Coursework confirmation Yes Hours supervisor spent with candidate 3IB Subject: Physics Extended Essay An Investigation on Resonance of Piezoelectric Crystals Research Question: What is the relation between the piezoelectric constants, the Young's modulus and a crystal's resultant resonant frequency? Word Count : 3351 (excluding titles, tables, footnotes and bibliography)Contents 4. Introduction 2. Background Information 2.1 Piezoelectricity 2.2 The Piezoelectric Effect 2.3 Young's Modulus 2.4 Resonance 3. Investigation Design 3.1 Independent Variables 3.2 Dependant Variables 3.3 Controlled Variables 3.4 Methodology 4, Data & Analysis SADIE on 4.1.1 Data Set One 4.1.2 Data Set Two 4.2.3 Significant Data 4.2.4 The Fundamental Frequency & The Piezoelectric Constants 4.2.5 The Fundamental Frequency & Young's Modulus 4.2.6 Testing 4.2.7 Uncertainties 5. Conclusion 5.1 Findings 5.2 Evaluation 6. Bibliography No one > 0 @ @ io 22. 22 22 231. Introduction Piezoelectric crystals are becoming ever more popular in the modern world. Currently, they are used in sonar technology, ultrasound, computers and even lighters. However, recently they are being considered as a possible source of electrical energy. Imagine a dance floor being powered by the people that are dancing on it, roads that generate electrical eneray due to the people that drive on them, pacemakers powered by the user's thumping heart All of these could soon easily become a reality with the use of piezoelectric crystals. However all these cannot be accomplished without collecting more information on the phenomena of piezoelectricity as well as the piezoelectric crystals themselves. It should not be difficult to see then, how an investigation into piezoelectrical phenomena can bring about substantial benefits, of which, | believe that resonance of piezoelectric crystals is a particularly interesting and important area of research, Resonance is the point at which an object experiences the most stress and strain.” This means that at resonance piezoelectric materials will be most effective at energy conversion, whether this be electrical to mechanical or mechanical to electrical. As such | believe that being able to caloulate the natural frequency of a piezoelectric crystal would allow us to more effectively use the phenomena of piezoelectricity to our advantage. This is because being able to do so would firstly, save time and effort that would be spent on experimental procedures to determine the resonant frequency of these crystals and secondly, would also result in their more efficient usage, as knowing the resonant frequency of a piezoelectric element would allow engineers to apply the piezoelectric elements where they are exposed to their resonant frequency hence, allowing these crystals to serve their purpose to the best of their ability. Since it is known that the Young's modulus is the ratio of stress to strain for any material”, including crystals, this led to my research question: What is the relation between the piezoelectric constants, the Young's modulus and the crystal’s resultant resonant frequency? The reason for choosing the piezoelectric constants and Young's modulus specifically as the properties to investigate is because they are constant and these properties are also heavily linked to the stress and strain in a piezoelectric crystal, hence it is logical to assume that they may share a relation with the natural frequency of a piezoelectric element. (© eNO Young we aA Fenanan “ron nUnery Pye Essa er ik Man Pps nid Sa otha A 1 _Tecane Enon Beane "Yung mais" reed avon Noanbe 216 Ace gO 27 Mg anon2. Background Information (2.1) Piezoelectricity Piezoelectricity is the build-up of electric charge in a solid material, most notably those with crystalline structures, in response to mechanical stress. This phenomena was first observed in 1880 by the two French physicists, Jacques and Pierre Curie." The nature of piezoelectricity is mainly due to the composition and structure of crystalline substances. Figure 1 shows the molecular structure of a unit cell (the smallest building block of a lattice) of quartz.’ No Stress Tension Compression Silicon Oxygen Fone © Atom ® Atom The diagram shows how the ions within the unit cell are displaced in response to a compressive and tensile force applied to the unit cell. This highlights the cause of piezoelectricity, as being due to the change in the unit cell structure. For a crystal to display piezoelectric properties its lattice structure must be composed of asymmetrical unit cells, if this condition is met it means that the electrical dipoles that naturally exist within the crystal can be changed when put under strain such that they do not cancel out as is normal with most crystalline substances.” This works because when put under strain, the force causes the ions in the unit cell of the crystalline substance to change position and this, in an asymmetrical crystal, causes a net collection of positively charged ions and negatively charged ions on opposite sides. This hence forms a potential difference. which can induce a current through a circuit and produce electrical energy.” (Pare 1] arate mantel lure when unroing secs Dt maps Medes gry Utara Acree Ait 1217 Riis pope on (0) Tetinone Enon une Perec Eyer an 08, 213 Asene 07 Me eae coins una "ara ACP earl Ase 298,27 eum enn cond te Perna(2.2) The Piezoelectric Effect The piezoelectric effect is recognised as the linear correlation between an applied mechanical stress (force per unit area) and the electrical field generated in piezoelectric materials." This process is reversible in all such materials. In other words, materials that exhibit piezoelectricity can undergo both the direct piezoelectric effect, the generation of an electrical field from an applied mechanical stress, and also exhibit the reverse piezoelectric effect, the generation of mechanical strain (net deformation) from an applied electrical field. This can be mathematically written as: t OnE” This hence leads to the equation: oR dE (ay where: ~ @ is the produced mechanical strain : : ~ Eis the applied electrical field ~ dvi the piezoelectric charge constant when the electrical field is applied in direction x and the resultant strain is in direction y (x and y can equal any value in figure 2) Similarly the direct piezoelectric effect can be written as: Exe® This again leads to the equation: E= gee 2) where: ~ eis the applied mechanical stress ~ E is the produced electrical field ~ gis the piezoelectric voltage constant when the electrical field is induced at direction x and the stress applied in direction y (x and y can equal any value in figure 2) Collectively theg. and thed, are called the piezoelectric constants 18) "Passuare conta APC oman, uae aut, 07 pastor aa canton cts ec sce, sae, Acton use Ensen Soar, ase re ren Serge SBN(2.3) Young's Modulus Young's modulus, sometimes also called the elasticity modulus, is a numerical constant that describes the elastic nature of different materials when undergoing tension or compression. It was named after Thomas Young, a nineteenth century British scientist. It also shows that the relationship between stress and strain in a material is linear.” ‘Mathematically the relation between stress and strain can be written as follows: eno” Knowing this we can form the equation for the Young's modulus: a=¥oor £ aur @) where: eis the mechanical stress is the mechanical strain Yiis the Young's modulus Since stress and strain can also be determined by the following equations: fa o-* 6) By combining Equations 4 and 5 we get = Ar “> 6) where: Vis the Young's modulus ztzh— original —— Fis the applied force new length ty Ais the cross-sectional area (01996 Eeotopenda Eitan, is the length some It is important to note that Young's modulus only has meaning when the elasticity of the body is not deformed past its elastic limit by the induced stress.” This means that as stress continues to increase, eventually the Young's modulus will change as the material is deformed past the point of its elasticity, at this point the Young's modulus becomes meaningless." TPare3] Dayan erveatone ergs notiue pa mage Enycopml Blanes Nowambe 1 2016 Aes 3, 207 sina (© Tm Ciee Endo Buon ung rye enh None 12016 Ate Ag, 217, enc(2.4) Resonance Resonance is a phenomena that occurs when an object's natural frequency is met with a driving frequency of the same magnitude. The natural frequency of a material is a property of the said object, it is the frequency at which the object vibrates with greatest amplitude and so it is the frequency when an object experiences the most strain. When an object experiences resonance it always vibrates in the form of a standing wave, a wave by which only oscillation occurs and no energy is transferred, since standing waves can occur in different harmonics it also means that an object can undergo resonance at multiple different frequencies as well.” ‘st Harmonic (aka Fundamental Frequency, Natural Frequency) 2nd Harmonic rd Harmonie 1 Nodee-poins on awe at equa #-—Ari-de- poh a wane at maxim dpcement Figure 4 shows the occurrence of standing waves in a string attached at two fixed points. The piezoelectric element in the obtained experiment will be attached to a circuit in a similar manner as such we can expect that the modes of vibration in a crystal shall share similarities. The only difference is probably the fact that the standing wave in the crystal will