104

"Better design begins with

researching the needs and
preferences of users."
Module "Human"

105
•

•
•

106
•

107
•

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109
 Perceived yes or no

Action possibility yes or no

The concepts of perceived affordance, correct rejection, false affordance, and hidden
affordance are closely linked to how users interact with products and how designers
should consider these interactions in product design. Here's how they relate:
1.Perceived Affordance: Perceived affordance refers to how users interpret and
understand the possible actions and uses of an object based on its visual or sensory
cues. It's about what users perceive as possible interactions. Designers strive to align
perceived affordance with the intended affordance, ensuring that users correctly
understand how to use a product.
2.Correct Rejection: Correct rejection is a concept in human-computer interaction and
usability design. It occurs when a user correctly decides not to take an action based on
their perception of affordance. For example, if a button appears on a digital interface but
is grayed out, indicating it's not clickable, a user correctly rejects the action of clicking it.
Designers should make sure that elements with no intended function are correctly
rejected by users to prevent confusion.
3.False Affordance: False affordance occurs when an object or element suggests a
possible action that is not actually available or intended by the designer. It can lead to
user frustration and errors. For instance, if a flat touchscreen panel on a kiosk suggests
that it can be swiped, but it's not a touchscreen, users may experience false affordance.
Designers should avoid false affordances to prevent user confusion.
4.Hidden Affordance: Hidden affordance refers to actions or functionalities that are not
immediately apparent but are available for users who discover them through exploration

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or learning. Hidden affordances can enhance user engagement and satisfaction. For
example, keyboard shortcuts in software are a form of hidden affordance. Designers
should balance discoverability and ease of use with hidden affordances to provide more
functionality without overwhelming users.
In the context of product design and ergonomics, designers must carefully consider
perceived affordance to ensure that users can intuitively and correctly interact with a
product. They should also strive to minimize false affordances and make hidden
affordances discoverable when appropriate. Correct rejection is essential to prevent users
from attempting unintended actions, which can lead to errors or frustration. By
addressing these concepts, designers can create products that are user-friendly, efficient,
and ergonomic.

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 • Nothing perceived
• No action possibilities

The link between affordances and the form and shape details of parts during assembling
is significant in product design and ergonomics. Here's how they are interconnected:
1.Design for Assembly (DFA): Design for Assembly is an engineering and design
approach that focuses on simplifying the assembly process of a product. It aims to
reduce the number of parts, minimize the need for specialized tools, and make the
assembly process more efficient. In DFA, the form and shape of parts are crucial because
they should afford easy alignment, connection, and attachment during assembly. Parts
with clear physical affordances that match user expectations for how they should fit
together can greatly enhance the assembly process.
2.Physical Affordances in Parts: Each part's physical design should communicate its
intended function and how it should be assembled. For example, parts may have tabs,
slots, notches, or other features that clearly indicate how they should be oriented and
connected. These physical affordances guide assemblers in making correct decisions
about how to position and manipulate the parts.
3.Perceived Affordances for Assemblers: Just as users rely on perceived affordances to
understand how to interact with a product, assemblers rely on perceived affordances to
understand how parts fit together. The form and shape of parts should align with the
assembler's mental model of how they should be assembled. Parts should "look like"
they fit together, and their design should reduce ambiguity, making it clear how they
should be joined.
4.Ergonomics in Assembly: Ergonomics in assembly is critical to ensure that assemblers

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can comfortably and safely handle parts during the assembly process. The form and
shape of parts should take into account ergonomic principles to minimize strain, awkward
postures, and repetitive motions for assemblers. This can include considerations such as
the size and weight of parts, the placement of handles or grips, and the ease of
manipulation.
In essence, the form and shape details of parts during assembling should align with both
physical and perceived affordances. This ensures that the assembly process is not only
efficient but also intuitive for the assemblers. When parts are designed with clear
physical affordances that match the assembler's perceived affordances, it leads to
smoother assembly, fewer errors, and improved overall product quality.

