfof/k;ksa ds lfÿ; lnL; cu x;saA dsljhflag jktLFkku ds uo;qx
ds izFke dfo FksA muds izR;sd 'kCn esa ns'kHkfDr dk Hkko FkkA dfo ds vfrfjDr os
347 678 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
mPp dksfV ds x| ys[kd i=dkj ,oa leh{kd FksA muesa dfo vkSj deZ;ksxh dk
vHkwriwoZ feJ.k FkkA mUgksaus ,-th-th- duZy okYVj }kjk LFkkfir ^^jktiwr fgrdkfj.kh
lHkk** dks viuk eap cuk;kA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd uo;qodksa dks ,slh f'k{kk nh tkuh
pkfg, ftlls muesa LokfHkeku vkSj ns'kHkfDr dh Hkkouk tkxzr dh tk ldsaA
dsljhflag bl le; xka/khth ds fopkjksa ds lEidZ esa vk;sA os teukyky
ctkt o lsBhth ds vkea=.k ij o/kkZ igqapsA ogka ij mudk jkeukjk;.k pkS/kjh]
dUgS;kyky] fot;flg ifFkd ls feyuk gqvkA mUgksaus 1920 ds dkaxzsl ds dydŸkk
vf/kos'ku esa Hkkx fy;kA os vc vlg;ksx vkUnksyu ds i{k/kj cu x;sA 1927 bZ esa
mudh /keZiRuh] 1938 bZ- esa vuqt fd'kksjflag vkSj 1939 bZ- esa tksjkojflag py clsA
mudk 'kjhj ttZfjr o vLoLFk gks x;k Fkk fdUrq mudh fu"Bk] xka/khth] vfgalk vkSj
vlg;ksx vkUnksyu esa izcy FkhA 14 vxLr 1941 bZ- dks dsljhflag dk nsgkUr gks
x;kA os vktUe la?k"kZjr jgsA

chdkusj jkT; esa ukjh fo#º vijk/k rFkk n.M
(1700&1950 bZ-)& ,d v/;;u
jkeyky ifjgkj
izkphu dky esa Hkkjrh; lekt esa fL=;ksa dk lEeku vkSj vknj vkn'kkZRed
vkSj e;kZnk;qDr jgk gSA oSfnd ;qx esa ukjh cqfº vkSj Kku esa izoh.k ekuh tkrh FkhA
lqyHkk] xkxhZ] eS=s;h tSlh fonwf"k;ksa ds uke xoZ ls fy;s tkrs FksA lkFk gh bl dky
esa dqN if.Mr dof;f=;ka Hkh izflº Fkha tSls jkse'kk] moZ'kh] fo'ookjk] ?kks"kk]
yksik&eqnzk vkfnA izkphu Hkkjr esa L=h dks osnk/;;u o ;K&lEiknu djus dk iw.kZ
vf/kdkj Fkk vkSj lkekftd /kkfeZd dk;ks± esa mldh mifLFkfr vfuok;Z FkhA ysfdu
mŸkj oSfnd ;qx esa ukjh dh fLFkfr esa Hksnijd fodkl izkjEHk gqvkA oSfnd deZdk.M
dh tfVyrk c<+us rFkk ;kfKd dk;ks± esa vkMEcj c<+us ds QyLo:i fL=;ksa dks
;kfKd dk;ks± ls vyx j[kus dk iz;kl izkjEHk gqvk vkSj ,slh fLFkfr mRiUu dh xbZ
fd mUgsa osnksa ds v/;;u ;k ea=ksPpkj.k ds mi;qDr ugha le>k x;kA /khjs&/khjs ukjh
dh jktuhfrd] lkekftd] /kkfeZd] vkfFkZd vkSj oS;fDrd lHkh fLFkfr;ksa ij
izfrca/k yx x,A okLro esa ÿe'k xkS.k fLFkfr izkIr djrs gq, og firk vFkok
vfHkHkkod ds fy, ,d leL;k curh xbZA dU;k dk tUe ,d iki le>k tkus
yxkA e/;dky vkrs&vkrs ukjh dks Hkksx vkSj ÿ;&foÿ; dh oLrq le>k tkus
yxkA ftlls lekt esa ukjh ij rjg&rjg ds vR;kpkj vkjEHk gq, vkSj mldk 'kks"k.k
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 679
fd;k tkus yxkA e/;dkyhu jktiwrkuk vkSj fo'ks"kdj chdkusj tSls jkT; esa tgka
thfodksiktZu gsrq vkfFkZd lalk/kuksa dh cgqr deh Fkh rFkk thou thuk dfBu Fkk]
,slh ifjfLFkfr esa ukjh dks foÿ; ;ksX; oLrq ekuk x;kA ifj.kkeLo:i mlds fo:º
vusd vijk/kksa us tUe fy;kA
;g lR; gh dgk x;k gS fd fdlh Hkh lekt ds laxBu dk D;k Lo:i gS
vkSj mlesa lkekftd ewY; D;k gS\ ;g ekin.M ml lekt esa fo|eku efgykvksa dh
fLFkfr ls Kkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA jkT; dk n`f"Vdks.k Hkh lekt ds n`f"Vdks.k ls vf/
kd vyx ugha FkkA D;ksafd jkT; us Hkh blds fo:º vijk/kksa ij vf/kdrj mnkjrk ls
gh fopkj fd;kA ijUrq ;g Hkh egRoiw.kZ igyw gS fd ukjh ds ikl bu vijk/kksa ds
fo:º D;k lkekftd vkSj fof/kd fodYi [kqys Fks rFkk iq:"k iz/kku lekt esa fdlh
rjg ds vijk/k fd, x, ,oa ukjh }kjk fdl rjg dk fojks/k fd;k x;kA fdlh Hkh
dky esa lekt esa ukjh fo#º gksus okys vijk/kksa ls ge rRdkyhu lekt esa ukjh&iq:"k
lEcU/kksa vkSj ekU;rkvksa dks le> ldrs gSaA ukjh dh lekt esa fuEuxkeh fLFkfr ds
ifj.kkLo:i gh cykRdkj] vigj.k] iqufoZokg] pkepksjh] xHkZR;kx] oS';ko`fŸk]
ÿ;&foÿ; tSls vijk/k tUe ysrs gq, n`f"Vxr gksrs gSaA chdkusj jkT; ds fofHkUu
,sfrgkfld fjdkWM~lZ ds v/;;u ls efgykvksa ds fo:º gq, vijk/kksa dk fooj.k
feyrk gS ftlls rRdkyhu lekt esa ukjh fo:º vijk/k vkSj rRlEcU/kh n.M ds
izko/kkuksa dk vkdyu fd;k tk ldrk gSA

vyoj o Hkjriqj jtokM+ksa esa tu vkUnksyu
(1930&1940 bZloh)
eks- olhe
nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds bfrgkl ys[ku esa jtokM+s ,oa NksVs jkT; dk vk[;ku ges'kk
gkf'k;s ij jgk gSA vke rkSj ij fczfV'k Hkkjr ij fd;s x;s v/;;uksa dks gh Hkkjrh;
jtokM+ksa ds ≈ij vkjksfir dj lkeU;kdj.k dj fn;k tkrk gSA ifj.kke Lo:i lHkh
bu v/;;uksa vkerkSj ij leLr Hkkjr dk izfrfuf/k eku fy;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj ds
bfrgkl ys[ku dks ghjkflag Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ys[ku dh ^^mifuo'koknh iºfr**
dgrs gSaA
jktokM+ksa esa tu&vkUnksyuksa dh 'kq:vkr vlg;ksx vkUnksyu ds ckn ns[kus
dks feyrh gSA jktLFkku ds jktokM+s jkT;ksa esa vkUnksyuksa dk izeq[k dkj.k œ"kdksa dk
'kks"k.k FkkA bl le; esa jktLFkku ds nks fj;klrksa] vyoj o Hkjriqj esa tu&vkUnksyu
348 680 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
gq,A ;s tu&vkUnksyu vkt Hkh ogka ds tu&ekul dh Le`fr esa ^vyoj rgjhd* o
^Hkjriqj rgjhd* ds uke ls cls gq, gSaA vyoj dk izfrjks/k ,d vksj tgka jkT; ds
'kks"k.k ds fo:º vke yksxksa dk fojks/k FkkA ogha] Hkjriqj dk fojks/k iztk izfj"kn ds
vUrxZr f'kf{kr LFkkuh; yksxksa ds usr`Ro esa jktk ds f[kykQ fojks/k FkkA vyoj esa ;s
tu izfrjks/k jtokMksa ds fdlkuksa }kjk 1932&33 bZ- esa egkjktk lokbZ t;flag ds
f[kykQ ml le; pykbZ xbZ] rc mlus ekyxqtkjh vpkud dbZ xq.kk c<+k nh rFkk
œ"kdksa ij vU; dj yxk fn;sA blds f[kykQ la?k"kZ gqvkA
pkS- ;klhu [kka us bl izfrjks/k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ o bl izfrjks/k dks
lqfu;ksftr rjhds ls usr`Ro iznku fd;kA og bl ls igys gh ^vkWy bafM;k eso
iapk;r* dk xBu dj pqds FksA bl {ks= esa vkt Hkh ehjklh ^^ckr lkfgR; (Baat
Literature) esa yksd xhrksa ds ek/;e ls ;klhu [kka ds thou ds igyw o vyoj ds
egkjktk ds fo:º la?k"kZ dks iznf'kZr djrs gSA ;s esokrh yksd xhr vkt Hkh bl {ks=
ds tu&ekul ds Le`fr esa jps&cls gSa%&
;kdk ekrk&firk /kuoar] dqaoj th can i<+k;ksA
i<+xks lkjk 'kkL=] ikl ,y-,y-ch-ik;ksA
ckn esa ;s la?k"kZ /khjs&/khjs dkaxzsl }kjk pyk;s tk jgs vkanksyu dk fgLlk cu
dj] Hkjriqj jtokM+s esa dkaxzsl ds izos'k o izlkj dk ek/;e cuk] tSlk fd xka/kh th ds
lR;kxzg vkanksyu ds flyflys esa dka›sUl dk vk;kstu txg&txg ij gqvkA ckn esa
1942 esa Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu esa bl la?k"kZ ls tqM+s usrkvksa us Hkkx fy;kA okLro essa
Hkjriqj vkUnksyu i<+s&fy[ks yksxksa dk vkUnksyu Fkk] ftlesa jtokM+s ds yksxksa dh
HkykbZ o fodkl ds fy, ekax dh xbZ Fkh] tcfd vyoj vkUnksyu ,d fdlku
vkanksyu Fkk] tks egkjktk vyoj dh xyr uhfr;ksa] voS/k VSDlksa }kjk fdlkuksa dk
'kks"k.k FkkA ;s bu nksuksa jtokM+ksa dh fLFkfr dk ,d vU; igyw Fkk] ftlds lkeus bu
nksuksa gh jtokM+ksa dh lŸkk dks vke tu&ekul ds lkeus >qduk iM+kA

vtesj dh ,sfrgkfldrk ds HkkSxksfyd vk;ke
cuokjh yky ;kno
bfrgkl ,oa Hkwxksy dk vUrlZEcU/k bl ckr ls lqLi"V gksrk gS fd bfrgkl ds
vusd 'kks/k dk;ks± dk izFke v/;k; HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls gh izkjEHk gksrk gSaA
HkkSxksfyd dkjdksa dh bfrgkl dh n'kk ,oa fn'kk ds fu/kkZj.k esa vukfn dky ls gh
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh gSA ik"kk.k dky esa ekuo esa unh ?kkfV;ksa ds fdukjs ,oa xqQkvksa
esa vkJ; fy;kA blfy, Hkwxksy ,oa bfrgkl dks vUrlZEcfU/kr djrs gq, v/;;u
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 681
djuk vko';d gks tkrk gSA oLrqr% bfrgkl dk v/;;u ,oa 'kks/k fcuk Hkwxksy ds
lEHko ugha gSA blh dkj.k Hkwxksy dks bfrgkl dh vka[k ekuk tkrk gSA HkkSxksfyd Kku
ds fcuk fdlh Hkh ns'k ds jktuhfrd ,oa lSU; bfrgkl dk v/;;u fd;k tkuk
vlaHko gSA ,d bfrgkldkj vius v/;;u ,oa 'kks/k ds ftu Hkw nLrkostksa dk
vuqiz;ksx djrs gq, bfrgkl ys[ku djrk gSA mu nLrkostksa dk lh/kk lEcU/k Hkwxksy ls
gh gksrk gSA tc bfrgkl ys[ku esa ,d v/;srk fdlh {ks= fo'ks"k dh izkœfrd lajpuk
ds ckjs esa fy[krk gS tks fd ewyr% Hkwxksy dk gh fo"k; gS fdUrq bu HkkSxksfyd dkjdksa
dk bfrgkl ij lh/kk izHkko iM+rk gSA jktLFkku ds vtesj {ks= dk bfrgkl Hkh
HkkSxksfyd fo'ks"krkvksa ls f?kjk jgk gSA vtesj ftys dk ukedj.k ftyk eq[;ky;
vtesj ds uke ij gqvk gSA vtesj uxj dk iqjkuk uke vt;es: gSA vt; dk vFkZ
gksrk gS ftls thrk uk tk ldsA es: dk vFkZ gksrk gS ioZrA vtesj dk izkphu nqxZ
rkjkx<+ rFkk chByh nqxZ ds uke ls izflº gSA ;g ,d ≈aps ioZr ij fLFkr gS ftls
thrk tkuk okLro esa cgqr nq"dj dk;Z FkkA blh ioZr ds dkj.k bl uxj dk uke
vt;es: gqvkA dqN bfrgkldkj 12oha 'krh ds pkSgku jktk vt;jkt }kjk vtesj
uxj dh LFkkiuk fd;s tkus ds dkj.k bl uxj dk uke vtesj crkrs gSaA rkjkx<+ esa 12
oha 'krh ls iwoZ ds vusd fuekZ.k dk;Z ns[kus dks feyrs gSa vr% bl uxj dh LFkkiuk
vt;jkt us ugha dhA dqN bfrgkldkj ekurs gSa fd pkSgku iwoZ ds mŸkjkf/kdkjh jktk
t;jkt vFkok t;iky us lkroha 'krkCnh esa vtesj uxj dh LFkkiuk dhA Lora=rk
izkfIr ls iwoZ vtesj rFkk esjokM+k uked nks ftys fczfV'k jkT; ds v/khu lh/ks dsUnz
'kkflr izns'k ds :i esa fo|eku FksA bZ- 1956 rd Hkh vtejs esjokM+k dsUnz 'kkflr
izns'k ds :i esa jgk fdUrq blds ckn vtesj ds vyx ftyk cukdj mls jktLFkku
izns'k esa lfEefyr dj fy;k x;kA t;iqj ftys dk fd'kux<+ Hkh bl uohu ftys esa
'kkfey fd;k x;k rFkk nks o"kZ ckn nsoyh dLck vkSj mlds ikl ds rhu xkao Vksad
ftys dks LFkkukUrfjr dj fn;s x;sA orZeku esa vtesj ftyk 2500 380 ls 2600 580
mŸkjh v{kk'kksa rFkk 7300 540 ls 7500 220 iwohZ ns'kkUrjksa ds e/; fLFkr gSA ftys dk
dqy {ks=Qy 8]481 oxZ fdyksehVj gSA blds iwoZ esa t;iqj vkSj Vksad ftys] if'pe
esa ikyh] mŸkj esa ukxkSj rFkk nf{k.k esa HkhyokM+k ftys gSaA 2001 dh tux.kuk ds
vuqlkj ftys dh dqy tula[;k 21]81]670 FkhA lu~ 1829 esa izLrqr fjiksVZ ds
vuqlkj vtesj jkT;esa ukS ijxus Fks& [kjok] elwnk] ihlkaxu] xksfoUnx<+] lkoj]
fHkuk;] dsdM+h] nsox<+ vkSj 'kkgiqjkA vtesj ijxus esa 296 xkao Fks&218 vlyh vkSj
78 nkf[kyhA fHkuk;] elwnk] lkoj vkSj ihlkaxu Lora= rkyqds FksA ;s fBdkusnkj
eqxyksa ds eulcnkj FksA jkT; esa dqy 70 fBdkusnkj Fks ftlesa 64 jkBkSM+ FksA
fnYyh&vgenkckn ds jktekxZ 8 ij vofLFkr vtesj esjokM+k ds {ks= jktLFkku dh
‚n;LFkyh jgk gSA vjkoyh ioZr Js.kh ls f?kjk gqvk vtesj esjokM+k 250 23*30**
349 682 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
v{kka'k vkSj 26041* ,oa 73047*30** vkSj 75027*7** iwohZ ns'kkUrj ij fLFkr gSA ;gka
dk vtesj uxj vgenkckn ls 490 fdyksehVj] cEcbZ ls 982 fdyksehVj] vkxjk ls
378 fdyksehVj] rFkk fnYyh ls Hkh 378 fdyksehVj nwj fLFkr gSA vjkoyh ioZrekyk
tks xqtjkr ds bZMj jkT; ls 'kq: gksdj fnYyh lYrur ds dsUnz ij lekIr gksrh Fkh]
dh rygVh esa nksuksa vksj fLFkr vtesj esjokM+k {ks= viuh lkefjd vko';drk]
jktuhfrd lŸkk dsUnz o /kkfeZd uxjh gksus ds dkj.k vkfndky ls orZeku dky rd
egRoiw.kZ jgk gSA lkefjd f=dks.k ij vofLFkr jgus ds dkj.k ;g {ks= jktuSfrd
laLFkkvksa dk dsUnz gksus ds dkj.k blls fofHkUu {ks=ksa ds jktuSfrd dsUnzksa dks Hkh xgjkbZ
ls izHkkfor fd;k gS o fnYyh dh lŸkk dks Hkh pqukSrh nhA i;ZVu ds fygkt ls blesa
vtesj] iq"dj] esMr+ k o ukxkSj dks esjokM+k lfdZV ds uke ls 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA
vtesj esjkokM+k {ks= mŸkj eqxydky esa mŸkj esa chdkusj fj;klr] if'pe esa ekjokM+
fj;klr o iwoZ esa Vksad fj;klr dh lhek ij ifjcº jgk gSA