be longitudinal, while the waves on a string are transverse. (eno, Young aa A Fsanan “sone nUny Pre ssn eran it Maden Eo ni Sather Aon3. Investigation Design 1) In ndent Varic For this investigation, this shall be the piezoelectric constants of a crystal as well as the Young's modulus of the crystal. These values can easily be found through research or, if necessary can be easily calculated using the appropriate equations. (3.2) Dependent Variables This shall be the fundamental frequency of the crystal. While ideally these should be determined through experimentation, not enough experimental data was available to create an investigation, however, the closest parameter that can be realistically derived is the fundamental frequency. (3.3) Controlled Variables There are a few variables that do need to be kept under control, however, the most significant one would probably be the dimensions and shape of the crystal. Itis imperative that tt controlled as the shape and fensions of an element directly affect the frequency at which it resonates. The other variables include temperature and permittivity. However, due to the theoretical nature of the investigation no further action was necessary. (3.4) Methodology The plan is to calculate the the fundamental frequency as well as the the Young's modulus for a variety of different piezoelectric crystals and then obtain the literature values for their piezoelectric constants. After doing this | plan to analyse the data and see if any relation exists between either the Young's modulus and the fundamental frequency or the piezoelectric constants and the fundamental frequency. Once a correlation has been found, | plan on comparing the data with real experimental data to see if the same correlation can be derived. 09 "esta Mar Pup ot P2-Sae Paap Carer Bean 50 S'S “Hairs Po Ara See(4.1) Data 4.1.1) Data Set One: Figure 5 contains all the information needed to calculate the natural frequency and 4. Data & Analysis Young's modulus of each of the named piezoelectric materials. It would have been more ideal to obtain data from experimental procedures but such data proved to be beyond my ability to obtain. The first column states the names of the piezoelectric materials. The second column states the speed of sound through the piezoelectric material, this shall be useful as the nature of sound waves and waves produced through piezoelectrically induced strain, are similar hence | can assume that their wave velocities are similar if not equal. The third column displays density, the ratio of mass to volume of a material, which shall help with the calculation of the Young's modulus. The remaining four columns display the material's common piezoelectric constants. Fae Density (1m) | a, d, &, By Pzr-19 rsoxio’ | 3.50x10" | -1.60x10" | 226x107 | -1.03x10" PZT-26 760x10° | 3.50x10" | -1.70x10" | 2.23%10 | -1.13x10" 27-36 3o0x10" | 770x10° | 2.20%10- | -9.00x10"" | 3.71x10" 2x10" pzr23 | 330x10° | 760x10' | 240x10- | -1.20x10"| 271x10* | -1.36%10" peze7 | 3.10x10° | 730x10' | 3.30x10" | -1.40x10"| 230x107 | -9.80x10° pzra3 | 380x10° | 79010 | 7.10x10" | -2.80x10"" | 178x107 | -7.00x10" Pzr-22 3soxio' | 70x10" | 1.04x10" | -3.20x10" | 196x107 | -6.00x10" Pzr-21 370x10° | 7.60x10' | 1,00x10" | ~4.00x10"" | 2.26x10* | -9.00%10" pzt-26m | 3ooxio' | 760x10° | 3.40x10" | -1.60x10"| 2.33x10° | -1.06x10" Pzmna | 287x10' | 740x10' | 5.50x10" | -2.60x10"| 1.55x10° | -7.30x107 peztn-1 | 300x10° | 770x10' | 6.50x10" | -3.10x10"| 1.29x10° | -6.20x10° pzr4s | 277x10' | 740x10' | 3,80x10" | -1.80x10"| 2.45x10° | -1.16x10" pzras | 290x10° | 750x10° | 430x10" | -1.90x10" | 2.31x10* | -1.02x10 pzrcts | 330x10° | 750x10° | 2.75x10 | -1.40x10" | 222x107 | -1.13x10" Pezts | 320x10° | 760x10' | 3.15x10" | -1.40x10" | 2.5410" | -1.13x10" Tete 1]__ Wes, Pasar Mow Epa Conary ron Aap 8 207 umn abana stn(4.1.2) Data Set Two: The data was obtained from an experiment carried out by Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology. The experimental set up is shown in Figure 6. The piezoelectric ring was attached to the circuit as displayed in Figure 5 and it's density recorded as 7850kgm"."” The ring was put under 10V of alternating current and the distortions were observed using a digital oscilloscope. The frequency was varied by increments of 200Hz until the piezoelectric ring was found to be vibrating at the fundamental resonant frequency (it was found to be 47.9KHz).""" Fares Fees SS Frequency (Hz) | Distortion (m) Velocity (ms) _ | Distortion (m) ‘Velocity (ms ') 47000 9.0210* 2.66 x10" 6.99 x10" 2.06 x10" 47200 102x107 3.03107 7.82x10" 2.3210" 47400 1.18107 3.51x10" 8.9310" 2.66 x10" 47600 133x107 3.99 x10" 1.0010" 3.00 x10" 47800 1.4410 432x107 1.74107 