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Open booth
• Nothing perceived
• Action possibility

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Mac powerbutton
• Nothing perceived
• Action possibility

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Tap controls
• perceived
• Action possibility
wrong

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Open door
• perceived
• Action possibility
wrong

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Zippers
• perceived
• Action possibility
correct (due to
restrictions)

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Open booth
• perceived
• Action possibility
correct

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Control knobs
• perceived
• Action possibility
correct

Link with“natural
mapping”

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 contradictions
• Limiting and
controlling flow…

• What is the link

bewteen mental
models and
affordance?

Mental models and affordances are closely related concepts in the field of design and
usability, particularly in human-computer interaction and product design. Here's how
they are linked:
1.Mental Models:
1. Definition: A mental model is a cognitive representation or internal
understanding that a user develops about how a system, object, or
environment works. It's the user's mental framework for how they expect
things to behave.
2. Formation: Users form mental models based on their prior experiences,
knowledge, and interactions with similar systems or objects. These mental
models help users predict how to use a new system or product.
2.Affordances:
1. Definition: Affordances are the inherent properties or features of an object
or environment that suggest possible actions or uses to a user. They are the
physical characteristics that indicate how an object can be interacted with.
2. Perceived Affordances: Affordances can also include perceived affordances,
which are how users interpret and understand these physical characteristics
based on their mental models.
Link Between Mental Models and Affordances:
•Users' mental models strongly influence how they perceive and interpret affordances.
When users encounter a new product or system, they assess its affordances based on

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their mental models. If the physical affordances align with their mental models, it
enhances usability and user satisfaction.
•Designers aim to align the perceived affordances (how users perceive the possible
actions) with the intended affordances (how the product is designed to be used). This
alignment ensures that users can intuitively understand and correctly interact with the
product based on their mental models.
•Mismatches between users' mental models and perceived affordances can lead to
confusion and errors. For example, if a door handle appears pushable but should be
pulled, it creates a mismatch between the user's mental model of pushing and the actual
affordance of pulling.
•Effective product design involves considering users' likely mental models and designing
affordances that match those mental models. It also requires addressing any potential
mismatches through clear design cues, feedback, and user testing.
In summary, mental models inform how users perceive and interpret the affordances of a
product or system. Designers must consider users' mental models when designing
products to ensure that affordances align with user expectations, leading to more
intuitive and user-friendly designs.

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 “script” / Bruno Latour 1997

Techniek neemt de beslissing van mensen over en

stuurt met harde of lichte fysieke dwang

Bruno Latour, a French sociologist and philosopher of science, often uses the concept of
a "script" in his work to describe how human actions and behaviors are shaped and
guided by pre-established, socially constructed narratives or scripts. In Latour's view,
scripts are an integral part of the social construction of reality and play a significant role
in shaping our perceptions and interactions with the world. Here's a brief explanation of
what Latour means by a "script":
1.Scripts as Social Constructs: Latour argues that our understanding of the world and
our actions within it are not solely determined by objective facts or inherent properties
of things. Instead, they are influenced by the narratives, stories, and cultural frameworks
that society constructs. These narratives act as "scripts" that guide our behavior and
shape our interpretations of reality.
2.Guiding Behavior: Scripts provide a set of instructions or expectations for how
individuals should behave in specific situations or contexts. These instructions are not
fixed but are open to negotiation and change over time. Scripts can be thought of as the
cultural and social norms that dictate what is considered "normal" or appropriate
behavior in a given situation.
3.Example: For example, consider the script of a job interview. There are certain
expectations and norms associated with this script, such as arriving on time, dressing
professionally, and answering questions thoughtfully. These expectations are not
inherent to the act of a job interview but are socially constructed and enforced by
societal norms.

