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HERE AND NOW
THIRD EDITION
POWERFUL IDEAS IN
EVERYDAY LI FE Lewis Vaughn
•
PREFACE XXI
CHAPTER 1 PHILOSOPHY AND YOU 1
CHAPTER 2 GOD AND RELIGION 57
CHAPTER 3 MORALITY AND THE MORAL LIFE 135
CHAPTER 4 MIND AND BODY 205
CHAPTER s FREE WILL AND DETERM INISM 240
CHAPTER 6 KNOWLEDGE AND SKEPTICISM 274
CHAPTER 7 AESTHETICS 332
CHAPTER 8 THE JUST SOCIETY 354
CHAPTER 9 THE MEANING OF LIFE 406
APPENDIX A THE TRUTH ABOUT PH ILOSOPHY MAJORS 431
APPENDIX B ANSWERS TO EXERCISES 437
APPENDIX c HOW TO WRITE A PHILOSOPHY PAPER 441
NOTES 451
GLOSSARY 457
CREDITS 461
INDEX of MARGINAL
QUOTATIONS 463
GENERAL IN DEX 465
VII
Preface xxi
CHAPTER 1 PH I LOSOPHY AND YOU l

1.1 PHILOSOPHY: THE QUEST FOR UNDERSTANDING 2
The Good of Philosophy 2
Philosophical Terrain 4
What Do You Believe? Your Philosophical Beliefs 5
Essay/Discussion Questions 7
1.2 SOCRATES AND THE EXAMINED LIFE 8
Philosophers at Work: Plato 9
PLATO: The Republic 10
Philosophers at Work: The Pre-Socratics 12
1.3 THINKING PHILOSOPHICALLY 14
Reasons and Arguments 15
Philosophy Lab 16
Philosophers at Work: Philosophy Takes
on Racism 20
Reading Philosophy 27
Philosophers at Work: Hypatia 29
Philosophers at Work: Early Women
Philosophe rs: Themistoclea, Arignote,
and Theano 31
Fallacious Reason ing 33
Philosophy Now: Philosophy in the News 34
REVIEW NOTES 40
Writing to Understand: Arguing Your Own Views 42
KEY TERMS 42
ARGUMENT EXERCISES 43
ix
x Contents
NARRATIVE: Plato, The Trial and Death of Socrates 47
PROBING QUESTIONS SS
FOR FURTHER READING SS
CHAPTER 2 GOD AND RELIGION 57

2.1 OVERVIEW: COD AND PHILOSOPHY 58
Why Religion Matte rs 59
Overview: The Philosopher's Quest 59
Philosophy Now: Who Believes in God? 60
What Do You Believe? Hard-Wired for God? 63
Belief and Disbelief 64
Writing to Understand: Critiquing Philosophical
Views 66
2.2 ARGUMENTS FOR THE EXISTENCE OF COD 66

Cosmological Arguments 66
AQUINAS: Summa Theologica 67
Philosophers at Work: St. T homas Aquinas 68
Philosophy Now: Science an d the Uncaused
Universe 69
CRAIG: Reasonable Faith 70
Design Argumen ts 72
PALEY: Natural Theology 72
HUME: Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion 74
Philosophy Now: Do Scientists Reject Religion? 78
On to logical Arguments 79
ANSELM: Proslogium 79
Philosophy Now: Evolution and Intelligent
Design 80
KANT: Critique of Pure Reason 83
Views 83
2.3 COD AND THE PROBLEM OF EVIL 84

Rowe's Argumen t f rom Evil 84
ROWE: Philosophy of Religion 84
The Free Will Defense 87
SWINBURNE: Is There a God? 87
Contents x 1
The Soul-Making Defense 88

HICK: Evil and the God of Love 88
Writing to Understand: Critiquing Philosophica l
Views 91
2.4 THEISM AND RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE 92
ST. TERESA OF AVILA: The Life of

Teresa ofJesus 92
MACKIE: The Miracle of Theism 93
Philosophy Lab 94
ROWE: Philosophy of Religion 95
Philosophy Now: Proof of the Power of Prayer? 96
SWINBURNE: The Existence of God 97
Views 98
2.5 BELIEF WITHOUT REASON 98
James: Pragmatic Fait h 99

