FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SKILLS OF THE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

JENNY ANNE V. VALERIANO

SHELLA P. DELA CRUZ
CHARMAINE G. BUTOLAN
KIMBERLY R. TADENA
ADDIESA KATE MARIE R. SOLMORO
CHRISTIAN YUSON

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

YEAR 2024

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FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SKILLS OF THE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN BUSINESS
ADMINISTRATION

A Project
Presented to the Faculty
of the Collage of Business Education
Ilocos sur polytechnic state college - Main campus
San Nicolas, Candon City, Ilocos Sur

In partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree
Bachelor of Science in Business Administration
Major in Human Resources

JENNY ANNE V. VALERIANO

SHELLA P. DELA CRUZ
CHARMAINE P. BUTOLAN
KIMBERLY R. TADENA
ADDIESA KATE MARIE R. SOLMORO
CHRISTIAN YUSON

YEAR 2024

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 FLAG OF GERMAY_________________________________________________ 4
 INTRODUCTION __________________________________________________ 5

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  HISTORY OF GERMANY ____________________________________________ 6
 THE PAST AND PRESENT OF GERMANY ________________________________ 8
 CURRENCY OF THE COUNTRY _______________________________________ 27
 TH ECONOMIC STATUS OF GERMANY ________________________________ 28
 IN TERMS OF THE FOLLOWING: _____________________________________
 TOURISM ______________________________________________________ 29
 AGRICULTURE __________________________________________________ 32
 INFRASTRUCTURE _______________________________________________ 33
 FINANCIAL INSTRUCTION, BANKS,STOCKS AND MARKET__________________34
 NATURAL RESOURCES ____________________________________________ 37
 TAXES AND INCOME _____________________________________________ 40
 LAND,SEA AND AIR TRANSPORTATION _______________________________ 42
 PEACE AND SECURITY OF GERMANY _________________________________ 44
 EMPLOYMENT OPPURTUNITIES _____________________________________ 45
 POVERTY _______________________________________________________ 46
 INTRODUCTION _________________________________________________ 47
 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE ______________________________________48
 STATEMENT MISSION,VISSION AND GOALS OF GERMANY---------------------------49
 LIST OF DIFFERENT DEPARTMENT ___________________________________ 50
 POLITICAL PARTIES------------------------------------------------------------------------------52
 PROBLEMS ISSUE AND CONCERNS OF EVERY DEPARTMENT ______________ 56
 STEPS BY STEP OPERATION AND PROCESS-----------------------------------------------57
 5 YEARS ACTION PLAN ____________________________________________ 59
 GNP------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------61
 CURRICULUM VITAE _____________________________________________ 62
 REFERENCES ____________________________________________________ 68

I. THE FLAG OF GERMANY

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I. INTRODUCTION
Germany has about 82 million inhabitants. It is by far the largest country in the EU in
terms of population. Germany is a modern, cosmopolitan country. Its society is shaped
by a plurality of life styles and truly different ethno-cultural diversity. Forms of
coexistence have become more varied, and the scope individuals enjoy has become
greater. Traditional gender roles have been dispensed with. Despite the social chang es,
the family remains the most important social reference unit and young people have very
close bonds with their parents.
Germany’s path to a liberal constitutional democracy and a functioning parliamentary
system involved many historical ruptures: particularism in the early years of the Modern

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age, the failure of the March Revolution and the Weimar Republic through to the “flaw
in history” caused by National Socialism. Unity and liberty, key concepts since the 19th
century, also occupied Germans during the nation’s division after the Second World
War. Not until reunification in 1990 was the “German issue” resolved. Germany is a land
of ideas. Education, science and research play a central role here. In a Europe free of
borders and a world of globalized markets, education lays the basis, enabling us to
exploit the opportunities open borders and world-wide knowledge networks offer. The
German education and university system is undergoing a profound process of renewal
that is already bearing fruit: Germany is one of the countries most preferred by foreign
students, a hub of cutting-edge international research and a constant source of new
patents
Great cuisine and fine wines, relaxing in Mother Nature, festivals and celebrations,
vacation, design and fashion, inspiring architecture. Germany has plenty of all to offer –
and is far removed from all the clichés that might still abound about lederhosen and
sauerkraut. But then the numerous visitors from abroad who are increasingly
discovering that Germany is an interesting vacation destination already know this. Not
just because of the wealth of German cultural and historical sights, but also because of
the wide-ranging regional cuisine and the changing landscapes. In fact, although the
Germans are the undisputed world champions when it comes to foreign travel, they still
prefer to holiday between the North Sea and the Alps

III. HISTORY OF GERMANY

The concept of Germany as a distinct region in Central Europe can be traced to Julius
Caesar, who referred to the unconquered area east of the Rhineas Germania, thus
distinguishing it from Gaul. The victory of the Germanic tribes in the Battle of the
Teutoburg Forest (AD 9) prevented annexation by the Roman Empire, although the
Roman provinces of Germania Superior and Germania Inferior were established along
the Rhine. Following the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Franks conquered the
other West Germanic tribes. When the Frankish Empire was divided among Charles the
Great'sheirs in 843, the eastern part became East Francia. In 1962, Otto I became the
first Holy Roman Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, the medieval German state.
During the High Middle Ages, the Hanseatic League dominated by German port cities
established itself along the Baltic and North Seas. The growth of a crusading element
within German Christendom led to the State of the Teutonic Order along the Baltic coast

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in what would later become Prussia. In the Investiture Controversy, the German
Emperors resisted Catholic Church authority. In the Late Middle Ages, the regional
dukes, princes, and bishops gained power at the expense of the emperors. Martin
Luther ledtheProtestant Reformation within the Catholic Church after 1517, as the
northern and eastern states became Protestant, while most of the southernandwestern
states remained Catholic. The Thirty Years' War, a civil war from1618 to 1648 brought
tremendous destruction to the Holy Roman Empire. Theestates of the empire attained
great autonomy in the Peace of Westphalia, themost important being Austria, Prussia,
Bavaria and Saxony. WiththeNapoleonic Wars, feudalism fell away and the Holy Roman
Empirewasdissolved in 1806. Napoleon established the Confederation of the
RhineasaGerman puppet state, but after the French defeat, the German Confederation
was established under Austrian presidency. The German revolutions of 1848–1849 failed
but the Industrial Revolution modernized the German economy, leading to rapid urban
growth and the emergence of the socialist movement. Prussia, with its capital Berlin,
grew in power. German universities became world-class centres for science and
humanities, while music and art flourished. The unification of Germany was achieved
under the leadership of the Chancellor Otto von Bismarck with the formation of the
German Empirein1871. The new Reichstag, an elected parliament, had only a limited
role in the imperial government. Germany joined the other powers in colonial expansion
in Africa and the Pacific

By 1900, Germany was the dominant power on the European continent and its rapidly
expanding industry had surpassed Britain’s while provoking it in naval arms race.
Germany led the Central Powers in World War I, but was defeated, partly occupied,
forced to pay war reparations, and stripped of its colonies and significant territory along
its borders. The German Revolution of 1918–1919 ended the German Empire with the
abdication of WilhelmII in1918 and established the Weimar Republic, an ultimately
unstable parliamentary democracy. In January 1933, Adolf Hitler, leader of the Nazi
Party, used the economic hardships of the Great Depression along with popular
resentment over the terms imposed on Germany at the end of WorldWar I to establish a
totalitarian regime. This Nazi Germany made racism, especially antisemitism, a central
tenet of its policies, and becameincreasingly aggressive with its territorial demands,
threatening war if theywere not met. Germany quickly remilitarized, annexed its
German-speakingneighbors and invaded Poland, triggering World War II. During the
war, theNazis established a systematic genocide program known as the Holocaust which
killed 17 million people, including 6 million Jews (representing 2/3rdsof the European
Jewish population). By 1944, the German Army was pushedback on all fronts until finally
collapsing in May 1945. Under occupationbytheAllies, denazification efforts took place,

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large populations under former German-occupied territories were displaced, German
territories were split upby the victorious powers and in the east annexed by Poland and
the Soviet Union. Germany spent the entirety of the Cold War era divided into the
NATO- aligned West Germany and Warsaw Pact-aligned East Germany. Germansalso
fled from Communist areas into West Germany, which experiencedrapideconomic
expansion, and became the dominant economy in Western Europe.
In 1989, the Berlin Wall was opened, the Eastern Bloc collapsed, andEast and West
Germany were reunited in 1990. The Franco-German friendshipbecame the basis for the
political integration of Western Europe intheEuropean Union. In 1998–1999, Germany
was one of the founding countriesof the urozone. Germany remains one of the
economic powerhousesof Europe, contributing about ¼ of the eurozone’s annual gross
domesticproduct. In the early 2010s, Germany played a critical role in trying to
resolvethe escalating euro crisis, especially concerning Greece and other
SouthernEuropean nations. In 2015, Germany faced the European migrant crisis
asthemain receiver of asylum seekers from Syria and other troubled regions. Germany
opposed Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine and decidedtostrengthen its armed forces.