okxM+ ds lar ekoth dk vkfnokfl;kas ds mRFkku
esa ;ksxnku% ,d fo'ys"k.k
fnus'k pUnz 'kekZ
jktLFkku ds fMaxy lkfgR; esa lar&lqjekvksa dh thou T;ksfr dk mtZLoh
Lo:i fo'ks"k :i ls vafdr gSA okLro esa 'kwjohj ,oa lar nksuksa gh lR; ds iqtkjh
yksdfgrdkjh vkSj tueugkjh gksrs gSA ftu mnkjpsrkvksa dk thou blh mnkŸk <yk]
mudh iquhr Le`fr jktLFkku ds tuekul esa 'kk'or :is.k vafdr gks xbZA jktLFkkuh
Hkk"kk esa ,d dgkor izflº gS ^tkr jkS dkj.k uha] jkr jkS dkj.k gqo*S vFkkZr fdlh
O;fDr dh egŸkk dk dkj.k mldh tkfr ugha cfYd jkf= gS] ftlesa mldk tUe
gqvkA bl izdkj ekuork ds Lo:i dh ;gka lnSo oanuk dh xbZA jktLFkku esa bfrgkl
esa 18oha lnh dk fo'ks"k egRo gSA bl vof/k esa mPpdksfV ds lUr egkRekvksa us vius
Kkukyksd }kjk yksdekul ds vKkukU/kdkj ds 'keu dk iz'kaluh; iz;kl fd;kA ,sls
egku HkDrksa esa nf{k.kh jktLFkku ds ckxM+ izns'k ds œ".k HkDr ekoth (laor
1771&laor 1801) dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA bUgksaus lk/kuk vkSj lnkpkj ds ek/;e ls
fnO;Kku izkIr dj lekt ds nfyr oxZ] fuEu le>h tkus okyh tkfr;ksa ,oa ifrrk
ukjh ds le{k HkfDr dk ljy] lqxe vkSj lqyHk vkn'kZ izLrqr fd;kA
ekoth dk tUe orZeku Mwaxjiqj ftys dh vkliqj rglhy ds lkcykxzke esa
gqvk FkkA budh izekf.kd tUefrfFk laor~ 1781 ek?k 'kqDyk 5 cq/kokj FkhA lke lkxj
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 683
esa ekoth ds ekrk firk dk uke ÿe'k% dslj ckbZ ,oa nkye Ωf"k of.kZr gSA buds
firk vf'kf{kr Fks] fdUrq lk/kkj.k [ksrh ,oa czk„.k o`fr ls vkthfodk pykrs FksA
mudk ifjokj vkSnhp czk„.k tkfr dk Fkk] vr% ikfjokfjd laLdkj /kkfeZd gksuk
LoHkkfod FkkA ekoth ds laLdkj ds ckn esa tkdj mlh izdkj ds cus vkSj mUgksaus
Hkxoku fu"dayd dh iwtk djuk izkjEHk dj fn;kA
pkSiM+ksa ds vykok buds }kjk jfpr xzUFkksa esa vkxy okf.k;k°] Hkwxksy iqjk.k]
dkyaxk gj.k] Kku jRuekyk] "kV dey] lqjkuan ok.kh izeq[k gSA lkFk gh bUgksaus
fofHkUu vkjrh;k°] lyks[kk L=ksr] in bR;kfn dh jpuk dh gSA bu lHkh jpukvksa esa
budk lkekftd n'kZu fufgr gS rFkk ml le; dh lkekftd tdM+cfUn;k° ,oa muds
f[kykQ buds iz;kl mYysf[kr gSA ekoth dh ok.kh esa lektokn dh >yd
n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSA muds vuqlkj gj O;fDr ds ikl vko';d oLrq gks rFkk edku
vo'; gh gksuk pkfg,A mUgksaus vko';d le>k fd lekt esa vkil esa lg;ksx dh
Hkkouk fujUrj] iqf"ir ,oa Qfyr gksrh jgsA vkilh lg;ksx ds fcuk lekt dh
mUufr dfBu gSA vkfnoklh oxZ rHkh ≈ij mB ldrk gS] tc lHkh vkil esa
lfg".kqrk ,oa lg;ksx dh Hkkouk ls dke djsaA vkt Hkh Hkhyksa esa vkilh lg;ksx dh
Hkkouk Qfyr gks jgh gSA os edku cukus] dqvka [kksnus o vU; lq[k&nq%[k esa fey
>qy dj dk;Z djrs gSA ekoth ds vuqlkj fdlh x`gLFkh ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd
mlds ikl edku] oL=] xk;] ?kksMk+ ] šV] Hkwfe] cSy gksA
ekoth ds le; lkear'kkgh 'kklu O;oLFkk fo|eku Fkh vkSj xjhc ,oa fiNM+h
iztk dk vR;f/kd 'kks"k.k gks jgk FkkA mUgksaus 'kkld oxZ dks iztkfgr dk;Z djus dk
mins'k fn;kA muds vuqlkj jktk dks gla U;k; djuk pkfg, vFkkZr~ jktk dk fu.kZ;
lcds fgr esa gksuk pkfg,A jktk dks fj'or ugha ysuh pkfg,A iztk dks lq[k nsuk
pkfg,A dj U;k; laxr ysuk pkfg,A czk„.k] lk/kq dh lsok djuh pkfg,A dksbZ uxj
Hkax ugha djuk pkfg,A vksNs 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx ugha djuk pkfg,A
ekoth ds dky esa 'kqnz oxZ dh n'kk vR;Ur 'kkspuh; FkhA vLokLF;dj vkSj
?k`f.kr le>s tkus okys lsok dk;ks± dh y{e.k js[kk us muds ckSfºd vkSj 'kkjhfjd
lkeF;Z dks cka/k fn;k FkkA ,slh xEHkhj ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mUgksaus izse o lfg".kqrk]
ekuoh; vfHkxe rFkk loZ /keZ leUo; dh LFkkiuk djus ds fy, fu"dyad lEiznk;
dh LFkkiuk dhA mUgksaus gj :f<+] gj vkMacj] gj ijEijkxr vuqi;ksx jhfr ij
fuHkZ;rkiwoZd fueZe vk?kkr fd;kA mUgksaus Li"V fd;k fd vkpkj] vR;kpkj gksdj
ugha fuHksxkA /ku laxzg ugha djukA t:jr ls T;knk oLrq dk laxzg ugha djukA 'kqº
vkpj.k ls thukA ru]eu ,oa ok.kh ls fdlh dks nq%[k nsus dh ps"Vk ugha djukA
fdlh dh ijk/khurk Lohdkjuh ughaA fdlh ds izfr bZ";kZ ugha djuhA dU;k ls 'kknh
350 684 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
ds ckn ml ijkbZ yM+dh dks nq%[k ugha nsukA iRuh dks ifr ozr vkSj ifr dks ifRuozr
jguk pkfg,A ekoth us vkRefu;a=.k ij cy fn;k gSA fo/kok ;k fo/kqj dks Loa; ij
fu;a=.k j[kuk pkfg,A O;fDr dks viuk drZO; ikyu djuk pkfg,A dHkh lqLrh ugha
j[kuh pkfg,A tks ges'kk fu;e la;e esa jgrs gSaA os nh?kkZ;q jgrs gSaA le; dh xfr ds
vuqlkj jguk [kku&iku vius ;ksX; gksA
e;kZnk dk dHkh mYy?kau ugha djuk] pksjh ugh djuk] en&ekal] vQhe]
rEckdw ,oa vU; vusdkusd vHk{; oLrqvksa dk lsou ugha djuk] vkil esa yM+kbZ
>xM+s ugha djuk] tks vk°[kksa ns[kk gS ogh dguk] cukoVh ckr ugha dguhA ik[k.M
vkMEcj ls nwj jguk nwljs ds nq%[k dks le>uk] dHkh ekax dj ugha [kkuk vkfnA
oLrqr% ekoth dk izknqHkkZo okxM+ izns'k ds fiNM+siu dks nwj djus ds fy, ekuoh;
lekt dh LFkkiuk gsrq gqvk FkkA okLrfod lR; dks foLe`r dj iFk Hkz"V gq,
tuekul dh yEch lq"kqfIr ls tkx`rkoLFkk esa ykdj mfpr ekxZ ij vxzlj gksus dks
izsfjr djuk dksbZ ljy dk;Z ugha Fkk] fdUrq lR; dh Bksl Hkwfe ij [ksMs+ gksdj ekoth
tSls egkiq:"kksa us blh lR; 'kfDr ds cy ij brus vkRefo'okliw.kZ bl dŸkZO; dk
fuoZgu fd;k fd rRdkyhu lekt rks bu ;qx psrukvksa ds lEeq[k ureLrd gqvk gh]
lkFk gh vkus okyk izR;sd ;qx mudk Ω.kh gks x;kA ekoth lekt lq/kkjd Fks ftudh
lkekftd lq/kkj dh psruk /kkjk,° vkt Hkh izokfgr gksdj uothou dk lans'k ns jgh
gSA ekoth us okxM+ dh Hkhy tutkfr esa psruk dk lapkj fd;kA bUgksaus os.ks'oj/kke
dks viuk lk/kuk LFky cuk;k vkSj ogha ij Hkhyksa dks mins'k fn;kA bUgha dh HkfDr dk
izHkko Fkk fd Hkhyksa us viuh lkekftd cqjkbZ;ksa dks nwj fd;k vkSj os lekt dh eq[;
/kkjk ds fudV igqap ldsA vkt Hkh lar ekoth dks dfYd Hkxoku dk vorkj
ekudj Hkhy tutkfr bUgsa viuk vkjk/; nso Lohdkj djrh gSA budh Le`fr esa
os.ks'oj /kke esa izfro"kZ esys dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gS] ftls ^vkfnokfl;ksa dk
dqEHk* dgk tkrk gSA

nsoyh rglhy ds ,sfrgkfld v/;;u
fo'kky dkafV;k
nsoyh rglhy ds uxj QksVZ dLcs ds lehu gh [ksMk+ uked LFkku ij 5000
o"kZ izkphu ^[ksMk+ lH;rk* ds iqjkrkfRod vo'ks"k izkIr gq, gSa [ksMk+ uked bl LFkku
ij gtkjksa o"kZ iwoZ ik"kk.k ;qxhu vkfne cLrh FkhA [ksM+k lH;rk ds :i esa fc[kjs fVyksa
ds xHkZ esa vkt Hkh dykRed ewfrZ;k°] fofHkUu jaxksa ds iRFkj o pwfM+;k o vU; oLrq,
vo'ks"k ds :i esa vkt Hkh nch iM+h gSA
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 685
izflº iqjkrRoosrk tujy dfu?kae ds lgk;d iqjkrkfRod fo}ku dkykbZu us
[ksM+k lH;rk dk loZs{k.k fd;k tgka mUgsa 6000 pkanh ds flDds izkIr gq, gSaA bu
flDdksa ij czkgeh fyfi esa ekyokuky;** ^^t; ekyo x.kjkT;** o dbZ ekyo
'kkldksa ds uke vafdr gSA flDdksa dh bruh vf/kd ek=k feyus ls ;g vuqeku
yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd izkphu dky esa [ksM+k ekyoksa dh Vdlky jgh gksxhA ;gka ij
8oha 'krkCnh esa fufeZr izkphu dykRed ewfrZ;ka Hkh cgqla[;d ek=k esa izkIr gqbZ gSA
buesa ls vf/kdka'k ewfrZ;ka [kf.Mr gSa izkphu [ksM+k LFky ds fo"k; esa ekU;rk gSa fd
fons'k vkÿe.kdkfj;ksa o vkfnoklh tkfr;ksa dh ccZjrk ds dkj.k ;g izkphu uxj
mtM+ dj feV~Vh esa nc x;kA orZeku esa bl LFky dks iqjkrRo LFky vf/kfu;e 1958
ds vUrxZr jk"V™h; egRo dk LFkku ?kksf"kr fd;k tk pqdk gSA
nsoyh rglhy dk izkphu xkao nsoyh xkao tks ekS;Z dkyhu clk gqvk gSA blh
nsoyh xkao esa nsoys (f'kyksy[k) vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k bl xkao dk uke nsoyh
iM+kA vkSj nsoyh uxj dk ukedj.k Hkh blh nsoyh xkao ds uke ds vk/kkj ij gqvk gSa
jktiwrksa ds bfrgkl oa'k HkkLdj o ohj fouksn esa bl izkphu xkao dk o.kZu feyrk gSA
nsoyh rglhy dk jktegy xzke Hkh ,sfrgkfld gS jktegy xkao nsoyh ls
12 fd-eh- nwj cukl unh ds fdukjs fLFkr gSa bl xkao esa ,d izkphu fdyk gS ftldk
fuekZ.k lksyadh jktiwr 'kkldksa }kjk djok;k x;k FkkA 16oha 'krkCnh esa VksMkjk;flag
ds jktk jk;flag dk Hkh jktegy xkao ij dbZ o"kks± rd 'kklu jgkA jktegy xkao ds
ikl gh cukl MkbZ o [kkjh ufn;ksa dk laxe gksrk gSA f=os.kh ufn;ksa ds blh laxe ij
izkphu xksd.ksZ'oj chlysno dk izkphu efUnj gSA xksd.ksZ'oj efUnj izkphu Hkkjrh;
okLrqdyk dh ukxj 'kSyh dk loksZœ"V mnkgj.k gSA bl izkphu efUnj ds fo"k; esa
fdonUrh gS fd yadkf/kifr n'kkuu (jko.k) us ;gka ij f'kofyax dh LFkkiuk dh
vkSj iRuh eUnksnjh ds lkFk f'ko vjk/kuk dh FkhA oS'kk[k ,oa dkfrZd iwf.kZek dks ;gka
izfr o"kZ esys dk vk;kstu gksrk gSA ftlesa gtkjksa Jºkyq Luku djus vkrs gSA ftldk
vyx gh /kkfeZd egRo gSA izkœfrd lq"kek;qDr ;g LFkku i;ZVdksa ,oa izkœfrd
izsfe;ksa ds vkd"kZ.k dk izeq[k dsUnz gSA
lu~ 1942 esa ;gka vUrZjk"V™h; dSfn;ksa dks Hkh j[kk x;k Fkk bu dSfn;ksa esa
teZuh] tkiku] bVsfy;u] o tkokuht eq[; FksA 1-1-1948 dks ;gka flU/kh 'kj.kkFkhZ
dSEi o lu~ 1962 esa phuh dSEi [kksyk x;k ftlesa 3000 phuh;ksa dks j[kk x;kA
nsoyh uxj esa lu~ 1965 esa 15 ikfdLrkuh dSfn;ksa dks Hkh j[kk x;kA lu~ 28-5-
1959 dks fcuksok Hkkos tc nsoyh vk;s rks mUgksaus nsoyh uxj dks ^^t;izdk'k uxjh**
dgk FkkA
Hkkjr esa Lora=rk vkUnksyu esa nsoyh ds ÿkfUrdkfj;ksa dk ;ksxnku Hkh jgk gSaA
351 686 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
ftuesa xksdwy yky vlkok] xksoZ/ku ey xks;y] jkeLo:i dkafV;k] o jkeyky lsu]
jkepUnz xqtZj gSa ftUgksaus jktLFkkuh Lok/khurk la?k"kZ esa viuk ;ksxnku nsdj nsoyh uxj
dk xkSjo Hkh c<+k;k gSA lkjk{kr% nsoyh rglhy vius ,sfrgkfld o iqjkrkfRod /
kkfeZy o lkaLœfrd egRo ds LFkyksa dh otg ls egRoiw.kZ gS fdUrq rglhy {ks= dh
;s lkaLœfrd ,sfrgkfld] o dykRed /kjksgj laj{k.k ds vHkko esa viuk vfLrRo [kks
jgh gSA vr% bUgsa laj{k.k iznku dj buds vfLrRo dks fpjdky rd lqjf{kr cuk;s
j[kk tk ldrk gSA

ekjokM+ esa 'kdqu ijEijk
fu'kk
'kdqu D;k gS rFkk e/;dkyhu ekjokM+ ds jkBkSM+ jktkvksa esa budk D;k
lEcU/k gS\ 'kdqu ijEijk ds lEiks"kd dkSu Fks rFkk jkBkSM+ bfrgkl ,oa jktuhfr ij
budk izHkko iM+k Fkk] vkfn lekt xgu 'kks/k dk fo"k; gSA vr% eSus bUgha lokyksa dks
/;ku esa j[kdj e/;dkyhu 'kkgh jkBkSM+ thou] jktuhfr vkSj iz'kklu ij 'kdqu izHkko
dks tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA esjk ;g 'kks/k i= ekjokM+ esa jkBkSM+ jkT; ladYiuk
laLFkkid jko pw.Mk (1383&1423 bZ-) ls vkjEHk gksdj egkjktk ekuflag (1803&43
bZ-) ij tkdj lekIr gksrk gSA
ekjokM+h tuekul esa 'kdqu ns[kus dh ijEijk bruh T;knk izpfyr gS] fd os
?kj ls ckgj fudyrs le;] vPNk dk;Z] œf"k] fookg] tUe&e`R;q vkfn lHkh dk;ks±
ij i'kq&if{k;ksa ls ysdj vk°[k ds QM+dus rd ls 'kdqu ;k ?kVuk dk vans'kk yxkrs
gSA tSls iq:"k dh nkfguh vkSj L=h dh ck°;h vk°[k QM+duk 'kqHk le>k tkrk FkkA bl
izdkj ekjokM+h tulekt izR;sd R;kSgkj ij vnk dh tkus okyh vusd&fof/k;ksa ds
ek/;e ls 'kdqu fudkyrs FksA 'kdqu ekjokM+h tulekt ds nSfud thou dk vax cu
x, FksA ftldh ifjikVh vkt rd ekjokM+h tu lekt esa izpfyr gSaA
vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd] 'kdqu jkBkSM+ jktkvksa ds thou dk vg~e vax cu
x, FksA jkBkSM+ jktkvksa us 'kdqu ds Kkrk vkSj laj{kd cudj budks egRo iznku fd;k
FkkA jkBkSM+ jktk 'kdqu fudyokdj izR;sd dk;Z djrs Fks] ftlds dkj.k dk;Z ds
'kqHk&v'kqHk ifj.kkeksa dk vanktk yxk;k tkrk FkkA 'kdquksa ds c<+rs jkt'kh izpyu
dkj.k tu&lekt rd us budks viuk fy;k FkkA jktkvksa ds rjg ekjokM+h yksx Hkh
R;kSgkj ls ysdj nSfud dk;ks± rd dk 'kdqu fudkyrs FksA

ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 687
uhedkFkkuk esa fuEckdZ lEiznk; dh
NŸkjh ds fHkfŸk fp=
euh"kk oekZ
lhdj ftys dh uhedkFkkuk rglhy ds Nkouh dLcs esa fLFkr NksVh tekr
jk/kkoYyHkh; fuEckdZ lEiznk; ds lk/kq lU;kfl;ksa }kjk clk;k x;k FkkA ;g fuEckdZ
lEiznk; dk izeq[k dsUnz FkkA fuEckdZ lEiznk; ds uke ls gh uhedkFkkuk dLcs dk
uke uhedkFkkuk iM+kA blh lEiznk; dh ,sfrgkfld Nrjh NksVh tekr esa fLFkr gSA
bl Nrjh dk fuekZ.k dk;Z fo-la- 1846] ekg Hkknzin lqfn nkst] eaxyokj dks fueksn
xkao ds dkjhxjksa }kjk fd;k x;kA Nrjh dk fuekZ.k ,d v"VHkqtdkj pcwrjs ij 8
LrEHkksa dh lgk;rk ls fd;k x;k gSA pcwrjs ds ≈ij laxejej ds vk;rkdkj iRFkj ds
infpUg (ixY;s) LFkkfir fd;s x;s gSA Nrjh ds xqEcn ds 'kh"kZ ij ihry dk
vkeyd dy'k LFkkfir fd;k x;kA Nrjh ds vkUrfjd Hkkxksa ij lqUnj fp=.k fd;k
x;k gSA fp= jkek;.k o egkHkkjr ds egkdkO;ksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA fp=ksa ds ek/;e ls
jkek;.k o egkHkkjr dh fofHkUu dFkkvksa dks jkspdrk o lqUnjrk ds lkFk n'kkZ;k x;k
gSA eq[; :i ls ;gka ;qº dk fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA
jke vkSj jko.k dks ;qº ds eSnku esa vkeus&lkeus viuh&viuh lsuk ds lkFk
;qºjr fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA jke dh lsuk esa Lo;a jke] y{e.k] vaxn] lqxzho]
tkeoar dks jko.k dh lsuk ij rhj pykrs gq, fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA jke] y{e.k ds
lehi guqeku dks gkFkksa esa ,d /otk ysdj ,d ?kqVus ds cy uhps cSBs gq, fpf=r
fd;k x;k gSA lsuk esa vfxze iafDr esa iSny okuj lSfudksa dks ;qº yM+rs gq, fpf=r
fd;k x;k gS rFkk buds ihNs jke] y{e.k] vaxn dks rhj pykrs gq, n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
dqN okuj lSfudksa dks euq"; :i esa xnk ysdj ;qº djrs gq, fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA
cgqr ls okuj lSfudksa dks fugRFks nq'euksa ij geyk djrs gq, fn[kk;k x;k gSA
d`".k&f'k'kqiky ;qº n`';&bl n`'; esa ,d HkO; pkj eaftys egy dk fp=.k
fd;k x;k gSA egy esa dqN efgykvksa dks lsuk dh vksj ns[krs gq, bl rjg ls fpf=r
fd;k x;k gS ekuks fdlh dk bartkj dj jgh gksA bl egy ds ≈ij dq.kuiqj fy[kk
gqvk gSA dq.kuiqj (dqf.Muiqj) uxjh dk mYys[k gesa egkHkkjr ls izkIr gksrk gSA
d`".k dh iRuh #De.kh dq.kuiqj uxjh dh oklh FkhA #De.kh dk HkkbZ #De.kh dk
fookg f'k'kqiky ls djuk pkgrk FkkA blfy, #De.kh ls fookg djus gsrq d`".k dks
f'k'kqiky ls ;qº djuk iM+k FkkA bl ;qº ds fy, izLFkku djrh gqbZ lsuk dk fp=.k
fd;k x;k gSA bl egy ds ckgj ,d Hkkjh&Hkjde lsuk dk tekoM+k gSA ;s lsuk iwjs
352 688 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
yoktes gkFkh] ?kksMk+ sa] ≈aV] cSyxkM+h] cfXx;ksa] inkfr;ksa ds lkFk fpf=r dh x;h gSA
lsuk esa nsorkvksa dks vius okguksa ds lkFk fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA ;gka nsojkt bUnz dks
vius okgu rhu lw.M okys ,sjkor gkFkh ij cSBs gq, fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA 'kfunso dks
gkFkh ij fojkteku n'kkZ;k x;k gSA buds ,d gkFk esa pÿ fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA
guqeku dks mM+rs gq, fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA buds ,d gkFk esa da/ks ds lgkjs j[kh gqbZ
xnk o nwljs gkFk esa ,d NksVk eafnj fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA ftl ij irkdk ygjk jgh
gSA x.ks'k dks cXxh ij] dkfrZds; dks vius okgu e;wj ij] egknso ds uanh ij
fojkteku n'kkZ;k x;k gS] egknso ds ,d gkFk esa f='kwy fn[kk;h xbZ gSA nqxkZ dks ck?k
ij] cz„k dks gal ij] d`".k dks jFk ij cSBs gq, n'kkZ;k x;k gSA d`".k ds ,d gkFk esa
lqn'kZu pÿ n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
d`".k jklyhyk dk fp=.k & Nrjh ds Hkhrj e/; Hkkx esa lQsn jax dh
i`"BHkwfe ij ,d cM+s vkdkj ds Qwy fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA blds pkjksa vksj o`Ÿkkdkj
?ksjs esa d`".k dks xksfi;ksa ds lkFk jkl jpkrs gq, fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA bl ?ksjs esa
ÿekuqlkj d`".k] xksfi;ksa dks ,d ds ckn ,d] gkFk idM+ dj ?ksjk cukdj u`R; djrs
gq, fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA xksfi;ksa dks ?ksjnkj ygaxk] vks<+uh] dkapyh igus gq, fpf=r
fd;k x;k gSA bUgsa xys esa gkj] yEch ekyk] dkuksa eas >qeds] gkFkksa esa cktwcan o
pwfM+;ka] iSjksa esa ik;y igus gq, n'kkZ;k x;k gSA d`".k dks yEch vkLrhu dk yEck
?ksjnkj tkek igus] da/kksa ij nqiÍk Mkys gq, fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA bUgsa flj ij eqdqV]
xys esa yEch ekyk] gkFkksa esa cktwcan] iSjksa esa ik;y igus gq, fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA
dkfy;k enZu & bl n`'; esa unh dks n'kkZus ds fy;s uhys jax dh i`"BHkwfe
fpf=r dh x;h gSA dkys o lQsn jax ls ikap Quksa okys ukx dkfy;k dk fp=.k
fd;k x;k gSA bl ukx ds Quksa ds ≈ij [kM+s gksdj d`".k dks ckalqjh ctkrs gq, fpf=r
fd;k x;k gSA d`".k dk fp=.k vis{kkd`r NksVs :i esa fd;k x;k gSA bl ukx ds nksuksa
vksj nks&nks ukfxuksa dks gkFk tksMd
+ j d`".k ls ukx dks {kek djus dh fourh djrs gq,
fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA buds 'kjhj dk dej ls ≈ij dk Hkkx L=h ds :i esa o uhps
dk Hkkx ukx ds :i esa fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA bu lHkh dks iwaN ds cy [kM+s gq,
fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA dfYd vorkj] ojkg vorkj] y{eh&fo".kq dk fp=.k] ujflag
vorkj] jke njckj] <ksyk&ek: dk fp=.k] rek'ks dk fp=.k bR;kfn fp=ksa dks fpf=r
fd;k x;k gSA
jktnjckj] lkekU; tu thou ls lEcfU/kr fp=ksa dk fp=.k (tSls xk; dk
nqX/k fudkyrh efgyk;sa vkil esa okrkZyki djrs efgyk&iq#"k] euksjatu djrs gq,
yksx) fd;k x;k gSA i'kq&if{k;ksa esa gkFkh dk fp=.k O;kid :i esa fn[kk;h nsrk gSA
blds lkFk gh ≈aV] ?kksM+ksa] eksj] rksrksa] dcwrjksa dk lqUnj fp=.k Hkh ;gka cgqrk;r ls
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 689
fd;k x;k gSA <ksyk&ek:] ghj&jka>k ls lEcfU/kr fp= fpf=r fd;s x;s gSaA L=h&iq#"kksa
ds oL= o vkHkw"k.kksa ij LFkkuh; o vk/kqfud izHkko fn[kk;h nsrk gSA ;gka vºZpUnzkdkj
esgjkcksa dk fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA ysfdu dbZ txg eqxy 'kSyh ls izHkkfor <yok
esgjkcksa dk fp=.k Hkh fn[kk;h nsrk gSA bl Nrjh esa izeq[k :i ls gYds] xgjs uhys]
gjs] dkys] Hkwjs] gYds ihys] xs:,a (fgjfep) jax dk iz;ksx cgqrk;r ls fd;k x;k gSA
orZeku le; esa bl Nrjh ds fp= rqyukRed :i ls /kaq/kys iM+ x;s gSa] fQj Hkh Hkhrjh
Hkkx lqjf{kr gSA Nrjh ds ckgjh Hkkxksa ij jax isaV fd;k tk pqdk gSA

e/;dkyhu jktLFkku ds lar vkSj lkekftd
psruk % ,d lelkef;d fo'ys"k.k
MkW- fo".kq izlkn 'kekZ
lkekftd ewY;ksa esa fxjkoV orZeku dh oSf'od leL;k ds :i esa mHkj jgh
gSA vk;s fnu bysDV™ksfud ,oa fizUV ehfM;k ls [kcjs vkrh jgrh gS fd vkt
Qyka&Qyka {ks=] dLck] 'kgj] izns'k] ns'k ;k ns'k ds vU;= ujlagkj] ywV&ikV]
nq"deZ tSlh vekuoh; ?kVuk,a ?kfVr gqbZ gSA bl iz'u ij gesa xEHkhjrk ls fopkj
djuk pkfg, fd blds ewy esa D;k gS\ D;k ,slk igys Hkh gksrk jgk gS ;k orZeku esa
gh gks jgk gS\ esjk ekuuk gS fd lHkh ;qxksa esa vekuoh; ?kVuk,° ?kfVr gksrh jgh gSa
ijUrq blesa c<+ksrjh lkekftd ewY;ksa esa fxjkoV dks n'kkZrh gSA e/;dky esa Hkkjr dks
fons'kh vkÿkUrkvksa us jkSank ftlds dkj.k Hkkjrh; tuekul esa fujk'kk ,oa grk'kk dk
Hkko iSnk gksus yxkA bl fLFkfr ls fuiVus ds fy, lekt ds laosnu'khy ,oa nwjn`f"V
j[kus okys egkiq:"k vkxs vk;s vkSj mUgksaus yksxksa dks fn'kk iznku dhA bl vkanksyu esa
jktLFkku Hkh ihNs ugha jgk vkSj vusd larksa tSls& tkEHkksth] jkensoth] pj.knklth]
xksxkth] rstkth] gM+Hkwth] nsoth] ehjkckbZ] [oktk eqbZuqÌhu fp'rh] jTtcth]
lqUnjnklth] ihikth] /kUukth] jSnklth] nknwth ,oa vusd tSu vkpk;ks± us lkaLœfrd
,oa lkekftd ewY;ksa dh j{kk rFkk iquLFkkZiuk djus esa vge ;ksxnku fn;kA
e/;dkyhu larksa ds œfrRo ds fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gksrk gS fd /keZ ,oa
vk/;kfRedrk ;FkkZr vk/kkfjr gSA vFkkZr dk;Z&dkj.k dk ikyu djrh gSA dk;Z&dkj.k
laca/kksa ds dkj.k gh /keZ ,oa vk/;kfRedrk ls foKku ls lkE; LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA
larksa ds O;fDrRo esa lknxh] rkfdZdrk] lkalkfjd vuklfDr ,oa yksd dY;k.k dh
Hkkouk gh yksdekul dks vkdf"kZr djrh gSA blh dk ifj.kke gS fd e/;dky esa u
dsoy iq:"kksa vfirq L=h larksa us Hkh yksxksa dks izHkkfor fd;kA ijUrq 21 oha 'krkCnh esa
353 690 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
lar leqnk; ij iz'u fpUg mB jgs gSa tks fuanuh; gSA lar leqnk; ds yksxksa dks gh vius
lekt esa vk jgs nks"kksa ds f[kykQ vkokt mBkuh pkfg, rkfd dkykarj esa lekt ,oa
lar leqnk; ds e/; fo'okl dk;e gks ldsA

t;iqj fj;klr esa jsy ifjogu lsok dk lkekftd
o vkfFkZd izHkko
f'ko izlkn dq.Mkfj;k
t;iqj fj;klr esa jsy dk fodkl ,d egRoiw.kZ ;qx Fkk] ftlds QyLo:i
t;iqj fj;klr dks fodkl ds iFk ij ,d ubZ fn'kk iznku gqbZA jsy ifjogu dh
LFkkiuk ds ifj.kkeLo:i dbZ LFkkuksa ij tu lkekU; dh LokLF; rFkk 'kSf{kd
leL;kvksa dks nwj djus gsrs jsyos }kjk jsyos vLirky rFkk jsyos Ldwyksa dh LFkkiuk dh
xbZ] yksxksa dks eq∂r bykt rFkk f'k{kk feyus ds ifj.kke Lo:i yksxksa dk lkekftd
Lrj lq/kjus yxkA chekfj;ksa ds izfr tks va/kfo'okl rFkk ekufld ladh.kZrk,a Fkh os
nwj gqbZA yksxksa esa LokLF; lEcU/kh lq/kkj gksus ls vkSlr vk;q esa o`fº gqbZA fo|ky;ksa
dh LFkkiuk ls 'kSf{kd tkx`fr mRiUu gqbZA ifj.kkeLo:i lkekftd oSpkfjd ca/ku
VwVus yxsA
jsy ifjogu ds izkjEHk gksus ls lSdM+ksa fdyksehVj dh nwfj;ka tks dbZ fnuksa esa
r; gks ikrh Fkh vc 'kh?kz r; gksus yxh ftlls yksxksa dks vkokxeu de le; esa gksus
yxkA yksxksa ds vkilh esy fopkj vfHkO;fDr c<+us rFkk vius fopkj ,d nwljs ds
lkFk ckaVus ls fopkjksa dh Lora=rk ij yxs iw.kZ fojke dks gVus dk volj iznku gqvkA
bl izdkj jsy ifjogu dh LFkkiuk ds QyLo:i t;iqj fj;klr esa lkekftd fLFkfr
tks fd fod`r voLFkk esa gh vc mlesa lq/kkj gksus yxk QyLo:i yksxksa dh
lkekftd n'kk lq/kjus yxhA
[kfut mRiknd ds fy;s t;iqj fj;klr izflº jgh gSA [ksrM+h vkSj fla/kkuk esa
rkack] cokbZ esa fudy vkSj dksckYV] djoV (fg.MkSu) esa ykSgk ik;k tkrk Fkk] Hkwjk
laxejej jsoky (vyoj)] dkyk laxejej dksViwryh esa ik;k tkrh FkhA bUgha [kfut
Hk.Mkjksa dk fu;kZr jsy ifjogu }kjk lqxe cu ldkA QyLo:i jkT; dh vkfFkZd
fLFkfr lqn`<+ gqbZ] t;iqj fj;klr esa fudyus okys laxejej ij vk/kkfjr ewfrZdyk
m|ksx] f'kYi dyk m|ksx t;iqj dh vyx igpku Fkh] jsy ifjogu }kjk blds
O;kikj okf.kT; dks c<+kok feyk ftlls jkT; dh vk; esa o`fº gqbZA t;iqj fj;klr esa
jsy ifjogu dk fodkl rFkk dPps eky dh miyC/krk ds QyLo:i ;gka dkj[kkus
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 691
LFkkfir fd;s x;sA [kfut inkFkZ jkT; dh vk; dk rks ,d lk/ku Fks ysfdu lkFk gh
budk mi;ksx foKku o rduhdh gsrq Hkh fd;k x;kA t;iqj fj;klr dh yksgs dh
[kkuksa ls jsy m|ksx dks c<+kok feyk] iVfj;ka rFkk fMCcs vc ykSgs ls cuus yxsA bu
lc ds mijkUr Hkh jsy ifjogu ds fodkl ds QyLo:i dPpk eky ds vk;kr o
fu;kZr gksus ls O;kikfj;ksa us jkT; esa O;kikj gsrq iwath fuos'k fd;k ftlls /khjs&/khjs
m|ksxksa ds fodkl dh fn'kk cnyus yxhA 19oha 'krkCnh ds var rd t;iqj o vU;
fj;klrksa esa dikl] ≈u dkrus ds dbZ dkj[kkus LFkkfir gq;s QyLo:i jkT; dh
vkfFkZd fLFkfr lqn`<+ gqbZA

esokM+ dh fp=kadu ijEijk esa ^izrhd* la;kstu
MkW- t;Jh jkoy
dyk dk ,d vko';d i{k gS] ^izrhd*A dykdkj viuh d`fr;ksa esa nks
izdkj ls dyk dks mn~?kkfVr djrk gS] ,d okLrfod :i esa vkSj nwljk dkYifud :i
esaA fdlh oLrq ;k ?kVuk dk okLrfod :i esa fp=kadu ugha gks ikrk rks dykdkj mUgsa
ladsrksa ;k izrhdksa ds ek/;e ls izdV djrk gSA dykdkj }kjk l`ftr izrhd ekuo dh
dYiuk 'kfDr dk cks/k rks djokrs gh gSa lkFk gh ekuoh; vkdka{kkvksa bPNkvksa] vkn'kks±
vkfn dk Kku Hkh gksrk gSA vuqHkwfr dks lh/ks izdV djus esa vfHkO;fDr vf/kd
laizs"k.k] leFkZ] lqUnj vkSj peRdkj iw.kZ gksrh gSA izrhd dks vewrZ oLrq dk ewrZ fpg~u
dgk tk ldrk gSA og ekuoh; vuqHkwfr;ksa dks vfHkO;Dr djus dk leFkZ ek/;e gSA
oscLVlZ U;w V~oafVFk lsUpqjh fMD'kujh esa ^izrhd* dks dqN bl izdkj ikfjHkkf"kr
fd;k x;k gS&izrhd ,d ladsr gS ftlds }kjk ,d O;fDr dqN fu"d"kZ fudkyrk gSA
izrhd dksbZ oLrq gS tks fd fdlh vU; oLrq ds fy, ;k mlds izfrfuf/k ds :i esa
iz;qDr gksrh gS] fo'ks"k :i ls ;g ,d oLrq gS tks fdlh vewrZ oLrq dk izfrfuf/kRo
djrh gSA ekWfjl ds vuqlkj izrhd og fpg~u gS tks blds fuoZpd ds }kjk izLrqr
fd;k tkrk gS tks fdlh vU; fpg~u dk ftldk fd og i;kZ; gS] dk izfrLFkkiuk
djrk gSA fofy;e ;kdZ ds dFkukuqlkj izrhd fdlh vuqHkwfr ;k fopkj ;k nksuksa dk
lwpd ck· gks ldrs gSaA dyk ds izrhdkRed ;k lkadsfrd :i ljyhdj.k]
fod`rhdj.k] LFkkukiUuhdj.k gSA izrhd ewyr% nks izdkj ds gSa&,d O;fDr ;k
dykdkj dh viuh vuqHkwfr;ksa ,oa Hkkoukvksa ds vuq:i x<+s gq, ;k fufeZr izrhd vkSj
nwljs ijEijkxr izrhdA
esokM+ dh dykd`fr;ksa esa dykdkj us thou dks vuUr lq[k dh lk/kuk ds
:i esa Lohdkj dj mls la;fer lk/ku ds :i esa th;k Hkh gSA Qyr% mlls ^HkfDr*
354 692 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
,oa iz.k; ds uohu lzksr mtkxj gq, gSa vkSj dykdkj esokM+ ds tuthou ds fofo/k
Hkkokos'kksa dks viuh d`fr;ksa esa vorfjr djrk jgkA esokM+ dh laLd`fr ,oa lkekU;
tu thou ds fofo/k fÿ;k dykiksa dks vkd"kZd o ltho fp=.k ;gka dh dyk esa
Li"V ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA /kkfeZd ,oa lkekftd izsj.kkvksa ds ek/;e ls tu lkekU; ds
vHk;Urj Hkkoksa dks izrhdkRed vfHkO;fDr iznku djus esa ;gka dh dykd`fr;ka lQy
gqbZ gSaA esokM+ dh fp=kadu ijEijk esa ekuoh; vkSj nSfod rRoksa ds e/; tks lEcU/k
O;ogkj n`f"Vxr gksrk gS ogh dyk dh vkRek gS vkSj og viuh vfHkO;fDr esa y{k.k]
izrhd vkSj fcEcksa dk lgkjk ysrh gSA esokM+ dh fp=kadu ijEijk esa :ikafdr lkekU;
tu thou ds fofo/k :i] os'kHkw"kk] vkHkw"k.k ,oa vU; izkd`frd miknku ;gka ds yksd
thou ds izfr ?kfu"B lkehI; ,oa lkfUu/; dks mtkxj djrs gSaA

chdkusj esa fLFkr lksygoha 'krkCnh dk ufeukFk
tSu eafnj & ,d ifjp;
MkW- jkts'k iaokj
chdkusj ds laLFkkid jko chdk tks/kiqj ds jko tks/kk ds iq= FksA jko chdk us
vius dqN lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk tkaxy izns'k dh vksj u;s jkT; dh LFkkiuk gsrq izLFkku
fd;kA ml le; tkaxy izns'k esa yxHkx 2364 xkao Fks] ftudk vkil esa fookn cuk
jgrk FkkA bl {ks= dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa us jko chdk dks viuh vksj vkd`"V fd;kA
jko chdk }kjk LFkkfir nqxZ ds nk;as rjQ djhc 15 eh- dh nwjh ij ufeukFk
eafnj vofLFkr gS] bl eafnj dh yEckbZ pkSMk+ bZ ÿe'k% 80 QhV ,oa 30 QhV gSA bl
eafnj dk fuekZ.k dk;Z laor~ 1556 esa ea=h'oj oRljkt ds iq= nhoku deZflag us
vkjEHk djok;kA la- 1570 esa ;g eafnj cudj rS;kj gqvk] blesa ftus'oj nso dh
izfr"Bk dh x;hA bl eafnj ij nks ckj fons'kh geys gq,] igyk geyk eqxy oa'k ds
dkejku us la- 1591 esa fd;k vkSj ;gka dh tSu ewfrZ;ksa dks [kafMr dj fn;kA
eafnj dk fuekZ.k tSlyesjh iRFkjksa ls fd;k x;k gS] eafnj ds ckgj ,oa Hkhrj esa
iRFkj dk csgn ckjhd dke fd;k x;k gSA eafnj esa xHkZx`g dks v"Vkdkj Lo:i esa
cuk;k x;k gSA eafnj ds xHkZx`g esa laxejej dh ewfrZ;ka fojkftr gSa] xHkZx`g esa gok
,oa izdk'k dh leqfpr O;oLFkk gsrq nks >jks[ks Hkh cuok;s x;s gSaA xHkZx`g ds izos'k }kj
dks xqtjkrh dyk 'kSyh ds izLrj ls cuok;k x;k gSA bl izos'k }kj ij tSu rhFk±djksa ds
vykok ;{k&;f{k.kh dh ewfrZ;ka Hkh cuk;h x;h gSA izos'k }kj ij cgqr ckjhd dke
fd;k x;k gS] eafnj ds xqEcn ds Hkhrj Hkxoku egkohj ds thou ls lEcfU/kr 16
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 693
lqUnj fp= cuk;s x;s gSaA ftuesa egkohj Lokeh ds tUe ls fuokZ.k rd dh ;k=k
crk;h x;h gSA eafnj dk eq[; }kj iwokZfHkeq[kh gSA blds vykok nks vU; }kj Hkh gS
tks ÿe'k% mŸkj ,oa nf{k.k fn'kk dh vksj [kqyrs gSaA eafnj ds Hkhrj iRFkj ds [kEHkksa ij
cgqr gh cf<+;k dykdkjh ns[kus dks feyrh gSA eafnj esa Hkksfe;k th dh ewfrZ Hkh gS]
bl ewfrZ ds ihNs ekU;rk gS fd ;g Lo;a deZflag cPNkor dh ewfrZ gS] tks ;gka
Hkksfe;k th cudj eafnj dh j{kk djrs gSaA bl eafnj ds ikl gh izkphu HkkaMk'kkg
eafnj] y{ehukjk;.k eafnj ,oa chdkth dh Vsdjh (lekf/k LFky) vofLFkr gSA
HkkaMk'kkg eafnj dk fuekZ.k dk;Z la- 1525 esa 'kq: gqvk Fkk] bldk fuekZ.k dk;Z la-
1571 esa iw.kZ gqvk] bls f=yksD;nhid izklkn Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g eafnj ufeukFk
eafnj ls Hkh izkphu gSA blds vykok y{ehukjk;.k Hkxoku dk eafnj Hkh ikl gh
fLFkr gS tks fd jko chdk us cuok;k FkkA ;s eafnj Hkh ufeukFk eafnj ls izkphu gSA
jkrh?kkVh ds uhps dh rjQ chdkth dh Vsdjh gS] tgka ij chdkusj ds izkjfEHkd pkj
jktkvksa dh lekf/k;ka cuh gqbZ gSaA la- 1598 esa ekynso ds lSfudksa us bls iqu%
{kfrxzLr fd;k] ijUrq blesa ewyuk;d izfrek dks dksbZ gkfu ugha igqaphA eafnj dk
eq[; }kjk iwokZfHkeq[kh gSaA blds vykok nks vU; }kj Hkh gSa tks ÿe'k% mŸkj ,oa nf{k.k
fn'kk dh vksj [kqys gSaA eafnj esa ;{k&;f{k.kh dh ewfrZ;ksa ds vykok 'kqHk ,oa ykHk
iznku djus ds fy, ladsr :id dbZ ewfrZ;ka ns[kus dh feyrh gSaA ftuesa vktkuckgq
;{k ewfrZ izeq[k gSA

