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Brief Contents
Prefacexiii 12 Decision Analysis553

1 Management Science1
13 Queuing Analysis614
2 Linear Programming: Model
Formulation and Graphical 14 Simulation654
Solution33
15 Forecasting706
3 Linear Programming:
Computer Solution and 16 Inventory Management773
Sensitivity Analysis76 Appendix A
Normal and Chi-Square Tables 815
4 Linear Programming: Appendix B
Modeling Examples114 Setting Up and Editing a Spreadsheet 817
Appendix C
5 Integer Programming187 The Poisson and Exponential Distributions 821
Solutions to Selected Odd-Numbered Problems 823
6 Transportation, Glossary 832
Transshipment, and Index 837
Assignment Problems240 The following items can be found on the Companion Web
site that accompanies this text:
7 Network Flow Models299 Web Site Modules
8 Project Management350 Module A: The Simplex Solution Method A-1
Module B: Transportation and Assignment Solution
Methods B-1
9 Multicriteria Decision
Module C: Integer Programming: The Branch and
Making422 Bound Method C-1
Module D: Nonlinear Programming Solution
10 Nonlinear Programming493 Techniques D-1
Module E: Game Theory E-1
11 Probability and Statistics518 Module F: Markov Analysis F-1
vii
Contents
Preface xiii Management Science Application:

Allocating Seat Capacity on Indian
1 Management Science1 Railways Using Linear Programming
Graphical Solutions of Linear Programming
38
The Management Science Approach to Problem Models38

Solving2
Management Science Application:
Time Out: for Pioneers in Management Renewable Energy Investment Decisions at
Science5 GE Energy 50
Management Science Application: A Minimization Model Example 50
Room Pricing with Management Science Management Science Application:
and Analytics at Marriott 6 Determining Optimal Fertilizer Mixes at
Management Science and Business Analytics 7 Soquimich (South America) 54
Model Building: Break-Even Analysis 8 Irregular Types of Linear Programming
Computer Solution 13 Problems56
Management Science Modeling Techniques 16 Characteristics of Linear Programming
Problems59
Management Science and Analytics 17 Summary 60 • Example Problem Solutions 60 •
Problems 64 • Case Problem 73
Business Usage of Management Science
Techniques19
Management Science Application: 3 Linear Programming:
Management Science in Health Care
Management Science Models in Decision
20
Computer Solution and
Support Systems 21 Sensitivity Analysis76
Summary 23 • Problems 23 • Case Problem 30 Computer Solution 77
2 Linear Programming: Scheduling Air Ambulance Service in
Ontario (Canada) 82
Model Formulation and Management Science Application:
Graphical Solution33 Improving Profitability at Norske Skog
with Linear Programming 83
Model Formulation 34 Sensitivity Analysis 84
A Maximization Model Example 34
Summary 95 • Example Problem Solutions 95 •
Time Out: for George B. Dantzig 35 Problems 98 • Case Problem 111
viii
Contents ix
4 Linear Programming: Management Science Application:

A Set Covering Model for Determining
Modeling Examples114 Fire Station Locations in Istanbul 211
A Product Mix Example 115 Summary 211 • Example Problem Solution 212 •
Time Out: for George B. Dantzig 120
A Diet Example 120
An Investment Example 123 6 Transportation,
A Marketing Example 128 Transshipment, and
Management Science Application: Assignment Problems240
Scheduling Radio Ads with Analytics and
Linear Programming 129 The Transportation Model 241
A Transportation Example 133
A Blend Example 136
Time Out: for Frank L. Hitchcock
and Tjalling C. Koopmans 243
A Multiperiod Scheduling Example 140
Management Science Application: Reducing Transportation Costs in the
Linear Programming Blending Applications California Cut Flower Industry 244
in the Petroleum Industry 141
Computer Solution of a Transportation
Management Science Application: Problem244
Employee Scheduling with Management
Science143 Management Science Application:
A Data Envelopment Analysis Example 145 Analyzing Container Traffic Potential
at the Port of Davisville (RI) 250
Management Science Application: The Assignment Model 254
Evaluating American Red Cross Chapters
Using DEA 147 Computer Solution of an Assignment Problem 254
Summary 149 • Example Problem Solutions 150 • Management Science Application:

Problems 152 • Case Problem 182 Supplying Empty Freight Cars at Union
Pacific Railroad 257
5 Integer Programming187 Management Science Application:

Assigning Umpire Crews at Professional
Integer Programming Models 188 Tennis Tournaments 258
Management Science Application: Summary 259 • Example Problem Solution 259 •
Selecting Volunteer Teams at Eli Lilly Problems 260 • Case Problem 290
to Serve in Impoverished Communities 191
Integer Programming Graphical Solution
Computer Solution of Integer Programming
191 7 Network Flow Models299
Problems with Excel and QM for Windows 193 Network Components 300
Time Out: for Ralph E. Gomory 194 The Shortest Route Problem 301
The Minimal Spanning Tree Problem 309
Scheduling Appeals Court Sessions Management Science Application:
in Virginia with Integer Programming 197 Determining Optimal Milk Collection
Routes in Italy 312
Forming Business Case Student Teams The Maximal Flow Problem 313
at Indiana University 202 Time Out: for E. W. Dijkstra, L. R. Ford, Jr.,
0–1 Integer Programming Modeling Examples 202 and D. R. Fulkerson 314
x Contents
Management Science Application: Management Science Application:

Distributing Railway Cars to Customers Selecting Sustainable Transportation
at CSX 315 Routes Across the Pyrenees Using AHP 437
Summary 320 • Example Problem Solution 320 • Management Science Application:
Problems 322 • Case Problem 342 Ranking Twentieth-Century Army
Generals Using AHP 444
8 Project Management350 Scoring Models 447

The Elements of Project Management 351 A Scoring Model for Determining
U.S. Army Installation Regions 449
The Panama Canal Expansion Project 353 Summary 449 • Example Problem
Solutions 450 • Problems 453 • Case
Time Out: for Henry Gantt 357 Problem 488
Mangement Science Application:
Transportation Construction Projects 359
CPM/PERT360 10 Nonlinear Programming493
Time Out: for Morgan R. Walker, James E. Nonlinear Profit Analysis 494
Kelley, Jr., and D. G. Malcolm 362 Constrained Optimization 497
Probabilistic Activity Times 369 Solution of Nonlinear Programming Problems
with Excel 499
Salvaging the Costa Concordia Cruise Ship 375 A Nonlinear Programming Model with
Multiple Constraints 503
Microsoft Project 377
Project Crashing and Time–Cost Trade-Off 380 Management Science Application:
Making Solar Power Decisions at
Management Science Application: Lockheed Martin with Nonlinear
Reconstructing the Pentagon after 9/11 384 Programming504
Formulating the CPM/PERT Network Nonlinear Model Examples 505
as a Linear Programming Model 385
Summary 510 • Example Problem Solution 511 •
Summary 393 • Example Problem Solution 393 • Problems 511 • Case Problem 516
11 Probability and Statistics518

9 Multicriteria Decision Types of Probability 519
Making422 Fundamentals of Probability 521
Goal Programming 423 Management Science Application:
Graphical Interpretation of Goal Programming 427 Treasure Hunting with Probability
and Statistics 523
Computer Solution of Goal Programming
Problems with QM for Windows and Excel 430 Statistical Independence and Dependence 524
Expected Value 531
Workforce Planning for the U.S. Army Management Science Application:
Medical Department with Goal A Probability Model for Analyzing
Programming430 Coast Guard Patrol Effectiveness 532
Time Out: for Abraham Charnes and The Normal Distribution 533
William W. Cooper 434 Summary 543 • Example Problem Solution 543 •
The Analytical Hierarchy Process 437 Problems 545 • Case Problem 551
Contents xi
12 Decision Analysis553 Continuous Probability Distributions

Statistical Analysis of Simulation Results
669
674
Components of Decision Making 554
Decision Making Without Probabilities 555 Predicting Somalian Pirate Attacks Using
Management Science Application: Simulation675
Planning for Terrorist Attacks and Crystal Ball 676
Epidemics in Los Angeles County Verification of the Simulation Model 683
with Decision Analysis 562 Areas of Simulation Application 683
Decision Making with Probabilities 562
Summary 684 • Example Problem Solution 685 •
Decision Analysis With Additional Information 576
Utility582
Summary
Problems
584 • Example Problem Solutions
587 • Case Problem 610
584 •
15 Forecasting706
Forecasting Components 707
13 Queuing Analysis614 Management Science Application:
Forecasting Advertising Demand at NBC 709
Elements of Waiting Line Analysis 615
Time Series Methods 710
The Single-Server Waiting Line System 616
Time Out: for Agner Krarup Erlang 617 Management Science Application:
Forecasting Empty Shipping Containers
Management Science Application: at CSAV (Chile) 714
Using Queuing Analysis to Design Health
Centers in Abu Dhabi 624 Management Science Application
Forecasting Trends for Denim Jeans 719
Undefined and Constant Service Times 625
Forecast Accuracy 722
Finite Queue Length 628
Time Series Forecasting Using Excel 726
Providing Telephone Order Service Management Science Application:
in the Retail Catalog Business 631 Demand Forecasting at Zara 727
Finite Calling Population 631 Regression Methods 730
The Multiple-Server Waiting Line 634 Management Science Application:
An Airline Passenger Forecasting Model 734
Making Sure 911 Calls Get Through at AT&T 637 Data Mining 739
Additional Types of Queuing Systems 639 Summary 740 • Example Problem Solutions 740 •
Summary 640 • Example Problem Solutions 640 •
16 Inventory Management773
14 Simulation654 Elements of Inventory Management 774
The Monte Carlo Process 655 Management Science Application:
Time Out: for John Von Neumann 660 Inventory Optimization at Procter &
Gamble776
Computer Simulation with Excel Spreadsheets 660
Inventory Control Systems 777
Simulation of a Queuing System 665
Time Out: for Ford Harris 778
Planning for Catastrophic Disease Economic Order Quantity Models 778
Outbreaks Using Simulation 668 The Basic EOQ Model 779
xii Contents
The EOQ Model with Noninstantaneous Appendix C

