Practice Exam:

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. What is the main focus of ecological anthropology?
a. Human evolution
b. Language development
c. Artifacts and archaeology
d. Human-environment relationships
e. Economic systems
2. Which of the following is NOT a subfield of anthropology?
a. Biological anthropology
b. Cultural anthropology
c. Ecological anthropology
d. Linguistic anthropology
e. Astrophysics
3. What is the term used for the collaborative management of natural
resources?
a. Co-management
b. Mutual management
c. Resource sharing
d. Collective control
e. Joint governance
4. The Chipko movement aimed to address which environmental issue?
a. Air pollution
b. Deforestation
c. Water scarcity
d. Soil erosion
e. Overfishing
5. Which of the following is an example of a wicked problem?
a. Calculating the area of a triangle
b. Choosing a restaurant for dinner
c. Ecological degradation
d. Solving a crossword puzzle
e. Learning a new language
6. The Green Revolution primarily focused on:
a. Renewable energy
b. Recycling and waste management
c. Agricultural productivity
d. Forest conservation
e. Water conservation
7. Which of the following is a key driver of ecological degradation?
a. Decreased consumption
b. Population decline
c. Globalization
d. Traditional farming practices
e. Decreased industrialization
8. What is the term used for the right of communities to define their own
food systems and policies?
a. Food security
b. Food sovereignty
c. Food autonomy
d. Food independence
e. Food rights
9. How do anthropologists respond to ecological crises?
a. Through legislation
b. By creating new technologies
c. Through social and cultural research
d. By implementing market solutions
e. Through military intervention
10. In which country did the Chipko movement originate?
a. Brazil
b. Indonesia
c. India
d. Kenya
e. United States
11. Which school of ecological anthropology focuses on the relationship
between political factors and human-environment interactions?
a. Cultural ecology
b. Historical ecology
c. Political ecology
d. Human behavioral ecology
e. Environmental anthropology
12. What is the primary goal of participatory research?
a. To achieve publication in academic journals
b. To gather information for government policymakers
c. To actively engage with communities to address real-world problems
d. To conduct research independently of community input
e. To verify existing theories and hypotheses
13. Which of the following is NOT a response to ecological disaster?
a. Individual efforts
b. Market solutions
c. Engineering solutions
d. Ignoring the problem
e. Indigenous community initiatives
14. What is the main difference between food security and food sovereignty?
a. Food security focuses on the quantity of food, while food sovereignty focuses
on the quality of food
b. Food security emphasizes availability and accessibility, while food sovereignty
emphasizes the right to define food systems and policies
c. Food security is concerned with global food systems, while food sovereignty is
concerned with local food systems
d. Food security is a short-term goal, while food sovereignty is a long-term goal
e. Food security applies only to developed countries, while food sovereignty
applies only to developing countries
15. What is petro-hegemony?
a. The political and economic dominance of a nation or group of nations based on
their control of oil resources
b. The process of extracting petroleum from the Earth
c. A system of government where the petroleum industry plays a central role in
policy-making
d. The formation of international alliances to secure access to petroleum
resources
e. A social movement advocating for the reduction of dependence on petroleum
16. Which of the following is NOT a strategy that underpins the preventive
engineering approach to sustainability?
a. Pollution prevention
b. Resource conservation
c. Energy efficiency
d. Population control
e. Waste minimization
17. What is the primary purpose of the Invisible Hand concept in economics?
a. To describe the role of government in regulating the economy
b. To illustrate how individual self-interest can lead to collective benefits
c. To argue for the equal distribution of wealth and resources
d. To explain the importance of centralized economic planning
e. To emphasize the need for corporations to prioritize social and environmental
goals
18. In the context of indigenous water governance, which of the following is a
key difference between indigenous water management practices and state
water policies?
a. Indigenous practices focus on quantity, while state policies focus on quality
b. Indigenous practices prioritize individual ownership, while state policies
prioritize communal ownership
c. Indigenous practices emphasize spiritual and cultural connections to water,
while state policies emphasize economic uses
d. Indigenous practices are based on scientific principles, while state policies are
based on traditional knowledge
e. Indigenous practices encourage the privatization of water resources, while
state policies support public control
 19. What is the primary focus of the Kyoto Protocol?
a. Addressing global food security
b. Regulating international trade
c. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions
d. Encouraging sustainable development
e. Conserving biodiversity
20. Which of the following is NOT a subfield in anthropology?
a. Cultural anthropology
b. Biological anthropology
c. Linguistic anthropology
d. Ecological anthropology
e. Quantum anthropology
21. What is the term used to describe the study of human-environment
relationships?
a. Environmental anthropology
b. Cultural ecology
c. Human behavioral ecology
d. Political ecology
e. Historical ecology
22. Which of the following is NOT a response to ecological crisis?
a. Market solutions
b. Engineering solutions
c. Indigenous community initiatives
d. Government intervention
e. Ignoring the problem
 23. What is the main difference between social responsibility and action
research?
a. Social responsibility focuses on individual actions, while action research focuses
on collective actions
b. Social responsibility emphasizes ethical behavior, while action research
emphasizes practical problem-solving
c. Social responsibility is a passive approach, while action research is an active
approach
d. Social responsibility is concerned with the environment, while action research
is concerned with society
e. Social responsibility is a theoretical concept, while action research is a
methodological approach
24. What was the main goal of the Green Revolution?
a. To increase agricultural productivity and alleviate world hunger
b. To promote organic and sustainable farming practices
c. To reduce the use of pesticides and fertilizers
d. To protect endangered species and biodiversity
e. To encourage the global adoption of renewable energy technologies
25. What is the term used to describe a situation where the right to define food
systems and policies is held by communities?
a. Food autonomy
b. Food security
c. Food sovereignty
d. Food independence
e. Food rights
Short Answer Questions:
1. What is the primary goal of ecological anthropology?