5.23x10" 48000 145x10 437x107 1.07 x10" 3.23107 48200 1.36x10 41x10) 9.9510" 3.0110" 48400 121x107 3.6810 8.8010" 2.68 x10" 48600 1.06 x10 3.2310 7.6210" 2.3310" 48800 9.22 10* 2.83% 10" 6.58x10~ 2.02 x10" 49000 8.08 x10" 2.49 x10" 5.7210" 1.76 x10" Trete21_ Gen Mm Kuehn see Geog, ta Sapa ina Jax Darnall sna enna pee ramen ol rane ‘in Te nar nn Sco, Tee nd ean el 2.4014. Acne gt 7217 [Foes 7) Grin ant ns Oxogs, ad Sap. Jt. ‘Dnt of nna oa oa own of rare sen Th inant Sc, Teck nd enon el 2.94 4, Aid 7207 [Fee a| Ge Mn att yee Gp, SLA Sap, Jes. “erat fsa equ zac gr gaan rc ven The ensrl ses tSoe, oy nd aan el. 40M 4 Aas Rat 17297, rn Mim tt. Wyse Gee, ALA Sapna Jes “Darna of sant gan zeae estan of tae en The esr ef Soon, Tay nd aan el. 4014 Aan 7217 10(4.2) Data Analysis (4.2.1) The Fundamental Frequency Calculation: The first step will be to determine the resonance frequency of all the piezoelectric crystals in data set one, However, as mentioned before, | was not able to find such data. Due to this fact, the next best course of action would be to calculate the resonant frequency of the piezoelectric materials with the data that was made available to me. First, a common shape for the piezoelectric materials will need to be decided. This is arbitrary but for simplicity we will use the shape of a ring with the dimensions of the element from data set two, also using the same values will allow us to compare our results to real numbers obtained through experiments: r Fie? — Outer Radius(r:) 0.030m, h Inner Radius() 0.015m I Thickness( /) 0.0011m Having determined the shape and size of the piezoelectric element, the next step is to determine the fundamental frequency to do this we can use the equation: a” (7) where Vis the wave velocity (ms" ) is the wave frequency (Hz) 2is the wavelength (m) We know the value of v should be similar, if not the same, to the speed of sound through the material. This is because the nature of the waves are similar, they are both longitudinal and both have to overcome the same ionic bonds within the material. However to find the resonant frequency we will need to find the wavelength at which resonance will occur. » A Teton Yer myer Wp Carp: Cambie Unvey Pee 208) "To find this we need to review on portant fact, resonance is caused by a body vibrating in the form of a standing wave." This means that the nodes, points of the wave at equilibrium, must be in a fixed position. Furthermore, since we are modelling this theoretical experiment after data set two it means that the piezoelectric element will also be attached to the circuit in the same fashion. Hence we can go under two assumptions: One, that the electrodes will anchor the +} Prezoalecti Ring piezoelectric element in place hence meaning that when the element resonates, the electrodes will act as nodes. Two, that the wave is uniform and will only travel in one direction. Following these assumptions we can conclude that the wavelength of the standing wave during resonance will be equal to: a=2h” A=2(0.0011)= 0.0022 — 2 0.0022 Hence we can now we have enough information to calculate the fundamental frequency of each of the individual piezoelectric elements: Piezoelectric crystal Sound velocty (ms Fundamental Frequency (KHz) Pzri9 3.0010) 1360 Pzr-26 3.0010 1960 Pzr36 3.0010) 1360 pzr2s 330%10 1500 Pazr7 3.1010) 1400 zr 3.8010) 1720 pxrz2 3.8010 1720 pare 3.70x10 1680 PZE-26m 3.0010" 1360 PZTNA 287%10" 1300 PBZTN-1 3.0010) 1360 @ ry Py ec err wth Md Pi (Ua Sn en an naera el Scuna vce =) Fundamental Frequency (Kti2) paras 740%10" 1250 Pras 750x10 1310 pzrcta 750310" 1500 pazre 7.6010 1450 (4.2.2) Young's Modulus Calculatic To calculate the Young's modulus we shall be using the equation: where: sY¥evD (8) Vis the speed of wave through the specific medium (ms"' ) Yis the Young's modulus (Pa) Dis the materials's density (kgm) The other variables are known hence calculating the Young's modulus will be simple. Piezoelectric crystal [Sound velocity (m) | Density (uw ) ‘Young's Modulus (GPa) prs 3.0010" 750%10" 67s Pras 3.00%10" 7.6010 68.4 prra8 3.00%10" 7.70x10° 693 pra 30x10" 7.6010" 827 Poze? 3.1010" 7.3010 704 prr93 3.8010" 790x107 114 era 3.8010" 7.50%10 108 era 3.70x10" 7.6010" 104 Pzr6m 3.00%10" 7.60%10" 68.4 rms 28710" 7.4010" 63.4 azn 3.00%10" 7.7010" 69.3 eras 21710 740%10" 567 pra 2.9010" 7.50%10 63.0 Prvers 3.30%10" 750x107 a6 verre 3.2010" 7.6010" 78 (09) “The ee Sotn er aa NET Resa Care, sound A 8 207, nos anon 8(4.2.3) Significant Data: All the necessary data has now been calculated and/or collected and is shown in Table 5. na P2ZT-19 1360, 67.5 3.5010" | -1.60x10" | 2.26x10° | -1.03x10" PZT-26 1360 68.4 3.5010" | -1.70x10" | 2.23x107 | -1.13x107 PZT-36 1360, 69.3 2.20x10™ | -9.00x10" | 3.71x10° | -1.52x107 PZT-23 1500 82.7 2.4010" | -1.20x10" | 271x107 | -1.36x107 PBZT-7 1400, 70.1 3.3010" | -1.40x10" | 2.30x10* | -9.80x10" PZT-33 1720 114 7.1010" | -2.80x10" | 1.78x10° | -7.00x10" PZT-22 1720 108 1.04x10" | -3.20x10" | 1.96x10* | -6.00x10" P2ZT-21 1680 104 1.00x10" | -4.00x10" | 2.26x10* | -9.00x10" PZT-26m 1360, 68.4 3.4010" | -1.60x10" | 2.33x10* | -1.06x10" PZTN-1 1300, 63.4 5.50x10™ | -2.60x10" | 155x107 | -7.30x107 PBZTN-1 1360 69.3 6.50x10" | -3.10x10™ | 1.2910" | -6.20x10" PZT-45, 1250 56.7 3.80x10" | -1.80x10" | 245x107 | -1.16x107 PZT-46 1310 63.0 43010" | -1.90x10" | 2.31x10° | -1.02x107 PZT-Ct-3. 