Receipt784 The Poisson and Exponential Distributions 821
The EOQ Model with Shortages 787
Solutions to Selected Odd-Numbered Problems 823
Management Science Application: Glossary832
Inventory Management at Zara 790
Index837
EOQ Analysis with QM for Windows 790
EOQ Analysis with Excel and Excel QM 791
Quantity Discounts 792 The following items can be found on the Companion
Web site that accompanies this text:
Quantity Discount Orders at Mars 795 Web Site Modules
Reorder Point 796 Module A: The Simplex Solution Method A-1
Determining Safety Stock by Using Service
Levels798 Module B: Transportation and Assignment Solution
MethodsB-1
Order Quantity for a Periodic Inventory
System800 Module C: Integer Programming: The Branch
Summary 802 • Example Problem Solution 802 • and Bound Method C-1
Module D: Nonlinear Programming Solution
Appendix A TechniquesD-1
Normal and Chi-Square Tables 815
Module E: Game Theory E-1
Appendix B
Setting Up and Editing a Spreadsheet 817 Module F: Markov Analysis F-1
Preface
New to This Edition

Management science is the application of mathematical models and computing technology to help
decision makers solve problems. Therefore, new text revisions like this one tend to focus on the
latest technological advances used by businesses and organizations for solving problems, as well
as new features that students and instructors have indicated would be helpful to them in learning
about management science. Following is a list of the substantial new changes made for this 13th
edition of the text:
• This revision incorporates the latest version of Excel® 2016 and includes more than 175
new spreadsheet screenshots.
• More than 60 new exhibit screenshots have been added to show the latest versions of
Microsoft® Project 2016, QM for Windows, Excel QM, TreePlan, and Crystal Ball.
• This edition includes 20 new end-of-chapter homework problems, so it now contains more
than 800 homework problems and 69 cases.
• All 800-plus Excel homework files on the Instructor's Web site have been replaced with
new Excel 2016 files.
• Updated “Chapter Web links” are included for every chapter. More than 550 Web links are
provided to access tutorials, summaries, and notes available on the Internet for the various
topics in the chapters. Also included are links to YouTube videos that provide additional
learning resources.
• Twelve of the 48 “Management Science Application” boxes are new for this edition. All of
these new boxes provide applications of management science techniques by companies and
organizations.
Solving Teaching and Learning Challenges

The objective of management science is to solve the decision-making problems that confront and
confound managers in both the public and private sectors by developing mathematical models of
those problems. These models have traditionally been solved with various mathematical techniques,
all of which lend themselves to specific types of problems. Thus, management science as a field
of study has always been inherently mathematical in nature, and as a result sometimes complex
and rigorous. My main goal through 13 editions of this book has always been to make these math-
ematical topics seem less complex and thus more palatable to undergraduate business students. To
achieve this goal I try to provide simple, straightforward explanations of often difficult mathemati-
cal topics. I try to use lots of examples that demonstrate in detail the fundamental mathematical
steps of the modeling and solution techniques. Although in the past three decades the emphasis in
management science has shifted away from strictly mathematical to mostly computer solutions,
my objective has not changed. I have provided clear, concise explanations of the techniques used in
management science to model problems and provided many examples of how to solve these models
on the computer while still including some of the fundamental mathematics of the techniques.
xiii
xiv Preface
The stuff of management science can seem abstract, and students sometimes have trouble per-
ceiving the usefulness of quantitative courses in general. I remember that when I was a student, I could
not foresee how I would use such mathematical topics (in addition to a lot of the other things I learned
in college) in any job after graduation. Part of the problem is that the examples used in books often
do not seem realistic. Unfortunately, examples must be made simple to facilitate the learning process.
Larger, more complex examples reflecting actual applications would be too complex to help the stu-
dent learn the modeling technique. The modeling techniques presented in this text are, in fact, used
extensively in the business world, and their use is increasing rapidly because of computer and infor-
mation technology, and the emerging field of business analytics. Therefore, the chances that students
will use the modeling techniques that they learn from this text in a future job are very great indeed.
Even if these techniques are not used on the job, the logical approach to problem solving
embodied in management science is valuable for all types of jobs in all types of organizations.
Management science consists of more than just a collection of mathematical modeling techniques;
it embodies a philosophy of approaching a problem in a logical manner, as does any science.
Thus, this text not only teaches specific techniques but also provides a very useful method for
approaching problems.
My primary objective throughout all revisions of this text is readability. The modeling tech-
niques presented in each chapter are explained with straightforward examples that avoid lengthy
17
ManageMent SCienCe Modeling teChniqueS
written explanations. These examples are organized in a logi-
Management Science Application cal step-by-step fashion that the student can subsequently
Management Science and Analytics apply to the problems at the end of each chapter. I have
tried to avoid complex mathematical notation and formulas
a
s we discussed in the section “Management Science
and Business Analytics,” when applied to business prob-
lems, analytics often combines the management science
wherever possible. These various factors will, I hope, help
approach to problem solving and decision making, including
model building, with the use of data. Following are a few exam- make the material more interesting and less intimidating to
ples of the many recent applications of analytics for problem
solving in agriculture, media, urban planning, and sports. students.
Although the total world population is expected to grow
by one-third to 9.6 billion in 2050, there will be less natural
resources and land to support the necessary food production
to feed an additional 2.4 billion people. Plant seed developer
Syngenta is using analytics and management science models
in its research and development efforts to develop and imple-
ment a plant-breeding strategy for soybeans that will improve
Developing Employability Skills
the quality and quantity of the soybeans that farmers produce
per acre. Their application of analytics enables better decisions For students to succeed in a rapidly changing job market,
they need to know how to develop a variety of analytical
that result in reducing the time and cost required to develop
higher-productivity crops, saving Syngenta an estimated $287 San Gabriel Valley Tribune/ZUMA Press Inc./Alamy Stock Photo
million in a five-year period, while making a contribution to
meeting the world’s growing food needs.
iHeartMedia, Inc. (IHM) owns over 850 radio stations in in major league baseball, popularized by the book and movie
and quantitative skills that they should be aware of for their
more than 150 cities and provides programming (i.e., news,
sports, traffic reports and weather) to over 2,250 stations. The
Moneyball. It was originally defined in 1980 by Bill James (cur-
rently an analyst with the Boston Red Sox) as the “search for
career options. In this 13th edition of Introduction to Man-
company uses a set of management science models and sales
data to maximize revenue from their inventory of radio adver-
objective knowledge about baseball,” and it is derived from the
acronym SABR (e.g., Society for American Baseball Research). It agement Science we focus on developing these skills in the
tising spots. Advertisers expect IHM to distribute their spots
fairly and equitably across available inventory according to their
has generally evolved into the application of statistical analysis
of baseball records to develop predictive models and measures following ways.
order specifications, including dates, times, spot length, pro- to evaluate and compare the in-game performance of individual
grams, stations, and demographic targets. IHM uses two linear players, usually in terms of runs or team wins. Sabermetrics
programming models to assign advertising spots. The use of attempts to answer questions such as, which players on a team
Management Science Applications

analytics has resulted in a more efficient use of available inven- will contribute most to the team’s offense? For example, the
tory, improved customer service, and enhanced sales from more sabermetric measure, VORP (value over replacement player),
accurate inventory visibility, resulting in a financial benefit of attempts to predict how much a hitter contributes offensively
over a half million dollars annually.
ParkPGH is a decision analytics application that provides
to his team in comparison to a fictitious average replacement
player. A player might be worth 50 more runs in a season than Management Science Application boxes are located in
real-time and predictive information for garage parking space
availability within the downtown Pittsburgh Cultural District.
a replacement level player at the same position (acquired at
minimal cost). Currently every major league team has some every chapter in the text. They describe how a company,
employees in administrative positions dedicated to quantitative
The model collects real time parking information for garage
gate counts and uses historical data and event schedules to analytics for the evaluation of player performance to determine an organization, or an agency uses the particular manage-
player acquisitions, trades, and contracts.
ment science technique being presented and demonstrated
predict parking availability and provide downtown visitors with
information on available parking via mobile devices and the
Sources: J. Byrum, C. Davis, G. Doonan, T. Doubler, D. Foster,
Internet. The system has reduced parking space search times
and changed the perception of downtown patrons about the
downtown parking situation (including security and availabil-
B. Luzzi, R. Mowers, C. Zinselmeir, J. Klober, D. Culhane, and S. Mack,
“Advanced Analytics for Agricultural Product Development,” Interfaces in the chapter to compete in a global environment. There
are 48 of these boxes, 12 of which are new, throughout the
46, no. 1 (January–February 2016): 5–17; S. Venkatachalam, F. Wong,
ity), and also helped garage operators better manage park- E. Uyar, S. Ward, and A. Aggarwal, “Media Company Uses Analytics to
ing demand. In one year the parking application received over Schedule Radio Advertisement Spots,” Interfaces 45, no. 6 (November–
300,000 inquiries.
One of the most visible applications of analytics in the sports
December 2015): 485–500; T. Fabusuyi, R. Hampshire, V. Hill, and K.
Sasanuma, “Decision Analytics for Parking Availability in Downtown
text. They encompass a broad range of business and public-
industry has been the development and use of “sabermetrics” Pittsburgh,” Interfaces 44, no. 3 (May–June 2014): 286–299.
sector applications, both foreign and domestic.
Excel Spreadsheets
M01_TAYL0660_13_SE_C01.indd 17
This new edition continues to emphasize Excel spreadsheet solutions of problems. Spreadsheet
8/21/17 2:36 PM
solutions are demonstrated in all the chapters in the text (except for Chapter 2, on linear pro-
gramming modeling and graphical solution) for virtually every management science modeling
technique presented. These spreadsheet solutions are presented in optional subsections, allow-
ing the instructor to decide whether to cover them. The text includes more than 140 new Excel
spreadsheet screenshots for Excel 2016. Most of these screenshots include reference callout boxes
that describe the solution steps within the spreadsheet. Files that include all the Excel spreadsheet
Preface xv
model solutions for the examples in the text (data