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4. Scripting and Reality Construction: Latour's work emphasizes that scripts are not just
descriptive but also constructive. They actively shape our perceptions and interpretations
of reality. In other words, the script of a situation or context influences how we
understand and make sense of that situation.
5.Deconstruction and Critique: Latour's use of the concept of scripts often involves a
deconstructive approach, where he analyzes how scripts are constructed, maintained,
and sometimes challenged or disrupted. By examining the role of scripts in shaping our
understanding of the world, he aims to reveal the underlying power dynamics and social
processes at play.
In essence, when Bruno Latour talks about a "script," he is referring to the socially
constructed narratives and norms that guide our behavior and shape our understanding
of the world. Understanding these scripts is crucial for analyzing how society constructs
reality and how individuals navigate their social and cultural contexts.

When Bruno Latour states, "Technology takes over human decisions and directs with hard
or light physical coercion” he is highlighting the idea that technology can influence, guide,
or even replace human decision-making and actions, often through various forms of
physical or subtle coercion. Let's break down this statement:
1.Technology Takes Over Decision-Making: Latour suggests that technology can assume
decision-making roles that were traditionally carried out by humans. This means that
automated systems, algorithms, and machines are increasingly capable of making choices
or executing tasks that were once the domain of human agency.

2.Physical or Subtle Coercion: Latour introduces the concept of "hard or light physical
coercion” . This refers to the idea that technology can exert influence over human actions
in both overt and subtle ways.
1. Hard Physical Coercion: This could involve technologies that directly compel
certain actions or behaviors through physical force or control. For example,
automated security systems that physically prevent access to a building or
machinery that enforces safety measures.

2. Light Physical Coercion: This refers to more subtle forms of influence where
technology nudges or guides human behavior without outright force.
Examples include persuasive design techniques in user interfaces, social
media algorithms that encourage specific interactions, or predictive text in
messaging apps.

The statement underscores the increasing role of technology in shaping human behavior
and decisions across various domains, including social, economic, and cultural. It also
raises questions about the ethical implications of this trend, such as the potential for loss
of human agency or the need to consider the values embedded in technological systems.
Latour's work often explores the complex interactions between technology, society, and
human agency, and this statement reflects his perspective on the transformative power
of technology in contemporary life.

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 Printing press + eyeglasses
Arab spring + social media
Home Automation + Apps

From technology pushed to market pushed

The provided text appears to discuss the impact of technological innovations and their
adoption in various historical and contemporary contexts:
1.Printing Press + Eyeglasses: This is referring to the historical advancements in
communication and vision-enhancing technology. The printing press revolutionized the
dissemination of knowledge, while eyeglasses improved reading and visual capabilities.
2.Arab Spring + Social Media: This points to the role of social media platforms in
facilitating and spreading information during significant political and social movements,
such as the Arab Spring. Social media allowed for the rapid exchange of ideas and
organization of protests.
3.Home Automation + Apps/Mobile Devices: This refers to the integration of home
automation systems with mobile devices and applications. People can control various
aspects of their homes remotely using smartphones and apps.
The statement "Shift from 'technology pushed' to 'market pushed.’” suggests a shift
from technologies being primarily driven by technological advancements and
innovations ("technology pushed") to technologies being driven by market demand and
consumer preferences ("market pushed"). In this context, the adoption and
development of technologies are influenced by market forces and consumer needs.
Overall, the text underscores the impact of technology on various aspects of human life,
from historical innovations like the printing press to contemporary phenomena like
social media's role in social movements and the integration of home automation with
mobile devices. It also highlights the changing dynamics between technology

121
development and market demand.