IV. LIST OF PAST AND PRESENT PRESIDENT OF GERMANY

THEODOR HEUSS 31 January 1884 – 12 December 1963)

German liberal politician who served as the first president of West Germany from 1949
to 1959. His cordial nature – something of a contrast tothe stern character of Chancellor
Konrad Adenauer – largely contributedtothestabilization of democracy in West Germany
during the years. Before beginning his career as a politician, Heuss had been a political
journalist Heuss was born in Brackenheim, a small town and wine-making
communitynear Heilbronn, on the border between the historic regions of Swabia
andFranconia

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He attended the Karlsgymnasium in Heilbronn, from which he graduatedin1902. This
selective secondary school has since been renamed the Theodor- Heuss-Gymnasium, in
honor of its famous alumnus. Heuss studied economics, art history and political science
at the universitiesof Munich and Berlin
He received his doctorate at Munich, with Lujo Brentano serving as his thesisadviser, in
1905. Heuss was also a student of Friedrich Naumann, a German politician and
theologian. On 11 April 1908, he married Elly Heuss- Knapp (1881–1952), with whom he
had a son. The minister presiding over theLutheran wedding ceremony held in Straßburg
was Albert Schweitzer, aclosefriend of Elly

Lübke Heinrich BONN, second president

He had undergone an operation a week ago after acute intestinal bleedinghad

developed. Earlier, he had been treated for arteriosclerosis. His 87 ‐year ‐old wife,
Wilhelmine, had spent most of the last eight days at his bedside
. Mr. Lake, a self ‐effacing man with peasant reserve, was referred to withthediminutive
Heinle by most of his countrymen, a usage almost unthinkablefor previous German
Presidents.
Where Chancellor Konrad Aderiauer and his predecessor as President, Theodor Heuss,
tried to direct the recovery of war‐ruined Germany in aphysical and moral sense, Mr.
Ltibke. who took office in 1959 and remainedPresident for a decade, was confronted

8
also with a generation of younger Germans, whose views and values were determined
by the present andfutureof their country and Europe.
Mr. Ltibke would have been the last t to deny that he was fully adequate tothejob of
head of state in a dynamic transitional phase of his nation's history

GUSTAV HEINEMANN 1969 Gustav Walter Heinemann (German 3rd President)

23 July 1899 – 7 July 1976) was a German politician who was President of West
Germany from 1969 to 1974. He served as mayor of Essen from1946to 1949, West
German Minister of the Interior from 1949 to 1950, and Minister of Justice from 1966 to
1969. Heinemann was named after his mother's father, a master roof tiler in Barmen,
with radical-democratic, left-liberal, and patriotic views. His maternal grandfather,
Heinemann's great-grandfather, had taken part in the Revolutionof 1848. His father,
Otto Heinemann, a manager at the Krupp steelworks

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WALTER SCHEEL1974 Walter Scheel (German 4th president)

8 July 1919 – 24 August 2016)[1] was a German statesman. A member of theNazi Party
that joined the Free Democratic Party of Germany (FDP) in1946, he first served in
government as the Federal Minister of EconomicCooperation and Development from
1961 to 1966 and later as President of Germany from 1974 to 1979. He led the FDP from
1968 to 1974

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KARL CARSTENS 1979 Karl Carstens 14 December 1914 – 30 May 1992) was a German
politician. He servedasthe president of West Germany from 1979 to 1984. Carstens was
born in the City of Bremen, the son of a commercial school teacher, who had been killed
at the Western Front of WorldWar I shortly before his birth. He studied law and political
science at theuniversities of Frankfurt, Dijon, Munich, Königsberg, and
Hamburgfrom1933 to 1936, gaining a doctorate in 1938 and taking the
SecondStaatsexamen degree in 1939. In 1949 he also received a Master of Laws(LL.M.)
degree from Yale Law School. Carstens was born in the City of Bremen, the son of a
commercial school teacher, who had been killed at the Western Front of WorldWar I
shortly before his birth. He studied law and political science at theuniversities of
Frankfurt, Dijon, Munich, Königsberg, and Hamburgfrom1933 to 1936, gaining a
doctorate in 1938 and taking the SecondStaatsexamen degree in 1939. In 1949 he also
received a Master of Laws(LL.M.) degree from Yale Law School

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Richard von Weizsäcker 1984 Richard Karl Freiherr von Weizsäcker 15 April 1920 – 31
January 2015) was a Germanpolitician (CDU), who served as President of Germany
from1984 to1994. Born into the aristocratic Weizsäcker family, who were part of
theGerman nobility, he took his first public offices in the Protestant Churchin Germany.
A member of the CDU since 1954, Weizsäcker waselected as a member of parliament at
the 1969 elections. He continuedtohold a mandate as a member of the Bundestag until
he becameGoverning Mayor of West Berlin, following the 1981 state elections. In1984,
Weizsäcker was elected as President of the Federal Republicof Germany and was re-
elected in 1989 for a second term. As yet, heandTheodor Heuss are the only two
Presidents of the Federal Republicof Germany who have served two complete five-year-
terms. On 3 October 1990, during his second term as president, the reorganized five
statesof the German Democratic Republic and East Berlin joined the Federal Republic of
Germany, which made Weizsäcker President of a reunifiedGermany.

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ROMAN HERZOG1994 Roman Herzog 5 April 1934 – 10 January 2017) was a German
politician, judge and legal scholar, who served as the president of Germany from 1994
to 1999. Amember of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), he was the first president
to be elected after the reunification of Germany. He previously servedasajudge of the
Federal Constitutional Court, and he was the President of thecourt 1987–1994. Before
his appointment as a judge he was a professor of law. He received the 1997
Charlemagne Prize

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Johannes Rau 16 January 1931 – 27 January 2006) was a German politician (SPD).
Hewasthe president of Germany from 1 July 1999 until 30 June 2004 and theminister
president of North Rhine-Westphalia from 20 September 1978to9June 1998. In the
latter role, he also served as president of the Bundesrat in1982/83 and in 1994/95.

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Horst Köhler 2004 Horst Köhler (born 22 February 1943) is a German politician who
served as President of Germany from 2004 to 2010. As the candidate of the two
ChristianDemocratic sister parties, the CDU (of which he is a member) and the CSU, as
well as the liberal FDP, Köhler was elected to his first five-year termbytheFederal
Convention on 23 May 2004 and was subsequently inauguratedon1July 2004. He was
reelected to a second term on 23 May 2009. Just ayear later, on 31 May 2010, he
resigned from his office in a controversy over acomment on the role of the German
Bundeswehr in light of a visit to thetroopsin Afghanistan. During his tenure as president,
whose office is mostly concerned with ceremonial matters, Köhler was a highly popular
politician, with approval rates above those of both Chancellor Gerhard Schröder
andlater Chancellor Angela Merkel.

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 CHRISTIAN WUFF 2010

Christian Wilhelm Walter Wulff born 19 June 1959) is a retired German politician and
lawyer who servedasPresident of Germany from 2010 to 2012. A member of the
ChristianDemocratic Union (CDU), he previously served as minister president of thestate
of Lower Saxony from 2003 to 2010. He was elected to the presidencyin the 30 June
2010 presidential election, defeating opposition candidateJoachim Gauck and taking
office immediately, although he was not sworninuntil 2 July With the age of 51, he
became Germany's youngest president.

Republic of the Philippines

ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE

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 JOACHIM GAUCK 2012

ioachim Wilhelm Gauck born 24 January 1940) is a German politician who

servedasPresident of Germany from 2012 to 2017. A former Lutheranpastor, he came to
prominence as an anti-communist civil rightsactivist in East Germany

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 FRANK WALTER STEINMEIER 2017

Frank-Walter Steinmeier German politician serving as president of Germany since 19

March 2017. He was previously federal minister of foreign affairs from 2005 to 2009 and
againfrom 2013 to 2017, as well as vice chancellor of Germany from2007 to 2009

V. PRESIDENT AND KEY OFFICIALS OF THEGERMANY

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 FRANK WALTER STEINMEIER2017
Frank-Walter Steinmeier German politician serving as president of Germany since 19
March 2017. Hewas previously federal minister of foreign affairs from 2005 to 2009
andagainfrom 2013 to 2017, as well as vice chancellor of Germany from2007 to2009

Chancellor of germany

ANGELA MERKEL

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MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS

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VICE-CHANCELLOR OF GERMANYOLAR SCHOLZ

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MINISTER OF FINANCE Wolfgang Schäuble

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 MINISTER OF DEFENCE

ANNEGRET KRAMP-KARRENBAUER

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MINISTER OF INTERIOR

HORST SEEHOFER

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VI. Currency of the country
Germany only uses euros. Since 2002, it no longer uses the Deutsche mark. Deutsche
mark bills and coins can be exchanged for euros at federal banklocations in Germany.
The currency in Germany is the euro. Each euroisdivided into 100 cents. When you’re
buying currency for Germany, look out for the currency codeEUR. And once you’re in
Germany, you’ll see the symbol € used to showprices. You’ll find Euro banknotes in
denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and500 - although the 200 and 500 EUR notes
are seldom used. There arealso1and 2 euro coins. Cents come in coins of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20
and 50. The Wise euro travel money card lets you top up in your local currency,
andswitch to euro to spend when you’re in Germany. You’ll get the best ratefor
spending in euro - and can also hold and spend 40+ other currencies withthesame card.