JAMES: "The W ill to Believe" 100
MARTIN: Atheism: A Philosophical

Justification 106
Pascal: Betting on God 106
What Do You Believe? Do You Live by Faith? 107
PASCAL: Pensees and Other Writings 107

Views 109
2.6 EASTERN RELIGIONS 109
Buddhism 109
SUMEDHO: Buddha-Nature 11 2
RAHULA: What the Buddha Taught 11 2

Philosophy Now: Buddhism and Science 114
H induism 116
Philosophy Now: The Caste System 120
Daoism 123
CHUANG TZU: All Things Are One 123
LAO-TZU: Tao-te ching 124

Views 126
xii Contents
REVIEW NOTES 126

Writing to Understand: Arguing Your Own
Views 129
KEY TERMS 129
FICTION: Arthur C. Clarke, "The St ar" 131
PROBING QUESTIONS 133
FOR FURTHER READING 134
CHAPTER 3 MORALITY AND THE MORAL LIFE 135

3.1 OVERVIEW: ETHICS AND THE MORAL DOMAIN 136
Eth ics and Morality 136
Moral Theories 139
Philosophy Now: Morality and the Low 141
Philosophy Now: The Morality of Human
Cloning 144
Religion an d Morality 146
SHAFER-LANDAU: Whatever Happened
to Good and Evil? 147
Views 148
3.2 MORAL RELATIVISM 148

Subjective Relativism 149
Cultural Relativism 151
What Do You Believe? Cultu ral Relativism
an d Women's Rights 152
Views 155
3.3 MORALITY BASED ON CONSEQUENCES 155
Utilitarianism 156
MILL: "What Utilitarianism Is" 158
Philosophy Now: Utilitarianism an d the Death
Penalty 160
Philosophy Lab 164
Eth ical Egoism 165
Philosophers at Work: John Stuart Mill 165
Philosophy Now: To rture and the Ticking Bomb
Terro rist 166
Contents xi ii

Views 169
3.4 M ORALITY BASED ON DUTY AND RIGHTS 169
KANT: Groundwork ofthe Metaphysic ofMorals 170

Views 175
3.5 MORALITY BASED ON CHARACTER 175

ARISTOTLE: Nicomachean Ethics 176
SHAFER-LANDAU: The Fundamentals of Ethics 180
Views 181
3.6 FEMINIST ETHICS AND THE ETHICS OF CARE 181
JAGGAR: "Feminist Ethics" 182

CROSTHWAITE: "Gender and Bioethics" 182
HELD: The Ethics of Care 184
Philosophers at Work: Mar y Wollstonecraft 186
BAIER: "The Need for More T han Justice" 188
Views 188
3.7 ALBERT CAMUS: AN EXISTENTIALIST VOICE 188
CAMUS: The Myth of Sisyphus 190

Views 192
3.8 CONFUCIANISM 192

CONFUCIUS: Analects 193
NOSS: A History ofthe World's Religions 195
Views 195
REVIEW NOTES 196

Writing to Understand: A rguing You r
Own Views 198
KEY TERMS 198
FICTION: Ursula K. Le Guin, " The Ones Who Walk Away

from Ornelas" 200

x iv Contents
CHAPTER 4 MIND AND BODY 205

4.1 OVERVIEW: THE M IND-BODY PROBLEM 206
Views 211
4.2 SUBSTANCE DUALISM 211

DESCARTES: Discourse on the Method of Rightly
Conducting the Reason 2 12
SCHICK: Doing Philosophy 212
DESCARTES: Meditations on First Philosophy 213

What Do You Believe? T he Immortal Soul 2 14
SEARLE: Mind 216

Views 217
4.3 MIND-BODY IDENTITY 217
SMART: "Sensations and Brain Processes" 217
CHALMERS: The Conscious Mind 2 18
NAGEL: "What Is It Like to Be a Bat?" 220

Views 221
4.4 THE M IND AS SOFTWARE 222

FODOR: "T he Mind-Body Problem" 222
BLOCK: "Troubles with Functionalism" 223
What Do You Believe? Al and Human Rights 224
SEARLE: Mind 226

