Group1 Proposal Crim7

Philippine College of Criminology
College of Criminal Justice

641 Sales St., Sta. Cruz, Manila
Philippines
CHALLENGES FACED BY POLICE OFFICERS (VAWC) /SOCIAL WORKERS IN

APPREHENDING JUVENILE DELINQUENTS
Hannah Melina C. Aquino,123, Geron L. Chico123, Diane L. Crisostomo 123, Julie Ann D.
Guzon 123, Neil Patrick B. Lazatin123, Khrystel Kate A. Legaspi123, Arlina L.
Moratalla123, James Carlo B. Noel 123, Leia Grace Elaine Unarce, PhD1234
1
2
Research Center
3
4
Research Adviser
November 2022
CHALLENGES FACED BY POLICE OFFICERS&SOCIAL.. 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1.0 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………….3
CHAPTER 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………….….7
2.1 Theoretical Framework………………………………………………………8
2.2 Variable Discussion………………………………………………………….11
2.3. Problem Statement ………………………………………………………….12
2.4 Research Paradigm………………………………………………………….16
CHAPTER 3.0 RESEARCH METHODS……………………………………………17
3.1 Research Design……………………………………………………………..17
3.2 Research Locale……………………………………………………………...17
3.3 Population and Sampling…………………………………………….………17
3.4 Research Instrument…………………………………………………………18
3.5 Data Collection……………………………………………………….……….18
3.6 Data Analysis………………………………………………………………….18
3.7 Research Ethics…………………………………………………......………..19
REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………………….20
APPENDIX A (Questionnaire) ………………………………………………………………..25
CURRICULUM VITAE…………………………………………………………………………29
PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
With the Philippines' staggering population rapidly increasing by 100 million,

young people constitute one-third of the country's population. Perceived as the nation's
hope, the youth is believed to be the actors for societal change and a brighter future.
This is why even in the laws of the Philippines, the youth are recognized, prioritized, and
protected because they are expected to become leaders of better change (Cabo, 2018).
Aizer & Currie (2019) claim that while child behavior constantly changes,
adhering to social and moral norms is essential to understanding how society affects
people regardless of age, gender, religion, or ethnicity; If society fails to protect and
provide for the needs of the young, changes that are difficult to manage will begin. Hall's
study (2018) states that when children engage in deviant behavior, it poses a problem to
the government and society. With this, the government created a law that does not
tolerate delinquent behaviors and does not exempt a child from their criminal behavior.
Republic Act No. 9344, the Juvenile Justice Welfare Law, was designed to govern
minors' deviant behavior toward society and the authorities' responses toward delinquent
acts. The juvenile and welfare system focuses on dealing with children at risk and
children in trouble with the Law to reintegrate them into society and safeguard them from
inhumane punishments (Gonzales & Gabito, 2018).
In this system, children are provided with proper proceedings, rehabilitation,

diversion programs, and others to ensure they do not become recidivists once they
return to the society they belong to. The intervention programs and diversion programs
led by social workers are designed to prevent children from getting involved again in
criminal activity. As defined in Republic Act No. 9344, "child" represents a person under
eighteen (18) years old who falls under the adolescent phase. The Law also provided
the consequences faced by those Children in Conflict with the Law, especially those who
commit major crimes and are under the age of criminal responsibility (Laro, 2021).
Even R.A. No. 9344 faced controversies and was likewise criticized by law
enforcers. As a result, there is an internal debate among the Philippine Criminal Justice
System’s actors about whether the current system for CICL needs revision. It came to a
point when politicians who proposed a bill to reduce the criminal responsibility age from

15 to 9 years old and were supported by President Rodrigo Duterte, since they believed
that the current Juvenile Justice and Welfare Law was not strong enough to punish and
deter children in committing crimes justifying this with the increase of cases where
criminal syndicates use children to be drug runners and actors of crimes (Gumiran,
2020).
When CICL cannot be immediately held accountable for their actions, this
threatens peace and order in the community. Even Alfredo Lim, the former mayor of
Manila, gave his opinion on revising the Law to lower the age from 15 to 9. "Criminal
syndicates, especially those dealing in drugs and robbery, were taking advantage of
juvenile delinquency laws by using children to carry out their dirty work," the former
mayor of Manila said (Bilog, 2014). With all the points made, it simply shows that
juvenile delinquency is not a problem faced by law enforcers and its victims but is also a
reflection of a social problem present in the country (Artello et al., 2015).
Adolescence is undoubtedly a time of transition. Throughout this phrase, the self

or our ideal personality is still transforming and is exposed to a variety of external factors
as well as internal physiological changes (Breger, 2017). According to Dahl et al. (2018),
adolescents must shed their attachment to childhood security and parental protection to
take control of the obligations, possibilities of good and vices, and demands of
adulthood. As children go through adolescence, they are particularly susceptible to
pressure from social phenomena and their uncertainty and dissatisfaction. Some might
abuse drugs and alcohol, while others might join a gang offering a sense of
accomplishment, support, and belongingness (Lenzi et al., 2015).
Feeney and Collins (2015) stated that one of the most crucial responsibilities for
youth development is creating and maintaining supportive social networks since
adolescence has the potential for personal growth and is particularly vulnerable to vices.
In addition, the study of Purewal et al., (2017) states that families play a vital role in
children's and youth's cognitive, behavioral, and social development. It is familiar that
family structure and juvenile delinquency are positively linked to the internal
developmental processes of an individual as they grow older.