1500 81.6 2.75x10™ | -1.40x10" | 2.22%107 | -1.13x107 PBZT-8 1450 77.8 3.15x10™ | -1.40x10" | 2.54x10° | -1.13x107 “(4.2.4) The Fundamental Frequency & Piezoelectric Constants: Piezoelectric Charge Constants vs Fundamental Frequency os 7 & 525 hd Bos 8 & 17s & co 2 o 3 r g Pte Sas a 35 525 ! ! 1200 7320 7440 7560 7660 700 Frequency (KHz) oe +d, Piezoelectric Voltage Constants vs Fundamental Frequency ‘ 2 S € s Bo 8 $ 2 2 g 4 3 Z 6 - : : 1200 7320 740 7560 7680 700 Frequency (KHz) * 8s +8 6While graphs 1 and 2 do not reveal a particularly strong relation, itis still quite evident that the piezoelectric charge constants are related to the resultant resonant frequency. The piezoelectric voltage constants however seems to not be linked to the fundamental frequency at all as it seems, in the graph, that no correlation can be made. Using Logger pro, it seems that d,, seems to follow the curve d,, =-8.37x10"(f)+15.24x10" Piezoelectric Charge constant Fundamental Frequency (KHz) While d., seems to follow the curve d, = 07x10" f)—7.34x 10: Pezetectic Care anata (dy) i Funder rons) : However, we do have to consider that the data does not fit the graph perfectly, in fact the data points are quite spread out, the degree of which is too great to be a result of anomalies. Hence, it can be concluded that while the piezoelectric charge constant plays a role in the resultant fundamental frequency however, it is not the only factor. It can also be determined that the role it plays is minor in comparison to the other factors, due to the spread of the data. 16(4.2.5) The Fundamental Frequency & Young's Modulus: Young's Modulus vs Fundamental Frequency gh 1860 t 1440 Frequency (KHz) 1200 50 80 90 100 Young's Modulus (GPa) 120 Its quite evident just from looking at graph 3 that a correlation exists between the Young's modulus and the resultant resonance of the ring shaped piezoelectric element. However, while it may be tempting to say that the correlation is linear, jumping to such a conclusion would not be accurate. This is mainly due to the fact that a negative Young's modulus should not be possible,. Hence if we consider the correlation linear then it means that the relation between the resonant frequency and Young's modulus can be summed up in the equation: Sf =8.66%10°(Y)+7.74 x10" Hence if this equation is true then it means that resonance cannot occur in a piezoelectric element when Y <0. Therefore, if we substitute Y as equal to 0 then we can get the theoretical minimum frequency at which resonance can occur: f =8.66x10°(0)+7.74 x10" f=0+7.74x10° f=TTAx10° Hence if the correlation between the Young's modulus and resonant frequency is linear than it would theoretically mean that no resonance in a piezoelectric material can occur at less than or equal to7.74x10° Hz, however the piezoelectric element in data set two ”resonants at 47.910" Hz which is well below the supposed 7.74 x10" Hz limit. As such we can conclude that the correlation is not linear. Using logger pro and keeping in mind that a negative Young's modulus, and a negative resonant frequency for that matter cannot exist, the most likely line of best fit would be: f=T8THYY™ Fundamental Frequency (KHz) Young's Modulus (GPa) 8(4.2.6) Testing: While the information we have uncovered seems to work well in theory, it would be pointless if it did not work with real, experimental data. As such | wish to put our findings to the test against the experimental data in data set two. This will involve using the the equations we uncovered to predict the values of the piezoelectric ring's Young's modulus as well as it's piezoelectric charge constants. First the piezoelectric ring’s Young's modulus: Since we know that the ring’s fundamental frequency is 47.9KHz (47900Hz), we can substitute this value into our equation, /'=7.879(V)""" , and see the value we get for our Young's modulus, we can then compare this value with it's true value. f=787TY YY" 47900 = 7.879(Y)"" [47900 7.879 2. ¥ =667x10'Pa Now that we have found it's supposed value, we have to find the actual value of the Young's