Philosophers at Work: Alan Turing 227
Philosophers at Work: John R. Searle 228
Views 229
Philosophy Now: A l, Ethics, and War 230
4.5 THE MIND AS PROPERTIES 230

CHALMERS: The Conscious Mind 232
Philosophy Lab 233
Views 234
REVIEW NOTES 234

Writing to Understand: Arguing Your Own Views 235
Contents xv
KEY TERMS 236
FICTION: Terry Bisson, "They're Made out of Meat" 237
CHAPTER 5 FREE WILL AND DETERMINISM 240

5.1 OVERVIEW: THE FREE WILL PROBLEM 241
What Do You Believe? Fate 245
Views 246
5.2 DETERMINISM AND INDETERMINISM 246
D'HOLBACH: "Of the System of Man's Free
Agency" 246
Philosophers at Work: William James 248
JAMES: "The Dilemma of Determinism" 249
Views 250
5.3 COMPATIBILISM 250
LOCKE: An Essay Concerning Human
Understanding 251
STACE: Religion and the Modern Mind 251
Philosophy Now: Does Belief in Free Will Matter? 252
ROWE: "Two Concepts of Freedom" 254
Views 255
5.4 LIBERTARIANISM 255
Philosophy Now: Science and Free Will 256
VAN INWAGEN: An Essay on Free Will 257
Philosophy Lab 258
TAYLOR: Metaphysics 258
Views 261
5.5 SARTRE' S PROFOUND FREEDOM 261
SARTRE: "Existentialism Is a Humanism" 262
Views 266
xvi Contents
REVIEW NOTES 266

Views 268
KEY TERMS 268
FICTION: Thomas D. Davis, "A Little Omniscience Goes

a Long Way" 270
CHAPTER 6 KNOWLEDGE AND SKEPTICISM 274

6.1 OVERVIEW: THE PROBLEM OF KNOWLEDGE 275
What Do You Believe? Cognitive Re lativism
Undone 277
Vi ews 280
6.2 THE RATIONALIST ROAD 281

Plat o's Rationalism 281
PLATO: Meno 283
Descart es' Doubt 284
Philosophy Now: Living in The Matrix 287
Philosophy Lab 288
Descart es' Cert ainty 288
Philosophers at Work: Rene Descartes 290
Vi ews 292
6.3 THE EMPIRICIST TURN 293
Locke 293
LOCKE: An Essay Concerning Human
Understanding 293
Ber keley 299
BERKELEY: Of the Principles of Human
Knowledge 300
Hume 303
Philosophers at Work: David Hume 304
Contents xv ii
HUME: An Enquiry Concerning Human

Understanding 305
Views 310
6.4 THE KANTIAN COMPROMISE 311

KANT: Critique of Pure Reason 312
Philosophers at Work: Immanuel Kant 313
Philosophy Now: Conceptua lizing the World 316
Writing to Understand: Criti quing Philosophica l
Views 319
6.5 A FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE ON KNOWLEDGE 319

AINLEY: "Feminist Philosophy" 320
ANTONY: " Embodiment and Epistemology" 320
ANDERSON: "Feminist Epi stemology an d
Philosophy of Science" 321
COLE: Philosophy and Feminist Criticism 321
Views 325
REVIEW NOTES 325

Writing to Understand: A rguing You r Own
Views 328
KEY TERMS 329
FICTION: Lewis Carroll, "Through the Looking-Glass" 330
CHAPTER 7 AESTHETICS 332

7.1 OVERVIEW: PHILOSOPHY OF BEAUTY 333
Views 333
7.2 WHAT IS ART? 333

Philosophy Now: Is It Art? 334
BELL: Art 335
Views 335
Philosophy Now: Controversial Ar t 336
xvii i Contents
7.3 AESTHETIC VALUE 338

Philosophers at Work: Ar thu r C. Dante 339
Views 34 0
7.4 PLATO, ARISTOTLE, AND HUME 340

ARISTOTLE: The Poetics 340
Philosophy Lab 341
HUME: Of the Standard of Taste 343
Philosophy Now: Feminist Art 344
Views 34 8
REVIEW NOTES 349