Maurya et al., (2015) assert that family dynamics play an essential role in the
formation and growth of adolescents. Parents must fulfill several obligations for their
children to transition smoothly and adapt to adolescence. The mother usually is
responsible for the emotional component of the adolescent's developmental stage,
whereas the father typically focuses on the adolescent's behavior (Marceau et al., 2015).
The study by Boboc (2017) argues that it is crucial to consider the likelihood that a
child's family structure influences the development of delinquent behavior. The influence
of family dysfunction in the trajectories of youth to be wayward is echoed in a large
portion. Since families are the foundation of existence and serve as children's first
confidants, they guide how children socialize in the outer world.
According to Sarwar (2016), parenting style is also an aspect of developing

delinquent behavior. If the child feels neglected by their parents, there is a high risk for
children to have a conflict with the Law. A parent guides the most crucial aspect of
growing up. They are in charge of the child and will soon be good citizens. Their parents
influence how children deal with, respond to, accept, and overcome social pressure. One
of the reasons why children are susceptible to being influenced to engage in such crimes
is their fragile foundation. The content of the study also focuses on the influences and
factors that influence a child's character development. The parents' attitude and lack of
concern for their children contribute to juvenile delinquency. While drugs, poverty, and a
lack of education contribute to juvenile delinquency in children (Mwangangi, 2019).
Furthermore, in the study conducted by Baglivio et al., (2016), among the

contributing factors to delinquency are the lack of social welfare programs, the
inaccessibility of social welfare services to adolescents from lower social groups, and a
sense of relative deprivation and poverty. The study discussed that the youth offenders
may had experienced any of the given contributing factors in which their basic needs,
sense of safety and the chance to develop their ideal self were not met. According to
Healy (2022), the study emphasizes that social workers' primary responsibility in the
youth welfare system is keeping children safe. In addition, it states that children in
danger of or have experienced abuse or neglect, those with mental health or medical
issues, and those without parents or other family members come first to the protection of
preventive and intervention services. The orientation, procedure, and circumstances in

society are related to the value of social work. As a result, social workers must take the
proper steps to address the needs of human growth and needs.
In our modern times, many children are involved in various crimes that may lead
to most serious crimes when they grow up if that action is continuously done without any
punishment due to the deviant behavior that may teach them that their doings were
wrong and unacceptable by the society where they lived in. That is why society tends to
educate them and apprehend those who violate the Law of society (Cuervo et al., 2020).
The study by Delcea et al., (2019) discussed that juvenile delinquency more
often occurs in the lower class of society where the children get involved due to their
economic status and cultural values where they belong and grew up with because of the
poor environment they belong they tend to violate the laws of the society that may lead
into deviant behavior. Moreover, committing criminal acts does not always relate to
economic status and cultural values. Delcea et al., (2019) stated that the relationship
between poor school outcomes and school dropout significantly relates to juvenile
delinquency. It also explained that if a child is frequently involved in constant gang fights,
most of them would also "participate in robberies, car theft, bodily assaults, theft and
drug trading" (Delcea, C., et al, 2019, p.367).
Reports in 2015 from the Philippine National Police claimed that there were over
885,445 crimes committed that year which is staggeringly high compared to the previous
year, which had 603,085 cases. Most of the cases occurred in urbanized areas where
Quezon City leads the ranking, followed by The Capital City of the Philippines, Manila
(Fabito et al., 2017). According to the study by Gonzales & Gabito, (2018), Manila has
one of the highest rates of juvenile delinquent crimes in which there are reports where
children are engaged in criminal activities such as robbery, illegal possession of
firearms, and even murder. The researchers chose to conduct the study in Manila since
it has one of the most widespread males and female juvenile delinquency cases in the
Philippines (Alcantara, 2019).
In this study, the researchers aim to determine the challenges faced by Police
officers and Social Workers as the front liners in handling Children in Conflict with the
Law. The study would like to further elaborate and explain the root causes of their

deviant behavior and why Children in Conflict with the Law from the perception of the
front liners of handling CICL which are the Police Officers and Social Workers.
Furthermore, the researchers would like to take account the recommendations and
probable suggestions of the front liners as to the improvement of the programs for CICL.
This is in relation to the purpose of using the results of this research to evaluate the
government's current policies concerning the CICL from the experiences of its front
liners.
2.0 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
According to findings provided by Baglivio et al., (2015) regarding why teenagers

become juvenile delinquents, the first is a dysfunctional household, where a child may
act violently and seek attention from others because they come from lousy family
relationships. They lose trust and understanding due to a lack of communication, which
will diminish their self-esteem and confidence. Some children will eventually embrace
their peers' and companions' unhealthy habits or lifestyles. Following is a lack of money,
which may lead to them committing crimes like stealing to improve their financial and
economic status. In addition, those lacking social and moral training may communicate
poorly with others, become conceited, and eventually mold disrespectful actions toward
the Law and others.
In the study of Alcantara (2019), the potential causes and motivators behind
delinquent behavior in children and adolescents vary. It discusses how juvenile
delinquency is rampant, especially nowadays. This is an often issue in our society that
triggers citizens to ask why juveniles are less accountable for their crimes and whether
the government needs to lower the age bracket of a minor to be held responsible for
their criminal actions. This often asks questions due to the growing number of youth
offenders in our country.
Docena (2015) states that the objectives and goals of the rehabilitation center
are to reform and reintegrate youth offenders to prevent them from becoming recidivists
again. Rehabilitation centers serve as deterrence to prevent them from returning to the
life they once had before through educating them and equipping them with knowledge
and skills; however, they found three noticeable findings about the life they have during