modulus of the piezoelectric ring. To do this we are going to need to use equations 7 and 8: yevD vasa We can combine the two equations to form: Y=(fayD fXRD Q) where: Yis the Young's modulus (Pa) fis the wave frequency (Hz) 2s the wavelength (m) Dis the density of the medium (kgm) 9Since we know that the resonance ocours in the form of a standing wave we know that the wavelength of the wave will be: A=2h A=2(0.0011)=0.0022 We also know that resonance in the piezoelectric ring occurs at 47900Hz. Additionally we also know that the density of the piezoelectric ring used is 7850kgm”. Hence plugging all these values into equation 9 we get the actual Young's modulus value as: y=f4D ¥ = (47900) (0.0022) (7850) 2. Y=8.72x10" Pa Next is the ring’s piezoelectric charge constant: While there is not enough information to calculate d,, we can still attempt to calculate the value of d., The theoretical value of d,, d= 4.07 x10"(f)- 7.3410 d,, = 4.07 x 10°"(47900) = 7.34 x10" d, =-7.15x10" To find the actual value of the piezoelectric ring’s d,, constant, we are going to have to use the equation for the dimensional change AV =H) ay oy (10) ar where: Aris the dimensional change of the radius (m) Vis the voltage supplied to the piezoelectric element (V) 1. Js the outer radius of the ring (m) 1;is the inner radius of the ring (m) his the thickness of the ring (m) 13) Motes Veto Pernice APC eros apt 82017 hp aencacantealspcarltenmen ‘seanWe know that in the experiment that 10V of electricity was supplied to the piezoelectric. ring we also know the dimensions of the rings used: pease) 0-030 —pggingtry 0.018 Thickness( Hi) 0.0011m That just leaves the dimensional change of the radius, this however can be calculated from the data as the change in the radius is equal to the total distortion. We also know that the jortions of both the outer and inner face occur ar =OF+IF where: Ar is the change in the radius OF is the change in the distortion of the outer-face phase, hence we can conclude that: IFis the change in distortion of the inner face ‘Since we know the outer and inner distortions all we really have to do is to pick which data points, | believe it would be best to choose the first as it will be unaffected by resonance: OF =6.99x10* IF =9.0210" Ar = 6.9910" +9.02 10" = 1.6010" m Hence having figure out the dimensional change of the radius we can now calculate the d,, constant using equation 10: aVe=r) 2h (10)(0.030-0.015) 2(0.0011) 160x107 = 1.60%10"(2)(0.0011) _ (10X0.030-0.015) °* 1.17x10" a(4.2.7) Uncertainties & Error: The uncertainties of the values are undeniably high, while it may not be possible to calculate the uncertainties (due to a lack of information) we can determine the margin of error between the theoretical and real values of the Young's modulus and Piezoelectric charge constants. For the Young's modulus value the predicted answer was short of the answer by 23.5%. While the piezoelectric charge constant value fell short by roughly 38.8%. However, the theoretical data, especially that of the piezoelectric charge constants, also showed a very wide spread hence it is not very surprising that the experimental values would be so wide spread as well. 5. Conclusion (5.1) Findings In conclusion, it is obvious that the Young's modulus and piezoelectric charge constants share a relation with the fundamental frequency of a piezoelectric crystal. However, there is no evidence that points to a correlation between the piezoelectric voltage constants and the fundamental frequency. This is interesting as due to the similar natures between the piezoelectric charge constants and the piezoelectric voltage constants, | thought that both constants would share a similar correlation with the fundamental frequency of a piezoelectric crystal. The relation between the Young's modulus and the fundamental frequency can be summed up by this equation: / = .879()""". The relation between the fundamental frequency and the piezoelectric charge constant, d.,, can be summed up by the equation d,=4.07x10"(f)- 7.34% 10" and d, as d,,=-8.37x10"(f)+15.24 x10" Evaluation While the calculations were done correctly and the mathematics is sound, the biggest problem is the theoretical aspect of the investigation. It is impossible to consider every single detail in a theoretical environment, hence it is always best to use experiments when dealing with areas of scientific interest. However, since this was not possible in this case, the results were not to a very high precision. Another problem is the fact that the experimental process through which the data in data set one were obtained is unknown and hence there is no way of knowing how accurate these numbers are. However, all in all considering the information given to me, | believe that the investigation was well conducted. 