Views 350
KEY TERMS 350
FICTION: Edgar All an Poe, "The Oval Portrait" 351
CHAPTER 8 THE JUST SOCIETY 354

8.1 OVERVIEW: JUSTICE AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY 355
What Do You Believe? Polit ica l Views in
Flux 358
Views 359
8.2 PLATO 'S THEORY: JUSTICE AS MERIT 360

PLATO: The Republic 361
Philosophy Now: Merit or Equality: Who Gets
to Live? 363
Views 364
8.3 SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORIES 364

Hobbes 365
Philosophers at Work: Thomas Hobbes 365
HOBBES: Leviathan 366
Contents xix
Locke 370
LOCKE: Second Treatise of Government 371
Rawls 375
Philosophers at Work: John Locke 375
RAWLS: A Theory ofjustice 376
Views 378
8.4 SOCIALIST THEORIES 379

Philosophy Lab 380
Philosophy Now: Is the Unit ed States a Socialist
Country? 381
MARX and ENGELS: Manifesto ofthe Communist
Party 381
Views 387
8.5 FEMINISM ANO SOCIAL JUSTICE 387

OKIN: Justice, Gender, and the Family 388
MILLER: Political Philosophy 392
Views 392
REVIEW NOTES 393

Writing to Understand: Arguing You r Own
Views 395
KEY TERMS 395
FICTION: William Golding, "Lord of the Flies" 397
CHAPTER 9 THE MEAN ING OF LIFE 406

9.1 OVERVIEW: PHILOSOPHY ANO THE MEAN ING
O F LIFE 407
Philosophy Lab 410
9.2 PESSIMISM: LIFE HAS NO MEANING 411
TOLSTOY: My Confession 411
xx Contents
SCHOPENHAUER: "On the Sufferings of the

Wo rl d" 413
BAGG/NI: What's It All About? 414
Philosophy Now: Nietzsche: Reflections
on Meaning 415
9.3 OPTIMISM : LIFE CAN HAVE MEANING 416

Meaning from Above 416
TOLSTOY: My Confession 416
Philosophy Now: Is Re ligion Necessary
fo r a Meaningful Life? 4 19
BAGG/NI: What's It All About? 420
Meaning from Below 4 21
EDWARDS: The Encyclopedia of Philosophy 421
REVIEW NOTES 426
What Do You Believe? What Can and Cannot
Give Life Meaning? 427
Writing to Understand: Argu ing Your Own
Views 428
FICTION: Voltaire, "The Good Brahmin" 429
Append ix A: The Truth about Philosophy Majors 431

Append ix B: Answe rs to Exercises 437
Append ix C: How to Write a Philosophy Paper 4 41
Notes 451
Glossary 457
Credits 461
Index of Marginal Quotations 463
General Index 465
PREFACE
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This third edition of Philosophy Here and Now stays true to the aspirations and char-
acter of the first and second. From the beginning, the text has been designed to
provide an extraordina ry amount of encouragement and guidance to students \vho
are encountering philosophy for the first (and perhaps last) time. !rs ambitious aim is
to get such students to take some big steps tO\vard understa nd ing, appreciating, and
even doi ng philosophy. Philosophy Here and Now thus tries to do a great deal more
than most other texts or readers. To foster a serious understanding of philosophy, it
includes solid coverage of critical thinking skills and argument basics as well as guid-
ance and practice in read ing philosophical works. Studenrs of course can appreciate
the point and power of philosophy as they comprehend philosophical \vritings, but
their app reciation blossoms when they see ho\v philosophical issues and reason ing
play out in contemporary society and how philosophical insights apply to their O\vn
lives. So the book's coverage and pedagogical features help students grasp philoso-
phy's relevance and t imeliness. Studenrs learn how to do philosophy-to think and
write philosophically-\vhen they get encouragement and practice in analyzing and
critiquing their own vie\vS and those of the philosophers they study. To this end,
Phiwsophy Here and Now emphasizes philosophical writi ng, reinforced with step-
by-step coaching in how to \vrite argumentative essays and supported by multiple
opportunities to hone basic skills.
In add ition to these core elements, Philosophy Here and Now further engages
today's learners \Vith abunda nt illustrations and color graphics; marginal notes,
questions, and quotes; profiles of a diverse array of philosophers; and ample repre-
sentation of non-Western and nont raditional sources.
TOPICS AND READINGS