the rehabilitation program inside the juvenile facility. First, juvenile offenders feel
confused with the understanding imparted to them following their delinquent conduct.
Second, strict confinement does not significantly help them if those youth offenders are
already accustomed to a chaotic life due to their environment. Lastly, they felt uncertain
about the ability they taught them during the intervention and rehabilitation programs
because they did not know how to apply their training and skills in a real-life situation
which is why they got back to the life they are accustomed to. They may end up being
recidivists again.
2.1 Theoretical Framework
Differential Association theory. Edwin Sutherland's development of this theory

in 1947 marked a watershed in criminology. This theory states that a person learns
criminal behavior from those they interact with and is mainly acquired from their family
and society and helps define deviant behavior. According to Alduraywish (2021), the
parents divert the youth to commit a crime, and so do their friends. This paper may also
find that the effects of deviant peers and deviant parents are both deviant; it is the same
during adolescence.
The theory will explain how parents and communities influence the molding of the
child's behavior. This theory of interaction with other individuals states the attitude,
motivation, behavior, and way to criminal behavior. The theory emphasizes that being
with people influences to change a person's behavior; thus, we can presume that the
influence of the people around Children in Conflict with the Law (CICL) contributed to
their deviant behavior.
Strain Theory. According to Merton's strain theory, societal structures can pressure
individuals into committing crimes. This theory is given the frustration of achieving their
goal; this theory observed that minority groups had a more challenging time getting a
good education and, if they could, having a respectable life. This theory is tested using
data from a national sample of teenage boys. According to the data, anger has an
indirect effect on delinquency and a direct impact on neglect in aversive school and
family environments (Agnew, 1985).

This theory states that when a person wants to achieve something and does not
have the need to get it, people tend to do things even if it is not inappropriate or even
though it is illegal. This can be applied to CICL, in which since most of the youth in areas
of the urban poor basic needs are not met, they would often resort to committing crimes
to fulfill those deprived needs.
Social Learning Theory. In the 1960s by Albert Bandura. The behavior of one's is
learned through observation and being socialized to the community someone belongs to.
This theory states that an individual can not only be learned on his own or by what his
parents taught them. However, there are multiple ways to learn and adapt behavior.
According to Bandura, & Walters, (1977), in social learning theory, there are four
different stages in learning- attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.
In this study, the hypothesis states that learners can copy whatever behavior
they notice in their surroundings. This theory can be applied in the study where there are
circumstances where a child engages in criminal activities due to the influences of adults
around. In this theory, children believe that all the actions they see are good and right,
so they imitate or copy them even when they are wrong. They believe that because
adults are doing it, it must be correct because, in their minds, adults are always correct
and should serve as role models, particularly for youth.
Attachment Theory. They are proposed by John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth, the idea
that if a parent is sufficiently responsive throughout the first six months of a child's
existence, they will create a close emotional link with them. This idea is found in
developmental psychology. The belief is that humans are born with a need to build a
tight emotional relationship with a parent. Such a bond will establish during the initial six
months of a child's life, provided the parent is attentive. According to Zeanah et al.,
(2011) stated that many clinical situations, such as children who have been abused
(particularly those in foster care), adopted children (especially those who have been
institutionalized), children of divorce, and children exposed to parental violence, should
prioritize a complete understanding of attachment and its expressions. Although
information about the development of attachment in early life is generally available, we
believe that many training programs that lack infant mental health knowledge do not
sufficiently teach this subject or its applications. As a result, we have repeatedly

highlighted that a complete awareness of attachment and its developmental course is

required in all clinical settings that serve young children and their families. More
specialized attachment knowledge will improve therapeutic work with young children and
their families.
The theory revealed in this study is that when children do not have a healthy and
loving relationship with their parents, it would be most likely results in them having
delinquent behaviors. This idea also underlines that having a poor or weak intimate
relationship with one's parents might be a significant factor in a child becoming an
offender. A child's growth and the formation of their personality and traits are greatly
influenced by their interaction with their parents.
Ecological System Theory. Urie Bronfenbrenner developed Ecological Systems

Theory that explains how children's development is influenced by their social
environments. Ecological systems are one of the most widely accepted explanations for
his theory of how social environments influence human development. This theory holds
that your upbringing impacts every facet of your life. One of the most common
explanations for how social environments affect human development is ecological
systems theory. According to this theory, your upbringing impacts every aspect of your
life. Your way of thinking, how you feel, and what you like and don't like are all influenced
by your social environment. You will change if you change your environment. Your
identity will, without a doubt, shift if you relocate to a new location with a different culture.
According to Weng et al., (2016), juvenile crime is a severe issue in China. The
research on Chinese juvenile delinquency over the past two decades is reviewed in
detail in this article. A four-step selection process identified 45 peer-reviewed studies,
and their empirical findings were arranged under ecological system theory. As
demonstrated, they found that male adolescents are significantly more likely to engage
than their female counterparts in criminal behavior. Large-scale Chinese middle school
students discovered significant gender differences, with males more likely to engage in
substance use, physical aggression, self-centered behavior, and delinquent behavior.
This may be because of the long tradition of Confucian gendered values, which
emphasize gender separation. Additionally, it was discovered that male respondents
were significantly more likely to have deviant beliefs and friends.