lkaHkj ds laLœr L=ksr
fjadw tSu
jktLFkku esa lkaHkj dk iqjkrkfRod n`f"V ls jktLFkku dk gh ugha iwjs ns'k dk
izkphu ,oa cstksM+ dLck gSA lkaHkj dk bfrgkl o"kks± dk gS D;ksafd ;g cgqr izkphu
LFkku gS }kij ,oa =srk ;qx ls iwoZ vlqjdqyxq: 'kqÿkpk;Z dh ;g ri%LFkyh Hkh jg
pqdh gSA lkaroh&vkBoha 'krkCnh esa i`Fohjkt pkSgku ds yxHkx vkB ih<+h iwoZ ds
ekf.kD;yky uked pkSgku oa'kh; jktk us 'kkdEHkjh nsoh ds vkns'k ls bl uxjh dh
^'kkdEHkj* uke ls uhao j[kh mldk gh viHkza'k :i lkaHkj orZeku esa izpfyr gSA ftls
ohjiqaxo ^i`Fohjkt pkSgku* dh jkt/kkuh izkIr gksus dk xkSjo izkIr gSA lkaHkj ds 5
fdyksehVj mŸkj esa lkaHkj nwnw lM+d ij ufy;klj ds HkwxHkZ ls izkIr izkphu flDdksa]
izfrekvksa rFkk vo'ks"kksa ls tks fu"d"kZ fudkyk x;k gS] mlds vuqlkj ;g LFky ^rhljh
'krkCnh* esa iwjh rjg O;ofLFkr FkkA ml le; Hkh ;g ?kuh vkcknh dk dLck Fkk vkSj
O;kikfjd ysu&nsu] dyk&dkS'ky rFkk pgy&igy ds fy, fo[;kr FkkA
355 694 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
lkaHkj uxjh dk orZeku Lo:i izkphu dky ls ysdj bfrgkl dh ÿfed
voLFkkvksa esa prqFkZ ÿe dk |ksrd gS vFkkZr~ nsoklqj laxzke ds le; ikSjkf.kd dky esa
;g uxj ^nsouxj* Fkk tgka vlqjxq: 'kqÿkpk;Z dk vkJe FkkA mlds i'pkr~ ;g
^ufy;klj* rRi'pkr~ ^'kkdEHkj* vkSj fQj ^lkaHkj* ds uke ls izflº gqvkA fctksfy;k
izf'kfLr ds vuqlkj& fo-la- 1226 fctkSfy;k iz'kfLr esa pgekuksa ds vkfniq:"k dk
uke ^oklqnso* feyrk gSA ;g lkaHkj >hy dk izoZŸkd FkkA blds oa'k esa lkeUr uked
jktk lkaHkj dk 'kkludŸkkZ gqvk FkkA

i;ZVu ds {ks= esa ukxkSj ds esyksa ,oa
n'kZuh; LFkyksa dk ;ksxnku
larks"k dqekj
HkkSxksfyd n`f"V ls ;g jkT; izkœfrd lEink ls ifjiw.KZ ,oa izœfr ds
migkjksa ls lqlfTtr jgk gS] fdUrq bruk gksrs gq, Hkh tc Hkkjr ds fodflr jkT;ksa dh
x.kuk dh tkrh gS] rc jktLFkku dk uke dgha ihNs NwV tkrk gSA bl jkT; us dbZ
?kVukvksa dk ns[kk gSA ;g {ks= i;ZVdksa ds fy, LoxZ gSA ;gk° vusd gosfy;k° vkSj
egy gSA lkFk gh eSys&R;kSgkj o mRlo euk;s tkrs gSA
ukxkSj ftys ds izeq[k LFky ;Fkk&cz„.kh ekrk] ca'khokys dk eafnj] yksgkjiqjk
cM+sihj dh njxkg] lqYrkuqŸkkjdhu dh njxkg] [khaolj ewfUn;kM] tk;y] ew.Mok]
yk[kksyko rkykc] ew.Mok] Msxkuk] MhMokuk] ikMkekrk (MhMokuk) vkfn gSaA
Hkkjr esa esyksa vkSj R;kSgkjksa dh izkphu ijEijk jgh gSA fons'kh i;ZVd bUgsa
ns[kus dks ykykf;r jgrs gSaA vUrjkZ"V™h; i;ZVu o"kZ esa budk vk;kstu i;ZVdksa ds :i
esa vkd"kZd jgk gSA turk dk vkfFkR; vkSj f'k"Vrk i;ZVdksa dks vkdf"kZr djrh gSA
bl izdkj Hkkjr esa i;ZVu dk egRo cgqr gS ,oa fodkl Hkh cgqr gks jgk gSA fdlh Hkh
jkT; ds vkfFkZd fodkl esa i;ZVu dh egRoiw.kZ vko';drk gSA i;ZVu ds ml {ks=
dh dyk ,oa ijEijkvksa dk lEiw.kZ fo'o esa izpkj gksrk gSA ;gka lkekftd rFkk /kkfeZd
LFky ;Fkk fdys] efLtn] njxkg] eafnj] >hys o ckofM+;k° gSa tks LFkkiR; dyk ds
egRo dks crkrs gSA esys ,oa R;kSgkj gekjh Hkkoukvksa dks txkrs gSa vkSj thou esa meax
esa mRlkg dk lapkj djrs gSaA fo'o esa esyksa ,oa R;kSgkjksa dk vfHkizk; ,d gh gSA
lkewfgd :i ls thou dh meax vkSj mYykl dh vfHkO;fDrA esyksa vkSj R;kSgkjksa ls
lkaLœfrd ,drk] lkekftd ln~Hkko dks c<+kok feyrk gSA

ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 695
Hkhy vkfnoklh ds eq[; ioZ ,oa ewY;kadu
dkywjke eh.kk
Hkkjr esa Hkhy tutkfr dk fuokl LFkku e/;izn's k] xqtjkr esa gksus ds lkFk&lkFk
jktLFkku jkT; esa Hkh gSA tgka ds nf{k.kh jktLFkku esa QSyh gqbZ vjkoyh ioZrekykvksa
esa LFkkfir ou lEink vkt Hkh Hkhy laLœfr dks laj{k.k iznku dj jgh gSA eq[r;k
mn;iqj] ckalokM+k] Mwaxjiqj bR;kfn ftyksa esa ik;s tkrs gSA
[ksrjiky dh iwtk & [ksr ds izgjh&nsork [ksrjiky dh iwtk ls Hkhyksa dh
nhokys dh 'kq:vkr gksrh gSA [ksr rFkk [ksr esa budh vkBksa izgj j{kk djus okys nsork
dks ;s ^[ksrjiky* dgdj cM+h Jºk vkSj vkLFkk ds lkFk iqdkjrs gSA
eVdh QksM+uk & [ksrjiky dh vpZuk ds iwoZ fnokyh ds izR;;w"k izgj esa Hkhy
veaxyksa ds ifjgkjs dh ,d [kkl jLe iwjh djrs gSA (<ksjksa ds vkus&tkus ds fy;s cuk
ekxZ) esa cksM+X;k (eVdh) QksM+rs gSA ekU;rk gS fd bl izdkj djus ls ;s Hkwr&izsr
dh lEiw.kZ ck/kkvksa ls eqDr gks tkrs gSA
eos'kh dh iwtk & eos'kh dh iwtk Hkhy œ"kd ds thou dh izeq[k fnokyh
gSA bl volj ij ;s xk;&cSyksa ds yykV ij mlds Bhd chpks chp dqade dk
fryd yxkrs gSa nhid ls mudh vkjrh djrs gSA tks [kqn [kkrs gS] vkSj bUgsa f[kykrs
gSA pks[kk] Fkwyh] jksVh] iq,s vkfn bl fnu ?kj ds lHkh i'kqvksa dks cM+s Lusg&iwoZd
f[kyk;s tkrs gSA budh ekU;rk gS fd iwtk djus ls cSy 'khr ds vkrad ls de ls de
,d ekSle ds fy;s lqjf{kr gks tkrs gSA
Hkhy Hkkjr esa cM+h nwj&nwj rd {ks=ksa esa fc[kjs gq, gSA buds jgu&lgu]
jhfr&fjokt vkSj [kku&iku ij egkjk"V™h; vkSj jktiwrh laLœfr;ksa dh Li"V >yd
gSA bl lkaLœfrd lfEeJ.k ls mŸkj vkSj nf{k.k esa ,drk LFkkfir gqbZ gS rFkk ,d
izdkj ds thor rFkk mnkjoknh lkekftd lECU/kksa dh LFkkiuk lEHko gqbZ gSA Hkhyksa ds
mRlo ,oa R;kSgkj budh vkLFkkvksa] fo'oklksa ,oa ijEijkvksa ds ifjpk;d gSA Hkhy
yksx buds ek/;e ls vius nsoh&nsorkvksa ds izfr vkLFkk o Jºk O;Dr djrs gq,
izlUurk dk vuqHko djrs gSA Hkhyksa dk /kkfeZd thou budh vkLFkk ,oa fo'oklksa ls
izdV gksrk gS] buds nsojs cgqr dykRed gksrs gSA xkao ds ckgj Hkhy vius iwoZtksa dh
ewfrZ;k° LFkkfir djrs gSA ;s dkQh dykRed gksrh gSA lokZf/kd izpfyr :i feV~Vh
ls cuh ewfr;ksa dk gSA

356 696 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
jktLFkku esa lkeUrh O;oLFkk %
,d ,sfrgkfld v/;;u
vthr flag pkS/kjh
duZy VkWM us jktLFkku dh lkeUrh O;oLFkk dh rqyuk e/;;qxhu ;wjksih;
lkeUr iºfr ls dh gSA bl lanHkZ esa MkW- xksihukFk 'kekZ us fy[kk gS fd ^^blesa dksbZ
lUnsg ugha fd ;gka dh lkeUr iºfr vkSj ;wjksi dh lkeUr iz.kkyh esa dbZ lkE;rk gS]
ijUrq jktLFkkuh lkeUr izFkk ,d izdkj dh lkekftd jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dk :i gS]
ftlesa usrk ds :i esa ,d jktk jgrk gS vkSj mlds lkFk mlh ds oa'kt ;k vU; tkfr
ds oa'kt mlds lkFkh vkSj lg;ksxh cus jgrs gSaA ;wjksi esa ,d Lokeh ds lkFkh vkfJr
ds :i esa jgrs Fks] ftudh Lora= dksbZ fLFkfr ugha FkhA ;gka ,d izdkj ls jktk ds
lkeUr mlh ;k led{k oa'k ds gksus ls jkT; esa cjkcj ds fgLlsnkj gksrs FksA
eqxy lŸkk ds laj{k.k dk jktiwr 'kkldksa vkSj muds lkeUrksa ds vkilh
lEcU/kksa ij egRoiw.kZ izHkko iM+kA eqxyksa dk izJ; feyus ls lkeUrksa ds egRo esa
deh vk xbZ vkSj jktiwr jktkvksa us Hkh eqxy lezkV dk vuqdj.k djrs gq, lkeUrksa dks
fu;af=r djus ds iz;kl fd,A eqxyksa dh eulcnkjh izFkk ls izsj.kk ysdj jktiwr
jktkvksa us Hkh vius lkeUrksa dks in vkSj izfr"Bk ds vk/kkj ij fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa esa
foHkkftr dj fn;kA Jsf.k;ksa ds vk/kkj ij gh lkeUrksa dk njckj esa lEeku] fLFkfr]
cSBus dk LFkku] is'kd'k] rkthe (jktk }kjk Lokxr) vkfn fuf'pr gksrs FksA ekjokM+
esa lkeUrksa dh pkj Jsf.k;ka Fkh&jktoh] ljnkj] eqRlÌh vkSj xuk;rA jktk ds NksVs HkkbZ
o fudV lEcU/kh] jktoh dgykrs FksA mUgsa rhu ih<+h rd js[k] pkdjh] gqDeukek
vkfn dh jde jkT; [ktkus esa tek ugha djokuh iM+rh FkhA ljnkjksa dh Hkh pkj
Jsf.k;ka Fkh] ftuesa fljk;r izFke FksA fljk;r ljnkj nk;ha fely (j.key ds oa'kt)
vkSj ck;ha fely (tks/kk ds oa'kt) esa foHkkftr FksA fljk;r ds ljnkjksa dks nksgjh
rkthe izkIr Fkh vFkkZr~ tc ljnkj jktk ds le{k mifLFkr gksrk Fkk rc mldh
mifLFkfr ds vkSj izLFkku djrs le; egkjktk [kM+s gksdj mldk vfHkoknu xzg.k djrs
FksA jkT; iz'kklu esa dk;Z djus ds ,ot esa izkIr tkxhj ds vf/kdkjh eqRlÌh lkeUr
FksA xuk;r jkBkSMk+ sa dk jkT; LFkkfir gksus ls igys ls gh ekjokM+ ds fdlh {ks= ds
Lokeh Fks] ftUgksaus jktk dh v/khurk Lohdkj dj yh FkhA ,sls fBdkus HkkVh] dPNkok]
gkM+k] pkSgku] fllksfn;k] raoj] tkM+spk] >kyk vkfn jktiwrksa ds FksA ekjokM+ esa u;s
jktk dk jktfryd djus dk vf/kdkj cxM+h ds tSrkor Bkdqj dks FkkA og vius
vaxwBs dks ryokj ls phj dj jDr ls Vhdk djrk FkkA tks/kiqj esa ewaf/k;kM+ ds ckjB
Bkdqj dks jktfryd ds le; oa'kkoyh dh mn~?kks"k.kk djus dk vf/kdkj izkIr FkkA
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 697
jktLFkku esa lkeUrh O;oLFkk vkilh HkkbZpkjs dh O;oLFkk Fkh vkSj mldk
Lo:i ,d izdkj ls lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd fo'ks"krkvksa ls ;qDr FkkA
'kkld vkSj lkeUr dk lEcU/k iw.kZ :i ls vkfJrksa dk u gksdj led{k vkKkdkjh
lg;ksfx;ksa dk FkkA jkT; ij ladV ds le; 'kkld ds fy, ej feVus dks m|r jgrs
rFkk okf"kZd dj ds :i esa /kujkf'k dk Hkqxrku djds jkT; dh foŸkh; fLFkfr dks
lqn`<+ djrs FksA lkeUr 'kkfUr dky esa mRloksa vkSj R;ksgkjksa esa lfEefyr gksdj njckj
dh 'kksHkk c<+krs FksA ;s fo'ks"krk,a gh lkeUrh O;oLFkk ds fpj&LFkkf;Ro dk izeq[k
dkj.k jghA

nqxZ LFkkiR; dk /kuh % djkSyh jkT;
MkW- xksfoUn iqjh
nqxZ fuekZ.k esa jktLFkku dh LFkkiR; dyk dk pje mRd"kZ ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
lqn`<+ izkphj] fo'kky ijdksVk] vHks| cqtZs] fdys ds pkjksa rjQ xgjh ugj ;k ifj{kk
fdys ds Hkhrj flyg[kkuk ('kgL=kxkj) tyk'k; vFkok ikuh ds Vkads] vU; HkaMkj]
fdys dk xqIr izos'k }kj rFkk lqjax] jktizklkn rFkk lSfudksa ds vkokl&x`g ;gka ds
izk;% lHkh fdyksa esa fo|eku gSaA fdlh Hkh jkT; dh ;qxhu izxfr dk leqfpr
v/;;u fcuk LFkkiR; dh fofo/k ijrksa rFkk [k.Mgjksa dk v/;;u ugha gks ldrk]
D;ksafd muesa jkT; dh okLrfod vkRek izfrfcfEcr gksrh gSA mUgha ds ek/;e ls dyk
vkSj thou dk lkeatL; ,d fnO; izdk'k ds :i esa izLQqfVr gksrk jgk gSA bl
LFkkiR; dh vfHkO;;fDr xkaoksa] uxjksa] eafnjksa] jktHkouksa] nqxks±] tyk'k;ksa] ckofM+;ksa]
m|kuksa rFkk lekf/k;ksa ds fuekZ.k }kjk izekf.kr gksrh gSA jktiwrkus ds LFkkiR; dk
bfrgkl mruk gh izkphu gS ftruk ekuo bfrgkl dk ;qxA jktLFkku x<+ksa vkSj nqxks± dk
izns'k gSA ;gka dk 'kk;n gh dksbZ tuin ;k vapy ,slk gks tgka dksbZ NksVk&cM+k nqxZ ;k
x<+&x<+h u gks rFkk ftls ysdj dHkh u dHkh fdlh u fdlh yM+kbZ&>xM+s dk
vuq"Bku u gqvk gksA nqxZ&fuekZ.k dh ijEijk gekjs ;gka cgqr izkphu dky ls gh pyh
vk jgh gSA 'kqÿuhfr ds vuqlkj jkT; ds lkr vax ekus x;s gSa] ftuesa nqxZ Hkh ,d gSA
djkSyh dh pkSM+h] lM+dsa] lkoZtfud ukfy;k°] NksVs&cM+s lVs gq, edku]
osfn;k° vkfn ml ;qx ds LFkkiR; ds lk{kh gSA izkphu dky ds ys[kd e.Mu ,oa
lnkf'ko us fdyks dks jkT; dk vfuok;Z vax crk;k gSaA blfy, fdyksa ;k nqxks± dh
vf/kd ls vf/kd la[;k vius&vius vf/kdkj esa j[kuk ,d egRo dh ckr ekuh
tkrh FkhA djkSyh jkT; esa oSls rks dbZ fdys o NksVh x<+h;k° dkQh la[;k esa gSa ysfdu
izeq[k :i ls c;kuk] freu x<+] eaMjk;y] nsofxfj] ≈Vfxfj] cgknqjiqj] loyx<+]
357 698 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
liksVjk] vejx<+] jkeBjk] nkSyriqjk] rkyh] tewjk] [kwMk] buk;rh] ukjksyh] Qrsgiqj]
dkpjksank ,oa NksVh xf<+;k tSls ≈ejh] ikpkSyh] fiijkuh] dkVjh] eksfB;kiqjk] gjuxj]
[kksgjh] [kwxuxj] xksykjk] ohyksuh] uhan vkfn izeq[k gSA

vfHkys[kh; lk{;ksa esa t;iqj fj;klr
dk /kkfeZd&lkaLœfrd thou
eqds'k dqekj 'kekZ
t;iqj fj;klr esa l=goha ls mUuhloha 'krkCnh ds e/; dh le;kof/k ds
nkSjku ;gka ds 'kkldksa }kjk 'krkCnh ds e/; dh le;kof/k ds nkSjku eafnj fuekZ.k
lEcU/kh dk;Z djok;s tkus ds izek.k feys gSaA pkewa esa izkphu x<+ ds lkeus fLFkr
lhrkjketh ds eafnj f'kykys[k laor~ 1803 (1746 bZ-) ls fofnr gksrk gS fd pkSewa ds
Bkdqj tks/kflag ukFkkor ds le; [kaMsyoky egktuksa }kjk bl eafnj dk fuekZ.k
djok;kA lkeksn ds lehi egkj fLFkr y{ehukFkth ds eafnj ds LrEHk ys[k laor~
1713 (1656 bZ-) ls tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gS fd egkj ds izrkih o lkglh 'kkld
jkor v[kSjke vkSj muds iq= dqaoj gjnSjke us laHkor% bl eafnj dk fuekZ.k vFkok
th.kksZºkj djok;k gksA t;iqj ds dk.kkSrk ds utnhd fLFkr lkaHkfj;k xkao esa lhrkjketh
ds eafnj f'kykys[k laor~ 1792 (1735 bZ-) ls Kkr gksrk gS ;gka ds Bkdqj pkanflag ds
jkT; esa gjukFkflag }kjk 1735 bZ- esa lhrkjketh ds bl eafnj dk fuekZ.k djok;k x;k
FkkA teqokjkex<+ fLFkr izkphu x.ks'k eafnj ds f'kykys[k laor~ 1819 (1762 bZ-) ls
;g egRoiw.kZ tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gS fd t;iqj ds egkjktk lokbZ ek/kksflag izFke ds
'kklu dky esa muds lsod dksroky xqykc jk; fllksfn;k rFkk uk;c HkS∏;k nwYgjk;
}kjk x.ks'k th bl eafnj dk fuekZ.k djok;k x;kA blh ifjis{; esa djkSyh ds 'kgj esa
rkykc ds fdukjs fLFkr f'ko eafnj ds f'kykys[k laor~ 1824 (1767 bZ-) ls Kkr
gksrk gS fd bl eafnj dk fuekZ.k xqekuflag ds iq= c[rkojflag dh cMkj.k (nklh)
v.klh uxksgj us djok;k FkkA euksgiqj ('kkgiqjk) fLFkr Jh prqHkqZtth ds eafnj dk
f'kykys[k laor~ 1674 (1617 bZ-) ls tkudkjh feyrh gS fd bl eafnj dh uhao
i`Fohpan ds le; yxh FkhA bl izdkj vfHkys[kh; lk{;ksa esa t;iqj fj;klr ds /
kkfeZd&lkaLd`frd thou dh >kadh fofo/k :iksa esa ns[kus dks feyrh gSA ;g vfHkys[k
'kkldh; gS tks gesa rRdkyhu /kkfeZd&lkaLd`frd O;oLFkk ls voxr djokrs gSaA
budh iqf"V lelkef;d lkfgR; ds v/;;u ls Lor% gh gks tkrh gSA

ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 699
gkM+kSrh % cwanh Ldwy ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa
MkW- T;ksRluk JhokLro
ek/kksflag }kjk dksVk jkT; dh LFkkiuk fo-la- 1688 esa dh x;hA os cwanh ds
jktk jruflag jko ds f}rh; iq= FksA vr,o cwanh o dksVk ds 'kkld ifjokjksa dks ,d
gh ifjokj ekuk tk ldrk gSA gkykafd dksVk cwanh ds dkQh fudV gS ijUrq ;gka dh
fp=dyk iºfr viuh fof'k"Vrk fy;s gq, gSA dksVk dh fp=dyk esa u rks cwanh dh
fp=dyk tSlk dYiukRed foLrkj gS vkSj uk gh ogka dh tSlh ifj"d`r 'kSyhA dksVk
dh fp=dyk cwanh dh fp=dyk dh udy ;k Nk;k dgh tk ldrh gSA dYiukRed
n`f"V ls Hkh gkM+kSrh Ldwy mrus gh mRd`"V Fks ftrus lkaLd`frd n`f"V ls FksA pkSgku
oa'kh; gkM+kvksa dk izlkj vkSj izrki cwanh] dksVk] >kykokM+ {ks= esa jgk] blfy, ;g
{ks= gkM+krS h dgyk;kA cwanh 'kSyh] dksVk 'kSyh rFkk >kykokM+ 'kSyh rFkk vU; fBdkuksa
dh dyk dks ge gkM+krS h Ldwy ds vUrxZr j[k ldrs gSaA
cwanh 'kSyh 18oha 'krkCnh ds izFke lksiku esa ykydfo us jktk cqfºflag
(1695&1731 bZ-) ds fy;s ^vyadkj xzUFk* dh jpuk dhA blesa esokM+ dk izHkko
>ydrk gSA fp=ksa esa Hkkoukvksa dh ljyrk izd`fr dh fofo/krk] i'kq&if{k;ksa rFkk
lrjaxs cknyksa] tyk'k;ksa dk fp=.k] izsekyki es 'osr&';ke fp= ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA
mEesnflagth (1748&1771) ,d fp= esa JhukFkth dh iwtk djrs gq, vafdr fd;s
x;s gSaA nwljs fp= esa fc'kuflag th u`R; dk vkuUn ys jgs gSaA mEesnflagth fp= esa
fopkj foe'kZ dj jgs gSaA ukFk}kjk 'kSyh dk izHkko Hkh ns[kus dks ;=&r= feyrk gSA
fiNokbZ ds fp= diM+s ij JhukFkth dh fp=dkjh] JhukFkth ds ihNs diM+s dh
fp=dkjh] fiNokbZ 'kSyh ds ifjpk;d gSA fo".kqflag (1773&1821) Lo;a dyk
eeZK Fks muds Lo;a ds }kjk jfpr J`axkj ,oa HkfDr ijd gtkjksa in vkt Hkh gLrys[kksa
ds :i esa miyC/k gSaA cwanh 'kSyh dk vf/kdka'k fo"k; d`".k pfj= dk fp=.k jgk gSA
LokHkkor% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd dksVk dh 'kSyh vkSj cwanh dh 'kSyh esa
dksbZ QdZ ugha gS ysfdu dksVk 'kSyh esa d`".kyhyk dks iq"VekxhZ; HkfDr Hkkouk ls
vksr izksr fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA Jhd`".k ds tUe fnol xgjkrh gqbZ ;equk unh vkSj
vkleku ij ?kqeM+rh ?kVk ds Hk;kog ckny] n'kkorkj dh >kadh] Xoky ckyksa dh
yhyk;sa vkSj ek[ku pksjh n`'; dks vPNh rjg ls fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA Hkzej xhr xkrh
gqbZ xksfi;ka] mºo dk Kkuksins'k rFkk Jhd`".k o cyjke dk eFkqjk xeu cM+k vkd"kZd
gSA fi.Mkfj;ksa ds ÿks/k tfur psgjs] ;qºjr Hkkokos'k rFkk yksddFkkvksa dh laxhrkRed
/ofu;ksa dks fp=ksa esa cka/kus rFkk mUgsa jaxksa ls fpf=r djus dk dksVk 'kSyh ds fp=dkjksa
us vPNk iz;kl fd;k gSA
358 700 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
cwanh dh fp=dyk jktLFkku dh fp=dyk dh ,d yksdfiz; 'kSyh ds :i esa
fodflr gqbZ gSA vr% ftu ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe;ksa esa fp=dyk us viuk cpiu vkSj
;kSou latks;k] mudk fnXn'kZu djuk Hkh U;k;ksfpr tku iM+rk gSA
cwanh fp= 'kSyh ij esokM+] eqxy vkSj nf{k.kh 'kSfy;ksa dk izHkko ifjyf{kr
gksrk gSA esokM+ 'kSyh dk jax vkSj vkd`fr;ksa esa izHkko jgkA eqxy izHkko ls Nk;k vkSj
izdk'k dk lekos'k gqvkA nf{k.k 'kSyh ds izHkko ds dkj.k jkf= ds n`'; fVe&fVekrs
lQsn rkjs] iqf"ir ikS/ks] {kh.k pUnzek cuk;s x;sA ;qº ds fp=ksa esa ohjrk izn'kZu izeq[k
gSA cwanh 'kSyh viuh fof'k"V fo'ks"krkvksa ds dkj.k jktLFkkuh fp=dyk esa gh ugha
cfYd Hkkjrh; fp=dyk esa Hkh viuk izeq[k egRo j[krh gSA bl 'kSyh ds fp= vkt
Hkh fp=dyk] dfri; izkphu gosfy;ka] edkuksa vkSj ljLorh Hk.Mkj (jktdh;
iqLrdky;) esa ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA Hkkjr ds dbZ ljdkjh ,oa vºZ&ljdkjh laxzgky;ksa
esa Hkh laxzfgr gSA izeq[k laxzgky;ksa ds uke bl izdkj gS&bykgkckn] fiazl vkWQ oSYl]
E;wft;e] cEcbZ vkSj y[ku≈ laxgz ky;] fcpsLVj laxgz ky;] lwjr] lkykjtax laxgz ky;]
gSnjkckn bR;kfnA fons'kksa ds dbZ laxzgky; Hkh buls Hkjs iM+s gSaA bl 'kSyh ds izeq[k
fp=dkj Fks&eUuk] jkeyky] euksgj] lqjru] vgen vyh] Jh fd'ku vkSj lk/kqjkeA

egkjktk t;flag % vk/kqfud vyoj ds fuekZrk
galjkt lksuh ,oa ekuflag eh.kk
t;flag dk tUe 14 twu] 1882 dks vyoj ds fou; foykl esa gqvkA 23
ebZ 1892 dks os jktxÌh ij fojkteku gq,A egkjktk ds vYio;Ld gksus ds dkj.k
jkT; izca/k ds fy, ,d dkSafly cukbZ xbZ ftlus 1903 bZ- rd 'kklu izca/k dks
lapkfyr fd;kA 10 fnlEcj] 1903 bZ- dks ok;ljk; ykWMZ dtZu us mUgsa 'kklu ds
iw.kZ vf/kdkj iw.kZ vf/kdkj izkIr gq,A t;flag ,d dq'ky iz'kkld] U;k;fiz; vkSj
ns'kHkDr FksA ebZ 1933 esa mUgsa ns'k fudkyk ns fn;k x;kA vius fuokZlu dh vof/k esa
19 ebZ 1937 dks ›kal dh jkt/kkuh isfjl esa mudk fu/ku gks x;kA t;flag ds
izHkko'kkyh O;fDrRo] muds lq/kkjoknh vkSj izxfr'khy fopkjksa ds dkj.k vkt Hkh
vyoj dk tuekul mUgsa ;kn djrk gSA
egkjktk t;flag dk le; vyoj fj;klr esa iz'kklfud vkfFkZd] lkekftd]
'kS{kf.kd ,oa /kkfeZd lq/kkjksa dh n`f"V ls vfo'oluh; le; FkkA ;|fi muds
'kkludky esa Hkk"k.k] lekpkj i=ksa ,oa jktuSfrd lHkkvksa ij iw.kZ izfrca/k yxk gqvk
FkkA egkjktk ds lq/kkjoknh n`f"Vdks.k ds mijkar Hkh jkT; ds ,d fo'ks"k oxZ esa
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 701
vlarks"k ds QyLo:i uhewpk.kk ,oa eso vkUnksyu gqvk ijUrq egkjktk t;flag us
lnSo iztkfgr dks loksZifj j[kkA vius 'kkludky esa mUgksaus lq/kkjoknh ,oa izxfr'khy
n`f"Vdks.k dks viukdj vyoj dh 'kklu O;oLFkk dks vk/kqfudrk dh vksj ys tkus
dk ,d cgqr cM+k dk;Z fd;k] bl vk/kkj ij egkjktk t;flag dks vk/kqfud vyoj
dk fuekZrk dguk loZFkk mfpr gksxkA

fctkSfy;k dh LFkkiR; dyk
eafnjksa ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa
;ksxjkt flag iaokj
fctkSfy;k o bldk 140 oxZ ehy dk {ks= ,d iBkj gS tks leqnz rV ls
djhc 2000 QhV dh ≈apkbZ ij fLFkr gS ,slk gksus ls bl iBkj ij jgus okyksa ij nwj
ls fdlh dh n`f"V ugha iM+rh gS vkSj u gh dksbZ lgt gh bl iBkj ij p<+dj vkus dk
lkgl tqVk ikrk gSA
vkt tgka fctkSfy;k dLck clk gqvk gS] blds lanHkZ esa ;g ekUr; gS fd
vxj dksbZ iBkj p<+dj ≈ij vk tk, rks Hkh mldks ;g dLck fn[kkbZ ugha iM+rk gS]
pwafd iwjk dLck NksVh&NksVh igkfM+;ksa ds chp clk gSA dgrs gSa fd vxj dksbZ O;fDr
nwj [kM+k jg dj dLcs ij rhj pyk, rks oks rhj ≈ij ls gh fudy tk,xkA tks Hkh
i;ZVd ;k bfrgklosŸkk fctkSfy;k vk;k] pkSads fcuk ugha jg ik;kA ckr gh dqN ,slh
gSA ,d NksVk lk dLck vkSj brus HkO; eafnjA okg] mls ,d ckj rks yxrk gS fd dgha
og dYiuk yksd esa rks ugha gSA ,slk dSls gks ldrk gS] brus NksVs ls dLcs esa ,sls
dykRed vkSj HkO; eafnj] ysfdu ;g ,d lp gS vkt ge ftl fctkSft;k dks ,d
NksVs ls xkao ds :i esa ns[k jgs gSa og Hkh ^foa/;koyh* ds uke ls cM+h uxjh FkhA vr%
dksbZ vk'p;Z dh ckr ugha gS tks vxj ;gka brus dykRed eafnj gSaA HkhyokM+k ftys
ds tulEidZ vf/kdkjh ';ke lqUnj tks'kh us bl lUnHkZ esa 3 ekpZ] 1991 dks jktLFkku
if=dk esa izdkf'kr ys[k esa fy[kk gS&^^f'kYi lkSUn;Z ls ifjiw.kZ fctkSfy;k ds nsoky;
bfrgkl] iqjkrRo] LFkkiR;] i;ZVu ,oa tu&eu esa jph clh /kkfeZd vkLFkk ds laxe
LFky gS ftUgsa igyh ckj ns[krs gh eu esa muds izfr vnE; vuqjkx meM+ iM+rk gSA**
,slk gh er izflº fo}ku enu yky rkaxM+ dk gS] 2 vDVwcj] 1987]
jktLFkku if=dk esa izdkf'kr ys[k ds vuqlkj ^^;s eafnj viuh cstksM+ dyk ds fy,
fo[;kr gS] izFke n`f"V esa gh vkdf"kZr djus dh iwjh {kerk j[krs gSaA LFkkiR; vkSj
ewfrZ f'kYi nksuksa esa gh bUgsa Hkkjr ds vU; eafnjksa dh rqyuk esa j[k ldrs gSaA** ,sls gh
359 702 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
er mu lHkh bfrgkldkjksa ds gSa ftUgksaus Hkh bUgsa ns[kk gSA
fctkSfy;k ds eq[; eafnj&1- eankfduh ds eafnj] 2- frLoka dk fryLeh
eafnj] 3- egkuky dk eafnj] 4- ik'oZukFk eafnj % riksilxZ dSoY;/kke] 5- fctklu
ekrk dk eafnj gSaA varr% ;g fy[kuk mfpr gksxk fd fctkSfy;k ds ;s eafnj vkus okys
le; esa bfrgkl ,oa iqjkrRo dh n`f"V ls bl lEiw.kZ {ks= dk ,d u;k v/;k;
fy[ksaxsA

Hkjriqj dk xaxk eafnj & ,d ,sfrgkfld ,oa
dykRed fo'ys"k.k
MkW- fnyhi dqekj xxZ
Hkjriqj esa ,sfrgkfld] /kkfeZd] vk/;kfRed n`f"V ls eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk
jgk gSA mu eafnjksa esa ,d cgqr gh lqUnj] uDdk'kh;qDr ,oa fo'kky eafnj gS&xaxk
eafnjA xaxk eafnj Hkjriqj esa ghjknkl jksMost cl LVs.M ls yxHkx 3 fdeh- rFkk
jsyos LVs'ku ls fdys esa gksrs gq, 2 fdeh- dh nwjh ij fLFkr gSA ;g eafnj HkkSxksfyd
n`f"V ls 27013 mŸkjh v{kka'k rFkk 77013 iwohZ ns'kkarj gSA Hkjriqj 'kgj ds e/; ,oa
Hkjriqj ds yksgkx<+ fdys ds nf{k.k fn'kk dh vksj xaxk eafnj fLFkr gSA ;g eafnj
uDdk'kh o dykRedrk ls Hkjiwj gSA Hkjriqj ds tkV 'kkld Jh cyoarflag us viuh
b"Vnsoh Jh xaxk ekrkth dh ewfrZ dh LFkkiukFkZ fo-la- 1902 (1845 bZ-) esa bl
fo'kky vkSj lqUnj eafnj dh uhao MyokbZ ftldk fuekZ.k dk;Z mlh le; ls 90 o"kks±
rd pyrk jgkA cyoarflag ds ckn ikap ihf<+;ksa rd xaxk eafnj dk fuekZ.k dk;Z
pyrk jgk ;Fkk&egkjktk tloarflag] egkjktk jkeflag] egkjktk Jhd`".kflag ,oa
egkjktk c`tsUnzflagA egkjktk c`tsUnzflag ds le; bl eafnj dk fuekZ.k dk;Z iw.kZ gqvk
vkSj mUgksaus vius 'kklu dky esa ferh ek?k 'kqDyk 12 fo-la- 1993 rnuqlkj fnukad
22 Qjojh 1937 bZ- dks Jh xaxkekrk dh euksgj ewfrZ dh LFkkiuk djok;hA eafnj
fuekZ.k ds ckjs esa ,slk dgk tkrk gS fd tkV jktk cyoarflag ds larku ugha Fkh vkSj
ml le; vdky dh fLFkfr FkhA egkjktk dks lykg nh x;h fd vki viuh b"Vnsoh
xaxk ekrk dh iwtk vpZuk dhft,A egkjktk dh bPNk Fkh fd eafnj HkO; ,oa fo'kky
cuuk pkfg, rFkk egy ls lh/ks n'kZu gksus pkfg,A egkjktk Lo;a lHkh /keks± esa fo'okl
djrs FksA njckfj;ksa o fo}ku iqjksfgrksa dh lykg ls eafnj cukus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA
eafnj cukus ds fy, i;kZIr /ku u gksus dh leL;k Fkh ,slh fLFkfr esa fj;klr ds
deZpkfj;ksa us lg;ksx fn;k o vius ,d ekg ds osru dks"k esa tek djok;kA
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 703
orZeku esa xaxk eafnj nsoLFkku foHkkx jktLFkku ljdkj dss vUrxZr vkrk gSA
eafnj esa ,d iqtkjh dk;Zjr gS tks fnu esa ikap ckj vkjrh djrs gSaA n'kZukFkhZ ,oa Jºkyq
izfrfnu eafnj esa vkrs gSa vkSj n'kZuksa dk vkuUn ysrs gSaA eafnj ifjlj dkQh yack pkSM+k
gS] tgka ij Hkjriqj 'kgjoklh lqcg lk;a Vgyrs gSaA eafnj dh okLrqdyk ,oa
lkSUn;kZRedrk ds dkj.k LFkkuh; ns'kh fons'kh i;ZVd eafnj vkrs gSa] ftlls vkfFkZd
xfrfof/k;ksa ij Hkh ldkjkRed izHkko iM+rk gSA eafnj ds pkjksa vksj yxHkx 110
nqdkusa gSa] ftudk fdjk;k nsoLFkku foHkkx dks tek djok;k tkrk gSA gkykafd dbZ
LFkkuksa ls eafnj ifjlj ds dqN fgLls ejEer dh fLFkfr esa gSA bl izdkj Hkjriqj dk
xaxk eafnj ,sfrgkfld] /kkfeZd ,oa dykRed n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA eafnj o
efLtn dh uhao ,d lkFk yxuk /kkfeZd lkSgknZ dk izrhd gSA xaxk eafnj dh mPpLrj
dh okLrqdyk] ckjhd dkjhxjh] eafnj dh fo'kkyrk] lkFk gh cktkj gsrq nqdkuksa dk
fuekZ.k bR;kfn Hkjriqj ds tkV jktkvksa dh vfHk#fp o ;ksxnku dks n'kkZrk gSA ;g xaxk
eafnj gekjh ,sfrgkfld] lkaLd`frd /kjksgj gS] ftls v{kq..k cuk, j[kuk ge lHkh dh
ftEesnkjh gSA le; le; ij ejEer ,oa laj{k.k dh vko';drk gSA esjk ;g Hkh
lq>ko gS fd eafnj ls lacaf/kr lHkh nLrkost eafnj vFkok nsoLFkku foHkkx ds ikl
gksus pkfg,A mudh miyC/krk lHkh ds fy, vklkuh ls gksuh pkfg,A eafnj esa Hkh
eafnj dk bfrgkl dykvksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsus okyk iksLVj gksuk pkfg, ftlls
izR;sd n'kZukFkhZ bfrgkl o gekjh fojklr ls voxr gks ldsA