Nine chapters cover the existence of God, morality and the moral life, mind and
body, free wi ll and determinism, knowledge and skepticism, aesthetics, political
philosophy, and the meaning of life. These topics are explored in read ings from
seventy-five traditional and contemporary philosophers integrated into the main
text, featuring both indispensable standards and ne\ver selections. The standards
include Plato, Aristotle, Aquinas, Pascal, Anselm, Descartes, Hume, Hobbes, Locke,
Berkeley, Kant, d'Holbach, Paley, James, Sartre, Marx, and others. Among t he more
recent voices are Searle, C halmers, C raig, Swinburne, H ick, Mackie, Rowe, Ga rd-
ner, Blu m, Dersho\vitz, Rahula, Jaggar, Held, Baier, Nagel, Block, Van l n\vagen,
Taylor, D u Sautoy, Ducasse, Cole, Ainley, Rawls, O kin, and Schopenhauer.
All these selections are juxtaposed with end-of-chapter pieces of fiction or
narrative-stories meant to explore and dramatize the philosophical issues encountered
xxi
xxii Preface
in the chapters. They include some classic stories such as "The Good Brahmin" by
Volta ire, "The Ones Who Walk Away from Ornelas" by Ursula Le Gu in, and "They're
Made Out of Meat" by Terry Bisson, as \veil as lesser-kno\vn fiction by notable writers
like Arthur C. Clarke and William Golding. Each story is accompanied by discus-
sion/essay questions designed to dra\v out irs philosophical implications.
MAIN FEATURES
• A comprehensive introductory chapter that lays the groundwork for philo-
sophical thinking. Through examples drawn from philosophical literature and
everyday life, th is chapter explains clearly the nature and scope of philosophy
and ho\v it relates to students' lives. This much, of course, is \vhat any good text
in this field should do. But this first chapter also shows how to devise and evalu-
ate arguments and gu ides students in critically thinking, reading, and \vriting
about philosophical issues.
• Critical thinking questions that correspond to relevant passages in the main
text or readings. These questions, located in the margins of the text, invite stu-
dents to ponder the implications of the material and to th ink critically about
the assumptions and arguments found there. The questions are numbered and
highlighted and easily lend themselves to both \vriting assignments and class
discussion. The point of their marginal placement is to prompt students to think
carefully and analytically as they read.
• Four types of text boxes that demonstrate the value and relevance of philoso-
phy in the modern world:
• "Philosophy Now"-These boxes contain news items and research reports
that illustrate ho\v each chapter's philosophical issues permeate everyday life.
They demonstrate that philosophical concerns arise continually in science,
society, ethics, religion, politics, medicine, and more. Each box ends \vith
questions that prompt critical thinking and philosophical reflection.
• "What Do You Believe?"-Prompting student engagement and reflec-
tion, these boxes explore issues related to the chapter's topics and challenge
students' beliefs.
• "Philosophers at Work'' -These boxes profile the lives and wo rk of com-
pelling figures in philosophy, past and present, Western and non-Western or
nontraditional, men and women. Some feature philosophers from the past
\vhose story adds a human and historical dimension to the ideas discussed in
the chapter, and some profile contemporary thinkers who are grappling \vith
the important issues of the day. The point of these features is, of course, to
sho\v that philosophy is very much a living, relevant enterprise.
• " Philosophy Lab"-These boxes present simple thought experiments chal-
lenging students to think through scenarios that can reveal deeper philo-
sophical insights or perspectives.
• In-depth coverage of philosophical writing includes step-by-step coaching in
argument basics and multiple opportunities to hone critical thinking skills.
Preface xx11 1
• "Writing to Understand: Critiquing Philosophical Views" -These boxes