files) are included on the Companion Web site
and can be easily downloaded by the student to
determine how the spreadsheet was set up and
the solution derived, and to use as templates to
work homework problems. In addition, Appen-
dix B at the end of the text provides a tutorial on
how to set up and edit spreadsheets for problem
solution. At top left is an example of one of the
Excel spreadsheet files (from Chapter 3) that is
available on the Companion Web site accompa-
nying the text.
Spreadsheet Add-Ins
Several spreadsheet add-in packages are available with this
book, often in trial and premium versions. For complete
information on options for downloading each package,
please visit http://www.pearsonhighered.com/taylor.
Excel QM
For some management science topics, the Excel formu-
las that are required for solution are lengthy and com-
plex and thus are very tedious and time consuming to
type into a spreadsheet. In several of these instances
in the book, including Chapter 6 on transportation and
assignment problems, Chapter 12 on decision analysis,
Chapter 13 on queuing, Chapter 15 on forecasting, and
Chapter 16 on inventory control, spreadsheet “add-ins”
called Excel QM are demonstrated. These add-ins pro-
vide a generic spreadsheet setup with easy-to-use dialog
boxes and all of the formulas already typed in for spe-
cific problem types. Unlike other “black box” software,
these add-ins allow users to see the formulas used in each
cell. The input, results, and the graphics are easily seen
and can be easily changed, making this software ideal
for classroom demonstrations and student explorations.
At left is an example of an Excel QM file (from Chapter
13 on queuing analysis) that is on the Companion Web
site that accompanies the text.
Risk Solver Platform for Education

This program is a tool for risk analysis, simulation, and
optimization in Excel. The Companion Web site will
direct you to a trial version of the software.
TreePlan
Another spreadsheet add-in program that is demonstrated
in the text is TreePlan, a program that will set up a generic
spreadsheet for the solution of decision-tree problems in
Chapter 12 on decision analysis. This is also available on
the Companion Web site. At left is an example of one of
the TreePlan files (from Chapter 12) that is on the text
Companion Web site.
xvi Preface
Crystal Ball
Another spreadsheet add-
in program is Crystal Ball
by Oracle. Crystal Ball is
demonstrated in Chap-
ter 14 on simulation and
shows how to perform
simulation analysis for
certain types of risk anal-
ysis and forecasting prob-
lems. Here is an example
of one of the Crystal Ball
files (from Chapter 14)
that is on the Companion
Web site. The Compan-
ion Web site will direct
you to a trial version of
the software.
QM for Windows Software Package

QM for Windows is a computer package that is included on the text Companion Web site, and
many students and instructors will prefer to use it with this text. This software is very user-
friendly, requiring virtually no preliminary instruction except for the “help” screens that can be
accessed directly from the program. It is demonstrated throughout the text in conjunction with
virtually every management science modeling technique, except simulation. The text includes
50 QM for Windows screens used to demonstrate
example problems. Thus, for most topics problem
solution is demonstrated via both Excel spreadsheets
and QM for Windows. Files that include all the QM
for Windows solutions, for example, in the text are
included on the accompanying Companion Web site.
Here is an example of one of the QM for Windows
files (from Chapter 4 on linear programming) that is
on the Companion Web site.
Microsoft Project
Chapter 8 on project
management includes the
popular software package
Microsoft Project. Here is
an example of one of the
Microsoft Project files
(from Chapter 8) that
is available on the text
Companion Web site. The
Companion Web site will
direct you to a trial ver-
sion of the software.
Preface xvii
Problems and Cases

Previous editions of the text always provided a substantial number of homework questions,
problems, and cases for students to practice on. This edition includes more than 800 homework
problems, 20 of which are new, and 69 end-of-chapter case problems.
Marginal Notes
Notes in the margins of this text serve the same basic
function as notes that students themselves might write
in the margin. They highlight certain topics to make it
easier for students to locate them, summarize topics and
important points, and provide brief definitions of key
terms and concepts.
Examples
The primary means of teaching the various quanti-
tative modeling techniques presented in this text is
through examples. Thus, examples are liberally inserted
throughout the text, primarily to demonstrate how prob-
lems are solved with the different quantitative tech-
niques and to make them easier to understand. These
examples are organized in a logical step-by-step solu-
tion approach that the student can subsequently apply
to the homework problems.
Example Problem Solutions

At the end of each chapter, just prior to the home-
work questions and problems, is a section that pro-
vides solved examples to serve as a guide for doing the
homework problems. These examples are solved in a
detailed, step-by-step fashion. Here is an example from
Chapter 2.
Chapter Web Links

The files on the Companion Web site contains Chapter
Web links for every chapter in the text. These Web links
access tutorials, summaries, and notes available on the
Internet for the various techniques and topics in every
chapter in the text. Also included are YouTube videos
that provide additional learning resources and tutorials
about many of the topics and techniques, links to the
development and developers of the techniques in the
text, and links to the Web sites for the companies and
organizations that are featured in the “Management Sci-
ence Application” boxes in every chapter. The “Chapter
Web links” file includes more than 550 Web links.
xviii Preface
Chapter Modules
Several of the strictly mathematical topics—such as the simplex and transportation solu-
tion methods—are included as chapter modules on the Companion Web site, at http://www.
pearsonhighered.com/taylor.
a list of all the model solution modules available in QM for Windows. Clicking on the “Break-
Table of Contents Overview
even Analysis” module will access a new screen for typing in the problem title. Clicking again
will access a screen with input cells for the model parameters—that is, fixed cost, variable cost,
An(or
and price important objective
revenue). Next, clicking onistheto“Solve”
havebutton
a well-organized textwill
at the top of the screen that flows smoothly and follows a logi-
provide
the solution and the break-even graph for the Western Clothing Company example, as shown in
cal
Exhibit 1.3.
progression of topics, placing the different management science modeling techniques in their
proper perspective. The following Figure 1.6 from Chapter 1 outlines the organization of topics
in the book.
Management Science Modeling Techniques
The first 10 chapters are related to mathematical programming that can be solved using
This text focuses primarily on two of the five steps of the management science process described
Excel
in Figure spreadsheets,
1.1—model including
construction linear,
and solution. These areinteger,
the two nonlinear,
steps that use and goal programming, as well as network
the manage-
ment techniques.
science techniques. In a textbook, it is difficult to show how an unstructured real-world
problem is identified and defined because the problem must be written out. However, once a
problem statement has been given, we can show how a model is constructed and a solution is Within these math-
derived. The techniques presented in this text can be loosely classified into four categories, as ematical programming
shown in Figure 1.6. chapters, the traditional
simplex procedure for
FIGURE 1.6
Classification
Management science techniques
solving linear program-
of management Text
ming problems math-
science ematically is located in
techniques Linear mathematical Probabilistic Network
programming techniques techniques Other techniques Companion Web site Module A on the Com-
Linear programming
models
Probability and
statistics
Network ﬂow
Project
Analytical hierarchy
process (AHP)
Simplex method
Transportation
panion Web site, at http://
Graphical analysis
Sensitivity analysis
Decision analysis
Queuing
management
(CPM/PERT)
Nonlinear
programming
and assignment
methods
www.pearsonhighered
Transportation,
transshipment,
Simulation
Forecasting
Nonlinear programming
Game theory
.com/taylor, that accom
and assignment
Integer linear
Inventory Markov analysis
Branch and bound
panies this text. It can still
programming
Goal programming
method be covered by the student
on the computer as part of
Linear Mathematical Programming Techniques
linear programming, or it
Chapters 2 through 6 and 9 present techniques that together make up linear mathematical program- can be excluded, without
ming. (The first example used to demonstrate model construction earlier in this chapter is a very leaving a “hole” in the
rudimentary linear programming
presentation of thismodel.)
topic.TheTheterminteger
programming used to identify this
programming technique
mathematical branch and bound solution
method ( Chapter 5) is located in Module C on the C ompanion Web site. In Chapter 6, on the trans-
portation and assignment problems, the strictly mathematical solution approaches, including the
northwest corner, VAM, and stepping-stone methods, are located in Module B on the Companion
M01_TAYL0660_13_SE_C01.indd 16 Web site. Because transportation and assignment problems are specific types
8/21/17 2:36 PM of network problems,
the two chapters that cover network flow models and project networks that can be solved with
linear programming, as well as traditional model-specific solution techniques and software, follow
Chapter 6 on transportation and assignment problems. In addition, in Chapter 10, on nonlinear
programming, the traditional mathematical solution techniques, including the substitution method
and the method of Lagrange multipliers, are located in Module D on the Companion Web site.
Chapters 11 through 14 include topics generally thought of as being probabilistic, includ-
ing probability and statistics, decision analysis, queuing, and simulation. Module F on M arkov
analysis and Module E on game theory are on the Companion Web site. Forecasting in
Chapter 15 and inventory management in Chapter 16 are both unique topics related to opera-
tions management.
Preface xix
Instructor Teaching Resources