Get your Wise travel money card online for free, to send and spend moneyaround the
world at the real exchange rate. Simply top up your card and convert to the currency
you need in real timeusing the Wise app. You’ll always get the real exchange rate with
no hidden costs, and you’ll avoidforeign transaction fees while withdrawing from ATMs
abroad, payinginrestaurants and shops, and buying your accommodation and flights.

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VII. THE ECONOMIC STATUS OF GERMANY

The economy of Germany is a highly developedsocial market economy. It hasthe largest national economy
in Europe, the third-largest by nominal GDPinthe world (almost tied with Japan), and fifth by GDP (PPP).
Due to a volatilecurrency exchange rate, Germany's GDP as measured in dollars fluctuatessharply. In
2017, the country accounted for 28% of the euro area economyaccording to the International Monetary
Fund (IMF). Germany is a founding member of the European Union and the Eurozone. In 2016, Germany
recorded the highest trade surplusin the world, worth$310billion. This economic result made it the
biggest capital exporter globally. Germany is one of the largest exporters globallywith $1810.93billion
worth of goods and services exported in 2019. The servicesectorcontributes around 70% of the total GDP,
industry 29.1%, and agriculture 0.9%. Exports accounted for 41% of national output. [needsupdate The
top 10 exports of Germany are vehicles, machinery, chemical goods, electronic products, electrical
equipment, pharmaceuticals, transport equipment, basic metals, food products, and rubber and plastics.
Theeconomy of Germany is the largest manufacturing economy in Europe, andit is less likely to be
affected by a financial downturn. Germany conducts applied research with practical industrial value and
sees itself as a bridgebetween the latest university insights and industry-specific product and process
improvements. It generates a great deal of knowledge in its ownlaboratories. Germany is rich in timber,
lignite, potash and salt. Some minor sources of natural gas are being exploited in the state of Lower
Saxony. Until the German reunification, the German Democratic Republic mined for uranium in the Ore
Mountains

Germany is sourced predominantly by fossil fuels (30%), with wind power insecond place, then
nuclear power, gas, solar, biomass (wood and biofuels) and hydro.[33] Germany is the first
major industrialized nation to commit tothe renewable energy transition called Energiewende.
Germany is the leadingproducer of wind turbines in the world.[34] Renewables produced 46%of
electricity consumed in Germany (as of 2019).[35] 99 per cent of all Germancompanies belong
to the German "Mittelstand", small and medium-sizedenterprises, which are mostly family-
owned. Of the world's 2000 largest publicly listed companies measured by revenue, the Fortune
Global 2000, 53are headquartered in Germany, with the Top 10 being Allianz, Daimler,
Volkswagen, Siemens, BMW, Deutsche Telekom, Bayer, BASF, Munich Reand SAP.[36] Germany
is the world's top location for trade fairs.[37] Around two thirds of theworld's leading trade fairs
and Düsseldorf.

A. TOURISM

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Germany is the eighth-most-visited country in the world with a total of 407.26 million
overnights during 2012. This number includes 68.83 million nights by foreign visitors, the
majority of foreign tourists in 2009 coming from the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and
Switzerland (see table). Additionally, more than 30% of Germans spend their holiday in their
own country. According to Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Reports, Germany is ranked
3 out of 136 countries in the 2017 report, and is rated as one of the safest travel destinations
worldwide. In 2012, over 30.4 million international tourists arrived in Germany, bringing over
US$38 billion in international tourism receipts to the country. Domestic and international
travel and tourism combined directly contribute over EUR43.2 billion to the German GDP.
Including indirect and induced impacts, the industry contributes 4.5% of German GDP and
supports 2 million jobs (4.8% of total employment). The ITB Berlin is the world's leading
tourism trade fair. According to surveys, the top three reasons for tourists to come to
Germany are the German culture, outdoor activities, the countryside and rural areas, and the
German cities.

TOURISM IN GERMANY

Why Germany is one of the top tourist attractions

in the world

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Visiting Germany's most famous cities is a top priority for many. But a vacation in
picture-perfect villages is also possible, as well as attending spectacular events!

While Berlin is a favorite travel destination for tourists from near and far, Bavaria
is actually the most popular tourist destination in the country, with 100
million overnight stays in 2019. This is because Germany is also a really popular
vacation destination among Germans. This means that most visitors come from
Germany itself! According to deutschland.de, the following countries rank next:
The Netherlands, Switzerland and the USA.

When traveling to or within Germany, the majority of people are looking for
history, culture and natural beauty. In metropolitan cities such
as Munich, Berlin or Hamburg, those interested in culture
enjoy visiting spectacular sights or experiencing art. Active holidaymakers like to
head to the Bavarian Alps, the Black Forest or the Rhine Valley to indulge in
some real action.

What do tourists want to see in Germany?

Many people visiting Germany enjoy several destinations during their trip. Thus, they often
choose one region to stay in, such as the Black Forest in the southwestern corner of Germany,
and from there visit various other regions - like Baden-Baden (which is only a one-hour drive
away) or even Neuschwanstein (a palace commissioned by King Ludwig II and the ultimate
fairytale castle with great landscapes all around).

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Germany's larger cities are also among the main tourist attractions. Hamburg, in the far
north, for example, is a popular travel destination for city travelers who enjoy art, culture and
special events at the opera.

Have you heard of the Cologne Cathedral? Cologne boasts an extraordinary

cathedral, Frankfurt is a very international city that should be visited at least once,
and Munich has superb events like the Oktoberfest in the early fall.

B. AGRICULTURE

As in other sectors of the economy, the division of Germany was reflectedinadramatic

divergence of agricultural development. West Germany remainedessentially a country of small
family farms; in the 1980s only about 5 percent of holdings had more than 124 acres (50
hectares), though they accountedfor nearly one-fourth of the total agricultural area. Hops
growing near Mainburg, in the Hallertau district, Niederbayern, Germany.As in other sectors of
the economy, the division of Germany wasreflected in a dramatic divergence of agricultural
development. West Germanyremained essentially a country of small family farms; in the 1980s
only about 5 percent of holdings had more than 124 acres (50 hectares), though theyaccounted

29
for nearly one-fourth of the total agricultural area. By the beginningof the 21st century,
however, large farms represented about half of the total agricultural area in western Germany
and some two-thirds in eastern Germany. The change in western Germany is reflective of a
rationalizationof agriculture, with many small landholders leaving farming and the
remainingfarms often increasing in size. The larger farms in the west are mainly concentrated in
Schleswig-Holstein and eastern Lower Saxony, with smaller groupings in Westphalia, the
lowland west of Cologne, and southern Bavaria. Small farms predominated in the central and
southern parts of West Germany. The process of steady enlargement decreased the total
number of holdingsbymore than three-fourths from 1950 to the end of the 20th century. The
number of people employed in agriculture also declined substantially, fromabout onefifth of the
total workforce in 1950 to less than 3 percent by the end of the20thcentury. As in other sectors
of the economy, the division of Germany was reflectedinadramatic divergence of agricultural
development. West Germany remainedessentially a country of small family farms; in the 1980s
only about 5 percent of holdings had more than 124 acres (50 hectares), though they
accountedfor nearly one-fourth of the total agricultural area. By the beginning of the 21st
century, however, large farms represented about half of the total agricultural area in western
Germany and some two-thirds in eastern Germany. Thechange in western Germany is reflective
of a rationalization of agriculture, withmany small landholders leaving farming and the
remaining farms often increasing in size. The larger farms in the west are mainly
concentratedinSchleswig-Holstein and eastern Lower Saxony, with smaller groupings
inWestphalia, the lowland west of Cologne, and southern Bavaria. Small farmspredominated in
the central and southern parts of West Germany. The process of steady enlargement decreased
the total number of holdings bymore than three-fourths from 1950 to the end of the 20th
century. The number of people employed in agriculture also declined substantially, fromabout
onefifth of the total workforce in 1950 to less than 3 percent by the end of the20thcentury.
Wage labourers virtually disappeared from all but the largest farms, and smaller farms were
cultivated on a part-time basis. By contrast, in theeast, following conquest by the Soviet army at
the end of World War II, manylarge estates were split up or retained as state farms