appear at the end of each section and consist of essay questio ns that prompt
students to critically examine the strengths and weaknesses of the vie\vS dis-
cussed in the sections.
• "Writing to Understand: Arguing Your Own Views" - These boxes
prompt students to explain and defend thei r O\vn views on the chapter's
topics in short essays.
• " How to Write a Philosophy Paper" -This appendix offers concise, step-
by-step guidance in crafting an effective philosophical essay.
• A final chapter on ''The Meaning of Life." This chapter discusses how philoso-
phers have clarified and explored the topic of life's meani ng. It covers the main
philosophical perspectives on the subject and samples the views of philosophers
past and present.
All these features are supplemented \Vith other elements to make the material
even more engaging and accessible:
• Marginal quotes. These pithy, compelling quotes from an array of philosophers
appear throughout the text, inviting students to join the ongoing conversation
of philosophy.
• Key Terms, marginal definitions, and end-of-book Glossary. Key Terms in
each chapter appear in boldface at their first appearance in a chapter, and mar-
gi nal definitions help studenrs learn the terms within their immediate context. A
list of the chapter's Key Terms appears at the end of each chapter, along \vith the
page numbers on which the term and irs definition fi rst appear. Last, a Glossary
of those Key Terms and definitions provides an essential reference for students as
they review and prepare fo r tesrs as well as draft their own philosophical essays
and argumenrs.
• Chapter O bjectives. This list at the begin ning of each chapter helps to scaffold
student learni ng by providing both structure and suppo rt for previewing, note
taking, and retention of content.
• End-of-chapter reviews. Concluding each chapter, this feature revisits the
Chapter Objectives, encouraging students to reflect and revie\v.
• An index of marginal quotes. This supplemental index helps students locate the
wo rds of philosophers that seem especially insightful or inspiri ng to them.
• For Further reading. Located at the end of each chapter, these useful referen ces
poi nt students to sources that \viii enhance thei r understanding of chapter issues
and argumenrs.
• Timeline. Featuring philosophers' lives and important events, this visual learn-
ing tool helps students appreciate the histo ric significance of philosophical ideas
by placi ng them \vithi n a larger context.
• Charts, tables, and color photos. Appearing throughout the book, these have
been selected or created to deepen studen t engagement with and understanding
of complex ideas and abstract co nceprs. In additio n, captions fo r these images
incl ude brief, open-ended questions to help studenrs "read" visuals \Vith the same
critical attentio n they learn to bring to written texrs.
xxiv Preface
NEW TO THIS EDITION
• An expanded chapter on aesthetics (Chapter 7). Jc covers issues relating to the

definition of art, objective and subjective standards, femi nist art, controversial
artworks, on line art, and the philosophical examination of art by Plato, Aristotle,
Hume, Gardner, Ducasse, and Dan to. Several new photos illustrate fem inist art,
co ntroversial art, and art that provokes discussion about what art is and isn't.
• Expanded coverage in Chapter 9 {The Meaning of Life). In addition to in-
cluding readings by Tolstoy, Schopenhauer, Baggini, and Ed\vards {and com-
mentary on Niet2Sche), the text now adds four more philosophers who debate
the objectivity of meaning in life. Klemke and Lucretius lay out their case for
subjectivist mean ing, and Wolf and Belshaw argue fo r objectivist meaning.
• More history of philosophy in Chapter 1. No\v there's coverage of the pre-
Socratics Thales, Empedocles, and Parmenides, as well as four early women phi-
losophers: Hypatia, Themistoclea, Arignote, and Theano.
• More text boxes adding depth to discussions or demonstrating how philo-
sophical thinking can tackle tough contemporary issues. These cover human
rights for robots, to rturing terrorists, racism, Buddhism and science, belief in
God, and scientists and religion.
ANCILLARIES
The Oxford University Press Ancillary Resou rce Center {ARC) {www.oup-a rc.com/
vaughn-philosophy-here-and-no\v) houses a \vealth of instructor resources, includ-
ing an Instructor's Manual with sample syllabi, read ing summaries, essay/discussion
questions, suggested Web links, and a glossary of key terms from the text; a Com-
puterized Test Bank \Vith fifty or more multiple-choice and true/false questions per
chapter {also available as a traditional "pencil-and-paper" Test Bank in the Instruc-
tor's Manual); and PowerPoint lecture outlines.
A companion website {www.oup.com/us/vaughn) contains study materials for
students, including level-one and level-nvo practice quizzes with multiple-choice
and true/false questions taken from the Test Bank, essay/discussion questions, read-
ing summaries, flashcards of key terms from the text, and suggested Web links.
All instructor and student resources are also available as cartridges for Learning
Management Systems. For more information, please contact your Oxford University
Press Sales Representative at 1-800-280-0280.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
A text like th is is not possible \Vithout the help of a lot of talented and consci-
entious people. At the top of the list are my fine editors at Oxford University
Press-most notably Robert Miller and Meg Botteon, as well as Alyssa Palazzo
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1. Silently corrected obvious typographical errors and
variations in spelling.
2. Retained archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings
as printed.
3. Re-indexed footnotes using numbers and collected
together at the end of the last chapter.
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Philosophy Here and Now Powerful Ideas in Everyday Life 3rd Edition Ebook PDF