This text comes with the following teaching resources.
Supplements available to instructors at Features of the Supplement

www.pearsonhighered.com/irc
Instructor's Solutions Manual developed by • Detailed solutions for all end-of-chapter
the author exercises and cases
• One file per chapter provided in MS Word
format
Excel Homework Solutions developed by the • A corresponding Excel solution file for
author almost all 840 end-of-chapter homework and
case problems in the text
• Organized by chapter and problem number
• Also includes Excel homework solution files
for TreePlan, Crystal Ball, and Microsoft
Project
Test Bank authored by Geoff Willis of the • 2,000 questions, including true/false,
University of Central Oklahoma multiple-choice, and problem-solving
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Acknowledgments
As with any other large project, the revision of a textbook is not accomplished without the help of
many people. The 13th edition of this book is no exception, and I would like to take this oppor-
tunity to thank those who have contributed to its preparation.
I thank the reviewers of this and previous editions: Dr. B. S. Bal, Nagraj Balakrishnan,
Edward M. Barrow, Ali Behnezhad, Weldon J. Bowling, Rod Carlson, Petros Christofi, Yar
M. Ebadi, Richard Ehrhardt, Warren W. Fisher, James Flynn, Wade Furgeson, Soumen Ghosh,
xx Preface
James C. Goodwin, Jr., Richard Gunther, Dewey Hemphill, Ann Hughes, Shivaji Khade, David
A. Larson, Sr., Shao-ju Lee, Robert L. Ludke, Peter A. Lyew, Robert D. Lynch, Dinesh Manocha,
Mildred Massey, Russell McGee, Abdel-Aziz Mohamed, Anthony Narsing, Thomas J. Nolan,
Susan W. Palocsay, David W. Pentico, Cindy Randall, Christopher M. Rump, Michael E. Salassi,
Roger Schoenfeldt, Jaya Singhal, Charles H. Smith, Lisa Sokol, Daniel Solow, Dothang Truong,
John Wang, Edward Williams, Barry Wray, Kefeng Xu, Hulya Julie Yazici, Ding Zhang, and
Zuopeng Zhang.
I am also very grateful to Tracy McCoy at Virginia Tech for her valued assistance. I would
like to thank my Content Producer, Sugandh Juneja, at Pearson, for her valuable assistance and
patience. I very much appreciate the help and hard work of Roberta Sherman and all the folks at
SPi Global, who produced this edition, and the text’s accuracy checker, M. Khurrum S. Bhutta.
Finally, I would like to thank my e ditors, Dan Tylman and Neeraj Bhalla, at Pearson, for their
continued help and patience.
Chapter
1
Management Science
1
2 Chapter 1 Management Science
Management science is the application of a scientific approach to solving management prob-

lems to help managers make better decisions. As implied by this definition, management science
encompasses a number of mathematically oriented techniques that have either been developed
within the field of management science or been adapted from other disciplines, such as the natu-
ral sciences, mathematics, statistics, and engineering. This text provides an introduction to the
techniques that make up management science and demonstrates their applications to management
problems.
Management Management science is a recognized and established discipline in business. The applications
science is a scientific of management science techniques are widespread, and they have been frequently credited with
approach to solving increasing the efficiency and productivity of business firms. In various surveys of businesses,
management many indicate that they use management science techniques, and most rate the results to be very
problems. good. Management science (also referred to as operations research, quantitative methods, quan-
titative analysis, decision sciences, and business analytics) is part of the fundamental curriculum
of most programs in business.
Management As you proceed through the various management science models and techniques contained
science can be in this text, you should remember several things. First, most of the examples presented in this text
used in a variety of are for business organizations because businesses represent the main users of management sci-
organizations to solve ence. However, management science techniques can be applied to solve problems in different
many different types
of problems. types of organizations, including services, government, military, business and industry, and health
care.
Second, in this text all the modeling techniques and solution methods are mathematically
based. In some instances the manual, mathematical solution approach is shown because it helps
one understand how the modeling techniques are applied to different problems. However, a com-
puter solution is possible for each of the modeling techniques in this text, and in many cases the
computer solution is emphasized. The more detailed mathematical solution procedures for many
of the modeling techniques are included as supplemental modules on the companion Web site
for this text.
Management science Finally, as the various management science techniques are presented, keep in mind that
encompasses a logical management science is more than just a collection of techniques. Management science also
approach to problem involves the philosophy of approaching a problem in a logical manner (i.e., a scientific
solving. approach). The logical, consistent, and systematic approach to problem solving can be as
useful (and valuable) as the knowledge of the mechanics of the mathematical techniques
themselves. This understanding is especially important for those readers who do not always
see the immediate benefit of studying mathematically oriented disciplines such as manage-
ment science.
The Management Science Approach to Problem Solving

As indicated in the previous section, management science encompasses a logical, systematic
The steps of the approach to problem solving, which closely parallels what is known as the scientific method for
scientific method attacking problems. This approach, as shown in Figure 1.1, follows a generally recognized and
are (1) observation, ordered series of steps: (1) observation, (2) definition of the problem, (3) model construction,
(2) problem definition, (4) model solution, and (5) implementation of solution results. We will analyze each of these steps
(3) model construction, individually in this text.
(4) model solution, and
(5) implementation. Observation
The first step in the management science process is the identification of a problem that exists in
the system (organization). The system must be continuously and closely observed so that prob-
lems can be identified as soon as they occur or are anticipated. Problems are not always the result
of a crisis that must be reacted to but, instead, frequently involve an anticipatory or planning
situation. The person who normally identifies a problem is the manager because managers work
in places where problems might occur. However, problems can often be identified by a
The Management Science Approach to Problem Solving 3
FIGURE 1.1
Observation
The management
science process
Problem
deﬁnition
Model
construction Management
Feedback science
techniques
Solution
Information
Implementation
A management management scientist, a person skilled in the techniques of management science and trained to
scientist is a identify problems, who has been hired specifically to solve problems using management science
person skilled in techniques.
the application of
management science
techniques. Definition of the Problem
Once it has been determined that a problem exists, the problem must be clearly and concisely
defined. Improperly defining a problem can easily result in no solution or an inappropriate solu-
tion. Therefore, the limits of the problem and the degree to which it pervades other units of the
organization must be included in the problem definition. Because the existence of a problem
implies that the objectives of the firm are not being met in some way, the goals (or objectives) of
the organization must also be clearly defined. A stated objective helps to focus attention on what
the problem actually is.
Model Construction
A model is an A management science model is an abstract representation of an existing problem situation. It
abstract mathematical can be in the form of a graph or chart, but most frequently a management science model consists
representation of a of a set of mathematical relationships. These mathematical relationships are made up of numbers
problem situation. and symbols.
As an example, consider a business firm that sells a product. The product costs $5 to
produce and sells for $20. A model that computes the total profit that will accrue from the
items sold is
Z = +20x - 5x
A variable is a symbol In this equation, x represents the number of units of the product that are sold, and Z represents the
used to represent an total profit that results from the sale of the product. The symbols x and Z are variables. The term
item that can take on variable is used because no set numeric value has been specified for these items. The number of
any value. units sold, x, and the profit, Z, can be any amount (within limits); they can vary. These two vari-
ables can be further distinguished. Z is a dependent variable because its value is dependent on the
Parameters are known, number of units sold; x is an independent variable because the number of units sold is not depen-
constant values that dent on anything else (in this equation).
are often coefficients of The numbers $20 and $5 in the equation are referred to as parameters. Parameters are
variables in equations. constant values that are generally coefficients of the variables (symbols) in an equation.
4 Chapter 1 Management Science
Parameters usually remain constant during the process of solving a specific problem. The param-
Data are pieces of eter values are derived from data (i.e., pieces of information) from the problem environment.
information from the Sometimes the data are readily available and quite accurate. For example, presumably the selling
problem environment. price of $20 and product cost of $5 could be obtained from the firm’s accounting department and
would be very accurate. However, sometimes data are not as readily available to the manager or
firm, and the parameters must be either estimated or based on a combination of the available data
and estimates. In such cases, the model is only as accurate as the data used in constructing the
model.
A model is a The equation as a whole is known as a functional relationship (also called function and
functional relationship). The term is derived from the fact that profit, Z, is a function of the number of units
relationship that sold, x, and the equation relates profit to units sold.
includes variables, Because only one functional relationship exists in this example, it is also the model. In this
parameters, and case, the relationship is a model of the determination of profit for the firm. However, this model
equations. does not really replicate a problem. Therefore, we will expand our example to create a problem
situation.
Let us assume that the product is made from steel and that the business firm has 100 pounds
of steel available. If it takes 4 pounds of steel to make each unit of the product, we can develop
an additional mathematical relationship to represent steel usage:
4x = 100 lb. of steel
This equation indicates that for every unit produced, 4 of the available 100 pounds of steel
will be used. Now our model consists of two relationships:
Z = +20x - 5x
4x = 100
We say that the profit equation in this new model is an objective function, and the resource
equation is a constraint. In other words, the objective of the firm is to achieve as much profit, Z,
as possible, but the firm is constrained from achieving an infinite profit by the limited amount
of steel available. To signify this distinction between the two relationships in this model, we will
add the following notations:
maximize Z = +20x - 5x
subject to
4x = 100
This model now represents the manager’s problem of determining the number of units to
produce. You will recall that we defined the number of units to be produced as x. Thus, when we
determine the value of x, it represents a potential (or recommended) decision for the manager.
Therefore, x is also known as a decision variable. The next step in the management science pro-
cess is to solve the model to determine the value of the decision variable.
Model Solution
A management Once models have been constructed in management science, they are solved using the man-
science technique agement science techniques presented in this text. A management science solution technique
usually applies to a usually applies to a specific type of model. Thus, the model type and solution method are
specific model type. both part of the management science technique. We are able to say that a model is solved
because the model represents a problem. When we refer to model solution, we also mean
problem solution.
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which the spermatozoa are packed; they are often very large and assume
characteristic shapes, especially in the Decapoda.
The spermatozoa show a great variety of structure, but they conform to
two chief types—the filiform, which are provided with a long whip-like
flagellum; and the amoeboid, which are furnished with radiating
pseudopodia, and are much slower in their movements. The amoeboid
spermatozoa of some of the Decapoda contain in the cell-body a peculiar
chitinous capsule, and Koltzoff[12] has observed that when the
spermatozoon has settled upon the surface of the egg the chitinous
capsule becomes suddenly exceedingly hygroscopic, swells up, and
explodes, driving the head of the spermatozoon into the egg. We cannot
enter here into a description of the embryological changes by which the
egg is converted into the adult form. Crustacean eggs as a whole contain a
large quantity of yolk, but in some forms total segmentation occurs in the
early stages, which is converted later into the pyramidal type, i.e. the
blastomeres are arranged round the edge, and the yolk in the centre is
only partly segmented to correspond with them. The eggs during the early
stages of development are in almost all cases (except Branchiura, p. 77,
and Anaspides, p. 116) carried about by the female either in a brood-
pouch (Branchiopoda, Ostracoda, Cirripedia, Phyllocarida, Peracarida),
or agglutinated to the hind legs or some other part of the body (Copepoda,
Eucarida), or in a chamber formed from the maxillipedes (Stomatopoda).
Development may be direct, without a complicated metamorphosis, or
indirect, the larva hatching out in a form totally different to the adult
state, and attaining the latter by a series of transformations and moults.
The various larval forms will be described under the headings of the
several orders.
The respiratory organs are typically branchiae, i.e. branched
filamentous or foliaceous processes of the body-surface through which
the blood circulates, and is brought into close relation with the oxygen
dissolved in the water. In most of the smaller Entomostraca no special
branchiae are present, the interchange of gases taking place over the
whole body-surface; but in the Malacostraca the gills may reach a high
degree of specialisation. They are usually attached to the bases of the
thoracic limbs (“podobranchiae”), to the body-wall at the bases of these
limbs, often in two series (“arthrobranchiae”), and to the body-wall some
way above the limb-articulations (“pleurobranchiae”). In an ideal scheme
each thoracic appendage beginning with the first maxillipede would
possess a podobranch, two arthrobranchs, and a pleurobranch, but the
full complement of gills is never present, various members of the series
being suppressed in the various orders, and thus giving rise to “branchial
formulae” typical of the different groups.
After this brief survey of Crustacean organisation we may be able to
form an opinion upon the position of the Crustacea relative to other
Arthropoda, and upon the question debated some time ago in the pages of
Natural Science[13] whether the Arthropoda constitute a natural group.
The Crustacea plainly agree with all the other Arthropoda in the
possession of a rigid exoskeleton segmented into a number of somites, in
the possession of jointed appendages metamerically repeated, some of
which are modified to act as jaws; they further agree in the general
correspondence of the number of segments of which the body is
primitively composed; the condition of the body-cavity or haemocoel is
also similar in the adult state. An apparently fundamental difference is
found in the entire absence during development of a segmented coelom,
but since this organ breaks down and is much reduced in all adult
Arthropods, it is not difficult to believe that its actual formation in the
embryo as a distinct structure might have been secondarily suppressed in
Crustacea.
The method of breathing by gills is paralleled by the respiratory
structures found in Limulus and Scorpions; the transition, if it occurred,
from branchiae to tracheae cannot, it is true, be traced, but the separation
of Arthropods into phyletically distinct groups of Tracheata and
Branchiata on this single characteristic is inadmissible. On the whole the
Crustacea may be considered as Arthropods whose progenitors are to be
sought for among the Trilobita, from whose near relations also probably
sprang Limulus and the Arachnids.
CHAPTER II
CRUSTACEA (CONTINUED): ENTOMOSTRACA
—BRANCHIOPODA—PHYLLOPODA—
CLADOCERA—WATER-FLEAS
SUB-CLASS I.—ENTOMOSTRACA.
The Entomostraca are mostly small Crustacea in which the