26. Bibliography Online Resources: (1) "The Knowledge Center." APC International. Accessed August 30, 2017. https:// www.americanpiezo.com/knowledge-center.html. (2) V.Vasina, "Piezoelectric Materials," Elpa Company, , accessed August 15, 2017, http:// www.elpapiezo.ru/eng/piezoceramic_e.shtml. (3) "The Speed of Sound in Other Materials." NDT Resource Center. Accessed July 21, 2017. bitosiiwww.nde-ed org/EducationResources/HighSchool/Sound/ ‘speedinmaterials.htm. (4) The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. " Young's modulus." Encyclopzedia Britannica. November 11, 2016, Accessed July 20, 2017. https://www.britannica.com/science/ Youngs-modulus. (5) The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Piezoelectricity." Encyclopaedia Britannica. June 06, 2013. Accessed October 30, 2017. https://www.britannica.com/science/ piezoelectricity. Articles: (6) Tremblay, Daniel L. "Resonance in a piezoelectric material.” Master's thesis, The College of Wooster, 2006. Accessed July 30, 2017. http://physics wooster.edu/JriS/ Eiles/Tremblay_Web_Article.pdf. (7) Ledoux, Antoine. "Theory of piezoelectric materials and their applications in civil engineering." Master's thesis, MASSACHUSSETS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 2011. Accessed July 25, 2017. https://dspace.mit,edu/bitstream/handle/ 3! 2: = (8) Hooker, Matthew W. "Properties of PZT-Based Piezoelectric Ceramics Between-150 and 250°C .” Master's thesis, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1998. Accessed July 23, 2017. https://ntrs.nasa.goviarchive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov! 19980236888. pdf. (9) Dikshit, Tanvi, and Dhawal Shrivastava. "Energy Harvesting via Piezoelectricity .” International Journal of Information Technology 2, no, 2 (December 210). Accessed ‘August 2, 2017. hito://bvicam.ac. in/bjit/downloads/pdfiissue4/10.pdf. (9) Evan, Murimi, Kihiu John, Nyakoe George, Mutuli Stephen, and Kimotho James. "Determination of resonant frequency of a piezoelectric ring for generation of ultrasonic waves." The International Institute for Science, Technology and Education Vol 2, no. 4 (2011): 4 . Accessed August 17, 2017Books: (10) Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman, University Physics: Extended Version with Modern Physics, Sth ed. (United States of America: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1995). (11) K. A. Tsokos, Physics for the IB Diploma: (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), ages: (12) Changes in unit cell of quartz when undergoing stress. Digital image. Medical Imaging: Ultrasound. Accessed August 19, 2017. https://sites.google.com/site/ n/4- (13) Diagram for visualisation of Young's modulus. Digital image. Encyclopzedia Britannica . November 11, 2016. Accessed August 3, 2017. https:// www.britannica.com/science/Youngs-modulus. FyPDF forms are not compatile with the Google Chrome POF viewer plug-in. Chrome users shoul save the form, then regpen and complete with Adobe reader EE/RPPF © Pp \rernaina acclareste Baccalauréat international For first assessment in 2018, OF sschiterto iternacional age 13 Candidate personal code’. Extended essay - Reflections on planning and progress form Candidate: This form is to be completed by the candidate during the course and completion of their EE. This document records reflections on your planning and progress, and the nature of your discussions with your supervisor. You must undertake three formal reflection sessions with your supervisor: The first formal reflection session should focus on your intial ideas and how you plan to undertake your research the interim reflection session is once a significant amount of your research has been completed, {and the final session will be in the form of a viva voce once you have completed and handed in your EE. This document acts as a record in supporting the authenticity of your work. The three reflections combined must amount to no more than 600 words. ‘The completion of this form is a mandatory requirement of the EE for first assessment May 2018. It must be submitted together with the completed EE for assessment under Criterion E. ‘Supervisor: You must have three reflection sessions with each candidate, one early on in the process, an interim meeting and then the final viva voce. Other check-in sessions are permitted but do nat need to be recorded on this sheet. After each reflection session candidates must record their reflections and as the supervisor you must sign and date this form. First reflection session Candidate comments: Tam already aware of the basics of quantum physics as well as how intriguing the