This theory states that the process of upbringing a child and how the child is
significantly guided affects the child's future actions and perceptions later in life. When
children are not adequately monitored by their parents and are exposed to a new,
unfamiliar environment, they may engage in delinquency because there is no
interference
2.2 Variable Discussion
2.2.1 Individual Impact. According to Levenson (2017), social work addresses

issues with psychosocial functioning while also assisting people in achieving their
personal goals and fostering an equitable and just society. Juvenile delinquency adheres
to the core values of the social worker as a profession that offers services that aid clients
in problem-solving, social functioning improvement, and expanding ability and quality of
life. Social work is self-serving work done by individuals for the good of society. It ought
to be designed to encourage social progress or change in society. It is indeed
tremendously satisfying to work in social services. According to Zastrow et al., (2019),
social workers receive training on various perspectives (Micro, Mezzo, Macro). This
promotes personal growth and development, enabling individuals to adapt to multiple
positions and learn that other professions might be compatible with them.
Even if considered a "noble' job, social workers are not exempted from the
violence and aggression they may encounter in handling Children in Conflict with the
Law. The study by Winstaneley & Hales (2015) shows increased violence and
aggression in the social welfare workplace. This would most likely result in the burnout of
social workers and compromise their quality of work. This is also the dilemma faced by
police officers. Based on the study by Gahar, (2020) states, police officers admit that
there are challenges even in their observance of following the protocols for handling
CICL cases.
2.2.General Impact. If justice is not served promptly for children in conflict with
the Law, there may be a stigma or gulf between CICLs and the greater society. A delay
or postponement may violate CICL's right to a speedy trial and due process (Palomares,

2018). To uncover solutions to this issue, the Philippines is one of the nations that
adapts to social phenomena and trends in every industry.
The government is taking action one by one to request assistance for those
children who conflict with the Law. This step also includes prevention and intervention.
One of the government's efforts to combat juvenile delinquency is providing social
workers and delinquents with assistance, programs, services, health care, and training.
However, only some cities can provide a community-supporting social worker service
due to a lack of funding and priority. (Mendoza et al., 2015).
2.2.3 External Impacts. There is a wide range of detrimental outcomes on

individuals and relationships with their environment on children in conflict with the Law
(CICL). According to Garrio (2017), the criminal justice system in the Philippines has
been distinguished as having severely inadequate and subpar facilities, unsanitary
conditions, and ineffective case management and resolution. Furthermore, the study of
Garrio noted that among others has often failed adult offenders and is more likely to
forget to take care of those children who are engaged in conflict with the Law (CICL).
Additionally, the growth and well-being of children can be significantly impacted by
denying them their freedom. There is no credible evidence showing that detaining
children will not help increase security or reduce crime in society.
Children who break the Law may never find employment and may have trouble
adapting to the workplace when they do. According to Carter (2019), those who engage
in criminal activity miss opportunities to develop pro-social traits and abilities that can
improve their interactions with others, particularly at work. Numerous studies have
shown that offenders may befriend criminal companions and become trapped in a risky
lifelong antisocial lifestyle.
2.3 Problem Statement
This study aims to identify them, comprehend the difficulties faced by police officers
(VAWC) and social workers in apprehending juvenile offenders, and investigate their
perceptions of the juvenile offenders' family structures. In addition, the researchers

attempt to comprehend the advantages and disadvantages of the Pangilinan law that
addresses children who violate the Law, as well as difficulties that our law enforcement
and social workers encounter when transferring custody of children apprehended for
engaging in deviant behavior. In addition, researchers would like to discover their
perception and knowledge about the family structure of the delinquents and discover the
common factors to notify the public of the possible consequences of the family structure
that leads to delinquency. Therefore, the research study investigates to understand and
fulfill the following questions:
1. What are the challenges experienced by law enforcers in the apprehension of

Children in Conflict with the Law?
a. Behavior of the CICL
i. Are the CICL aggressive or cooperative when apprehended?
ii. Were there instances where CICL assaulted a Police Officer?
iii. Do CICLs act up and try to frame up Police Officers during the
turn over?
iv. Do they shout during apprehension by the police?
v. Did they become hysterical in front of the Police Officer who
apprehend them?
b. Behavior of Families/Guardian of CICL

i. Are the families and guardians of the CICL present and
cooperative when the child is apprehended?
ii. Were there instances where parents of CICL assaulted a
Police Officer?
iii. Do the parents of CICL act up and try to frame up Police
Officers during the turn over?
iv. Did they become hysterical in front of a Police Officer during
the apprehension of their child?
v. Do they curse the Police Officer during the apprehension of
their child?
2. What are the problems encountered by the law enforcers in turning over the
custody of the Children in Conflict with the Law to the Social Workers?
a. Behavior of CICL/Families of CICL