C. INFRASTRACTURE
The logistics performance index of Germany is 4.12. It indicates a goodperformance -
the logistics system is well prepared and organised, shipmentsmostly arrive on time and
do not suffer damage, and the infrastructure is ready to handle even unpredictably big
amounts of traffic as long as it is not overwhelming. Customs performance is rated at
4.1. It indicates a good performance - customs clearance is fast and effective, in some
cases it may be at all absent (e.g. Schengen area borders), encouraging international
business activity; thedocuments and fees needed are predictable and publicly available,
as well asin some cases (mostly concerning visas) can be arranged at the customs office.
Infrastructure quality in Germany is rated to be at 4.32. It indicates a goodquality -

30
roads, railroad, ports and other facilities are adapted and regularlymaintained to handle
high levels of traffic at all times, as well as most probably there are special facilities for
handling high intensity and/or special traffic or vehicles (e.g. motorways a.k.a.
autobahns and deepwater ports). International shipment quality is 3.74. It indicates a
satisfactory performance- the services are adequate and the prices are not too high and
usually accurately match the quality, although there is still room for improvement. The
competence of logistics service providers is valued at 4.12. The providersare very
competent - they ensure a high quality of shipments and traffic handling at all times,
and their performance is fast and reliabel; any mistakesthat might happen are
compensated for without question. Tracking possibilities for shipments are rated at
4.17. It indicates a goodperformance - the tracking systems provide detailed and up-to-
date information about most of the parameters of shipments, as well as oftentranscend
national (both political and linguisitc) barriers and may be qualifiedas international
shipment tracking systems. Tracking possibilities for shipments are rated at 4.36. It
indicates a goodperformance - shipments almost always arrive within the scheduled
timebrackets and often faster than expected. In Germany, 100% of the population has
access to electricity. Germany has539 airports nationwide. There are 20,043,000
internet hosts in German

D. FINANCIAL INSTRUCTOR, BANKS, STOCKS AND CAPITAL MARKET OF GERMANY

FINANCIAL INSTRUCTIONS/BANKS

Deutsche Bank/Pioneering Financial Excellence Deutsche Bank

 a household name in the German banking landscape, has been shapingthe financial
industry for over a century. Renowned for its vast global network, DeutscheBank offers

31
 extensive services, including personal banking, corporate banking, investment banking,
and wealth management. With its commitment to technological innovation and
unwavering focus on customer satisfaction, Deutsche Bank has consistently proven its
mettle as one of the best banks in Germany. Plus, they don’t haveany charges! The bank
offers investor comspensation and depositor guarantee schemes. The deposits with
Deutsche Bank AG are covered by two German protection schemes. One is
Entschädigungseinrichtung deutscher Banken GmbH (EdB) that covers depositsup to
€100,000 for individuals and some liabilities from securities transactions.

2. Commerzbank:
 Empowering Financial Growth Commerzbank, a leading financial institution in Germany,
prides itself on its customer- centric approach and comprehensive suite of banking
solutions. From personal accountsand loans to investment advisory services,
Commerzbank caters to a diverse clientele, supporting both individuals and businesses
in achieving their financial goals. With a strong emphasis on sustainability and digital
transformation, Commerzbank doesn’t haveany charges for their accounts as long as
you get €700 per month into your account, or else you will be charged €9,90 every
month. Commerzbank is one the best banks in Germany, ensuring that its customers
receive cutting-edge banking services while contributing to a greener future

KfW Bank: Driving Economic Development

KfW Bank, a prominent development bank in Germany, plays a pivotal role in

promotingeconomic growth and social progress. As the largest national promotional bank,
KfWfocuses on financing projects that contribute to environmental sustainability, infrastructure
development, and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)

DZ Bank: Empowering Cooperative Institutions DZ Bank

a cooperative financial institution, stands out for its commitment to supportingthe cooperative
banking sector in Germany. With its cooperative network comprising more than 800 local
cooperative banks, DZ Bank offers a wide range of services, including corporate banking, capital
markets activities, and treasury services. DZ Bank'scollaborative approach and tailored financial
solutions make it a preferred choice for individuals and businesses seeking a personalised
banking experience, making it oneof the best banks in Germany. DZ bank grants a few financing
schemes in different forms, including low-interest loans with extended fixed terms and initial
grace periods, collateral alternatives, extra repayment support, and Mezzanine capital to boost
equity

ING-DiBa: Revolutionising Digital Banking

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 ING-DiBa, an innovative online bank, brings a fresh perspective to the German
bankinglandscape. Known for its user-friendly interface and digital banking solutions, ING-
DiBaoffers a seamless banking experience that caters to the needs of tech-savvy customers.
From online savings accounts to mobile banking apps, ING-DiBa empowers individuals to
manage their finances efficiently and conveniently, they also don’t have any accounting charges.
Its commitment to transparency and competitive interest rates further solidifies its position
among the best banks in Germany. The Deposit GuaranteeScheme offered by the bank protects
deposits up to €100,000 (EU), €85,000 (UK), andCHF 100,000 when a bank cannot meet its
obligations. The coverage extends to privatedepositors, small businesses, and corporations.

BayernLB: Empowering Regional Development

a state-owned bank headquartered in Munich, focuses on supporting regional economic

development and fostering growth in Bavaria. With its expertise in project financing, corporate
banking, and capital markets, BayernLB plays a crucial role in strengthening local businesses and
infrastructure. The bank's commitment to sustainability and its comprehensive range of financial
services make it a reliable choicefor those seeking a regional banking partner in Germany,
making it one of the best banksin Germany. They do have a €15 charge for account
maintenance.

GERMANY STOCK MARKET

The Frankfurt Stock Exchange Known in Germany as FWB Frankfurter Wertpapierbörse,
the Frankfurt StockExchange is operated by its owner, Deutsche Börse Group. It is the
principal stock exchange in Germany, where 90% of all trades are executed through its
own trading system, Xetra. The prices presented on this systemhelp to
calculateGermany's main stock index, the DAX. Its origins date back to the 11th century
and Frankfurt gained recognition as amajor financial centre in the 19th century. It was in
the mid-20th century that the Frankfurt Stock Exchange was established as the largest
and most prominent stock exchange in Germany. This consequently led to further
investment, bothnationally and internationally. The Frankfurt Stock Exchange is valued
at approximately $1.9 trillion and has longer trading hours than most, operating
between 8am-8pm local trading time. However, German stocks can also be traded on
through our online platformwithspread bets and CFDs, and these trading hours are
displayed on the individual instrument pages for your chosen asset. Learn more about
stockmarket hours
CAPITAL MARKET OF GERMANY
The capital market of Germany is a financial market where long-termsecurities such as
stocks and bonds are traded. It is one of the largest capital markets in the world, with a
total market capitalization of 1.74 trillion eurosasof the end of 2022. The Frankfurt Stock

33
Exchange is the largest stock exchange in Germany, with a market capitalization of 1.74
trillion euros asof the end of 2022 1 . The German capital market is smaller than those of
its neighbors France and the UK, but it is still a significant player in the global financial
market. The German economy is heavily reliant on manufacturing, which is why the
stock market is not as central to generating revenue as it isin countries with a high
portion of financial services companies like the UK.

E. NATURAL RESOURCES OF GERMANY

The key natural resources of Germany include timber, natural gas, coal, lignite, uranium,
iron ore, arable land, construction materials, potash, nickel, salt, and copper. Globally,
the country is:

 A leading producer of lignite

 The second largest producer of refined selenium
 The third largest producer of kaolin.
 The fourth largest producer of sulfur.
 The fifth largest producer of potash.
 The sixth largest producer of refined copper.
 The seventh largest producer of crude steel.

Germany plays a vital role in the metal manufacturing and processing sector. It is one of
the largest sectors in the country, covering the steel and iron, nonferrous metal, and
foundry industries. About 43 million tons of rawsteel is produced annually in Germany,
making the country the largest steel producer, consumer, importer, and exporter in
Europe. The metal industry in Germany. produces countless intermediate and finished
metal products, ranging frombasic processing of raw materials. Germany is the world’s
second-largest steel importer of steel to the dateSeptember 2017. Germany imported
20.8 million metric tons of steel, a 6%increase from 19.5 million metric tons in the
year2016. Germany’s importsrepresented about 7% of all steel imported worldwide in

34
2016. The volumeof Germany’s 2016 steel imports was just over 4 million metric tons
less thanthat of the world’s largest importer, the United States. Germany imports steel
from over 130 countries and territories.
Industrial Minerals Mining production in Germany decreased by 10% in March of 2018.
Miningproduction in Germany averaged -3.43% from 1992 until 2018, reachinganall-
time high of 46.6% in March of 2007, and a record low of -30.4%in February of 2010.
There was 3.2% increase in industrial production in Germany in March of 2018.
Industrial production in Germany averaged 1.6% from1979 until 2018, reaching an all-
time high of 15.3% in December of 2010 and a record lowof - 21.8% in April of 2009.
Germany’s overall industrial output in 2010 accounted for almost 21%of theGDP. In
2010, the country was estimated to have produced about 1%of theworld’s total output
of barite, aluminum, refined cadmium, gallium, cement

Metals
In 2009, Germany’s metal processing sector contributed about 3%to its GDP. In 2010,
the metal sector experienced a tremendous decrease in production of secondary metals
due to a simultaneous decline in the availability of scrap metals in comparison with the
imported concentrates and ores.
A comparison of the country’s contribution to total secondary metals production in the
world in 2009 and 2010 is given below:

 Secondary aluminum production accounted for 60%in 2010 and 66%in 2009
 Secondary smelter copper production accounted for 36%in 2010and46% in 2009.
 Secondary refined copper production accounted for 43%in 2010and57% in 2009.
 Secondary refined lead production accounted for 69%in 2010 and73% in 2009.