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123
124
Ti:
http://lawsofsimplicity.c
om/

John Maeda

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126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
http://www.tigercolor.c
om/color-lab/color-
theory/color-theory-
intro.htm

135
 Culturele en
symbolische waarden
van kleur

1.Cultural Relevance of Meaning of Colors: The meaning and symbolism of colors can
vary significantly across different cultures and contexts. Colors often carry cultural,
emotional, and psychological associations that influence how they are perceived and
used. For example:
1. Red: In many Western cultures, red can symbolize passion, love, or danger.
In some Asian cultures, it is associated with luck and prosperity.
2. White: In Western cultures, white is often associated with purity and
innocence, while in some Eastern cultures, it can symbolize mourning or
death.
3. Blue: Blue is commonly associated with calmness and stability in many
cultures, but its specific meanings can vary.
Cultural interpretations of colors are shaped by historical, religious, and societal factors.
Understanding the cultural significance of colors is crucial in fields like graphic design,
branding, marketing, and product design, where color choices can have a profound
impact on how a message or product is perceived.
Overall, the theory of colors and the cultural relevance of color meanings are essential
for anyone working with color to create visual compositions, convey messages, or design
products that resonate with specific audiences and cultural contexts.

136
1.Cultural Relevance of Meaning of Colors: The meaning and symbolism of colors can
vary significantly across different cultures and contexts. Colors often carry cultural,
emotional, and psychological associations that influence how they are perceived and
used. For example:
1. Red: In many Western cultures, red can symbolize passion, love, or danger.
In some Asian cultures, it is associated with luck and prosperity.
2. White: In Western cultures, white is often associated with purity and
innocence, while in some Eastern cultures, it can symbolize mourning or
death.
3. Blue: Blue is commonly associated with calmness and stability in many
cultures, but its specific meanings can vary.
Cultural interpretations of colors are shaped by historical, religious, and societal factors.
Understanding the cultural significance of colors is crucial in fields like graphic design,
branding, marketing, and product design, where color choices can have a profound
impact on how a message or product is perceived.
Overall, the theory of colors and the cultural relevance of color meanings are essential
for anyone working with color to create visual compositions, convey messages, or design
products that resonate with specific audiences and cultural contexts.

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Hier wordt vaak
misbruik van gemaakt
om info te verschaffen
in tabellen en grafieken.

138
• Standardization
• Agreements
• Legislation
• Branding

139
Vrijheidsgraden
limiteren om de
gebruiker te sturen

140
Urban planning

https://www.instagram.
com/olifantenpaadjes/

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142
143
Zie “10 laws of
simplicity” en
“chunking”

144
20% functions in main
layer, 80% in sub layer

145
146
147
Gestalt

148
Interface level

149
2d text structure

150
• similar
• example
• symbolic
• artibrary

151
Conextual influence,
lot’s of accidents
happen by this

152
gestalt

153
Great and bad example
;)

154
Link with learning
curve, perceived
affordance, mapping
and earlier experiences

155
Sales vs designer

156
157
Naoto Fukasawa for
Issey Miyake. 12
analoog vs 24 digitaal.

158
http://usewell.be/#/me
thods/

159
gestalt

160
Open recent files…

161
 • Redundancy is a crucial
design principle in critical
systems, such as aerospace,
automotive, and industrial
applications, where system
failures can have severe
consequences.
• When redundancy is
applied effectively, the
failure of one component
does not result in the
overall failure of the system
because backup
components or
mechanisms take over

Redundancy refers to the inclusion of backup or duplicate components within a system

to ensure its continued operation in the event of a failure or fault in one of its
components. Redundancy is a crucial design principle in critical systems, such as
aerospace, automotive, and industrial applications, where system failures can have
severe consequences.
The link between the statement and redundancy is that by incorporating redundancy
into a system, you can achieve the goal expressed in the statement. When redundancy is
applied effectively, the failure of one component does not result in the overall failure of
the system because backup components or mechanisms take over. This enhances the
system's reliability, fault tolerance, and ability to maintain its intended function even in
the presence of failures.
In summary, the statement emphasizes the importance of designing systems to be
robust and resilient against component failures, which is a principle achieved through
redundancy in system design.

162
Sales trick

163
164
gestalt

165
In search for problems,
possibilities, and
unusual stuff

Link with persona’s,

research, activity
listening

166
Natural mapping at
system level

167
Coherence of signal to
noise ratio, layering,
wayfinding, template
matching, highlighting
etc…

168