2. Explain the concept of a wicked problem and provide an example.

3. What are the key principles of the political ecology school of thought in
ecological anthropology?

4. Briefly describe the Chipko movement and its significance in environmental

activism.

5. How is the Green Revolution connected to ecological crises?

6. What are the main differences between food security and food
sovereignty?

7. Explain the concept of indigenous water governance and how it differs from
state water policies.

8. Provide two examples of how economic globalization contributes to

ecological crises in developing countries.

9. Describe the preventive engineering approach to sustainability and list its

three main strategies.
 10. How do anthropologists address and respond to ecological crises?

Answer Key:
Multiple Choice Questions:
1. d
2. e
3. a
4. b
5. c
6. c
7. c
8. b
9. c
10. c
11. c
12. c
13. d
14. b
15. a
16. d
17. b
18. c
19. c
20. e
21. a
22. e
23. b
24. a
25. c
Short Answer Questions:
1. The primary goal of ecological anthropology is to study human-environment
relationships and understand how cultural, social, and political factors influence
human interactions with the environment.
2. A wicked problem is a complex issue that is difficult to define, has no single solution,
and involves multiple stakeholders with conflicting interests. Examples include climate
change, poverty, and inequality.
3. The key principles of the political ecology school of thought in ecological anthropology
include examining power dynamics, analyzing the role of political and economic
factors in shaping human-environment relationships, and understanding how these
factors contribute to environmental degradation and social inequality.
4. The Chipko movement was an environmental movement in India during the 1970s,
where local villagers, primarily women, embraced trees to protect them from being
cut down by loggers. The movement emphasized the importance of forest
conservation and local community involvement in environmental decision-making.
5. The Green Revolution, aimed at increasing agricultural productivity, has been
connected to ecological crises such as water pollution from chemical fertilizers and
pesticides, loss of biodiversity due to monoculture farming practices, and soil
degradation.
6. Food security focuses on ensuring the availability and accessibility of food, while food
sovereignty emphasizes the right of communities to define their own food systems
and policies.
7. Indigenous water governance prioritizes the spiritual, cultural, and communal aspects
of water management, as well as traditional knowledge and practices. State water
policies often emphasize economic uses and centralized control over water resources.
8. Two examples of how economic globalization contributes to ecological crises in
developing countries include deforestation for agricultural expansion and resource
extraction, and the displacement of local communities due to large-scale
infrastructure projects.
9. The preventive engineering approach to sustainability focuses on pollution
prevention, resource conservation, and energy efficiency in order to minimize
environmental impacts and promote sustainable development.
10. Anthropologists address and respond to ecological crises by conducting research on
the social, cultural, and political factors that contribute to environmental issues,
engaging with communities to better understand their perspectives and needs, and
advocating for more inclusive and equitable environmental policies and practices.