Fossil Fuels

In 2014, the most significant increases and decreases in mineral fuel production and
related materials, included
 Uranium Concentrate increased by 22%
 Residual fuel oil increased by 16%
 Coke increased by 12%
 Liquefied Petroleum Gas decreased by 12%
 Crude Petroleum, Naphtha, & Petroleum Coke decreased by 9%each
 Associated Natural Gas descreased by 8%
 Dry Natural Gas decreased by 5%

35
 In 2016, approximately 91 million tonnes of crude oil was imported in Germany. The
most important supplier country is Russia, accounting for just under 40% of the
country’s crude-oil imports last year. In 2016, approximately22.4 million tonnes of crude
oil were imported from Norway and the EUMember States – a figure that corresponds
to less than a quarter of Germany’s crude oil imports. In 2016 Germany contributed
around 40 percent to global crude oil production and accounted for more than 70%of
global conventional and non-conventional crude oil reserves

Investment
In June 2012, Germany’s industrial production decreased to such an extent that it shook
up the country’s economy. The construction output declinedby2% and the
manufacturing output declined by 1%.
The country plans over the next few years to increase lignite productionfrom2012
onwards, through its new power plant in Neurath.
In 2014, the most valuable mineral commodities in Germany were relatedtoenergy
production. The value of coal production (lignite and bituminous), crude petroleum,
natural and petroleum gas, and peat reached $17.94 billionin 2014. Potash production
in Germany was priced at $1.05 billion; lime, $739million; rock salt, $732 million; and
sulfur, $105 million.
Sand and gravel were also a significant mineral commodity with a total production of
248 million metric tons, as was natural broken stone and lignite.
Germany’s industrial production sector will thus see many changes in thenear future,
which will increase the production of minerals and metals and will likelyboost the
country’s mining industry.

36
F.TAXES AND INCOME GENERATION OF GERMANY

TAXABLE INCOME RATE APPLIED

€0 to €10,347 0%

€10,348 to €58,596 14% to 42%

€58,597 to €277,825 42%

€277,826 or more 45%

Germany's income tax system is managed by the Federal Central Tax Office (Bundeszentralamt
für Steuern, BZSt) and hundreds of smaller regional tax offices (Finanzämter). Major tax
expenses include Income Tax, SolidarityTax, and Social Insurances. Germany uses a progressive
tax rate, which means your rate will increaseasyour income increases. This ranges from 0% for
the lowest incomes to 45%for the highest. Find out more information on how the tax
systemworks inGermany

Income Taxes in Germany

1. German Income Tax (Lohnsteuer)

2. Solidarity Surcharge (Solidaritätszuschlag) .
3. Pension Insurance (Rentenversicherung)
4. Unemployment Insurance (Arbeitslosenversicherung) .
5. Health Insurance (Krankenversicherung) .
6. Long-Term Care Insurance (Pflegeversicherung)

German Income Tax Everyone who generates an income in Germany must pay taxes.
Dependingon your residency status, you either owe taxes on worldwide or just country- specific
income. Germany's progressive tax rate ranges from0%for incomesbelow €10,347 up to 45% for
the highest salaries. Tax Residents have lived in Germany for at least six months in a

37
giventaxyear or own a permanent residence in Germany. As a tax resident, you'retaxed on your
worldwide income. Tax Non-Residents have lived in Germany for fewer than six months

The Federal Republic of Germany ("West Germany") was created in 1949 through the
unification of the three western zones previously under American, British, and French
administration in the aftermath of World War II. Initially, the states of the Federal
Republic were Baden (until 1952), Bavaria (in German: Bayern), Bremen, Hamburg,
Hesse (Hessen), Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen), North Rhine-Westphalia (Nordrhein-
Westfalen), Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz), Schleswig- Holstein, Württemberg-
Baden (until 1952), and Württemberg- Hohenzollern (until 1952). West Berlin, while still
under occupation by theWestern Allies, viewed itself as part of the Federal Republic and
was largelyintegrated and considered a de facto state. In 1952, following a referendum,
Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merged into Baden-
Württemberg. In 1957, the Saar Protectorate joined the Federal Republic as the state of
Saarland. The next change occurred with German reunification in 1990, in which
theterritory of the former German Democratic Republic (East Germany) becamepart of
the Federal Republic, by accession of the re-established easternstates of Brandenburg,
Mecklenburg-West Pomerania (Mecklenburg- Vorpommern), Saxony (Sachsen), Saxony-
Anhalt (Sachsen-Anhalt), andThuringia (Thüringen), and the reunification of West and
East Berlin intoacitystate. A referendum in 1996 to merge Berlin with surrounding
Brandenburgfailed to reach the necessary majority vote in Brandenburg, while a
majorityof Berliners voted in favour. Federalism is one of the entrenched constitutional
principles of Germany. According to the German constitution, some topics, such as
foreign affairsand defence, are the exclusive responsibility of the federation (i.e., the
federal level), while others fall under the shared authority of the states and the
federation. The states retain residual or exclusive legislative authority for all other areas,
including "culture", which in Germany includes not only topicssuch as the financial
promotion of arts and sciences, but also most forms of education and job training (see
Education in Germany). Though international relations including international treaties
are primarily the responsibility of thefederal level, the constituent states have certain
limited powers in this area: inmatters that affect them directly, the states defend their
interests at the federal level through the Bundesrat ("Federal Council"), and in areas
where they havethe legislative authority they have limited powers to conclude
international treaties "with the consent of the federal government".

38
G. LAND, SEA AND AIR TRANSPORTATION

LAND

Germany's central and southern regions have forested hills and mountainscut through by the
Danube, Main, and Rhine river valleys. In the north, the landscape flattens out to a wide plain
that stretches to the North Sea. Between these extremes, Germany is a country of incredible
variety

39
SEA

The Baltic Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that is enclosed

by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden,
and the North and Central European Plain.

The sea stretches from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from 10°E to 30°E longitude. It is
a shelf sea and marginal sea of the Atlantic with limited water exchange between the
two, making it an inland sea. The Baltic Sea drains through the Danish Straits into
the Kattegat by way of the Øresund, Great Belt and Little Belt. It includes the Gulf of
Bothnia (divided into the Bothnian Bay and the Bothnian Sea), the Gulf of Finland,
the Gulf of Riga and the Bay of Gdańsk.

The "Baltic Proper" is bordered on its northern edge, at latitude 60°N, by Åland and the
Gulf of Bothnia, on its northeaster edge by the Gulf of Finland, on its eastern edge by the
Gulf of Riga, and in the west by the Swedish part of the southern Scandinavian
Peninsula.

The Baltic Sea is connected by artificial waterways to the White Sea via the White Sea–
Baltic Canal and to the German Bight of the North Sea via the Kiel Canal

AIR TRANSPORTATION OF GERMANY

40
The air transportation industry in Germany has a rich history of
innovationandcontribution to the field of aviation. Early industrialization and scholarly
activities from the 19th century across Germany acted as an impetus drivingground-
breaking innovations, such as aircraft and aerospace designs. For instance, Heinkel He
178 was the world’s first jet aircraft, developed in Germany . The German aerospace
industry continued to expand throughout the 20thcentury, which was accelerated
around the end of the century. Since the1990s, the German aerospace market almost
quadrupled in size, generatingover 40 billion euros in revenue by 2019 . However, the
number of aviation companies with operating licenses in Germany declined rapidly since
2010, down from 170 companies in 2010to110 in 2019 1 . In terms of air transport
freight, Germany transported 11,533 million ton-kmin2021, growing at an average
annual rate of 6.45% . Germany imposes a strong position in the air cargo market with
leadingglobal logistics and transportation companies, such as DHL, DB Schenker,
Lufthansa Cargo .

H. PEACE AND SECURITY IN GERMANY

41
Germany’s global commitment to peace and security, promoting human rights and
protecting minor-ities are unchanging foundations of its foreign policy and are rooted in
the Basic Law. On the one hand, Germany accepts this duty out of recognition of its
historical responsibilities. On the other hand, it is in Germany’s interest to prevent crises
and manage conflicts, as the effects of crises may be felt around the world, including in
Germany. Russia’s illegal war of aggression against Ukraine gravely undermines
international security and stability in Europe.

I. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES

Germany offers diverse employment opportunities across sectorssuch as engineering,

technology, healthcare, and finance. Major cities like Berlin, Munich, and Frankfurt are
economic hubs withnumerous job prospects. Explore job portals, network
throughprofessional events, and consider language proficiency, as German language

42
skills can enhance employment opportunities. Additionally, research specific industries
and companies toalignyour skills with the German job market

Jobs in Germany: As per a recent report by the Ministry of External Affairs

(MEA), Government of India, there are close to 20,810 Indian students studying
in Germany (July 2021.) The same report states that a total of 11,33,749 Indian
students are studying in various countries abroad. So what is the driving force
behind such a huge number of Indian students travelling abroad for the purpose
of education every year? Well, apart from the state-of-the-art universities, and a
chance for a better life, the job opportunities available in these countries is the
driving force behind such an influx of Indian students travelling to foreign
countries.

I. INTRODUCTION
Germany has about 82 million inhabitants. It is by far the largest country in the EU in terms of
population. Germany is a modern, cosmopolitan country. Its society is shaped by a plurality of
life styles and truly different ethno-cultural diversity. Forms of coexistence have become more
varied, and the scope individuals enjoy has become greater. Traditional gender roles have been
dispensed with. Despite the social changes, the family remains the most important social
reference unit and young people have very close bonds with their parents. Germany’s path to a
liberal constitutional democracy and functioning parliamentary system involved many historical
ruptures: particularism in the early years of the Modern age, the failure of the MarchRevolution
and the Weimar Republic through to the “flaw in history” causedby National Socialism. Unity
and liberty, key concepts since the 19th century, also occupied Germans during the nation’s

43
division after the SecondWorldWar. Not until reunification in 1990 was the “German issue”
resolved. Germany is a land of ideas. Education, science and research play a central role here. In
a Europe free of borders and a world of globalized markets, education lays the basis, enabling us
to exploit the opportunities open bordersand world-wide knowledge networks offer. The
German educationanduniversity system is undergoing a profound process of renewal that is
alreadybearing fruit: Germany is one of the countries most preferred by foreignstudents, a hub
of cutting-edge international research and a constant sourceof new patents. Great cuisine and
fine wines, relaxing in Mother Nature, festivals and celebrations, vacation, design and fashion,
inspiring architecture. Germany has plenty of all to offer – and is far removed fromall the
clichésthat might still abound about lederhosen and sauerkraut. But thenthenumerous visitors
from abroad who are increasingly discovering that Germanyis an interesting vacation
destination already know this. Not just becauseof the wealth of German cultural and historical
sights, but also becauseof thewide-ranging regional cuisine and the changing landscapes. In fact,
althoughthe Germans are the undisputed world champions when it comes to foreigntravel, they
still prefer to holiday between the North Sea andtheAlps. Source: Facts About Germany Online.
There are many sides to cultural life in Germany: From North to South there are around 300
theaters and130professional orchestras. The museum world is of quite unparalleled quality–
featuring 630 art museums with diverse internationally renowned collections. Young German
painting is equally vibrant, and is long since part of theinternational scene. And Germany is one
of the major book nations, witharound 94,000 new books and re-editions each year. The 350
dailies andthousands of magazines go to show how lively the German media worldis. Moreover,
German films are once again a great success at homeandabroad. In the international arena
German companies have an excellent reputation. They represent “Made in Germany”, known as
a seal of qualitytheworld over. They represent innovation, quality and cutting-edge technology

II. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF GERMANY

The head of the Federal Ministry of the Interior and Community is theminister; next in line are
the parliamentary state secretaries and the statesecretaries with civil servant status. The
ministry is organised accordingtodirectorates-general and divisions: each directorate-general
has several divisions working on different aspects of the same general area.

Directorate-General PK –

Executive Staff; Planning and CommunicationDirectorate-General PK is responsible for planning

and communicationinall areas of policy in the ministry’s remit. It is responsible for cabinet
andparliamentary affairs, press relations and the ministry’s online and social media presence.
Directorate-General PK is also responsible for the ministry’s position regarding projects of other
ministries; issues of domestic protocol; public relations; and the ministry’s events management
and visitors’ service. Questions from the public on domestic policy issuesare answered by the

44
public information service. Directorate-General PK reports directly to Federal Minister Nancy
Faeser.

Directorate-General Z – Central Tasks

The Directorate-General for Central Tasks has typical cross-cutting tasksincluding budgetary
matters, human resources, legal services and organisation of the ministry and its remit. The
divisions for informationandcommunications technology, internal services, and security and
buildingservices maintain the infrastructure necessary for the operation of theministry.

Directorate-General ÖS –

Public Security The Directorate-General for Public Security addresses legal and general policy
issues, counter-terrorism, extremism and organised crime. Its task include supervising the
Federal Criminal Police Office (BKA) and Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution
(BfV);Directorate-General B–Federal Police Issues The Directorate-General for Federal Police
Issues is responsible for managing and coordinating the Federal Police. It deals with general
operational, administrative, budgetary and human resources issues concerning the 41,000
Federal Police staff. At the same time, it advisesthe minister on Federal Police issues.
Directorate-General B is thus positioned at the intersection between policy and administrative
matters
Directorate-General M –

Migration; Refugees; Return Policy Directorate-General M sets the Federal Government’s migration
policy. It charts the course of law on residence, freedom of movement and asylumat national and
European level and deals with issues related to the returnof foreigners required to leave the country.

III. STATEMENT MISSION, VISSION AND GOALS OF GERMANY

VISION STATEMENT

Simply reflects our passion of what we want to become. We declare that wewant to be
influential and give others the power to be the same in our business categories. Avoiding miss
judgements, we definitely do not like to sacrifice our quality over quantity. Therefore we simply
want to be the best not the Biggest. We understand our customer’s needs and will make a
flawless connection with each one of them. Hence to give them the greatest experience ever.

MISSION STATEMENT

Our mission statement serves as the foundation of our company’s strategic goals. It details the
fundamental purpose of our business and what we intend to stand for to our customers. With it
we will never go off mission and waste our time and other resources. We are trying to achieve
things which are at best peripheral and at worst irrelevant to the objectives it should be trying
to achieve, and that is ” Meeting Most People’s Need

GOALS Germany

45
The Fight Against Extreme Poverty And Hunger
Primary Schooling For All
• Gender Equality And The Empowerment Of Women
• The Reduction Of Child Mortality
• The Improvement Of Health Care For Mothers,
• The Fight Against Hiv/Aids, Malaria And Other Serious Diseases
• The Safeguarding Of Ecological Sustainability Took The Developing Countries Into Duty. The
Eighth Objective Concerns All Member Countries, But Above All The Developed Countries, To
Use Their Global Power To
• Build A Global Partnership For Development. In Order To Measure The Objectives, The Un Also
Established Sub-Items Andindicators As Well As Reference Data For The Evaluation Of The
Objectives. Theobjectives Have Been Criticized For A Number Of Reasons, Including Their One-
Sided Perspective On Development From The Perspective Of The Developedcountries And The
Far Too Small Consideration Of Environmental And Environmental Issues.

According to the Germany report of 2015, the targets were ultimately almost but unequally met.
For example, gender inequality, climate change and environmental degradation, and peace and
conflict prevention, need further action. Progress has been made particularly in the eradication
of poverty, hunger and health

IV. LIST OF DIFFERENT DEPARTMENT OF THE GERMANY WITH FUNCTION

The German court system differs from that of some other federations, such as the United
States, in that all the trial and appellate courts are state courts while the courts of last resort are
federal. All courts may hear cases based on law enacted on the federal level, though there are
some areas of law over which the states have exclusive control. The federal courts assure the
uniform application of national law by the state courts. In addition to the courts of general
jurisdiction for civil and criminal cases, the highest of which is theFederal Court of Justice, there
are four court systems with specialized jurisdiction in administrative, labour, social security, and
tax matters. The jurisdiction of the three-level system of administrative courts extends, for
example, to all civil law litigation of a no constitutional nature unless other specialized courts
have jurisdiction. Although all courts have the power and the obligation to review the
constitutionality of government action and legislation within their jurisdiction, only the Federal
Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht) in Karlsruhemay declare legislation
unconstitutional. Other courts must suspend proceedings if they find a statute unconstitutional
and must submit the question of constitutionality to the Federal Constitutional Court. In serious
criminal cases the trial courts sit with lay judges, similar to jurors, who are chosen by lot from a
predetermined list. The lay judges decide all questions of guilt and punishment jointly with the
professional judges. Lay judges also participate in some noncriminal matters. Judges on the
Federal Constitutional Court are chosen for nonrenewable12- year terms. The Bundestag and
Bundesrat each select half of the court’s 16judges; in each case, a nominee must win two-thirds
support to secure appointment. The court sits in two eight-member Senates, which handle
ordinary cases. Important cases are decided by the entire body. Judges play a more prominent