i. Were there instances where CICL assaulted a Police Officer

during the turn over?
ii. Do CICL act up and try to frame up Police Officers during the
turn over?
iii. Are the families/guardians of CICL hysterical during the turn
over of CICL to the Social Worker(s)?
iv. Were there instances where CICL tries to escape during the
turn over?
v. If so, how does the Police Officers and Social Workers handle
this
3. What are the challenges faced by the Social Workers in handling Children in
Conflict with the law under their custody?
a. Behavior of the CICL
i. Are the CICL violent or exhibit violent behaviors, if so how do
the social workers handle that?
ii. Were there instances where CICL would use emotional
bombing to the Social Workers to escape detention?
iii. Were there instances where CICL assaulted a Social Worker?
iv. Do they shout and curse the Social Worker while under their
custody?
v. Are there times that a CILC states that they being sexually
assaulted by a Social Worker?
b. Behavior of Families/Guardian of CICL
i. Were there instances where parents of CICL assaulted a
Social Worker?
ii. Do the CICL parents’ states that their child is being harassed?
iii. Do they use cursing words towards the Social worker?
iv. Are there times when CICL parents try to use violence to get
their child back while under custody of a Social Worker?
v. Did they become hysterical in front of the Social Worker?
c. Competency of Personnel

i. During the turn over, how the Social Worker handles the
situation if a CICL becomes violent?
ii. Do they know the proper handling of a CICL under custody?
iii. What are the systematic processes they need to follow in
order to conduct their work?
iv. Did they undergo proper and systematic training in order to
handle CICL?
v. Are they aware and equipped with knowledge to have a
resolve during difficult times?
d. State of the Facilities for CICL

i. Do they have enough staff to look over the CICL who undergo
rehabilitation?
ii. Is the facility equipped with the right tools to shape the minds
and well being of the CICL?
iii. Did the facility implement strict rules and order towards their
staff and CICL?
iv. Are the facilities able to fill the needs of the CICL?
v. During the outbreak of communicable diseases (cough and
colds), how does the facility facilitate that kind of situation?
e. Budget of the programs for CICL

i. Are there enough funds to support the needs of the CILC?
ii. Did the government allocate funds for the erection of the
facility for the CICL?
iii. During rehabilitation of CICL, does the local government help
them to provide funds for rehabilitation programs?
iv. Is the financial resources given by the government enough for
the front liners to fulfill their duties effectively?
v. Do they have a proper allocation of funds or budget to the
programs, equipment, rehabilitation of facility, salary and
rations for the CICL?

4. What are the suggestions/recommendations of the respondents with regards

to the improvement of the programs in handling CICL?
2.4. Research Simulacrum

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design
The researchers would like to determine the challenges faced by Police Officers
in apprehending Children in Conflict with the Law and the challenges faced by Social
Workers in handling the CICL, as well as their perceptions of the family structure of the
CICL. They wanted the study's findings to inform policymakers about the frontline
workers' suggestions and solutions for dealing with CICL. The researchers believe that
this study's success can be achieved by applying and utilizing qualitative and applied
research methods.
According to Patton (1987), qualitative research is conducted utilizing open-

ended interviews, direct observation, and written documents wherein the researcher can
obtain detailed information about the study directly.
As stated by Maxfield & Babbie (2014), the primordial function of applied

research is the evaluation of policies. These studies conducted using Applied Research
can be an avenue to inform the State and the authorities about the effectiveness of
policies and laws enacted.
3.2 Research Locale
The study will be conducted at Police Stations 7 and 3 and at the Manila
Department of Social Welfare in the City of Manila. A qualitative and applied type of
research will be utilized. This locale was selected since the City of Manila has one of the
most widespread males and female juvenile delinquency cases in the Philippines
(Alcantara, 2019).
3.3 Population and Sampling
The respondents for this study would be the frontliners who handle and
apprehend Children in Conflict with the Law: Police Officers and Social Workers.
Purposeful sampling is utilized in this research. The study of Suri (2011) gives way to the

foundation of knowledge by connecting with selected individuals needed in the study;

utilizing this well-detailed information can be obtained.
3.4 Research Instrument
The information to be obtained in this study's conduct would be using open-

ended interviews per the guide questions. This provides a free-flowing avenue for the
respondents to state their thoughts without limitations. The questions would be stated by
utilizing both the English and Filipino language. In order to keep safe the information to
be obtained, the researchers would ask permission from the respondents if their
answers can be recorded via phone recording and written transcript by one of the
researchers.
3.5 Data Collection
Data collection would include documentation to keep safe the information to be

obtained in the conduct of open-ended interviews, which would be the primary method in
collecting data from the participants, and intensive field notes that would be acquired
during the interview conducted by the researchers.
3.6 Data Analysis
By means of Data Analysis, the researchers would be able to have an organized

flow and guide in the conduct of the study. According to Wickham (2016), once the
process of data analysis is learned it would result in obtaining the correct data needed
for the study. Phenomenology, in a way, in its approach can help the researchers utilize
open-ended interviews in determining the experiences, perceptions and challenges by
the Police officers and Social workers in handling CICL. Considering that the
experiences, perceptions and thoughts of the participants would vary from one another,
this approach is best fitted in order to obtain the needed information.

