Unit 4 Input 3

REVISION
Practice 1. In the following paragraph, there are mistakes with participle clauses, relative clauses, noun
clauses, cause and effect language, compare and contrast language, passives, subject-verb agreement and
modals. If the underlined part is correct, put a tick (√). If there is a mistake, correct it.
Is there such a thing as sugar addiction?
Refined sugar is as habit-forming as cocaine or nicotine, according to a review
in the British Journal of Sports Medicine. Animal studies show that when 1. 1. given
giving a choice of levers to pull, lab rats will switch from cocaine to sucrose.
In the past, we 2. can work for our sugar fix by eating honey and ripe fruit. We 2. could
then stored any surplus energy as fat for the lean times when bison were
scarce. Now that sugar is available as highly concentrated sucrose and high-
fructose corn syrup – both stripped of nutritional value (minerals and vitamins
are lost in the refining process) – we’re hooked.
Sugar makes us obese, can promote the development of type 2 diabetes, raises
our blood pressure and give us fatty livers. But it also alters our mood, 3. 3. correct
making us feel rewarded and euphoric.
The lead author of the review, James DiNicolantonio at Saint Luke’s Mid
America Heart Institute, says that, 4.whereas salt, sugar has no “aversion 4. correct
signal”. “Salt taste receptors will ‘flip’ when you’ve had too much, but this
doesn’t happen with sugar – so we have a built-in safety mechanism 5. that 5. /which
protects us from overconsuming salt but not sugar,” he says. “People can eat an
entire bag of cookies or endless bars of chocolate and still want more.”
6. Why refined sugar is technically addictive or not has long been debated. 6. correct
What isn’t in doubt is that we eat too much of it. And we should forget the
notion of moderation – any refined sugar is excessive. In the US, the Food and
Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine says: “The lower limit of dietary
carbohydrate compatible with life is apparently zero, 7. provided that adequate 7. correct
amounts of protein and fat 8. consume.” 8. consumed
Deniculatin argues that refined sugars 9. should produce bingeing and cravings 9. can
– indicative of an addictive substance. And then there’s withdrawal. He says:
“Withdrawal symptoms from sugar 10. stem dopamine deficiency in the brain. 10. correct
This may result in symptoms such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,
and it 11. may even create a similar state in the brain as found in 11. correct
patients 12. with depression.” 12. correct

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 There is some evidence of genetic differences in our response to sugar 13. due 13. due to the fact
that
to we all perceive sweetness differently. But, overall, the review says, refined
sugar gives us one of the most intense sensory pleasures of modern life, 14.
14. worrisome
that is worrying for many reasons.
Adapted from https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2017/sep/04/is-there-such-a-thing-as-
sugar-addiction

Practice 2. Combine the following sentences by using the words or clues in parentheses. Do not change
the meaning.
1. Scientists ask governments to consider imposing taxes on foods high in sugar and salt. They want to
lower sugar and salt content. (so as to)
Scientists ask governments to consider imposing taxes on foods high in sugar and salt so as to lower
sugar and salt content.

2. Sugar is a big contributor to obesity. Sugar delivers empty calories with no nutritional value. (which)
Sugar is a big contributor to obesity which delivers empty calories with no nutritional value.

3. One in four children are overweight or obese when they start primary school. This number rises to one
in three children at the age of 11. (Participle clause) .

Starting primary school, one in four children are overweight or obese, and this number rises to one in
three children by the age of 11.

4. Salt raises blood pressure. As a result, it contributes to heart disease and strokes. (Participle clause)
Raising the blood pressure, salt contributes to heart disease and strokes.

5. There is a system where people are benefiting from selling unhealthy foods and they are not paying for
the harm that they are doing. Researchers have reported this. (It) Researchers have reported it that
There is a system where people are benefiting from selling unhealthy foods and they are not paying for
the harm that they are doing.

6. We weren’t able to bring salt consumption down to 6g a day. Therefore, we have a high rate of high
blood pressure and heart disease now. (If)

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If we weren’t able to bring salt consumption down to 6g a day, we would have had a high rate of high blood pressure
and heart disease now.

7. We see more chronic diseases such as cancer and diabetes today. Poor diet seems to be the main
cause. (what has led to)
Poor diet had led to chronic disease such as cancer and diabetes today.