yksd nsork ckck jkenso ds lkfgR;
esa vkRe rRo (vkRe Kku)
res?k iaokj
jkensojk tSlyesj ftys esa iksdj.k rglhy esa iksdj.k ls 10 fdyksehVj mŸkj
fn'kk dh vksj fLFkr gSA lar Jh ckck jkensoth us Lo;a bl uxj dh LFkkiuk dh Fkh
vkSj ckn esa ;gka ij thfor lekf/k ys yh FkhA vkt ;g if'peh jktLFkku dk lcls
cM+k /kkfeZd LFky gSA yk[kksa yksx ;gka n'kZukFkhZ ds :i esa vkrs gSaA ;gka gj fnu uohu
laLd`fr;ksa dk feyu gksrk gSA lar Jh ckck jkensoth ,d flº iq#"k Fks ftUgksaus bl
uxj dks vkckn fd;k ,oa vketu dks HkkbZpkjs o ln~Hkkouk dk lans'k fn;kA
yksd nsork ckck jkenso dk foLr`r yksd lkfgR; ekSf[kd :i esa vkt Hkh
xkao&xkao esa xk;k tkrk gSA muds lkfgR; esa gesa vusd :i fn[kkbZ nsrs gS tSls& cz„
dh dYiuk] vkRe rRo dh dYiuk] vorkjokn] xq: dh efgek] mifu"kn~ n'kZu]
360 704 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
eks{k] vkRek&ijekRek vkfn dk leUo; fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ckck jkenso dk lEiw.kZ
lkfgR; ekSf[kd ijEijk dk iz/kku gSA ftlesa jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vFkok ekjokM+h dh
iz/kkurk gSA ;g lkfgR; x| ,oa i| nksuksa :i esa feyrk gSA
ckck jkenso ds lkfgR; esa bu rRoksa ds lkFk&lkFk vkRe&rRo dk foLr`r
Lo:i fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA mudh O;k[;k ds lkFk mldk foLr`r mYys[k vkxs fd;k
tk;sxkA ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd ckck jkenso dh okf.k;ksa esa 24 izek.k Lo;a ckck
jkenso }kjk xk;s x;s FksA ml le; f'k{kk ds vHkko esa mudks ladfyr djuk eqf'dy
Fkk ijUrq ckn esa muds fiz; HkDr gjth HkkVh us tu ekul ds lkeus ekSf[kd :i ls
j[kkA ckck jkenso us dgk gS fd O;fDr N% n'kZu (U;k;] eheaklk] lka[;] vkfn) dk
Kku izkIr djys ijUrq tc rd vkRe Kku dks ugha igpkusxk lc dqN O;FkZ gSA blh
izdkj mUgksaus crk;k fd O;fDr fdruh Hkh dBksj riL;k djys ijUrq og Hkh O;FkZ gS
tc rd og vkRe Lo:i dks ugha igpku ysA ;fn vkRe Lo:i dks igpku fy;k
og rks Lor% gh eks{k dk vf/kdkjh gksxkA

vyoj dh yksd laLœfr ,oa yksd laxhr
MkW- jkts'k vk;Z
vyoj dh yksd laLœfr vius cgqvk;keh Lo:i ds dkj.k izkphu le; ls
fof'k"V jgh gSA esokr vkSj jkB vapy esa csVk vyoj jkT; viuh yksd&/kquksa esa ges'kk
gh epyrk fn[kkbZ fn;k gSA ehjklh] tksxh] ihj&Qdhj] ukSVadh Vksfy;ksa us bl mQku
dks vkSj vf/kd thoUr djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA iyk'k ds ngdrs ouksa ds chp
vyxkstksa dh /kqu vkSj Hkiax ds Lojksa us ftl y;cºrk dks tUe fn;k] mlds vo'ks"k
vkt Hkh fdLls dgkfu;ksa esa xk°o&xk°o xk;s tkrs gSaA ;gka ds izkœfrd okrkoj.k us
laLœfr fuekZ.k esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA bl n`f"V ls vyoj jkT; esa l?ku ou]
euksgjh lfjrkvksa] lqjE; vjkoyh dh ioZr J`a[kykvksa vkfn us Ωf"k eqfu;ksa ,oa
;ksfx;ksa dks riL;k ds fy, mi;qDr okrkoj.k iznku fd;k gSA muds izHkko ls ;gka ds
tu tu esa vk/;kfRedrk dk fodkl gqvk gSA
vyoj vapy izkphu le; ls gh lkaLœfrd LFkyksa dk dsUnz jgk gSA f=xrZ
(frtkjk)] eRL; (ekapM s h+ )] O;k?kzjkt (jktx<+)] vkHkkusjh] jktkSjx<+] Hkr`gZ fj] ik.Mqiksy]
rkyo`{k] jko.knsojk] dwy ds dq.M] lkgch unh dk dkaBk vkfn {ks= egRoiw.kZ
lkaLœfrd dsUnz jgs gSaA eRL; izns'k dh ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; esa lkaLœfrd i`"BHkwfe
le`º ,oa oSHko'kkyh jgh gSA ;g izns'k izkphu le; ls gh ifjorZu ,oa fodkl dh
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 705
Hkwfedk fuHkkrk jgk gSA egkHkkjr dky esa eRL; vkSj fojkV uxj izeq[k lkaLœfrd
dsUnz FksA laxhr ,oa u`R; dykvksa esa vyoj jkT; dk ;ksxnku egRoiw.kZ gSA
;gka egkjktk f'konkuflag us laxhr iEijk dks fo'ks"k laj{k.k fn;kA muds
njckj esa laxhr esa n{k vusd dykdkj FksA Bqejh] nknjk vkSj xty tSlh laxhr
ijEijkvksa dks mUgksaus fo'ks"k izksRlkfgr fd;kA laxhr dh 'kkL=h; ijEijk dks egkjktk
t;flag us izksRlkfgr fd;kA ;gka 'kkL=h; laxhr jktdh; laj{k.k esa iuik vkSj yksd
laxhr dks yksd dykdkjksa us lqjf{kr j[kk ogha ehjklh vkSj tksfx;ksa us yksdukV~;
ijEijk dks vkxs c<+kus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA vyhc['k ds [;ky] esokrh jrokbZ]
jk.ks&Mwe] ghj jk°>k] ?kqMp + <+h eso [kk° bR;kfn ;gka ds cgq izpfyr laxhr :id
xkao&xkao esa yksdfiz; gSA xksihpUn Hkr`Zgfj ;gka ikjlh fFk;sVj ds i;kZ; cu x;s gSA
tu ekul esa vyojr :i ls cgus okyh laxhr /kkjk us vyoj jkT; dh ?kkfV;ksa [ksrksa
,oa xyh eqgYyksa dks ltho cuk, j[kk gSA vyoj jkT; esa laxhr dh /kkjk dks nks :iksa
esa izokfgr gqbZ gSA
egkjktk t;flag us u`R; ,oa laxhr ds fy, cM+s&cM+s rhu dejs cuok;s
ftuesa vc jktdh; laxzgky; vofLFkr gSA muds le; laxhr dh vusd lHkk;sa jkT;
dh vksj ls vk;ksftr dh tkrh FkhA ftuesa vusd fj;klrksa ds cM+s&cM+s dykdkj Hkkx
ysrs FksA egkjktk t;flag }kjk 'kk;jksa dks Hkh njckj esa laj{k.k fn;k x;kA
1943 esa vyoj esa ^yfyr dyk ifj"kn~* dh LFkkiuk gqbZA egkjktk rstflag
blds laj{kd FksA laxhr dh f'k{kk ds izpkj&izlkj gsrq mPpdksfV ds dykdkj v/
;kidksa dks laLFkk esa fu;qDr fd;k x;kA MkW jkeizlkn 'kkL=h&ok;fyu] lksguyky
xkaxkuh&rcyk o u`R;] vgen [kk°&rcyk] j?kqohj'kj.k&flrkj] dUgS;kyky
ekjokM+h&flrkj bR;kfn laxhr ds {ks= esa n{k f'k{kd FksA xksiky vf/kdkjh dk uke
/kzqoin ,oa /kEekj xk;u esa fo'ks"k mYys[kuh; gSA

jktLFkku dk HkkSxksfyd i;kZoj.k
,oa ikjEifjd gLrdyk,°
vt; ;kno
jktLFkku ,d ,slk izns'k gS] tgk° Hkwxksy vkSj bfrgkl ,dkdkj gks x;k gS vkSj
;g dguk vfr'k;ksf‰ u gksxk fd bl izns'k dh HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;ksa us u dsoy
;gk° ds bfrgkl dks ,d fn'kk nh gS] vfirq ;gk° ds lkaLœfrd] lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd
ifjos'k dks fu;fU=r ,oa fu/kkZfjr fd;k gS vkSj u dsoy Hkkjr vfirq fo'o esa bldh
361 706 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
fof'k"V igpku cukbZ gSA fofHkÈk HkkSxksfyd fo'ks"krkvksa ds vk/kkj ij Hkh jktLFkku ds
fHkÈk&fHkÈk {ks=ksa ds uke FksA ekgh unh ds {ks= dks ^dkBy* dgk tkrk FkkA
izrkix<+&ck°lokM+k ds chp ds 56 xzke lewg dks ^NIiu* dk eSnku dgk tkus yxkA
ekuo lH;rk ds fodkl ds lkFk gh vusd tkfr;k° izkœfrd okrkoj.k ds lkFk
lkeatL; j[krs gq,] muds LoPNUn vapyksa esa fuokl djrh jgh gSA ikjLifjd
gLrdyk,° tutkfr; {ks=ksa esa vf/kd iuih ftldk lh/kk laca/k i;kZoj.k ls rkyesy
jguk jgk gSA jktLFkku ds xzkeh.k ifjos'k ds yksx cM+s iSekus ij viuh laLœfr ls tqM+s
gSaA lkaLœfrd fojklr ekgkSy esa cus ltkoVh lkeku vkSj iks'kkd] f'k"Vkpkj ds
ikjaifjd rjhds ds fuckZ/k cus gq, gSaA ijaijkxr yksd gLrf'kYi us vn~Hkqr fMtkbuksa
:iksa vkSj jaxksa ds 'kkunkj izn'kZu izLrqr fd;k gSA gkykafd miHkks‰kokn dh laLœfr us
Lora=rk ds ckn ds o"kks± ds nkSjku ikajifjd uSfrd vkSj lkaLœfrd eqY;ksa vkSj xk°o ds
gLrf'kYiksa dks vufxur uqdlku igq°pk;k gSA dykRed vkSj mi;ksfxrkoknh xq.kksa ds
chp fojks/kkHkkl gekjs le; ds miHkksDrkoknh euksfoKku dk ifj.kke jgk gS] tks fd
cktkj laLœfr dks cuk, j[krk gSA bl dkj.k ge vius {ks= dh yksdfiz; laLœfr
vkSj iajijkvksa dh csgrj ckjhfd;ksa ds ckjs esa dkQh vKkuh gSaA blh mÌs'; dks /;ku esa
j[k dj jktLFkku dh ikjEifjd gLrdykvksa dk v/;;u orZeku ifjiz{s ; esa vko';d
gSA

jktLFkku esa tSu /keZ ds lk{;
MkW- txnh'k ukjk;.k vks>k
iwoZ e/;dkyhu jktLFkku esa tSu lwfj;ksa vkSj lk/kqvksa ds lrr~ iz;kl ds
QyLo:i tSu /keZ dk vR;f/kd izpkj&izlkj gqvkA c;kuk ls izkIr fo-l- 1100 ds
,d vfHkys[k esa tSu 'osrkEcj lwfj ekgs'oj dk mYys[k gsA fpŸkkSM+ ls izkIr fo-la-
1207 ds ,d vfHkys[k esa fnxEcj lEiznk; ds izeq[k t;dhfrZ dk mYys[k gSa ;g
rF; vR;Ur egŸoiw.kZ gS fd jktLFkku ds ujs'k vkSj inkf/kdkjh izeq[kr;k fgUnw FksA
bl dky esa vusd xPNksa dh LFkkiuk gqbZ vkSj bl {ks= ds vusd izeq[k uxjkfn tSu /
keZ ds egŸoiw.kZ dsUÊ cusA o"kkZokl ds volj ij bu dsUÊksa esa lHkkvksa vkSj xksf"B;ksa
dk vk;kstu gksus yxkA tSu fo}ku gfjHkÊlwfj ds iz;klksa ls fpŸkkSM+ tSu /kEkZ ds eq[;
dsUÊ ds :i esa izfrf"Br gks x;kA gfjHkÊlwfj us vusdkart; irkdk] /keZfcUnq izHk`fr
xzUFkksa dh jpuk dj muds ek/;e ls tSu flºkUrksa dks yksdfiz; cukus dk iz;kl
fd;kA blds mijkUr fo-l- 835 esa m|;ksrulwfj us dqoy;ekyk vkSj flºgf"kZlwfj us
fo-la- 962 esa mifefr Hkoiziap dFkk dh jpuk dhA
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 707 362 708 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288