3.7 Research Ethics
The researchers value integrity and honesty. With this, in the formation of this
study the researcher took extra precautionary steps in order to prevent the commission
of plagiarism in respect to the intellectual property of the great minds who shared their
studies. Mutual respect for one another and as well as the respect for the Police Officers
and Social workers are to be always observed not only because they would be the
participants of our study but because the researchers highly value their service to the
public.
The guide questions for the interview are carefully picked and thought about in
order to prevent instances of being an avenue for misunderstanding especially in the
conduct of the interview with the participants. There would be no use of force to obtain
information from the participants, consent would always be asked before the conduct of
any interview and the researchers would rest assured that the participants would be
comfortable enough to state their answers at ease.
Beforehand, the researchers would give a brief background of the study to be

conducted and the questions to be asked in order for the participant to be prepared
enough in answering the queries from the researchers. If there would be instances, that
the respondent refuses to participate further the researchers would respect the decision.
The questions to be asked would be stated in both English and Filipino language
which are the primary languages used in the City of Manila. In the conduct of the
interview, the researchers would ask for the availability of the respondents in their
respective offices and would conduct the researcher wearing decent and presentable
clothing. Information to be obtained from the participants would be utilized only for the
purposes of research in which the researchers would ensure that the participants would
be informed of this in order to preserve confidentiality and respect for privacy.

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Good day!
To whom this may concern:
We, the graduating criminology students of Philippine College of Criminology, would like
to inform the respondents that the purpose of the study: CHALLENGES FACED BY
POLICE OFFICERS (VAWC) /SOCIAL WORKERS IN APPREHENDING JUVENILE
DELINQUENTS AND THEIR PERCEPTION OF THE FAMILY STRUCTURE OF THE
DELINQUENTS to be conducted by the researchers is to help the frontliners who
handle CICL raise their concerns, challenges, and suggestions on the improvement of
the programs for CICL.
The study to be conducted does not only aim to raise awareness on the challenges
faced by the Police Officers and Social workers in handling CICL but for the study to
become a means to urge the policymakers to consider the review of the R.A. 9344 in
order for the Criminal Justice system to be effective in correcting delinquent behavior
and achieving justice to the victims to help in the healing of society as a whole.
The researchers assures the respondents that Confidentiality will be observed and the
privacy of the respondents is a top priority. All the information and responses that would
be acquired in this research would be exclusively and primordially used for the purposes
of research.
We thank you for your cooperation and kind understanding,
Yours sincerely,
Researchers
GUIDE QUESTIONS IN CONDUCTING INTERVIEW
FOCUS AREA EXAMPLES OF QUESTIONS AND PROBES

STUDY AND As a law enforcer/social worker, what are your thoughts about
PARTICIPANT R.A. 9344, Juvenile Justice Welfare Law?
INTRODUCTION
Is the rate of CICL cases high in the area of your jurisdiction?
How many CICL cases have you handled in the duration of

your service?
INTERACTIONS WITH What are the challenges experienced by law enforcers in the
THE CICL apprehension of Children in Conflict with the Law?
 Are the CICL aggressive or cooperative when

apprehended?
 Are the CICL aggressive or cooperative when
apprehended?
 Were there instances where CICL assaulted a Police
Officer?
 Do CICLs act up and try to frame up Police Officers
 Do they shout during apprehension by the police?
 Did they become hysterical in front of the Police Officer
who apprehend them
 Are the families and guardians of the CICL present and
cooperative when the child is apprehended?
 Were there instances where parents of CICL assaulted
a Police Officer?
 Do the parents of CICLs act up and try to frame up
Police Officers during the turn over?
 Did they become hysterical in front of a Police Officer
during the apprehension of their child?
 Do they curse the Police Officer during the
apprehension of their child?
What are the problems encountered by the law enforcers in

turning over the custody of the Children in Conflict with the
Law to the Social Workers?
 Were there instances where CICL assaulted a Police
Officer during the turn over?
 Do CICL act up and try to frame up Police Officers
 Are the families/guardians of CICL hysterical during the
turn over of CICL to the Social Worker(s)?
 Were there instances where CICL tries to escape during
the turn over?
 If so, how does the Police Officers and Social Workers

handle this
What are the challenges faced by the Social Workers in

handling Children in Conflict with the law under their custody?
 Are the CICL violent or exhibit violent behaviors, if so

how do the social workers handle that?
 Were there instances where CICL would use emotional
bombing to the Social Workers to escape detention?
 Were there instances where CICL assaulted a Social
Worker?
 Do they shout and curse the Social Worker while under
their custody?
 Are there times that a CILC states that they being
sexually assaulted by a
 Were there instances where parents of CICL assaulted
a Social Worker?
 Do the CICL parents’ states that their child is being
harassed?
 Do they use cursing words towards the Social worker?
 Are there times when CICL parents try to use violence
to get their child back while under custody of a Social
Worker?
 Did they become hysterical in front of the Social
Worker?
 During the turn over, how the Social Worker handles the
situation if a CICL becomes violent?
 Do they know the proper handling of a CICL under
custody?
 What are the systematic processes they need to follow
in order to conduct their work?
 Did they undergo proper and systematic training in order
to handle CICL?
 Are they aware and equipped with knowledge to have a
resolve during difficult time?
 Do they have enough staff to look over the CICL who
undergo rehabilitation?
 Is the facility equipped with the right tools to shape the
minds and well being of the CICL?
 Did the facility implement strict rules and order towards
their staff and CICL?
 Are the facilities able to fill the needs of the CICL?
 During the outbreak of communicable diseases (cough
and colds), how does the facility facilitate that kind of