segmentation of the body behind the head is very variable, both in regard
to the number of segments and the kind of differentiation exhibited by
those segments and their appendages. An unpaired simple eye, known as
the Nauplius eye from its universal presence in that larval form, often
persists in the adult, and though lateral compound eyes may be present
they are rarely borne on movable stalks. In the adult the excretory gland
(“shell-gland”) opens on the second maxillary segment, but in the larval
state or early stages of development a second antennary gland may also
be present, which disappears in the adult. The liver usually points
forwards, and is simple and saccular in structure, and the stomach is not
complicated by the formation of a gastric mill. With the exception of most
Cladocera and Ostracoda the young hatch out in the Nauplius state.
Order I. Branchiopoda.[14]
The Branchiopods are of small or moderate size, with flattened and

lobate post-cephalic limbs, and with functional gnathobases. Median and
lateral eyes are nearly always present. The labrum is large, and the second
maxillae are small or absent in the adult.
Branchiopods are found in every part of the world; a few are marine,
but the great majority are confined to inland lakes and ponds, or to
slowly-moving streams. The fresh waters, from the smallest pools to the
largest lakes, often swarm with them, as do those streams which flow so
slowly that the creatures can obtain occasional shelter among vegetation
along the sides and bottom without being swept away, while even rivers of
considerable swiftness contain some Cladocera. Several Branchiopods are
found in the brackish waters of estuaries, and some occur in lakes and
pools so salt that no other Crustacea, and few other animals of any kind,
can live in them. The great majority swim about with the back
downwards, collecting food in the ventral groove between their post-oral
limbs, and driving it forwards, towards the mouth, by movements of the
gnathobases (p. 10). The food collected in this way consists largely of
suspended organic mud, together with Diatoms and other Algae, and
Infusoria; the larger kinds, however, are capable of gnawing objects of
considerable size, Apus being said to nibble the softer insect larvae, and
even tadpoles. Many Cladocera (e.g. Daphnia, Simocephalus) may be
seen to sink to the bottom of an aquarium, with the ventral surface
downwards, and to collect mud, or even to devour the dead bodies of their
fellows, while Leptodora is said to feed upon living Copepods, which it
catches by means of its antennae.
The Branchiopoda fall naturally into two Sub-orders, the Phyllopoda
including a series of long-bodied forms, with at least ten pairs of post-
cephalic limbs, and the Cladocera with shorter bodies and not more
than six pairs of post-cephalic limbs.
Sub-Order 1. Phyllopoda.
The Phyllopoda include a series of genera which differ greatly in