izfrgkj iz'kklu dkykUrxZr tSu /keZ dh izxfr gqbZA ukxHkÍ f}rh; dk tSu
lk/kq ;{knso ls lEcU/k FkkA oRljkt ds 'kkludky esa vusd tSu mins'kdksa }kjk tSu
/keZ dh izxfr ds fy, dke fd;k x;kA mlh le; vksfl;ka (tks/kiqj laHkkx) us
egkohj Lokeh dk efUnj fufeZr gqvkA ukxHkV f}rh; ds dky esa cIiHkfÍ vR;f/kd
izHkko'kkyh tSu lwfj FksA mUgsa tSu lkfgR; esa ukxHkV f}rh; ds fe= vkSj vk/;kfRed
xq: ds :i esa izfrf"B fd;k x;kA dDdqd ;|fi] czk„.k /kekZuq;k;h Fkk rFkkfi mlus
jksfgldwi esa tSu efUnj dk fuekZ.k djok;k vkSj blds izcU/k dk mŸkjnkf;Ro
xksf"Bdksa dks lkSaikA pkSyqD; 'kkldksa us Hkh tSu /keZ dks leqfpr laj{k.k iznku fd;kA
jktLFkku dk ,d foLr`r Hkkx pkSyqD;ksa ds v/khu FkkA t;flag dk mŸkjkf/kdkjh
dqekjiky izflº tSu vkpk;Z gsepUÊ lwfj ds izHkko esa tSu /keZ dk vR;Ur mRlkgh
vuq;k;h cu x;k FkkA mlus tSu /keZ ds izlkj ds fy, vusd dne mBk;sA
^};kJ;egkdkO;* ls Kkr gksrk gS fd ikyh {ks= esa czk„.kksa dks ;K esa /kku dh vkgqfr
ls lUrq"V gksuk iM+rk Fkk vkSj lk/kqvksa ds fy, vfXu izkIr djuk dfBu gks x;k FkkA
mlds dky esa vusd tSu /keZ'kkL= Hk.Mkjksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ vkSj tSu izklknksa dk
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ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 709
List of Members
Founder Members
Late Dr. A.L. Srivastva Late Shri N.R. Khadgawat
Late Dr. S.P. Srivastva Late Dr. Dasharatha Sharma
Late Shri R.S. Kapur Late Shri N.N. Acharya
Shri L.P. Vaisya Late Prof. G.N. Sharma
Late Dr. M.S. Jain Late Dr. R.P. Vyas
Late Rao Narayan Singh Of Masooda
Patrons
Shri G.C.Kanungo, Managing Director, Alcobex Ltd., Jodhpur
Shri S.R. Mehta, Mehta Vanaspati Products, Chittorgarh
Shri Hemendra Singh, Banera, District Bhilwara
Dr. S.S. Bhandawat, Bhandawat Foundation, Manak Chowk, Jodhpur
Dr. Nagendra Singh, Justice, International Court Of Justice, The Hague
United Books Traders, Ratanada, Jodhpur
Life Members
The Bank Of Rajasthan(Ltd.), Jaipur
Principal, Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar Govt. P.G. College, Nimbahera
Shri K.K. Purohit, Jodhpur
Dr. Manohar Singh Ranawat, Natnagar Sodh Sansthan, Sitamau
Professor Mananori Sato, Faculty Of Economics, Asia University, Tokyo-Iso-(Japan)
Professor D.C.Shukla,'Parijat'c-38,Krishna Nagar,Pali Road, Jodhpur
Shri Om Prakash Mohta House, 29-Srand Road, Calcutta
Shri Mullapudi Timmragugaru,Tanuka{Andhra Pradesh}
Shri Prasanna Mal Mohnot, 67, Mahaveer Nagar, Pali
Shri C.P. Mathur, E-27, Chanakya Place (I), Pankha Rad, New Delhi-110059
Shri Sajjan Singh Ranawat,Udaipur
Dr. V.K.Trivedi, 26, Shanti Nagar, Sirohi
Dr. Arvind Parihar, Dept.Of History, JNV University, Jodhpur
Dr. B.L.Upmanyu, Mahavir Colony, Housing Board Road, Beawar
Dr. Girish Nath Mathur,1 Gh 41,Gayatri Nagar, Hiran Magri, Sector-5,Udaipur
Dr. Ishwar Singh Ranawat, Research Officer,Pratapsodh Pratisthan,Udaipur
Dr. J.K.Ojha,Near Post Office, Kanore, Udaipur
Dr. M.R.Choudhary,Dept.Of History,JNV University, Jodhpur
Dr. Manoramaupadhyaya, 128, Nehru Park, E Road, Sardarpura, Jodhpur
Prof. Meena Gaur,19-Gokul Nagar, Near Bohra Ganesh Temple, Udaipur
Dr.Mohabat Singh Rathore, Research Office,Pratap Sodh Pratisthan, Udaipur
Dr. Mrs. Shashi Arora, B-9, Flat No. 403, Saumya Enclave, Dhurva Marg, Tilak
Nagar, Jaipur
Dr. N.K. Upadhayay, Lecturer In History, Govt. College Ajmer, Ajmer
Dr. Pramila Singhvi, Pranjal, Sector 3, Hiran Margi, Udaipur
Dr. S.C. Agarwal, E-108, Shastri Nagar, Ajmer
Prof. S.K. Purohit, Behind Bannath Temple, Sukhanand ki Bagechi, Siwanchi Gate,
363 710 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
Jodhpur
Prof. S.P.Vyas, Asop ki Pole, Near Juni Mandi, Jodhpur
Dr. S.S. Bais, C-217, Krishna Nagar, Pali Road,Jodhpur
Prof. Vinita Parihar, B-16, Shatri Nagar, Jodhpur
Dr. Mrs. Digvijay Bhatnagar, E 27, University Qtrs., Durga Nursury Road, Udaipur
Dr. Mrs. Usha Purohit, Lecturer In History, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Jodhpur
Mr. C.S. Sharma, Lecturer In History, Govt. College, Sheoganj
Mr. Dinesh Rathi, Hariom Bhawan, Bada Bas, Mathania, Jodhpur
Mr. F.K. Kapil, Secretary, Jaya Kapil Poort Nyas, Pakon Ka Bas, Jodhpur
Dr. Raju Ram, V & P Rarod, Via Asop, Jodhpur
Mrs. Kamla Jain, 26, Sharda Nagar, Near Bohra Ganesh Temple, Udaipur
Mrs. Pawan Maru, C/O Manish Agency, Kala Khet, Mandsore, Mandsore (M.P.)
Mrs. Shashi Kala, C-71, Dharam Narayan Ka Hatha, Paota, Jodhpur
Prof. G.S.L. Devra, B-9, Flat No. 403, Saumya Enclave, Dhurva Marg, Tilak Nagar,
Jaipur
Prof. V.K. Vashishtha, 195-B, Univrsity Marg, Bapu Nagar, Jaipur
Prof. Nilima Vashishtha, 195-B, Univrsity Marg, Bapu Nagar, Jaipur
Dr. Usha Shah, Govt. College Pali, Pali-Marwar
Dr. Shobhagya Goyal, C/O Ram Goyal, Advocate, H.M. Mohalla, Ghaseti Bazar,
Ajmer
Dr.Hukum Chand Jain, 19,Basant Vihar Special, Kota
Prof. K.G. Sharma, Deptt. Of History, University Of Rajasthan, Jaipur
Mrs. Tara Jain, W/O U.C. Jain, G-34, Shastri Nagar, Jodhpur
Dr. Seema Garg, Opp. 107, Vallabhbari, Kota
Dr. Usha Vyas, 1 Gha Sabarmati Clny., Kota
Mrs. Nidhi Sharma, D-299, Ktps, Sakatpura, Kota
Mrs. Seema Gupta, A-9, Gayatri Vihar, Police Line, Kota
Dr. Karuna Joshi, 150, Pwd Quarter, New Colony, Dungarpur
Dr. Shankar Goyal, 41, Sardar Club Scheme, Jodhpur
Dr.Anila Purohit, 'Kamla Kunj', 5th D/76, Hudgo, J.N.Vyas Colony, Bikaner
Dr. Meghna Sharma Paliwal, Asst.Prof. Deptt. Of History, Maharaja Ganga Singh
University, Bikaner
Dr. Neelam Sharma, Near Water Works, Old City, Kishangarh
Dr. Satish Kumar Trigunayat, B 48 A, Jawahar Nagar, Bharatpur
Dr. Pushpa Dullar, 52- Arvind Niwas, Banasthali Vidyapeeth, Basasthali
Ms. Urmila Parihar D/O Shri Mool Chand, Behind Adarsh Vidya Mandir, Sheoganj,
Sirohi
Dr. Alok Kumar Gupta, Lecturer In History, R-398, Padam Vilas, Bharatpur-321001
Dr. Sharda Sharma, E-47, Khaturia Colony, Bikaner
Dr. Meenakshi Sharma, Shri Ram Swaroop Bohra, 12- Inder Nagar, Sunderwas, Udaipur
Ms Iti Mograkaran Singh Mogra, C/O Phool Chand Mehta, 382/B, Ashok Nagar,
Moksh Marg, Udaipur
Dr. Neelam Gaur, Near Govt. Hospital, Von Girls College, Hanumangarh Town
Dr. Anita Kavdia, 202, Kutumb, 17-C, Madhuban, Udaipur
Ms Pratibha, A-342, Chandvardai Nagar, Ajmer
Dr.(Mrs.) Nirmal Kashyap, House No. 30, Type III, MD university, Rohtak
Dr. Sushila Shaktawat, 21 Ghati magri, Penariyon ki Madri, Holi Chowk, Udaipur
Avinash Parek, Savitri Villa, Kishan Hostel, Sardarsaher, Churu
Dr. Aashish Chouhan, Aashish Sadan, Godon Ka Chowk, Jodhpur
Ms Shikha Choudhary Charan Singh Girls Hostel, Tilak Nagar, Bikaner
Dr. Anju Suthar, 3/46, New Officer's Colony, Opp. Police Line, Barmer
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 711
Mahendra Chudhary, Stadium Road, Nehru Nagar, Barmer
G.S. Gupta, 4/267,Malviya Nagar, Jaipur-302017
Dr. Dinesh Bhargava, R-399,Padam Villa, 1 G.P. Office, Bharatpur-321001
Sowrabh Sharma, 8-Bapuji Marg, opp.State Motor Garge, 22-Gogam, Jaipur
Kailash Songara, 2 Sa 35, UIT Colony, Pratap Nagar, Jodhpur
Om Prakash Bhati, D-137, Kirti Nagar, P.Mandore Mandi, Jodhpur
Dr. Aruna Soni, 'Aashirwad', Near Ladnun Bus Stand, Naya Bas, Sujangarh
Dr.Mukesh Harsha, Harsho ka Chowk, Bikaner
Dr. Mahendra Purohit, Joshiwada, Bikaner
Dr. V.N. Singh, South Extn. Pawanpuri, Bikaner
Rajshekhar Purohit,3/18, Mukta Prasad Nagar, Bikaner
Dr. Jagdish Narayan Ojha, Barah Guward Ka Chowk, Nahtaniyo ki Saray Ke Pas,
Bikaner
Mrs. Champa Agarwal, Sona Devi Sethia Girls' College, Sujangarh
Dr. Prabhat Swami, N.M.P.G. College, Hanumangarh
Gyarsi Swami, Vill.Tedi via Jaswantgarh, T.Ladanun, Nagaur
Ms. Nayna Acharya, 72-Amarnath Bhawan, opp. M.G. Hospital, Jodhpur
Mrs. Sonal Purohit, C/o Sunil Bora, Near Tapi Baori, Nathawaton Ki Gali, Jodhpur
Dr. Nidhi Srivastava, Sona Devi Sethia Girls' College, Sujangarh
Dr. Vikram Singh Gundoj, 160, Teacher's Colony, Chopasani, Jodhpur
Mrs. Santosh Vyas, Principal, Sona Devi Sethia Girls' College, Sujangarh
Ms. Asha Bhargava, Vice-Principal, Sona Devi Sethia Girls' College, Sujangarh
Dr. Anju Jain, w/o Jatan Kumar Jain, Mertawari, Nagaur
Mrs. Darshana Joshi, Rai Bahadur Gali, Daga Chowk, Bikaner
Dr. Pradeep Singh Rathore, Govt. College Dhorimanna, Barmer
Ms Rashami Meena, Asst. Prof.,Department of History, JNV University, Jodhpur
Nand Kishore Bhutra, Jaiselmerion ki Gali, Navchowkiya, Jodhpur
Dr. T.V.Vyas, Nathawaton ki Bari, Near Nyon-ka-Bar, Navchowkiya, Jodhpur
Dr. O.N. Singh, Purohiton ka Bas, Samdari Rly. Station,-344021
Sh. K.R. Choudhary, Kolari Mohalla, Navchokiya, Jodhpur
Dr. Deepa Kaushik, D-5, Mota Campus, Pilani Road, Rajgarh, Churu
Dr. Anil Purohit, 21/143, Chopasni Housing Board, Jodhpur
Dr. Sadhna Meghwal, W/o Dr. B.R. Meghwal, IPS, JH-7, Bhaghat ki Kothi Extn.
Scheme, Jodhpur
Dr. Sajjan Poswal, 97-A, Gali No. 3, Krishna Nagar, Bajrang Nagar, Kota
Vijesh Gandhi, Foz-ka-Bada, Dungarpur-314001
Ms Anuradha Srivastava, Govt. Girls College Pali, Pali
Rajni Sharma, C-211, Gautam Marg, Hanuman Nagar, Jaipur
Dr. Pushpa Sharma, 1262/12, Near Durga Temple, Shastri Nagar, Krukhshetra
Dr. Ramji Lal Kohli, Aman Vihar, Behind Gas Godam, Dausa
Dr. Sunita Mehta, C/o Rakesh Mehta, C-3, Sir Pratap Colony, 5-Batti Circle, Ratanada,
Jodhpur
Ms Nirmala Meena, 64, Prem Nagar, Jagatpura, Jaipur
Savita Choudhary
Reenu Meena, 85, Bhagwati Nagar 1st ,Kartarpura, Jaipur
Dr. Preeti Sharma, 4, Vivekanand Niwas, Banasthali Vidyapeeth, Banasthali
Dr. Sulekha Shekhawat, opp. Khuchaman College, 13 Venkatesh Nagar, Kuchaman
City
Dr. Neekee Chaturvedi, 3-Da-14, Jawahar Nagar, Jaipur-302004
Dr. Manju Gupta, 24/59, Swarn Path, Mansarowar, Jaipur
Dr.(Mrs.) Vibha Upadhayaya, B-38, Prabhu Marg, Tilak Nagar, Jaipur-04
364 712 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
Mrs. Bindu Tiwari, Deptt. Of History, SD Govt. College, Beawar
Dr. D.P. Goswami, 131, Shastri Nagar, Beawar Road, Ajmer
Mrs. Minakshi Deviratam, 2, Virendra Nagar, Near Mandore, Jodhpur
Dr. Ravindra Tailor, 79-B, Munot Nagar, Out Side Nehru Gate, Beawar
Virendra Sharma, 54-A, Jawahar Nagar, Near Glass Factory, Tonk Road, Jaipur
Dr. Anita Surana, D-19-B, Meera Marg, Bani Park, Jaipur-302016
Dr. Anuradha Mathur, H-619, Shalimar, Tijara Road, Alwar
Dr. Smita Mishra, 284- Arya Nagar, Scheme No.1, Alwar-301001
Dr. Rakesh Kumar Sharma, E-327, Ambedkar Nagar, Alwar-301001
Dr. Satyendra Sharma, H-30, Shastri Nagar, Meerut City(U.P.)
Mrs. Meera Ambesh, D-79, Hasan Khan Mewat Nagar, Alwar-301001
Dr. Tafique Hussain, E-26, Civil Line, Shriganganagar-355001
Surendra D.Soni, Lecturer in History, C/o Prem Khandelwal, Advocate, Shiv Mandir,
Naya Bas, Churu 331001
Dr. Jyotsana Vyas, Plot no. 150, Patrakar Colony, NPH Road, Jodhpur
Dr. B.N.Benjamin, 934, Faith Cottage, 9th D Road, Sardarpura, Jodhpur
Yogwati Pareek, 2243-A, Sec-3, Faridabad-121004
Dr. Alpanas Dubhashe, III, Ganga Nagar, AB Road, Dewas (M.P.)
Rajesh Panwar, C/o Ambica cosmetics, Shop No. 271, Ganpati Plaza, KEM Road,
Bikaner
Sushil Kumar Moyal, Near Ramdeo Temple, Otside Jassusar Gate, Bikaner
Gopal Krishna Vyas, Near Samta Bhawan, Chabili Ghati, Bikaner
Dr. K.R. Motsara, Kamla Sadan, Sir Chotu Ram Marg, Maharaja Jhujarmal Nagar,
Hanumangarh Road, Sangaria
Dr. Tamanna Singh, Kamla Sadan, Sir Chotu Ram Marg, Maharaja Jhujarmal Nagar,
Hanumangarh Road, Sangaria
Dr. Shilpa Mehta, R-4, AbhayBagh, Sardarpura, Udaipur
Dr. Ambika Dhaka, H.No. 67, Bajrang Niwas, Near Durgapura Ral. Station, Jaipur
Rakesh Kumar Yadava, VPO- Sirohe, The. Khetri, Jhunjunu
Dr. Pranay Dev, 2 D 23, Housing Board Colony, Jhalawar
Sunita Sawmi, Swami Mohalla, Inside Jasussar Gate, Bikaner
Sharmila Swami, 6 B 04, JNV Colony, Bikaner
Dr. Suman Dhakha, 224, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Nagar, Near Rani Sati Nagar, 200 Feet
Byepass, Ajmer Road, Jaipur
Dr. Archana Kalra, 56, Pratap Nagar Colony, Near Glass Factory, Tonk Road Jaipur
Shri Harphool Singh, H.No. 67, Bajrang Vihar, Near Durgapura Rly. Station, Jaipur
Dr. Rahul Tripathi, 94/4, Agarwal Farm, Mansarovar, Jaipur
Meena Bhaskar, VPO- Ghassu via Khudi Badi, Sikar
Sukharam, C/o H.R. Choudhary, 23, Lavkus Nagar 1st , Tonk Fatak, Jaipur
Dr. Kulwant Singh Shekhawat, A-17, Marudhar Vihar, Khatipura, Jaipur
Mahendra Jalwaniya, 23/29, Chopasani Housing Board, Jodhpur
Dr. Vishnu Prasad Sharma, Plot no.4, Patel Nagar, Gopalpura Byepass, Jaipur
Dr. Vidhi Sharma, 7, Janakpuri II Exetension, Imli Fhatak, Jaipur
Smt. Rekha Jorwal, ARG-40, Near Collector Residence, Alwar
Dr. Rakhi Yadav, B-2/493, Chitrakoot Scheme, Jaipur
Jayantilal Khandelwal, 634 B, Brkat Nagar, Tonk Fhatak, Jaipur
Dr. Sangeeta Sharma, B-141, Kirti Nagar, Near Gopalpura Byepass, Jaipur
Dr. Anuradha Rathore, A-5, Shastri Nagar, Opp. SBI, Jaipur
Rajesh Arya, Plot no.-147, Shripuram Colony, Gurjar ki Thadi, New Sanganer Road,
Jaipur
Dr. Alok Kumar Chaturvedi, 82/139, Near Giri Marg, Mansarovar, Jaipur
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 713
Dr. Gyaneshwar Meena, Ganesh Colony, Udai Mode, Gangapur City, Swaimadhopur-
322201
Rajeshwari Devi Rathore, HH's Flat No. 5, C Scheme, Tilak Marg, Jaipur
Mrs. Sarika Kaul,408, Ground Floor Lane No. 2 Raja Park, Jaipur - 302004
Dr. Ankan Garg, 41/6 Near Varun Parth, Mansarovar, Jaipur - 302020
Dr. Geeta Singh, 44, Vardhaman Nagar-B, 200 Feet Byepass, Ajmer Road, Jaipur
Ms Twinkle Sharma, Lecturer History, Govt. Lohiya College,
Dr. Kalpana Sharma, 2 CH 14, Sector 5, Shanti Nagar, Hiran Magri, Udaipur
Kamal Singh Kothari, Kothari Sadan, Chacha Nehru Marg, Behind The Fort, Churu-
331001
Dr. Tarun Pratap Yadav, 307, Pragati Nagar, Nagla Battu Road, Meerut
Dr. Amrita Choudhary, E-205, Shiv Park, Amba Bari, Jaipur
Dr. Jeewan Singh Kharakwal, 18, Prem Nagar, C Block, Near Arihant Vatike, Roop
Sagar Road, Udaipur
Rahul Pareek, Ward No.13, Cheta Kheri, Chhapar, Churu
Dr. Madan Lal Meena, Bagwala Kuwan, P.Hasampur, T.Neem-ka-Thana, Sikar
Dr. Vineet Godhal, Agrasena Colony, Opp. BPRV Mandir, Near Power House, Delhi
Darwaja, Kotputli, Jaipur
Bhagwan Singh Sekhawat, 70-71 Shiv Shakti Nagar, Out Side Mahamandir 3rd Pole,
Paota, Jodhpur
Bhawani Singh Rajpurohit, In Side Siwanchi Gate, Jodhpur
Dr. Suresh Kumar Choudhary, A-4, Krishna Nagar, New Pali Road, Jodhpur
Bharat Deora, III /B, Sector-2, University Staff Colony, Residency Road, Jodhpur
Lalit Kumar Panwar, III/F-19, Sector-2, University Staff Colony, Residency Road,
Jodhpur
Dr. Peeyus Bhadviya, D-16, Adarsh Nagar, University Road, Udaipur
Dr. Harish Chandra, 311, Ashapurna Valley, Near New High Court, Pali Road, Jodhpur
Dr.T.C.Bairawa, 22 Mahaveer Nagar II, Durgapura, Jaipur
Dr. Archna Dwivedi, 2 D 23, Housing Board Colony, Jhalawar
Dr. Kalpana Malik, Sector - 4, Dwarka, New Delhi, New Delhi-110075
Shri Pankaj Chandak,Opp. Soni Building,Nehru Nagar, Barmer
Dr. Pooran Lal Meena,18-C, Pocket- B,Ashok Vihar II,Delhi-110052
Dr.Mamta Yadav,Plot No. A-58-59,Nandpuri Colony, 22 Godown,Hawa Sarak,Jaipur
Dr. Jagruti Upadhayaya,128, Madhukunj,Behind Nehrupark,Sardarpura E Road,Jodhpur
Shri Nitin Goyal,17-C Block, Near Muthagujari School,Rai Singh Nagar,Sriganganagar-
335051
Ms Kusum Rathore,76/II/I, Dak Bangalow Campaus,Sirohi
Shri Achala Ram Choudhary,Vill & P. Luni Nadi Dudho,T. Dhorimanna, Disst. Barmer
Dr.Manisha Parmar, 304 'A', Devnandan House, Near Nagar Palika Office, Chandkheda,
Ahmedabad-382424
Shri Aidan Singh,310, Kesariya Ji Nagar, Falna-306116
Dr. Shilpi Gupta,702, ramanujan Niwas,Banasthali Vidyapeeth, Banasthali-304022
Dr. N.S. Rao, Department of History, MGSU, Bikaner
Dr. Manjulata Parihar, 2A, Gayatri Nagar, Prabhat Niketan Street, Badgaon, Udaipur
Dr. Balberer Choudhary, 31-32, Vakil Colony, Paota 'C' Road, Behind RTO, Jodhpur
Dr. Sandeep Prajapat, D-188, Saraswati Nagar, Basni-I, Jodhpur
Dr. Sanjeev Kumar, VPP Bakara, Dostt. Jhunjhunun-333001
Dr. Etee Bahadur, B-22, Dukadev Vihar, New Delhi-25
Dr. Hemendra Choudhary, 17-18, Madar Colony, Kalka Mata Road, Udaipur
Pramod Kumar, Village Bhagwan, Ward No. 1, T. Nohar, Hanumangarh
Dr. Rajesh Kumar, Director JP&L, ICHR, 35 Ferozeshah Road, New Delhi
365 714 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
Dr. Suresh Kumar Sandu, Govt. girls College, Ajmer
Dr. Rajendra Singh, Deptt of History, IASE, Deemed to be Universtiy, Sardarsahar
Dr.Mahesh Kumar, 11/MB/488, Indira Gandhi Nagar, Jagatpura, Jaipur
Dr. Someshwar Kumar Singh, 35-36, Zadin Nagar-B, Durga pura, Jaipur
Dr. Yashveer Singh,Near Satyam Dharam Kanta, Old Jhajjar Road, Charhi Dadri-