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 8. It is true that unhealthy food high in salt, sugar and calories is the major cause of death and disability. It
is the responsibility of the government and the food industry to take immediate action and prevent
illnesses and deaths. (given that)

Given that unhealthy food high in salt, sugar and calories is the major cause of death and disability, it is the responsibility of the government and the
food industry to take immediate action and prevent illnesses and deaths.

9. Healthy food might become more affordable, accessible and attractive. Then, we will see a shift in
consumption away from unhealthy products. (If)
If healthy food becomes more affordable, accessible and attractive, we will see a shift on consumption away from healthy foods.

10. Diets vary from one country to another. However, eating too few fruits and vegetables and too much
salt accounted for half of all deaths. (Although)
Although diets vary from one country to another, eating too few fruits and vegetables and too much salt accounted for half of deaths.

Practice 3. Rewrite the following sentences by using the words or clues in parentheses.
1. The absence of healthy food in our diet causes more deaths than the junk food we eat. (by)
The absence of healthy food in our diet causes more deaths by the junk food we eat.

2. Eating and drinking better could prevent one in five deaths around the world. (by)
By eating and drinking better, one in five deaths around the worlds could be prevented.

3. Adoption of diets which emphasize soy foods, beans and other healthy plant sources of protein will
have important benefits for our health. (Participle clause)
Emphasizing soy foods, beans, and other healthy plant sources of protein will have important benefits for our health through adoption of such
diets.

4. Obesity which is caused by the imbalance between energy intake and expenditure can be prevented by
encouraging a healthy diet and regular exercise. (Participle clause)
Encouraging a healthy diet and regular exercise can prevent obesity, which is caused by the imbalance between energy intake and expenditure.

5. Many European countries promote Mediterranean or Nordic-style diets so that they will lower rates of
cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular disease in their countries. (in order to)
Many European countries promote Mediterranean or Nordic or Nordic style diets in order to lower rates of cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular
disease in their countries.

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 6. The World Health Organization recommends adopting Mediterranean or Nordic diet as governments
are likely to save the health system money. (2 modal verbs)
The World Health Organization recommends adopting Mediterranean or Nordic diet as governments are
likely to save the health system money.
7. It is impossible for an average parent to keep their children away from the high-calorie food that is
easily available but governments have the ability to promote healthy eating habits. (2 modal verbs)

8. A person who has healthy eating habits is not recommended to take vitamin supplements. (with)

Unit 4 Input 4
REVISION
Practice 1a. Choose the correct option for each blank.
A high-carb diet may explain why Okinawans live so long
Emerging evidence suggests a 10:1 ratio of carbohydrates to proteins may protect the body from
the ravages of ageing.
For every 100,000 inhabitants, Okinawa has 68 centenarians – 1. three times the numbers
found in US populations of the same size. Even by the standards of Japan, Okinawans are remarkable,
with a 40% 2. chance of living to 100 than other Japanese people.
Little wonder scientists have spent decades 3. to uncover the secrets of the Okinawans’ longevity
– in both their genes and their lifestyle. And one of 4. factors to have recently caught the scientists’
attention is the peculiarly high ratio of carbohydrates to protein in the Okinawan diet – with a
particular abundance of sweet potato as the source of most of their calories. “It is quite the opposite
of current popular diets 5. advocate a high protein, low carb diet,” says Samantha Solon-Biet,
who researches nutrition and ageing at the University of Sydney. 6. the popularity of the Atkins and
Paleo diets, there is minimal evidence that high-protein diets really do bring about long-term
benefits. So 7. the “Okinawan Ratio” – 10:1 carbohydrate to protein – instead be the
secret to a long and healthy life? 8. it would still be far too early to
suggest any lifestyle changes based on these observations, the very latest evidence – from human
longitudinal studies and animal trials – suggest the hypothesis is worth serious attention. According
to these findings, a low protein, high carbohydrate diet sets off various physiological responses that
protect us from various age-related illnesses – 9. cancer, cardiovascular disease and
Alzheimer’s disease. And the Okinawan Ratio may achieve the optimal dietary balance 10.
achieve those effects.
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