appearance, owing to differences in the development of the carapace,
which are curiously correlated with differences in the position of the eyes.
Except in these points, the three families which the sub-order contains
are so much alike that they may conveniently be described together.
In the Branchipodidae the carapace is practically absent, being
represented only by the slight backward projection on each side of the
head which contains the kidney (Fig. 2); the paired eyes are supported on
mobile stalks, and project freely, one on either side of the head.
In the Apodidae[15] the head is broad and depressed, the ventral side
being nearly flat, the dorsal surface convex; the hinder margin of the head
is indicated dorsally by a transverse cervical ridge, bounded by two
grooves, behind which the carapace projects backwards as a great shield,
covering at least half the body, but attached only to the back of the head.
In Lepidurus productus the head and carapace together form an oval
expansion, deeply emarginate at the hinder, narrower end, the sides of
the emargination being toothed. The carapace has a strong median keel.
The kidneys project into the space between the folds of skin which form
the carapace, and their coils can be seen on each side, the terminal part of
each kidney-tube entering the head to open at the base of the second
maxilla. In all Branchiopoda with a well-developed carapace the kidney is
enclosed in it in this way, whence the older anatomists speak of it as the
“shell-gland.”
Fig. 2.—Chirocephalus diaphanus, female, × 5, Sussex. D.O, Dorsal
organ; H, heart; Ov, ovary; U, uterus; V, external generative opening.
Associated with the development of the carapace, in this and in the next
family, is a remarkable condition of the lateral eyes, which are sessile on
the dorsal surface of the head, and near the middle line, the median eye
being slightly in front of them. During embryonic life a fold of skin grows
over all three eyes, so that a chamber is formed over them, which
communicates with the exterior by a small pore in front.
In the Limnadiidae the body is laterally compressed, and the carapace
is so large that at least the post-cephalic part of the body, and generally
the head also, can be enclosed within it.
In Limnetis (Fig. 3) the dorsal
surface of the head is bent
downwards and is much
compressed, the carapace being
attached to it only for a short
distance near the dorsal middle line.
The sides of the carapace are bent
downwards, and their margins can
be pulled together by a transverse
adductor muscle, so that the whole
structure forms an ovoid or
spheroidal case, from which the
head projects in front, while the rest
Fig. 3.—Limnetis brachyura, × 15. (After
of the body is entirely contained G. O. Sars.)
within it. When the adductor muscle
is relaxed the edges of the carapace
gape slightly, like the valves of a Lamellibranch shell, and food-particles
are drawn through the opening thus formed into the ventral groove by the
movements of the thoracic feet, locomotion being chiefly effected by the
rowing action of the second antennae, as in the Cladocera, to which all the
Limnadiidae present strong resemblances in their method of locomotion,
in the condition of the carapace, and in the form of the telson.
In Limnadia and Estheria the carapace projects not only backwards
from the point of attachment to the head, but also forwards, so that the
head can be enclosed by it, together with the rest of the body.
In all these genera the carapace is flexible along the middle dorsal line;
in Estheria especially the softening of the dorsal cuticle goes so far that a
definite hinge-line is formed, and this, together with the deposition of the
lateral cuticle in lines concentrically arranged round a projecting umbo,
gives the carapace a strong superficial likeness to a Lamellibranch shell,
for which it is said to be frequently mistaken by collectors.
The eyes of the Limnadiidae are enclosed in a chamber formed by a
growth of skin over them, as in Apodidae, but the pore by which this
chamber communicates with the exterior is even more minute than in
Apus. The paired eyes are so close together that they may touch
(Limnadia, Estheria) or fuse (Limnetis); they are farther back than in the
Apodidae, while the ventral curvature of the head causes the median eye
to lie below them. In all these points the eyes of the Limnadiidae are
intermediate between those of Apus and those of the Cladocera.
Dorsal Organ.—A structure very characteristic of adult Phyllopods is
the “dorsal organ” (Figs. 2, 5, D.O), whose function is in many cases
obscure. It is always a patch of modified cephalic ectoderm, supplied by a
nerve from the anterior ventral lobe of the brain on each side; but its
characters, and apparent function, differ in different forms. In the
Branchipodidae the dorsal organ is a circular patch, far forward on the
surface of the head (Figs. 2, 5, D.O). Its cells are arranged in groups,
which remind one of the retinulae in a compound eye; each cell contains a
solid concretion, and the concretions of a group may be so placed as to
look like a badly-formed rhabdom. Claus,[16] who first called attention to
this structure in the Branchipodidae, regarded it as a sense-organ. In
Apodidae the dorsal organ is an oval patch of columnar ectoderm,
immediately behind the eyes; it is slightly raised above the surrounding
skin, and is covered by a very delicate cuticle (with an opening to the
exterior?), and below it is a mass of connective tissue permeated by blood;
Bernard has suggested that it is an excretory organ.
Most Limnadiidae resemble the Cladocera in the possession of a
“dorsal organ” quite distinct from the above; in Limnetis and Estheria it
has the form of a small pit, lined by an apparently glandular ectoderm,
and this is its condition in many Cladocera; in Limnadia lenticularis it is
a patch of glandular epithelium on a raised papilla. Limnadia has been
observed to anchor itself to foreign objects by pressing its dorsal organ
against them, and many Cladocera do the same thing; Sida crystallina,
for example, will remain for hours attached by its dorsal organ to a
waterweed or to the side of an aquarium. Structures resembling a dorsal
organ occur in the larvae of many other Crustacea, but the presence of
this organ in the adult is confined to Branchiopods, and indeed in many
Cladocera it disappears before maturity. It is certain that the sensory and
adhesive types of dorsal organ are not homologous, especially as
rudimentary sense-organs may exist on the head of Cladocera together
with the adhesive organ.
The telson differs considerably in the different genera. In the
Branchipodidae[17] the anus opens directly backwards; and the telson
carries two flattened backwardly directed plates, one on each side of the
anus, the margins of each plate being fringed with plumose setae. In
Artemia the anal plates are rarely as large as in Branchipus, and never
have their margins completely fringed with setae; in A. salina from
Western Europe, and in A. fertilis (Fig. 4, A) from the Great Salt Lake of
Utah, there is a variable number of setae round the apical half of each
lobe, but in specimens of A. salina from Western Siberia the number of
setae may be very small, or they may be absent; in the closely allied A.
urmiana from Persia the anal lobes are well developed in the male, each
lobe bearing a single terminal hair, but they are altogether absent in the
female. Schmankewitch and Bateson have shown that there is a certain
relation between the salinity of the water in which Artemia salina occurs
and the condition of the anal lobes, specimens from denser waters having
on the whole fewer setae; the relation is, however, evidently very complex,
and further evidence is wanted before any more definite statements can
be made.
Fig. 4.—A, Ventral view of the anal region in Artemia fertilis, from the
Great Salt Lake; B, ventral view of the telson and neighbouring parts of
Lepidurus productus; C, side view of the telson and left anal lobe of
Estheria (sp.?).
In the Apodidae the anal lobes have the form of two-jointed cirri, often
of considerable length; in Apus the anus is terminal, but in Lepidurus
(Fig. 4, B) the dorsal part of the telson is prolonged backwards, so as to
form a plate, on the ventral face of which the anus opens, much as in the
Malacostraca.
In the Limnadiidae (Fig. 4, C) the telson is laterally compressed and
produced, on each side of the anus, into a flattened, upwardly curved
process, sharply pointed posteriorly, and often serrate; the anal lobes are
represented by two stout curved spines, while in place of the dorsal
prolongation of Lepidurus we find two long plumose setae above the
anus. In the characters of the telson and anal lobes, as in those of the
head, the Limnadiidae approximate to the Cladocera. In Limnetis
brachyura the ventral face of the telson is produced into a plate
projecting backwards below the anus, in a manner which has no exact
parallel among other Crustacea.
The appendages of the Phyllopoda are fairly uniform in character,
except those affected by the sexual dimorphism, which is usually great.
Fig. 5.—Chirocephalus diaphanus, male. Side view of head, showing
the large second antenna, A2, with its appendage Ap, above which is
seen the filiform first antenna; D.O, dorsal organ; E1, median eye.
Of the cephalic appendages, the first antennae are generally small, and
are never biramous; in Branchipus and its allies they are simple unjointed
rods, in some species of Artemia they are three-jointed, in Apus they are
feebly divided into two joints, while in Estheria they are many-jointed.
The second antennae are the principal organs of locomotion in the
Limnadiidae, where they are large and biramous; in all other Phyllopoda
they are uniramous in the female, being either unjointed triangular plates
as in Chirocephalus (Fig. 2), or minute vestigial filaments as in Apus, in
which genus Zaddach, Huxley, and Claus have all failed to find any trace
of a second antenna in some females. In the male Branchipodidae the
second antennae are modified to form claspers, by which the female is
seized, the various degrees of complication which these claspers exhibit
affording convenient generic characters. In Branchinecta each second
antenna is a thick, three-jointed rod, the last joint forming a claw, while
the second joint is serrate on its inner margin; in Branchipus the base is
much thickened, and bears on its inner side a large filament (perhaps
represented by the proximal tubercle of Branchinecta and Artemia),
which looks like an extra antenna. In Streptocephalus the terminal joint
of the antenna is bifid, and there is a basal filament like that of
Branchipus; in Chirocephalus
diaphanus (Figs. 5, 6) the main
branch of the antenna consists of
two large joints, the terminal joint
being a strong claw with a serrated
process at its base, while the
proximal joint bears two
appendages on its inner side; one of
these is a small, subconical tubercle,
the second is more complicated,
consisting of a main stem and five
outgrowths. The main stem is
many-jointed and flexible, its basal
joint being longer than the others,
and bearing on its outer side a large,
triangular, membranous appendage,
and four soft cylindrical
appendages, the main stem and its
appendages being beset with
curious tubercles, ending in short
spines, whose structure is not
understood. Except during the act of
copulation this remarkable Fig. 6.—Chirocephalus diaphanus.
Second antenna of male, uncoiled.
apparatus is coiled on the inner side
of the antennary claw, the jointed
stem being so coiled that it is often compared to the coiled proboscis of a
butterfly, and the triangular membrane folded like a fan beside it, so that
much of the organ is concealed, and the general appearance of the head is
that shown in Fig. 5. During copulation, the whole structure is widely
extended.
The males of Artemia (Fig. 7) have the second antenna two-jointed, the
basal joint bearing an inner tubercle, the terminal joint being flattened
and bluntly pointed, its outer margin provided with a membranous
outgrowth. In A. fertilis the breadth of the second joint varies greatly, the
narrower forms presenting a certain remote resemblance to
Branchinecta. In the males of Polyartemia the second antennae have a
remarkable branched form not easily comparable with that found in other
Branchipodidae.
The cephalic jaws are fairly uniform throughout the order. The
mandibles have an undivided molar surface, and no palp; the first maxilla
is very generally a triangular plate, with a setose biting edge; mandibles
and maxillae are covered by the
labrum. The second maxilla
generally lies outside the chamber
formed by the labrum, and is a
simple oval plate, with or without a
special process for the duct of the
kidney.
The thoracic limbs, in front of the
genital segments, are not as a rule
differentiated into anterior
Fig. 7.—Artemia fertilis. Front view of the maxillipedes and posterior
head of a male, showing the large second locomotive appendages, as in higher
antennae, A.2; A.1, first antennae. forms; we have seen, however, that
all these limbs take part in the
prehension of food, and except in
the Limnadiidae they all assist in locomotion. One of the middle thoracic
legs of Artemia (Fig. 8, A) has a flattened stem, with seven processes on
its inner, and two on its outer margin. The gnathobase (gn) is large, and
fringed with long plumose setae, each of which is jointed; this is followed
by four smaller “endites” (or processes on the median side), and then by
two larger ones, the terminal endite (the sixth, excluding the gnathobase)
being very mobile and attached to the main stem by a definite joint. On
the outer side are two processes; a proximal “bract,” a flat plate with
crenate edges, partly divided by a constriction into two, and a distal
process, cylindrical and vascular, called by Sars and others the
“epipodite.” In other Branchipodidae we have essentially the same
condition, except that the fifth endite often becomes much larger than in
Artemia, throwing the terminal endite well over to the outer edge of the
limb; such a shift as this, continued farther, might well lead to the
condition found in the Limnadiidae, or Apodidae, where the lobe which
seems to represent the terminal endite of Artemia is entirely on the outer
border of the limb, forming what most writers have called the exopodite
(Lankester’s “flabellum”).[18] In the two last-named families the basal
exite or bract of the Branchipodidae does not appear to be represented.
Fig. 8.—A, Thoracic limb of Chirocephalus diaphanus; B, prehensile
thoracic limb of male Estheria. gn, Gnathobase; 1–6, the more distal
endites.
The limbs of the Apodidae are remarkable in two ways; those in front of
the genital opening (very constantly ten pairs) are not so nearly alike as in
most genera of the sub-order, the first two pairs especially having the axis
definitely jointed, while the endites are elongated and antenniform;
further, while the first eleven segments bear each a single pair of limbs, as
is usual among Crustacea, many of the post-genital segments bear several
pairs; thus in Apus cancriformis there are thirty-two post-cephalic
segments in front of the telson, the first eleven having each one pair of
limbs, while the next seventeen have fifty-two pairs between them, the
last four segments having none.
In all the Phyllopoda some of the post-cephalic limbs are modified for
reproductive purposes; in the Branchipodidae the last two pairs (the 12th
and 13th generally, the 20th and 21st in Polyartemia) are so modified in
both sexes. In the female these appendages fuse at an early period of
larval life, and surround the median opening of the generative duct (Fig.
2); in the male the two pairs also fuse, but traces of the limbs are left as
eversible processes round the paired openings of the vasa deferentia.
