]Lecture-8| P-4

We are interested to Bolve 4he Ym Xn Linear

avations:
+amn =b,

Om t

Ohere aij.btR,

givon and
wnknons.

Writen
The ab ove byste
Ax=b (POAed in

where
A=
bm
Aynn

Qnd
 Defnber | (Solutrn)
A Aolukn of the is an n-tuple

As =b.

of all
Let bt RM, lot w demote the
is
Bluins
Asb .(
said to be Consistent

Othoise it is Aaid to be inconcistont.

The yten O/ ts Basd to be

is
Othe4oise it
-homgeneow» n- KomD neowb
Baid to be

Remk) We Knta hat A0=0. Therore,

) homegeneow getom is

Consistemt.
alog
 [Loctue-8
P-3
Lot AE Main (R)
thorefoe A:R" linoare mat.
notah on

N(A) = x6R
=
Ax-o.
Koenel of A,
S

R(A) = Ax |
A.
Range of
Ne Kned ( som IinDrt
R
N(A) is

A) = dimensi n of N(A)
nallity of A.
Hene, 0sn(A) sn.

is a

r(A) imenion RA)

Tank op A

Aenc, 0 (A) < Yn.

P-4
|Theorm)a( Rank- Matitly )
For Ae Mon (R), r (A)+ n(A) = n ,ie.
Rank off A + N(uty A= .
ines
toffnon Kunge: ânene
also fave
From Rart- Nulty terom

There~re and irglies

to Conclude
will Rank- Nalily therronn
vesults

Ax=b
A. Hitageneews agetom
Let w the
donted S, ,i-e.
xeR" Ax-o N(A).
 tukons, nunbe
o
O/0 the
(taygAm
C: Henel
n <. n
Ynin (A)
m
abve) shomon have (e Knrd
mumbr
inPinite
AoWins.
the then
has (R) Corolang
e)
Mmn ¬ A For
S,=|so]= Cacinaiy
Contins Hene,
eats, pboe iniate
mu
(s N(A)
So= ta,e
ais A) N As
>1 (A) dimenim
N of
70 r(A) n- =mA)
thero
nuliy rank-
numbee
inPinite Ra
O9sgm thur <n (A) r
Leot-8
 2. Nm- Homogeneo n systom

for At Mamn (R),

Lot A=

olumns sf A
n=l,2,-, n
demote the Sutspat of Rm
the Veotors

Col (A):= Spon

Colwmn topace of A.

Galr (A)= dmensisn of o1 (A)

Column

thenrenm 2 For A ¬ Mimn (BR),

and hence r (A)=olr(a).
proof. R(A) = col (A)
Let
Ax= 4. (
 Can be enrsno

is the Stomdared

sie.

(A bnamny
tBstrwe that
an
an

-.

A=

So on . .
3=L2,) h.
 Rave
()

ote
the otrer ncalsisn, et ol (A).
Bo the

(": A te linant)
for
ER(A).
Col(A) CRA).
R(A) = co) A).
dimanson ol (A)

r(A) = alr(4).
 |Loctwa-& P-9
gven bERM
Remauke or a
/ has a souion
note that the Aysham
thee Dists
i
be R (A)
thersem 2
aborey
hand

az

eans

+ Xdn=b.
that
 As Consi stent if2

(A) = r (Alb), matri.

Argnented
Coumn is added )
is Consisten
the An

(bg therom.2)
Colu mme
A)

Col(A) ol (A|B
r(A) =
 ]Lectwe- & P-!
Theerom)4 Lt bt Rm and be a

bofut on of A=b ie As,= b).

ae
Thon S, =A, +S,.(thay
ohore

proof:To shro, fot, S, C s,+ S,

Then, Aa=b

Nod, A(0-3)= Ad-A2,

( Aseb gn)
=0

S, C s,t S.
To prove S, C
So Bo that

As,=b
( Azj=0 )
-12 Ax=b

b,+ S, C S ,
S, = +S,.

Theosem5
the sytem Ax-b
Ran s k hen,
proof
bt R

Rm

R(A) =Rm

4enee
 [P-13).
Rove Kmtan
| Remak Fo Ae Minn CR),
that r (A) s min
)
and
and
R(A)

For a gven b t R no &olwkon

has
RA)
if b t R(A) A-b han im fnite numboe
n
of soinion, As
sontion, bt R(A)
B8 tha As,=b.
is
The

n(A) =n- (a)>0

Henee |S] = 0

v(A) =m and

R (A)= Rm n(A)= n-r^) >o.

An=b han sofukon.
Qnd
Ax=b
P-14
iü) r(A) = min mnn<m
r(A) = n Rnd (A)
R(A) CRm Qnd

’ for a gven
ip b RA), Ax=l fa
has no

Ax=b Ras migt

As

n(A) =0, so]=4

ot So.

m= n.

and r (A) =n

n(A)=n-r(A) = 0
for
-Ras nnique slkon,

atorosted n Case
Thoromt

aqivalend
Aoivial sshm (3=o)
Ras only
Ax- bb has wniaw Be.
(ii) for all beR
A is invwetiMe.

we Csn clnde The suste Ax b

be
A is invueh

Ras în
and btRa)
= Col(A)

and RA)=o(A).