127306
Dr. Kanchan Lawaniya, CAS, Department of History, AMU, Aligarh
Dr. Pankaj Gaur, 9 V I T Quarter, Pratap Nagar, Mayo Link Rooad, Ajmer
Mrs. Praveen Choudhary, 170, Krishna Mandir, 2nd Street, Bhagat ki Kothi, Jodhpur
Dr. Sammer Vyas, C-15, Staff Quarter, VBRIPG College, Udaipur
Members
Falak Nawaz Khan, RCA Hostel Near MBA Department, AMU, Aligarh
Dayaram Meena, V/T/P-Panchayat Samiti Road, Patti Kalan Bamanwas,
Sawaimadhopur
Ravina Meena, Room No. 211, Sabarmati Hostel, JNU, Near Vasant Kunj, South
Delhi, Delhi-67
Dr.C.P.Pareek, Head Department of History, SRKP Govt. PG College, Kishangarh
Shankar Singh Potila, V & P Shari Ramwala, T. Chohtan, Barmer
Rajendra Kumar Shah, 'Arunodaya', 35 Dadhich Nagar, Mahamandir, Jodhpur
Dr. Prabhawati Malav, 11/17, Swami Vivekanand Nagar, Kota
Deepali Kumari, Moh.Mathuriya (Kamra), P.O.Bihar Sarif, Nalanda-833101
Ms Nisha, House No. 708, Tikri Kalan, New Delhi-110041
Surya Prakash vyas, Rawton ka Bas, Bihari Lal Temple, Indside Sojti Gate, Jodhpur
Virendra Singh Inda, 70, Sultan Nagar, BJS Colony, Jodhpur
Smt. Roshan Gehlot, Chaturawta, Chainpura, Magra Punjala, Mandore
Ramesh Nagora, Subhash Ghat, Pipar City
Dr. Anshu Tyagi, 515, Gangori Bazar, Jaipur
Prof. Daljeet Singh, Punjabi university, Patiala
Dr. Jaspal Kaur Dhanju, Punjabi University, Patiala
Dr.K.S. Dhanju, Punjabi University, Patiala
Dr. Kulbeer Singh Badal, Punjabi University, Patiala
Dr. Shakuntala Vaish, D-246, Devi Marg, Bani Park, Jaipur
Ajeet Singh Choudhary, 51, Mahaveer Extn. Colony, Kartarpura, Jaipur
Ravi, S K govt. girls College, Sikar
Ashish Phogal, Govt. Arts College, Sikar
Rahul Kumar Meena, V Narihalu, T. Kotputali, Jaipur
Manisha Verma, T- r 3 a, Rajastahn University Campus, Jaipur
Dr. Mohammad Farooq Chouhan, Jagmal Well Road, Inside Kasaiyon Ki Bari, Bikaner
Dr. Rajendra Kumar, 5-KH-18, Duplex Colony, Bikaner
Abdul Mohsin Sheikh, Deptt of History, AMU, Aligarh
Mohd. Shahnawaz, Deptt of History, AMU, Aligarh
Syed Sumbul Arif, Deptt of History, AMU, Aligarh
Dr. Sumeshtha, Project Fellow, ICHR, New Delhi
Dr Jitendra Kumar Sharma, LBS Govt. PG College, Kotputali, Jaipur
Dr Mamta Purbia, 9 A, Shree Nagar, Gariyawas, Udaipur
Dr Jaishree Rawal, 727, Bade Purohit Ji ki Haweli, Near Ganesh Ghati Sch. Udaipur
Ms Poonam, 64, Shiv Nagar II, Ramnagariya, Jagatpura, Jaipur
Harlal Singh, VPO Beri, The & Dist. Sikar
Prof. Neelam Kausik, Udaipur
Dr Kailash joshi, Udaipur
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 715
Mahipal Yadav, VPO Shukhalawas, T. Kotputali, Jaipur-303105
Dr Kailash Chand Gujar, B-38, Prabhu Marg, Tilak Nagar, Jaipur
Ms Priyanka, Plot No. 55, Shree Gopal Nagar, Gopal pura Bypass, Jaipur
Dr..(Mrs.) Sumer, 7, Anjana Patel Nagar, Airforce, Jodhpur
Dr. Virendra Singh Choudhary, AA-5, Jai Amseg Nagar, Jaipur
Dr. Suman Rathore, Govt. Girls College, Kherwada, Udaipur
Hemraj Chandel, Deptt. Of history, VMOU, Kota
Vijay Kumar Yadav, V Bhojyara, P. Totuli, T. Chakshu, Jaipur
Indra Kumar Meena, V Kandoli, T. Rajgarh, Alwar
Vishal Katiya, C-14, Patel Nagar, Deori, Tonk
Belkesh Kumari, C/o Shree Nath Book Depot, Nawal Garh Road, Sikar
Prabhat Kumar, B-148, Indira Nagar, Jhunjhunu
Bablee Ram Bairwa, Masuriya, Jodhpur
Naresh Kumar Patidar, VPO Chiri, T. Galiyakot
Anil Kumar Dayma, 74, Kailashpuri, Jagatpura, Jaipur
Ravindra Kumar, 74, Kailashpuri, Jagatpura, Jaipur
Mahednra Kumar, VPO Gokulpura, Sikar
Dr. Ekta Vyas, B 3/23, Mahakaal Vanishya Kendra, Nanakheda, Ujjain
Bharat Arya, 508, Vinayak Vihar, Sikar
Ms Seema, 13 A , Matawali Gali, Dheerpur, Delhi
Manoj Kumar,13 A, Matawali Gali, Dheerpur, Delhi
Ms Sunita, 41, Mohan Nagar, Vaishali Nagar, Jaipur
Sanjay Sain, Meera Marg, Kachari Road, Merta City
Dr.Mahipal Singh,
Dr. Zafarullah Khan, Shekhawati Bhawan, 180 Feet Road, Udyog Nagar, Jhotwada,
Jaipur
Prince Kumar uttakal, Puratatva aur Sangrahalaya Vibhag, Jaipur
Dr. Someshwar Kumar Singh, 35-36, Zadin Nagar-B, Durga pura, Jaipur
Dr. Zahida Shabnam, C-257, Hans Marg, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur
Dr. Dilip Kumar Garg, A-165, Jawahar Nagar, Bharatpur
Smt. Dipti Agarwal, A-165, Jawahar Nagar, Bharatpur
Panchali Sharma, 2/480, Jawahar Nagar, Bharatpur
Gunjika Dubey, SR 48, Civil Lines,Man Town, Sawaimadhopur
Dr.Deepak Sharma, D-122, Vaishali Nagar, Jaipur
Ms Jasleen Sehgal, Student Fellow, National Museum, New Delhi
Bhavya Sharma, Deptt of History, Kanodiya P G Mahavidyalaya, Jaipur
Dr. Daulat Singh Naruka, Maharishi Arvind University, Jaipur
Ms Hemlata Minj, R S, Indeira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak,
Madya Pradesh
Pratap Singh, Deptt of History, Rajasthan University, Jaipur
Dr. Vikram Singh Amrawat, M D Gram Sewa Mahavidyalaya, Gujrat Vidyapeeth,
Sadra, Ahmedabad
Dipti Mathur, A-3, Chitranjan Marg, C-Scheme, Jaipur
Dr. Parneet Jaggi,
Patel Ram Suthar
Vikram Singh Deol,
Dr. Arvind Solania
Chandra Pal Jandu,
Dr. Rajednar Kumar,
Dr. Girish Kumar,
Dr. Naveen Tewari,
366 716 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
Durga Dutt Sharma,
Reeta Raheja,
Dr. Gopiram Sharma,
Dinesh Kumar,
Atme Ram,
syed Shahid Arif, Satujaj Hostel, JNU, New Delhi
Ms Yusra Farooqui, H.No. 2880, Street Bulbule Khana, Kali Majjid, Delhi-110006
Ms Shaheen, F-18, Flattukk Main Gate, Asaf Ali Road, Delhi-110006
Prof. Yakub Ali Khan, Deptt of History, AMU, Aligarh
Dr. Jibraiel, Deptt of History, AMU, Aligarh
Prof. S. K. Bhanot, IB-25, JNV Colony, Bikaner
Dr. Deva Ram, New Housing Board, Pali
Hans Raj, 15- Shastri Colony, Bansur, Alwar
Mansingh Meena, 5, Surya Nagar, Man Town, Sawaimadhopur
Vikash Choudhary, V & P Lalpura Pachar, Viyakalwari, Jaipur
Prof. M.K. Pundhir, Deptt. Of History, AMU, Aligarh
Dr. Manu Jayas, Deptt. Of History, AMU, Aligarh
Dhirendra Kumar, V & P Jarga Basari, Dholpur
Snehlata Sharma, Sanskar Bharti P G College, Bagru, Jaipur
Sudhir Sharma, Sanskar Bharti P G College, Bagru, Jaipur
Dr. Fazila Shahnawaz, Deptt. Of History, AMU, Aligarh
Khalid Ahmed, Deptt of History, AMU, Aligarh
Yograj Singh, 45, Lalghat, Jagdish Mandir, Udaipur
Dr. Rashmi Singh, 276, Dr. Ambedkar Nagar, Near MIG Colony, Indore
Diksha Singh, 6/17, Pandey Khedi Maxsi Road, Ujjain
Mahesh Kumar Kilaniya, S K College, Sikar
Dr. Jalaluddin, S D Govt. College, Beawar
Dr. Ramjilal Swami, Govt. College, Chimanpura
Dr. Seema Verma, B-57, Jai Jawan Colony, Jaipur
Dr. Indra Vishnoi, 25, Civil Lines, Bikaner
Dr. Sunita Meena, Govt. Arts College, Chimanpura
Ekta Goswami, Govt. Arts College, Chimanpura
Mamta Tanwar, D-39, Bani Park, Jaipur
Sarita Bangh, C-204, Manu Marg, Tilak Nagar, Jaipur
Dr. Sarad Gaur, 185, Anand Nagar, Nankakheda, Indore
Zakir Hussain, Govt. P G College, Tonk
Pushkar Singh Bagariya, Govt. Girls College, Hod
Prem Sonwal, Govt. College, Swaimadhopur
Irshad Ahmed, Govt. College, Jhunjhunu
Dr. P.D.Jangid, D 6/66, Chitrakut Yojna, Ajmer Road, Jaipur
Kavita Choudhary, Govt. College, Jhunjhunu
Shipra Sharma, Kanodiya P G College, Jaipur
Dr. A.P. Mahut, 66, Shree Vihar, Durgapura, Jaipur
Shilpi Doodhwal, 23, Girwar Colony, Vaishali Nagar, Jaipur
Anjana Barhat, E-372, Shastri Nagar, Ajmer
Dr.Usha Lamlor, P-27, Gandhi Nagar, Patrakar Colony, Lalgarh, Bikaner
Bhawana Pareek, A-417, Vidhyut Nagar, Jaipur
Dr.Jyotsana Srivastava, 1 F 34 A, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur
Poonam Yadav, Saraswati Hostel UOR, Jaipur
Kalu Ram Meena, X-4020, Gali No. 16, Shanti Mohalla, Delhi
Pooja Patil, Sophiya Collge, Ajmer
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 717
Nikita Choudhary,Sophiya Collge, Ajmer
Soniya Rawat, Sophiya Collge, Ajmer
Priyanka Choudhary, Sophiya Collge, Ajmer
Tripti Rathore, Sophiya Collge, Ajmer
Namanjot Sodhi, Sophiya Collge, Ajmer
Akshita Maheshwari, Sophiya Collge, Ajmer
Presis Lotika Das, Sophiya Collge, Ajmer
Chavi Saxena, Opp. ICICI Bank, Rani Sati Road, Chuna Chowk, Jhunjunu
Rajshree Sethi, Govt. College Bhilwara
Dr Sudha Hetwal, A-2, Anand Deep Colony, Ujjain
Rajesh Kumar Meena, V & P Nandari, T. Sichram, Dausa
Rinku Jain, Near Govt. Senior Secondary School, Banasthali
Ms Pratyusha Das Gupta, Shanta Nikunj Hostel, Banasthali Vidyapeeth, Banasthali
Poonam Kumari, E-Block, Narayan City, Kalwal Road, Jaipur
Dr. Vikas Notiyal, 52/40, Mansarovar, Jaipur
Dr. Chetna Mudgal, RDS Girls College, Rewadi, Haryana
Dr. Girija Shankar Sharma, Alakh Sagar Kua, Bikaner
Yashwant Raj, 26 H, Vinoba Bhave Basti, Barkat Nagar, Jaipur
Radha Kishan Meena, Govt. College Mahua
Dharam Raj Meena, Room No. 20, Raman Hostel, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur
Dr. Jyoti Arun, 37, Patrakar Colony, Mansarovar, Jaipur
Dr Anjana Srivastava, Govt. College, Sawaimadhopur
Dr.Phool Singh Sahariya, E/195, Ambedkar Nagar, Alwar
Dr. Nirmala Kumari Meena, L 7 B, University of Rajasthan Campur, Jaipur
Vandana Agrawal, 13/51, Sector-1, Pratap Nagar, Sanganer, Jaipur
Jeegyasa Meena, L 4 C, University of Rajasthan Campur, Jaipur
Dr. Ritu Punia, 271, Mahaveer Nagar - I, Tonk Road, Jaipur
Dr Shobha Singh, 5, Asha Vihar, Ajmer Road, Jaipur
Dr Asha Bagotiya, 32/46, HIG(RHB), Pratap Nagar, Snaganer, Jaipur
Dr Ashish Vyas, F 1, D-96, Maruti Tower, Sindhu Nagar, Murlipura, Jaipur
Dr Aruna Gogania, C-374, Mahesh Nagar, Jaipur
Ms Dolly Jain, Banasthali Vidyapeeth, Banasthali
Om Pal Singh, Govt. College Salambher
Mohd. Wasim, V. Maluka, P. Uttawar, Dist. Palwal, Haryana-121103
Ms Pratha Kalasua, Deptt of History, MLS University, Udaipur
Ms Ruchi Solanki, Deptt of History, MLS University, Udaipur
Ajay Mochi, Gogunda, Udaipur
Dr. Manoj Dadhich, Pecific University, Udaipur
Binita Srivastava, Deptt of History, Delhi University, Delhi
Dr. Manisha Choudhary, Deptt of History, Delhi University, Delhi
Dr.Babulal, Agrawal College, Jaipur
Mukesh Kumar Sharma, Village Alisar, T. Chomu, Jaipur
Sunil Dutt, Bhagwari Kalan, Behror, Alwar
Dr. Govind Singh Solanki, VPO Jhilwara, T. Gadhbor, Rajsamand
Dr. Kanehyalal Choudhary, Vill. Parmantpur, P. Gulabvari via Samod, Jaipur
Dr. Sandeep Kumar Pandey, Bhagwant University, Ajmer
Vijay Patel, 7 Aajna Patel Nagar, Jodhpur
Dr. Govind Puri, VPO Paota, T. Mahua, Dausa
Rohitash Kumar, Govt. P G College Merta
Dr. Aashutosh Pareek, Sanatam Dharam Govt. College, Beawar
Saurabh Kumar Jain, C-22, Indrapuri, Lal Kothi, Jaipur
367 718 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
Dr. Bhanwar Singh Bhati, Barmer
Neelam Panwar, Deptt of History, New Campus, JNVU, Jodhpur
Seema Meena, Deptt of History, New Campus, JNVU, Jodhpur
Mrs. Dimple Prajapat, K-52, Balaji Colony, TV Tower Road, Jodhpur
Neel Kamal Rathore, 231-B, Bhagat ki Kothi, Jodhpur
Mrs. Nirmala Daiya, 6, Rajeev Nagar A, BJS, Jodhpur
Dr. Lata Agrwal, Govt. College, Ajmer
Jitendra Marothiya, Govt. College, Ajmer
Mukesh Yadav, 62 A Shanti Nagar, Jhotwara, Jaipur
Ms Aarti Bhardwaj, 49, Raghu Vihar, Maharani Farm, Durgapura, Jaipur
Dr. Sumit Daiya, Maharaja Mansingh Pustak Prakash, Mehrangarh Fort, Jodhpur
Dr. Suman Dhanaka, 91 A, Tareja block, Adarsh Nagar, Jaipur
Dr. Pankaj Gupta, 111/211, Vijaypath, Mansarovar, Jaipur
Dr. Shakti Singh Shekhawat, 3, Lion Lane, Anjani Marg, Hanuman Nagar Extn. Sirsi
Road, Jaipur
Dr. Tejsingh Mawai, H-1-A, Aanu Chaya Colony, Rawatbhata
Dr. Vijaysingh Mawai, Circuit House Road, Sawaimadhopur
Dr. Monika Garg, 11, Satpura, Kota
Rajni Meena, Govt. College Rajgarh, Alwar
Dr. Vijay Khicher, Govt Engineering College, Bharatpur
Kantilal Ninama, MDS University, Ajmer
Dr. pooja Choudhary, CAS, Department of History, AMU, Aligarh
Dr. Reena, Dronacharya Degree College, Kurukshetra, Haryana
Dr.Mahaveer Gupta, 31/42/03, Varun Path, Mansarovar, Jaipur
Dr. Mukesh Chand Sharma, -26 A, Jagatpura, Jaipur
Dr. reetesh Jain, 91/120, Patel Marg, Jaipur
Dr. rahis Khan, P.N. AA 20, Shastri Nagar, Jaipur
Dr. Shahid Ahmed, A-476, Sec. B, Jaipur
Dr. Somesh Singh, 35-36, Jadon Nagar, Durgapura, Jaipur
Dr. Savita Goel, 14, Purohit Ji Ka Bagh, M I Road, Jaipur
Dr. Nidhi Jain, House No. 1341, Azayab Ghar Ka Rasta, Jaipur
Ajay Yadav, House No. 1198, Niwai Mahal Ka Rasta, Rambagh, Jaipur
Muzammid Aayeed,
Veerendra Singh, V & P Knenki Bugaj, The. Manwa, Dausa
Dr. Rishikesh Gurjar, 41, Ganesh Nagar, Moti Dungari, Jaipur
Suresh Kumar Meena, Department of History, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur
Rohan Mathur, 70/89, Patel Marg, Mansarovar, Jaipur
Mohib Kumar Meena, C V Raman Hostel, Room No. 30, UOR, Jaipur
Dr. meenakshi Vijay, S S Jain Subodh P G College, Jaipur
Neetu Singh,
Ekta, 94/4, Agrwal Farm, Mansarovar, Jaipur
Shiv Prasad Kundariya, Plot No. 93 A, Barket Nagar, Tonk Fatak, Jaipur
Dr. Anshul Sharma, D-2, Ganesh Marg, Bapu Nagar, Jaipur
Dr. Rahul Kumar Dhabai, L-6-A, University Maharani College, Jaipur
Dr. Tamegh Panwar, Teacher's Quarters, UOR, Jaipur
Sunita Fozdaar, Department of History, UOR, Jaipur
Swati Jain,
Dr. Rachana Mehta
Mahesh Kumar Jakhar, Village Araniya, via Maharoli, Jaipur
Dr. Radha Kishan, 55, barkat Nagar, tonk Fatak, Jaipur
Dr. Supriya Choudhary,
ISSN 2321-1288 Rajasthan History Congress / 719 368 720 / Rajasthan History Congress ISSN 2321-1288
Bhairu Shyam, A-12, Jai Ambe Nagar, Jaipur
Dr. Sushil Kumar Bairwa, MDS University, Ajmer
Dinesh Chand Sharma, 32, Mangal Vihar, Jaipur
Dr. Aditi Sharma, B-176, Ram Nagar Extn. Hawa Sadak, Jaipur
Dr. Suman Kanwar, 259, Jaswant Nagar, Khatipura, Jaipur
Dr. Monika Gautam, 11, Sudama Nagar, Glass Factory, Jaipur
Dr. Suman Yadav, L-5-A, University Quarters, UOR, Jaipur
Dr. Veenu Pant, Central University Gangtok, Sikkim
Dr. Auira P Lepcha, Central University Gangtok, Sikkim
Deepika Yadav, B-2/421, Chitrakut, Jaipur
Dr. Snajay Kumar, B-2/421, Chitrakut, Jaipur
Dr. Manoj Sharma, Amity University, Jaipur
Dr. Pooja Sirola, A-158, Mahesh Nagar, Jaipur OBITUARY
Santosh Kumar Bhamu, E-170, katariya Colony, Ramnagar, Jaipur
Dr. Anju Sharma
Dr. Asha Kumari Singh, 111, ram Krishana Niwas, Banasthali Vidyapeeth, Banasthali
Dr. Padma Pandel, C-20, Staff Colony, JLN Marg, Jaipur We, the all members of Rajasthan
Ankur Singh, Pariskar College of Global Exellence, Jaipur History Congress express our heartfelt
Dr. Archana Tiwari, Department of History, UOR, Jaipur
Dr. Rashmi chaTURVEDI, condolences and pay tribute to the eminent
Dr. Rashmi Gurjar, L-6-A, University, Maharani College, Jaipur historians who are no more with us. The world
Dr. Suman Rathore, Govt. Girls College, Kherwada, Udaipur
Santosh Kumar, P-12, Mahima Nagar, Vihar of historian will be always highly indebted for
Pushpa Yadav, Village Dantali Pahari, Post Hazipur, Alwar
Parag Gupta, B-31, Bhagwat Bhawan, L N Puri, Jaipur
their contribution and will forever remember
Nishat Ahmed, 4/12, A G Colony, Bajaj Nagar, Jaipur their guidance. We express our grief for the
Dr. Meena Kumari, 1522 A/13, 2nd Floor, Govindpuri Kalkaji, New Delhi
Dr. Kanika Bhanot, F No G 2, Plot No. C-64, Satyam Housing, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur departed souls of: -
Dr. Bela Bhanot, IR 25, JNV Colony, Bikaner
Zeenat Jahan, 293, 3rd Floor, M Nagar, Delhi Prof. Satish Chandra
Prof. R.P. Bahuguna, E-14, Greenwoods City, Sector-46, Gurgaon, Haryana
Prof. Renu Bahuguna, E-14, Greenwoods City, Sector-46, Gurgaon, Haryana
Dr. Suraj Bhan Bhardwaj, 948, Sector 31, Gurgaon Haryana
Prof. D.N. Asopa
Padma Meena, LBS Govt. College, Kotputli, Jaipur
Ramlal Parihar, II D 85-86, JNV Colony, Bikaner Prof. (Mrs.) S. Bhattacharya
Dr. Rashmi Upadhayaya, Department of History, AMU, Aligarh
Dr. Pankaj Gaur, 9 V I T Quarter, Pratap Nagar, Mayo Link Rooad, Ajmer
Dr. Sunita Gupta, Govt. College Behror, Alwar
Dr. Atul Yadav, Govt. P G College, Ambala Cante, Haryana
Dr. Jagdish Prasad, D/20 A, Om Vihar, Sector III, Uttam Nagar, New Delhi All Members
Dr. Sona Jain,LBS Govt P G College, Kotputali, Jaipur
Krishna Yadav, D/20 A, Om Vihar, Sector III, Uttam Nagar, New Delhi Rajasthan History Congress
Dr. Shyam Prasad sharma, Jaswanti Girls P G College, hanumangarh
Prempal Yadav, Govt. College Behror
Priyanka yadav, Govt College, Behror
Prof. K L Mathur
Ajeet Ram Chodhary, 6/A, Laxmi Nagar, Tonk Road, Jaipur
Ritika Kumari Meena, Department of History, MLSU, Udaipur
Jitendra Pathak, House No. 47, Shankar Vatika, Goliyavaas, Prithavi Nagar, Jaipur
Banwari Lal Yadav, Department of History, UOR, Jaipur
Ashok Kumar Yadav, Centre of Meusemology and coins