In the other families, one or more limbs of the female are adapted for
carrying or supporting the eggs. In the Apodidae the appendages of the
eleventh segment have the exopodite in the form of a rounded,
watchglass-shaped plate, fitting over a similarly shaped process of the
axis of the limb, so that a lens-shaped box is formed, into which the eggs
pass from the oviduct. In Limnadiidae the eggs are carried in masses
between the body and the carapace, and are kept in position by special
elongations of the exopodites of two or three legs, either those near the
middle of the thorax (Estheria, Limnadia), or at its posterior end
(Limnetis). In female Limnetis the last thoracic segments bear two
remarkable lateral plates, which apparently also help to support the eggs.
In the male Limnadiidae, the first (Limnetis) or the first two thoracic feet
(Limnadia, Estheria) are prehensile (Fig. 8, B).
Alimentary Canal.—The mouth of the Phyllopoda is overhung by the
large labrum, so that a kind of atrium is formed, outside the mouth itself,
in which mastication is performed; numerous unicellular glands, opening
on the oral face of the labrum, pour their secretion into the atrial
chamber, and may be called salivary, though the nature of their secretion
is not known. The mouth has commonly two swollen and setose lips,
running longitudinally forwards from the bases of the first maxillae, and
often wrapping round the blades of the mandibles. It leads into a vertical
oesophagus, which opens into a small globular stomach, lying entirely
within the head; the terminal part of the oesophagus is slightly
invaginated into the stomach, so that a valvular ring is formed at the
junction of the two. The stomach opens widely behind into a straight
intestine, which runs backwards to about the level of the telson, where it
joins a short rectum, leading to the terminal or ventral anus. The stomach
and intestine are lined by a columnar epithelium, and covered by a thin
network of circularly arranged muscle-fibres; the rectum has a flatter
epithelium, and radial muscles pass from it to the body-wall, so that it can
be dilated. The only special digestive glands are two branched glandular
tubes, situated entirely within the head, which open into the stomach by
large ducts, one on each side. In Chirocephalus the gastric glands are
fairly small and simple; in the Apodidae their branches are more complex
and form a considerable mass, filling all that portion of the head which is
not occupied by the nervous system and the muscles. Backwardly directed
gastric glands, like those of the higher Crustacea, are not found in
Branchiopods; both forms occur together in the genus Nebalia, but with
this exception the forwardly-directed glands are peculiar to
Branchiopods.
Heart.—In Branchipus and its allies, and in Artemia, the heart
extends from the first thoracic segment to the penultimate segment of the
body, and is provided with eighteen pairs of lateral openings, one pair in
every segment through which it passes except the last; it is widely open at
its hinder end, and is prolonged in front for a short distance as a cephalic
aorta, the rest of the blood-spaces being lacunar.
In most, at least, of the other Branchiopods, the heart is closed behind
and is shortened; in Apus and Lepidurus it only extends through the first
eleven post-cephalic segments, while in the Limnadiidae it is shorter still,
the heart of Limnetis passing through four segments only. In all cases
there is a pair of lateral openings in every segment traversed by the heart.
The blood of the Branchipodidae and Apodidae contains dissolved
haemoglobin, the quantity present being so small as to give but a faint
colour to the blood in Branchipus, while Artemia has rather more, and
the blood of Apus is very red. The only other Crustacea in which the blood
contains haemoglobin are the Copepods of the genus Lernanthropus,[19]
so that the appearance of this substance is as irregular and inexplicable in
Crustacea as in Chaetopods and Molluscs.
The nervous system of Branchipus may be described as an
illustration of the condition prevailing in the group. The brain consists of
two closely united ganglia, in each of which three main regions may be
distinguished; a ventral anterior lobe, a dorsal anterior lobe, and a
posterior lobe. The ventral anterior lobes give off nerves to the median
eye, to the dorsal organ, and to a pair of curious sense-organs,
comparable with the larval sense-knobs of many higher forms, situated
one on each side of the median eye; in late larvae Claus describes the
terminal apparatus of each frontal sense-organ as a single large
hypodermic cell; W. K. Spencer[20] has lately described several terminal
cells, containing peculiar chitinous bodies, in the adult. The homologous
sense-organs of Limnetis are apparently olfactory. The dorsal anterior
lobes give off the large nerves to the lateral eyes, while the posterior lobes
supply the first antennae. The oesophageal connectives have a coating of
ganglion-cells, and some of these form the ganglion of the second
antenna, the nerve to this appendage leaving the connective just behind
the brain. The post-oral nerve-cords are widely separate, each of them
dilating into a ganglion opposite every appendage, the two ganglia being
connected by two transverse commissures. The ganglia of the three
cephalic jaws, so often fused in the higher Crustacea, are here perfectly
distinct. Closely connected with each thoracic ganglion is a remarkable
unicellular gland, opening to the exterior near the middle ventral line; it
is conceivable that these cells may be properly compared with the larval
nephridia of a Chaetopod,[21] but no evidence in support of such a
comparison has yet been adduced.
Behind the genital segments, where there are no limbs, the nerve-cords
run backwards without dilating into segmental ganglia, except in the
anterior two abdominal segments where small ganglionic enlargements
occur. In Apodidae, on the other hand, those segments which carry more
than one pair of appendages have as many pairs of ganglia, united by
transverse commissures, as they have limbs.
A stomatogastric nervous system exists in Apus, where a nerve arises
on each side from the first post-oral commissure, and runs forward to join
its fellow of the opposite side on the anterior wall of the oesophagus.
From the loop so formed a larger median and a series of smaller lateral
nerves pass to the wall of the alimentary canal. A second nerve to the
oesophagus is given off from the mandibular ganglion of each side.
Reproductive Organs.—In Chirocephalus the ovaries (Fig. 2, Ov)
are hollow epithelial tubes, lying one on each side of the alimentary canal,
and extending from the sixth abdominal segment forwards to the level of
the genital opening; at this point the two ovaries are continuous with
ducts, which bend sharply downwards and open into the single uterus
contained within the projecting egg-pouch and opening to the exterior at
the apex of that organ. Short diverticula of the walls of the uterus receive
the ducts of groups of unicellular glands, the bodies of which contain a
peculiar opaque secretion, said to form the eggshells. In Apodidae the
ovaries are similar in structure, but they are much larger and branch in a
complex manner, while each ovary opens to the exterior independently of
the other in the eleventh post-cephalic segment; nothing like the median
uterus of the Branchipodidae being formed. The epithelium of the ovarian
tubes proliferates, and groups of cells are formed; one becoming an ovum,
the others being nutrient cells like those which will be more fully
described in the Cladocera.
In Chirocephalus the testes are tubes similar in shape and position to
the ovaries, each communicating in front with a short vas deferens, which
dilates into a vesicula seminalis on its way to the eversible penis; an
essentially similar arrangement is found in all Branchipodidae, but in
Apodidae and Limnadiidae there is no penis.
All the Branchiopoda are dioecious,[22] and many are parthenogenetic.
Among Branchipodidae Artemia is the only genus known to be
parthenogenetic, but parthenogenesis is common in all Apodidae, while
the males of several species of Limnadia are still unknown, although the
females are sometimes exceedingly common. In Artemia, generations in
which the males are about as numerous as the females seem to alternate
fairly quickly with others which contain only parthenogenetic females; in
Apus males are rarely abundant, and often absent for long periods; during
five consecutive years von Siebold failed to discover a male in a locality in
Bavaria, though he examined many thousands of individuals; near
Breslau he found on one occasion about 11 per cent of males (114 in 1026),
but in a subsequent year he found less than 1 per cent; the greatest
recorded percentage of males is that observed by Lubbock in 1863, when
he found 33 males among 72 individuals taken near Rouen.
The eggs of most genera can resist prolonged periods of desiccation,
and indeed it seems necessary for the development of many species that
the eggs should be first dried and afterwards placed in water. Many eggs
(e.g. of Chirocephalus diaphanus and Branchipus stagnalis) float when
placed in water after desiccation, the development taking place at the
surface of the water.
Habitat.—All the Phyllopoda, except Artemia, are confined to
stagnant shallow waters, especially to such ponds as are formed during
spring rains, and dry up during the summer. In waters of this kind the
species of Branchipus, Apus, etc., develop rapidly, and produce great
numbers of eggs, which are left in the dried mud at the bottom after
evaporation of the water, where they remain quiescent until a fresh rainy
season. The mud from the beds of such temporary pools often contains
large numbers of eggs, which may be carried by wind, on the legs of birds,
and by other means, to considerable distances. Many exotic species have
been made known to European naturalists by their power of hatching out
when mud brought home by travellers is placed in water. The water of
stagnant pools quickly dissolves a certain quantity of solid matter from
the soil, and often receives dissolved solids through surface drainage from
the neighbouring land; such salts may remain as the water evaporates, so
that the water which remains after evaporation has proceeded for some
time may be very sensibly denser than that in which the Branchiopods
were hatched; these creatures must therefore be able to endure a
considerable increase in the salinity of the surrounding waters during the
course of their lives. My friend Mr. W. W. Fisher points out that the
plants present in such a pond would often precipitate the carbonate of
lime, so that this might be removed as evaporation went on, but that
chlorides would probably remain in solution; from analyses which Mr.
Fisher has been kind enough to make for me, it is seen that this happened
in a small aquarium in my laboratory, in which Chirocephalus diaphanus
lived for four months. In April, mud from the dry bed of a pond, known to
contain eggs of Chirocephalus, was placed in this aquarium in Oxford,
and water was added from the tap. Oxford tap-water contains about 0·3
grm. salts per litre, the chlorine being equivalent to 0·023 grm. NaCl.
Water was added from time to time during May and June, but in July
evaporation was allowed to proceed unchecked. At the end of July there
was about half the original volume of water, the Chirocephalus being still
active; the residue contained 0·96 grm. dissolved solids per litre, with
chlorine equal to 0·19 grm. NaCl, so that the percentage of chlorides was
about eight times the initial percentage, but there were only three and a
fifth times the original amount of total solid matter in solution, the
carbonate of lime having precipitated as a visible film.
Some species of Branchipus (e.g. B. spinosus, M. Edw.) and of Estheria
(E. macgillivrayi, Baird, E. gubernator, Klutzinger) occur in salt pools,
but Artemia flourishes in waters beside whose salinity that endured by
any other Branchiopod is insignificant. In the South of Europe, Artemia
salina may be found in swarms, as it used to be found in Dorsetshire, in
the shallow brine-pans from which salt is commercially prepared; Rathke
quotes an analysis showing that a pool in the Crimea contained living
Artemia when the salts in solution were 271 grms. per litre, and the water
was said to have the colour and consistency of beer.
The behaviour of the animals in the water differs a little; in normal
feeding all the species swim with the back downwards, as has already
been said; the Branchipodidae rarely settle on the ground, or on foreign
objects, but the Apodidae occasionally wriggle along the bottom on their
ventral surface, and Estheria burrows in mud.
The greater number of species are found in pools in flat, low-lying
regions, and many appear to be especially abundant near the sea; Apus
cancriformis has, however, been found in Armenia at 10,000 feet above
sea level.
Wells and underground waters do not generally contain Phyllopods;
but a species of Branchipus and one of Limnetis, both blind, have been
described from the caves of Carniola.
One of the many puzzles presented by these creatures is the erratic way
in which they are scattered through the regions they inhabit; a single
small pond, a few yards or less in diameter, may be the only place within
many miles in which a given species can be found; in this pond it may,
however, appear regularly season after season for some time, and then
suddenly vanish.
Geographically, the Phyllopoda are cosmopolitan, representatives of
every family and of some genera (e.g. Streptocephalus, Lepidurus,
Estheria) being found in every one of the great zoological regions, though
a few aberrant genera are of limited range, thus Polyartemia is known
only from the northern Palaearctic and Nearctic regions,
Thamnocephalus only from the Central United States. The genus Artemia
is not at present known in Australia.[23] The only recorded British species
are Chirocephalus diaphanus, Artemia salina, and Apus cancriformis,[24]
but other continental islands, for example the West Indian group, are
better supplied. The distribution of the species is very imperfectly known,
but on the whole every main zoological region seems to have its own
peculiar species, which do not pass beyond its boundaries. Branchinecta
paludosa and Lepidurus glacialis are circumpolar, both occurring in
Norway, in Lapland, in Greenland, and in Arctic North America; but with
these exceptions the Palaearctic and Nearctic species seem to be distinct.
The European species Apus cancriformis occurs in Algiers, but the
relations between the species of Northern Africa as a whole and those of
Southern Europe on the one hand, or of Central and Southern Africa on
the other, have yet to be worked out.
The soft-bodied Branchipodidae are not known in the fossil condition;
[25]
an Apus, closely related to the modern A. cancriformis, has been
found in the Trias, but the most numerous remains have been left, as
might be expected, by the hard-shelled Limnadiidae; carapaces, closely
resembling those of the modern Estheria, are known in beds of all ages
from the Devonian period to recent times; these carapaces are in several
cases associated with fossils of an apparently marine type. None of the
fossil species differ in any important characters from those now living, so
that the Phyllopoda have existed in practically their present form for an
enormously long period; this fact, and the evidence that species of
existing genera were at one time marine, explain the wide distribution of
animals at present restricted to a remarkably limited range of
environmental conditions.
Summary of the Characters of the Genera.
Sub-Order Phyllopoda.—Branchiopoda with an elongated body,