situation
 Are there enough funds to support the needs of the
CILC?
 Did the government allocate funds for the erection of the
facility for the CICL?
 During rehabilitation of CICL, does the local government
help them to provide funds for rehabilitation programs?
 Is the financial resources given by the government
enough for the front liners to fulfill their duties
effectively?
 Do they have a proper allocation of funds or budget to
the programs, equipment, rehabilitation of facility, salary
and rations for the CICL?
RECOMMENDATION What are the suggestions/recommendations of the
S FROM THE respondents with regards to the improvement of the programs
FRONTLINERS
in handling CICL?
AQUINO, HANNAH MELINA C.

Address: Blk 20 Kaimito St. Aurora Subd., Angono, Rizal

Email Address: 19-0015.aquino@my.pccr.edu.ph
Contact Number: 09995688859
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Birthday November 02, 2000

Birthplace Mandaluyong City
Citizenship Filipino
Religion Born Again Christian
Age 22
Height 5’ 5”
Status Single
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Tertiary
Brgy, 641 Sales St, Sta Cruz, Manila, 1001 Metro Manila
Bachelor of Science in Criminology
2019 – Present
Secondary
Hope Mission Christian School of Antipolo
Marigman Extension, Antipolo, 1870 Rizal
S.Y.2018-2019
Harris Memorial College

G.K Bunyi St, Dolores, Taytay, 1900 Rizal
S.Y.2017-2018
National College of Business and Arts

Brgy. San Juan, Taytay, Rizal
S.Y.2015-2017
Hope Mission Christian School of Antipolo

Marigman Extension, Antipolo, 1870 Rizal
S.Y.2012-2014

Primary
St. Martin Montessori School
111 First St. San Martin Subd, Angono, 1930 Rizal
S.Y.2006-2012

CHICO, GERON L.
Address: 649 zone 5 Tartaro San miguel Bulacan
Email Address:19-0133.chico@my.pccr.edu.ph
Birthday July 28 2000
Birthplace Tondo Manila
Religion Roman Catholic
Age 22
Height 5'8
Status Single
.
Tertiary
641 Sales St. Sta. Cruz Manila
Bachelor of science in criminology
2022 - Present
Secondary
641 Sales St. Sta Cruz Manila
Senior High
2017 - 2019
John J. Russell Memorial High School

Sibul Spring San Miguel Bulacan
Junior High
2012 – 2017
Primary
Tartaro Elementary School
Tartaro San Miguel Bulacan
Grade School
2006 – 2012

CRISOSTOMO, DIANE L.
Address:Brgy Gaya-gaya F-gerona St San Jose Del
Monte, Bulacan
Email address: 19-0048.crisostomo.my.pccr.edu.ph
Contact number: 9054055243
PERSONAL PROFILE
Birthday December 30, 1999

Birthplace Burdeos Quezon
Gender Female
Age 22
Height 5,4
Civil Status Single
EDUCATIONAL PROFILE
Tertiary
641 Sales St, Quiapo, Manila, 1001 Metro
Manila
2022- present
Secondary
Burdeos National High school
Burdeos Quezon
Senior high
2017-2019
Burdeos National High School

Burdeos Quezon
Junior high
2014-2017
Primary
Tulan Elementary School

Aluyon Burdeos Quezon

Grade School
2007-2013

GUZON, JULIE ANN D.

Address: 167 Blk 9 Zone 2 Brgy. Fort Bonifacio Taguig City
Email Address: 19-0029.guzon@my.pccr.edu.ph
Birthday April 10, 2001

Birthplace Taguig City
Age 21
Height 5’1
Status Single
Tertiary
641 Sales St. Sta. Cruz, Manila
2019-Present
Secondary
Pasay City South High School
Piccio Garden, Villamor Air Base, Pasay City
Senior High
2017-2019
Pasay City South High School

Piccio Garden, Villamor Air Base, Pasay City
Junior High
2013-2017
Primary
San Juan Nepomuceno Inc.
Apelo Cruz Ext., Malibay, Pasay City
Grade School
2007-2013

LAZATIN, NEIL PATRICK B.