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Philosophy Here and Now: Powerful

Ideas in Everyday Life 3rd Edition

CHAPTER 1 PHILOSOPHY AND YOU 1

CHAPTER 2 GOD AND RELIGION 57

CHAPTER 3 MORALITY AND THE MORAL LIFE 135

CHAPTER 4 MIND AND BODY 205

CHAPTER s FREE WILL AND DETERM INISM 240

CHAPTER 6 KNOWLEDGE AND SKEPTICISM 274

CHAPTER 7 AESTHETICS 332

CHAPTER 8 THE JUST SOCIETY 354

CHAPTER 9 THE MEANING OF LIFE 406

APPENDIX A THE TRUTH ABOUT PH ILOSOPHY MAJORS 431

APPENDIX B ANSWERS TO EXERCISES 437

APPENDIX c HOW TO WRITE A PHILOSOPHY PAPER 441

GENERAL IN DEX 465

CHAPTER 1 PH I LOSOPHY AND YOU l

NARRATIVE: Plato, The Trial and Death of Socrates 47

CHAPTER 2 GOD AND RELIGION 57

2.2 ARGUMENTS FOR THE EXISTENCE OF COD 66

2.3 COD AND THE PROBLEM OF EVIL 84

The Soul-Making Defense 88

2.4 THEISM AND RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE 92

ST. TERESA OF AVILA: The Life of

2.5 BELIEF WITHOUT REASON 98

James: Pragmatic Fait h 99

MARTIN: Atheism: A Philosophical

PASCAL: Pensees and Other Writings 107

2.6 EASTERN RELIGIONS 109

RAHULA: What the Buddha Taught 11 2

CHUANG TZU: All Things Are One 123

LAO-TZU: Tao-te ching 124

REVIEW NOTES 126

KEY TERMS 129

FICTION: Arthur C. Clarke, "The St ar" 131

PROBING QUESTIONS 133

FOR FURTHER READING 134

CHAPTER 3 MORALITY AND THE MORAL LIFE 135

3.2 MORAL RELATIVISM 148

Writing to Understand: Critiquing Philosophica l

3.4 M ORALITY BASED ON DUTY AND RIGHTS 169

KANT: Groundwork ofthe Metaphysic ofMorals 170

3.5 MORALITY BASED ON CHARACTER 175

3.6 FEMINIST ETHICS AND THE ETHICS OF CARE 181

JAGGAR: "Feminist Ethics" 182

3.7 ALBERT CAMUS: AN EXISTENTIALIST VOICE 188

CAMUS: The Myth of Sisyphus 190

3.8 CONFUCIANISM 192

REVIEW NOTES 196

FICTION: Ursula K. Le Guin, " The Ones Who Walk Away

PROBING QUESTIONS 203

FOR FURTHER READING 203

CHAPTER 4 MIND AND BODY 205

4.2 SUBSTANCE DUALISM 211

DESCARTES: Meditations on First Philosophy 213

SEARLE: Mind 216

4.3 MIND-BODY IDENTITY 217

SMART: "Sensations and Brain Processes" 217

CHALMERS: The Conscious Mind 2 18

NAGEL: "What Is It Like to Be a Bat?" 220

4.4 THE M IND AS SOFTWARE 222

BLOCK: "Troubles with Functionalism" 223

What Do You Believe? Al and Human Rights 224

SEARLE: Mind 226