provided with at least ten pairs of post-cephalic limbs, the heart
extending through four or more thoracic segments, and having at
least four pairs of ostia.
Fam. 1. Branchipodidae.[26]—Carapace rudimentary, eyes stalked;
the second antennae flat and unjointed in the female, jointed and
prehensile in the male; female generative opening single; telson not
laterally compressed, bearing two flattened lobes, or none. The heart
extending through the thorax and the greater part of the abdomen.
A. Eleven pairs of praegenital ambulatory limbs.
a. Abdomen of six well-formed segments and a telson; anal
lobes well formed, their margins setose.
Branchinecta, Verrill—Second antennae of ♂ without
lateral appendages; ovisac of ♀ elongated. B. paludosa,
O. F. Müll.—Circumpolar.
Branchiopodopsis, G. O. Sars[27]—Second antennae of ♂ as
in Branchinecta; ovisac of ♀ short. B. hodgsoni, G. O.
Sars—Cape of Good Hope.
Branchipus, Schaeffer—Second antennae of ♂ with simple
internal filamentous appendage. B. stagnalis, Linn.—
Central Europe.
Streptocephalus, Baird—Second antennae of ♂ 3–jointed,
the last joint bifid; an external filamentous appendage. S.
torvicornis, Wagn., Poland.
Chirocephalus, Prévost—Second antennae of ♂ 3–jointed,
with a jointed internal appendage, which bears secondary
processes, four cylindrical and one lamellar. C.
diaphanus, Prévost (Fig. 2, p. 20).—Britain, Central
Europe.
b. Abdominal segments five or fewer, and a telson. Anal lobes
small or 0, sparsely or not at all setose.
Artemia, Leach—Second antennae of ♂ without
filamentous appendage, 2–jointed, the second joint
lamellar. A. salina, Linn.—Brine pools of the Palaearctic
region.
c. Hinder abdominal segments united with telson to form a fin;
anal lobes absent.
Thamnocephalus, Packard—Head with a branched median
process of unknown nature. Only species T. platyurus,
Packard—Kansas, U.S.A.
B. Nineteen pairs of praegenital ambulatory limbs.
Polyartemia, Fischer—Second antennae of ♂ forcipate;
ovisac of ♀ very short. Only species P. forcipata, Fisch.
Fam. 2. Apodidae.[28]—Carapace well developed as a depressed
shield, covering at least half the body. Eyes sessile, covered; no male
clasping organs; anal lobes long, jointed cirri.
Apus, Scopoli—Telson not produced backwards over the
anus; endites of first thoracic limb very long. A.
cancriformis, Schaeffer—Britain, Europe, Algiers, Tunis.
A. australiensis, Central Australia.
Lepidurus, Leach—Telson produced backwards to form a
plate above the anus; endites of first thoracic limb short.
L. productus, Bosc.—Central Europe. L. viridis, Southern
Australia, New Zealand, L. patagonicus, Bergh,
Argentines.
Fam. 3. Limnadiidae.—Body compressed; carapace in the form
of a bivalve shell, the two halves capable of adduction by means of a
strong transverse muscle; second antennae biramous, alike in both
sexes; in the male, the first or the first and second thoracic limbs
prehensile; telson laterally compressed.
A. Only the first thoracic limbs prehensile in the male; the carapace
spheroidal, without lines of growth; head not included within the
carapace-chamber.
Limnetis, Lovén—Compound eyes fused; anal spines
absent; ambulatory limbs 10–12. L. brachyura, O. F.
Müll (Fig. 3, p. 21).—Norway, Central Europe.
B. The first and second thoracic limbs prehensile in the male;
carapace distinctly bivalve, enclosing the head, with concentric
lines of growth round a more or less prominent umbo.
Eulimnadia, Packard—Carapace narrowly ovate, with few
(4–5) lines of growth. E. mauritani, Guérin—Mauritius.
E. texana, Packard—Texas, Kansas.
Limnadia, Brongniart—Carapace broadly ovate, with
numerous lines of growth, without distinct umbones; L.
lenticularis, Linn.—Northern and Central Europe.
Estheria, Rüppell—Carapace with well-marked umbones
and numerous lines of growth, oval; E. tetraceros,
Kryneki—Central Europe.

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Prefacexiii 12 Decision Analysis553

11 Probability and Statistics518 Module F: Markov Analysis F-1

Preface  xiii Management Science Application:

The Management Science Approach to Problem Models38

4 Linear Programming: Management Science Application:

Summary 149 • Example Problem Solutions 150 • Management Science Application:

5 Integer Programming187 Management Science Application:

Management Science Application: Management Science Application:

8 Project Management350 Scoring Models 447

11 Probability and Statistics518

12 Decision Analysis553 Continuous Probability Distributions

The EOQ Model with Noninstantaneous Appendix C

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Solving Teaching and Learning Challenges

Management Science Applications

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Risk Solver Platform for Education

QM for Windows Software Package

Problems and Cases

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Management science is the application of a scientific approach to solving management prob-

The Management Science Approach to Problem Solving

4x = 100 lb. of steel

The Entomostraca are mostly small Crustacea in which the

The Branchiopods are of small or moderate size, with flattened and

The Phyllopoda include a series of genera which differ greatly in

Summary of the Characters of the Genera.

Sub-Order Phyllopoda.—Branchiopoda with an elongated body,

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