Address: #168 Dalan Matulid St. Brgy, Sta Maria Sta Ana
Pampanga
Email Address: neilpatricklazatin0811@gmail.com
Birthday August 11, 2000

Birthplace Arayat Pampanga
Age 22
Height 5’ 7”
Status Single
Tertiary
Brgy, 641 Sales St, Sta Cruz, Manila, 1001 Metro Manila
2021 – Present
Holy Cross College

Brgy, Sta Lucia Sta Ana Pampanga
2019 - 2021
Secondary
Telesforo and Natividad Alfonso High School
Senior High School
Brgy, Sta Maria Sta Ana Pampanga
2017 – 2019
Telesforo and Natividad Alfonso High School

Junior High School
Brgy, Sta Maria Sta Ana Pampanga

2013 – 2017
Primary
Sta Ana Elementary School
Sta Ana Pampanga
2007 – 2013

LEGASPI, KHRYSTEL KATE A.
Address: Blk. 7, L.6 Ph. 5, Assumption Ville, Dulalia

St. Valenzuela City
Email Address:
legaspikhrystel551@gmail.com
Birthday May 5, 2001

Birthplace Caloocan City
Age 21
Height 5’5
Status Single
Tertiary
641 Sales St, Quiapo, Manila, 1001 Metro
Manila College of Criminal Justice
2022 – Present
Secondary
St. Louis College Valenzuela
1443 Maysan Rd, Valenzuela, Metro
Manila Senior High School
2017 – 2019
St. Louis College Valenzuela

1443 Maysan Rd, Valenzuela, Metro
Manila Junior High School
2013 – 2017
Primary
Malinta Elementary School
1400 A. Pablo St, Valenzuela, 1400 Metro
Manila Grade School
2006 – 2013

MORATALLA, ARLINA L.
Address: 17 Dionisio street, Maysilo, City Of

Malabon Email Address: 19-
0066.moratalla@my.pccr.edu.ph Contact
Number: 09814399880
Birthday June-04-1999
Birthplace Kiloloron, Real Quezon
Religion Born-again Christian
Age 23
Height 5'6
Status Single
Tertiary
641 Sales St. Quiapo, Manila, 1001 Metro
Manila College Of Criminal Justice
S.Y. 2020-Present
Secondary
Infanta National High School
PJVX+58M, V. Ruanto St, Infanta,
Quezon Senior High School
S.Y. 2018-2019
Ungos National High School

MJ96+M6P, Ungos, Real, Quezon Province,
Real Junior High School
S.Y. 2013 – 2017
Primary
Kiloloron Elementary School
JJR4+VJC, Real, Quezon
Grade School
S. Y. 2012-2013

NOEL, JAMES CARLO B.

Address: 16J Tower 6 Suntrust Parkview Condominium N.
Lopez St. Ermita, Manila
Email address: 19-0463.noel@my.pccr.edu.ph
Contact number: 0969 400 5352
PERSONAL PROFILE
Birthday May 02, 1996

Birthplace Tarlac, Tarlac
Age 26
Height 5”8
Civil Status Single
EDUCATIONAL PROFILE
Tertiary
641 Sales St, Quiapo, Manila, 1001 Metro Manila
2022- present
Secondary
Zambales National High school
Iba Zambales
High School
2012-2013
Primary
Our Lady Of Lourdes Elementary School
Munting Batangas Balanga, Bataan
Grade School
2007-2008

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Philippine College of Criminology

College of Criminal Justice

CHALLENGES FACED BY POLICE OFFICERS (VAWC) /SOCIAL WORKERS IN

CHAPTER 1.0 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………….3

CHAPTER 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………….….7

2.1 Theoretical Framework………………………………………………………8

2.2 Variable Discussion………………………………………………………….11

2.3. Problem Statement ………………………………………………………….12

2.4 Research Paradigm………………………………………………………….16

CHAPTER 3.0 RESEARCH METHODS……………………………………………17

3.1 Research Design……………………………………………………………..17

3.2 Research Locale……………………………………………………………...17

3.3 Population and Sampling…………………………………………….………17

3.4 Research Instrument…………………………………………………………18

3.5 Data Collection……………………………………………………….……….18

3.6 Data Analysis………………………………………………………………….18

3.7 Research Ethics…………………………………………………......………..19

APPENDIX A (Questionnaire) ………………………………………………………………..25

PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

With the Philippines' staggering population rapidly increasing by 100 million,

In this system, children are provided with proper proceedings, rehabilitation,

PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

Adolescence is undoubtedly a time of transition. Throughout this phrase, the self

PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

According to Sarwar (2016), parenting style is also an aspect of developing

Furthermore, in the study conducted by Baglivio et al., (2016), among the

PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

2.0 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

According to findings provided by Baglivio et al., (2015) regarding why teenagers

PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

2.1 Theoretical Framework

Differential Association theory. Edwin Sutherland's development of this theory

PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

highlighted that a complete awareness of attachment and its developmental course is

Ecological System Theory. Urie Bronfenbrenner developed Ecological Systems

PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

2.2 Variable Discussion

2.2.1 Individual Impact. According to Levenson (2017), social work addresses

PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

2.2.3 External Impacts. There is a wide range of detrimental outcomes on

2.3 Problem Statement

PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

1. What are the challenges experienced by law enforcers in the apprehension of

b. Behavior of Families/Guardian of CICL

PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

i. Were there instances where CICL assaulted a Police Officer

PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

d. State of the Facilities for CICL

e. Budget of the programs for CICL

PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

4. What are the suggestions/recommendations of the respondents with regards

2.4. Research Simulacrum

PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

According to Patton (1987), qualitative research is conducted utilizing open-

As stated by Maxfield & Babbie (2014), the primordial function of applied

3.2 Research Locale

3.3 Population and Sampling

PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

foundation of knowledge by connecting with selected individuals needed in the study;

3.4 Research Instrument