subject is, this lead to my decision to Ichoose it as a possible research topic, However, due to the complexity ofthe topic choosing a research question has proved dificult, After some consideration | thought it wise to focus on the wave particle duality of matter and light, | chose this area lof quantum physics specifically because it opens the possibilty for experimentation. The other phenomena in quantum lphysics are stil very much unknown and cannot easily be experimented with in a school lab. Additionally a large amount of information and research on the topic will be needed, which is not readily available. Additionally | am also considering loiezoelectricity as a topic of consideration. However, for | believe that the quantum mechanical field would be more interesting. Date: [0/08/2017 ‘Supervisor initalmeron Scere EE/RPPF Ss red Soa mermcoral Interim reflection Candidate comments [After some consideration, [have decided lo investigate the Topic of piazoslecirally as itis a far more technical subject than Jquantum mechanics. It also has more real world applications especially, n the fields of science and engineering. | plan on investigating the relation between the resonant and piezoelectric properties of materials in particular as itis a very intriguing, lyet unknown, topic. The original plan was to investigate how different crystalline structures would effect a crystals piezoelectric properties however, after a discussion with my supervisor we came to the conclusion that such an investigation hvas more chemistry than physics. Having already decided on a topic, | began preparations for possible experimental procedures. The general pian for the experiment was to find the resonant frequency of at least ten different piezoelectric Jrystals, to accomplished this | was planning on using a cantilever model. However due to the expensive nature of piezoelectric crystals as well as time constraints! was not allowed to conduct such an ambitious experiment. | then attempted to find online sources that had the experimental results | needed however, no such experimental data was present lonline, However, | cid find some other experiments that gave me enough information to calculate all the required bits that | Ineeded. Hence, with this information | have everything required for my extended essay. Date: [1682017 ‘Supervisor inital Final reflection - Viva voce Candidate comments: [Having completed the extended essay, |realise that the lopic of plezoelectricily was far more inlricale and complex than lwhat I had originally thought. The piezoelectric constants for example were very different for crystalline materials even with |similar structures, this was confusing as | was certain that the structure of a crystal would dramatically impact it's Jpiezoetectrc properties however, this was not the case. While | am sure thal through my research, many mysteries of the |phonomena of piezoelectrcity have bean brought to an end, | fee! that the investigation has left me with more unanswered lquestions than when | started. This is however, | believe an important part of the experience as it highlights the peculiar, yet loeautiful nature of the world around us. Date: 227112017 Supervisor inital:Pages [heist eros! EE/RPPF Ox ‘Supervisor comments: [The candidate had superficial knowledge in Quantum Physics and a few ideas for very advanced experiments that he |wanted to do. When we discussed the practically of his ideas, he realised that it would not be feasible. He was then given lan experiment we could set up for him (electron diffraction in graphite), but after a while it became obvious he was not going lio do it. He was then shown where to find on-line data that he could use. After a vacation away, the candidate returned with |a completely different idea for a topic and no research question. As this was close to the deadline for the draft, he could not Ido an experimental part, but was told to find on-line data to create his analysis and argument with. It tured out to be difficult to find comparable data and the candidate was struggling to meet deadlines. There is no question that the essay is his own lwork, though he was at first unsure of how to reference his sources, so there were surprising changes of style in some of the| sections. This has now all been corrected. The candidate was working quite independently, rarely asking for help. When we Imet he could always argue for what he had written and was very receptive to advice, though it was not always followed. [As the candidate states himself: the topic tured out to be quite complicated and his investigation of a small corner of it often| left him confused, but he persevered and got some sort of answer to his question.