46
and active role in all stages of legal proceedings than do their common-law counterparts, and
proceedings in German courts tend to be less controlled by prosecutors and defence attorneys.
There is less emphasis on formal rules of evidence, which in the common-law countries is largely
a by-product of the jury system, and more stress on letting the facts speak for what they may be
worth in the individual case. There is no plea bargaining in criminal cases. In Germany, as in
most European countries, litigation costs are relatively low compared with those in the United
States, but the losing party in any case usually must pay the court costs and attorney fees of
both parties. Although codes and statutes are viewed as the primary source of law in Germany,
precedent is of great importance in the interpretation of legal rules. German administrative law,
for example, is case law in the same sense that there exists no codification of the principles
relied upon in the process of reviewing administrative action. These principles are mostly the
laws determined by previous judicial rulings. Germans see their system of judicial review of
administrative actions as implementation of the rule of law. In this context an emphasis is
placed on the availability of judicial remedies

Unification brought about the integration and adaptation of the administration of

justice of East and West Germany; however, this was complicated by the large number
of judges who were incapacitated by the union. Many judges were dismissed either
because they owed their appointment as judges primarily to their loyalty to the
communist government or because of their records. To fill the many vacancies created
in the courts of the new states, judges and judicial administrators were recruited from
former West Germany. Indeed, a large number were “put on loan” from the western
states and many others urged out of retirement to help during the transition. Political
process (The electorate) National elections to the Bundestag are held once every four
years. All German citizens at least age 18 are eligible to vote (this was reduced from age
21 in 1970), and 16-year-olds are eligible to vote in municipal elections in some Länder.
In 2011 Bremen became the first Land to extend suffrageto16- year-olds for state
elections. The Basic Law established a mixed electoral system, consisting of elements of
both plurality and proportionality. Half of the Bundestag’s members are elected to
represent single-seat constituencies, and half are elected through proportional
representation. Voters cast two ballots. Constituency representatives are elected by the
distribution of votes on the first ballot; the candidate winning the most votes secures
election to the Bundestag. Voters cast ballots for political parties at the regional level
with their second vote (Zweitstimme), which determines overall party representation. A
party must win at least 5 percent of the national vote (or win at least three
constituencies) to secure representation, and the number of seats it is allocated is based
on its proportion of second votes. The system is designed to simultaneously provide a

47
link between citizens and elected representatives and a legislature that reflects a
consensus of opinions in the country. Bundesrat members are appointed by the state
governments, and the body exercises its authority to protect the rights and prerogatives
of thestate governments. Each state is allocated between three and six members of the
Bundesrat, depending on population. The quadrennial general and provincial elections
as well as local elections are attended with the greatest interest and involvement by the
electorate. The public is kept informed on political issues through intense media
coverage, and political affairs are frequently debated among German citizens. Although
voting is not compulsory, the participation rate is high, with about three-fourths of
eligible voters casting ballots. Since elections in the states are staggered throughout the
life of each Bundestag, they act as a bellwether of public opinion for the incumbent
federal government. German citizens, along with German residents who are citizens of
other Countries, also elect representatives to the European Parliament, although voter
participation in these contests tends to be lower than in general or state election

Political parties
The sheer proliferation of Germany’s political parties contributed to the downfall of the Weimar Republic
in 1933, but they have shown an increasing tendency toward consolidation since the early days of the
Federal Republic. Smaller parties generally either have allied themselves with the larger ones, have shrunk
into insignificance, or simply have vanished. Reunified Germany has, in effect, only two numerically major
parties, the Christian Democratic Union(Christlich-Demokratische Union; CDU) and the Social Democratic
Party of Germany(Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands; SPD), neither of which can easily attain a
parliamentary majority. In addition, there are four smaller, but still important, parties: the Christian Social
Union (Christlich-SozialeUnion; CSU), the Bavarian sister party of the CDU; the Free Democratic Party
(FDP), which has served as a junior coalition partner in most German governments since World War II;
Alliance ’90/The Greens (Bündnis ’90/Die Grünen), apart formed in 1993 by the merger of the ecologist
Green Party and the easternGerman Alliance ’90; and the Left Party, formerly the Party of Democratic
Socialism (Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus; PDS), the successor of the Socialist Unity Party of
Germany (SED), which later allied itself with left groups in western Germany. Fringe political parties, such
as The Republicans(Die Republikaner), the German People’s Union (Deutsche Volksunion; DVU), and the
Pirate Party of Germany (Piratenpartei Deutschland) have scored some success at the local and state
levels but have not won representation at the national level. The 5 percent threshold for elections has
proved a highly effective instrument in excluding radical parties of whatever stripe and in preventing the
formation of splinter parties. However, the proportional element of the electoral system has necessitated
the formation of coalition governments. Since 1966 all federal governments have been composed of at
least two parties. Dissent within the major parties is contained in the wings and factions of each
respective party.

The Christian Democratic parties

The CDU is a centre-right party that endorses conservative social values and the social market economy.
In government for much of Germany’s post-World War II history, it headed governments from 1949 to
1966 and from1982to1998 (in alliance with the FDP and CSU); it returned to power in 2005 in a coalition
with the CSU and the SPD. Beginning in 2009, the CDU headed a new coalition with the CSU and the FDP.
The CDU is a successor of the old Catholic Centre Party and kindred bourgeois parties, either Protestant or

48
non-sectarian. In a country in which one’s religion often determined one’s politics, the party’s strongest
constituencies are still in the Roman Catholic districts, although the sectarian Christian aspect is of only
incidental emphasis, chiefly among older voters. The party strongly endorses Germany’s leading role in
the EU, its membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), a free market economy

vigorous material assistance to the countries of the former communist bloc, especially the
onetime Soviet republics. It is established in all states except Bavaria, where the more
conservative CSU functions as its counterpart in effectively a permanent coalition. A branch of
the CDU (known as CDU-Ost) existed in East Germany throughout that country’s history.
However, it was only tolerated to preservethe facade of a multiparty system. With the
overthrow of the ruling communist regime in East Germany’s first free elections, on March 18,
1990, it was thisrump party that took power by a large mandate, with Lothar de
Maizièreasminister president presiding over the six-month transitional period to unification.

The Social Democrats

The SPD, in government from 1966 to 1982 (1966–69 with the CDUand1969–82 with
the FDP) and from 1998 to 2009 (1998–2005 with the Greensand 2005–09 with the
CDU-CSU), is the heir to the Marxist parties of the19thcentury. In East Germany, which
historically was the stronghold of the socialist movement in Germany, the SPD was
subsumed by the formation of the SED in 1946. Ostensibly a combination of the old
Communist Party of Germany (Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands; KPD) and the
Socialist Party, the SED was in fact simply the ruling communist party. In West Germany
the SPD’s early post-war leadership, drawing strength from its record of opposition to
Nazism, adhered to a rigorously orthodox Marxism, opposed vehemently the
communist movement from which it had split in the early 20th century, and rejected
West Germany’s rearmament and the country’s integration in to the Western military
defence system. In 1959, however, the SPD, in the so-called“Bad Godesberg
Resolution,” discarded its doctrinaire approach; nationalization of industry was dropped
in favour of gradualist reform, and appeals to class warfare were abandoned. The party
broadened its base to attract increasingly greater segments of the middle class. The SPD
was cautious about unification, fearing that it would unleash enormous financial and
emotional costs. Unlike the CDU, the SPD did not initially gain a windfall of votes in
eastern Germany.
The Free Democrats
Because neither the CDU-CSU nor the SPD have generally been able town in enough
votes to capture a majority of seats in the Bundestag, the balance of power has often
rested with the FDP. The successor of the older German liberal parties, the FDP has
generally adopted free trade, pro-business, and anticlerical positions. The party now
serves as a liberal, bourgeois alternative to the CDU and SPD and often exercises a
power far beyond the 6 to 10percent support it regularly receives in national elections.
For example, FDP leader Hans-Dietrich Genscher, Germany’s foreign minister from1974

49
to1992, was often viewed as the architect of German unification. In 2009 it won its best-
ever electoral results—14.6 percent of the national vote—and formed governing
coalition

The Greens of Germany

The ecologist Green Party was formed in West Germany in 1980 and merged with the
eastern German Alliance ’90 in 1993. It has been the only completely new party to win
national representation in the post-World War II era. Formed by mainly younger groups
of environmentalists, opponents of nuclear power, and pacifists, the Greens successfully
broke the 5 percent barrier in the1983election. On the heels of the accident at the
nuclear power plant in Chernobyl, Ukraine, in 1986, the Greens captured in excess of 8
percent of the overall vote and sent 22 delegates to the Bundestag. However, internal
disputes between the “realists” (Realos), who took a pragmatic approach to
environmental policies, and the “fundamentalists” (Fundis), who eschewed compromise
in favour of ideological purity, and dissension over individual issues weakened the
cohesion of the party’s constituent factions. In 1990theGreen Party failed to surpass the
5 percent threshold. Its union with Alliance ’90 enabled it to renter the Bundestag
beginning in 1994, and from1998 to 2005 it served as a junior partner in an SPD-led
coalition. The party increased its representation in the Bundestag to 68 seats in the
2009 election. A catastrophic accident at Japan’s Fukushima nuclear plant in 2011
sparked massive surge in support for Greens at the state level. In March 2011 an
impressive showing in Baden-Württemberg, traditionally a CDU stronghold, won the
Greens their first state government at the head of a coalition with the SPD.
The Left Party
The Left Party formed as an alliance between the PDS and the disillusionedmembers of
the SPD and of the Green Party who had established the Electoral Alternative for Labour
and Social Justice (Wahlalternative Arbeit undsoziale Gerechtigkeit) in western
Germany. The PDS was the successor partyto East Germany’s former ruling party, the
SED, which controlled the entiregovernment apparatus until the system’s demise in
1989–90. After unificationthe SED lost most of its supporters and members. The PDS
won 11 percent of the vote in eastern Germany in the first all-German election in 1990,
givingit 17 seats in the Bundestag. During the 1990s the party gained strengthineastern
Germany, where unemployment remained stubbornly high and economic conditions
lagged. Although it did not surpass the 5 percent threshold in 1994, the PDS won
enough constituency seats to gain Bundestagrepresentation, and in 1998 it captured 5.1
percent of the vote, includingsome20 percent in the former East German territories. The

50
PDS largely remainedaregional party, but it scored successes in eastern German states
and evenformed a coalition government with the SPD in Berlin in 2002. In 2002 it
againfailed to cross the 5 percent threshold, but in 2005 the PDS and its left alliesin
western Germany—together known as the Left Party—captured nearly 9percent of the
national vote and won more than 50 seats in the Bundestag. Support for the Left Party
continued to grow, and in 2009 it won nearly 12percent of the national vote and
increased its number of seats in the Bundestag to 76.
Fringe parties

in the late 20th century the rightist Republican Party and the DVU were the most visible
of Germany’s fringe parties. With their tiny memberships, neither of these parties has
been able to surmount the 5 percent barrier in national elections. The National
Democratic Party of Germany (National demokratis chePartei Deutschlands; NPD), the
oldest of the country’s right-wing parties, was formed in 1964 and gained little support
in national elections, though it was able to enter several state parliaments in the late
1960s. In the 1980s and ’90s the Republicans and the DVU won seats in several state
legislatures, with the Republicans’ support particularly concentrated in Bavaria, Baden-
Württemberg, and Berlin. The DVU, originally formed in 1971, achieved its electoral
breakthrough in the 1990s, when it won representation in Schleswig- Holstein and fared
particularly well in eastern Germany, where it won 13percent in Saxony-Anhalt’s state
election in 1998. Although the rightist parties have distinct policies and have been
unable to coalesce around a united platform, they share an antipathy toward Germany’s
liberal immigration policies and have generally been regarded as neofascist in
orientation. The NPD and DVU attempted to merge in 2010, but a legal challenge by a
group of state DVU organizations successfully blocked the move

51
V. PROBLEMS/ISSUES AND CONCERNS OF GERMANY

Discrimination and Intolerance Official statistics published in May showed a significant increase
in politically motivated crimes from 44,692 in 2020 to 55,048 in 2021. Politically
motivatedviolence increased by almost 16 percent. The Ministry of Interior recorded9, 167
right-wing motivated crimes during the first half 2022, including 418actsof violence. Antisemitic
hate crimes increased by roughly 29 percent from2020 to 2021; the Federal Criminal Police
Office (BKA) recorded965antisemitic cases of offences in the first half of 2022.

In April, the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (Verfassungsschutz) warned of
the spread of anti-Semitic ideas to mainstream political discourse. In July, vandals chopped
down the trees at the memorial for victims of the Buchenwald concentration camp. German
chancellor Olaf Scholz was strongly criticized for failing to immediately condemn a statement by
Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas perceived to equate Israeli actions to the Holocaust.

According to a study by Medien dienst Integration, an online information platform for

journalists, police are doing too little to prevent racismandanti semitism inside the police, with
police trainings in only 5 out of 16 federal states addressing the issue of police racism and anti-
Semitism. Independent bodies handling complaints against the police exist in only seven federal
states.

Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation

In June, the Ministry of Justice and the Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and
Youth presented the parameters of a new Self- Determination Law (“Selbstbestimmungsgesetz”)
that would allow transgender, intersex, and non-binary people to change their name and gender
on official documents to reflect their gender identity via a simple administrative procedure and
without need for “expert reports.” Adraft lawhad not been presented to parliament at the time
of writing.

In August, a man brutally attacked a 25-year-old trans man at a pride paradein Münster. He died
a week later from his injuries. The alleged assailant remained in custody at time of writing.

In September, a 57-year-old trans woman suffered serious injuries after being assaulted by a
group of youths on a tram in Bremen. Authorities were investigating the case as a hate crime at
time of writing.

In September, a 16-year-old boy in Berlin was arrested for verbal harassment and attempted
assault after he allegedly attacked a 49-year-old trans woman working in a hair salon. The
suspect was released from police custody, but authorities were still investigating the case at
time of writing

52
VII. STEPS BY STEP OPERATION AND PROCESS

The 5 key steps to prepare your M&A operation in Germany

Integrate external growth into your development strategy

External VS Organic growth: Define the best way to enter a new country, Newmarket. External
growth strategies (M&A or Strategic alliances), can be quicker in most cases, but preliminary
analysis is mandatory before launching full process. It can lead to value loss if not done
correctly. Verify your financing capacity (level of Enterprise Value) to assess the size of the
target you can aim for.

Appoint a Project Manager

Name a Project Manager within your organization that will link all parties involved in the M&A
operation (advisors, targets, banks, etc.) Depending on the size of the project, define the scope
of responsibilities of each member involved in the project. In Germany: It may take some time to
get initial feedback from the German targets, but once the interest of a target has been
validated, it is important to be reactive and to be able to introduce the same people to the
Germans, to ensure a good follow-up throughout the mission

Define the ideal target

 Define the company size (employee, revenue/EBITDA, balance sheet.)

 Define the activity/services/products/sectors/ clients
 Define the geographical scope (region, country)
 Define the other criteria (type of ownership, type of acquisition, type of clients,
management team

Adapt to cultural differences Approach the potential targets: The first approach in the M&A
operation is always complicated as we do not know if the targets are ready to sell their
companies or open to sharing information. The idea is to create the opportunity. Each approach
must adapt to cultural specificities to maximize the chances of opening the door and getting
information. In Germany: Our local teams approach the targets directly by phone and organize
the first meeting in German to discuss your company and your objectives and those of the
targets. The first approach in German allows to reassure the interlocutors a little and allows first
fluid exchanges. Specify the schedule & prepare your documents Define the planning of the
M&A operation for the main steps: Duration of each step (2 months for the screening, 2-3

months for the approach phase, 4months for Due Diligence, etc.). It’s mandatory to be
structured and plan. Adapt to the agenda/calendar of each target (might be quicker than
expected if the target is in an active sale process/longer if the target is initially not ready to sell).
A M&A operation requires a large number of documents. You need to prepare the following: •

 The Letter of Intent: A document outlining an agreement between two or more parties
before the agreement is finalized.

53
  Data rooms (online data room): running a data room process requires gathering
confidential documents that third parties (lawyers, investment banks, chartered
accountants, may then access more easily during the process
 Due diligence: the process through which a potential acquirer evaluates target company
or its assets for an acquisition. The relevant areas of concern may include the financial,
legal, labour, tax, IT, environment, and market/commercial situation of the company. •
 After due diligence is completed, the parties may proceed to draw up a Definitive
Agreement, known as a “merger agreement,” “share purchase agreement” or “asset
purchase agreement” depending on the structure of the transaction

VIII. 5 years action plan in the Germany

This product consists of an IRM review of Germany’s 2021-2023 action plan. The action plan is made up
of 14 commitments. This review emphasises its analysis on the strength of the action plan to contribute to
implementation and results. For the commitment-by-commitment data see Annex 1. For details regarding

54
the methodology and indicators used by the IRM for this Action Plan Review, see Section III, Methodology
and IRM Indicators.

All interviewees agreed that information received would not be attributed to individuals, to create a more
open environment for conversation. Several participants opted for higher levels of confidentiality and are
thus only listed with general reference to their organisation or type of organisation. For the same reasons,
interviews were not recorded but captured through extensive note takin

Germany’s third action plan continues the goals of previous plans to increase open data, digitise public
administration, consult citizens in specific policy areas, and improve open government at the subnational
level. The most promising commitment could lead to improvements in competitiveness
and transparency of public procurement. Commitments which make new data and tools available should
encourage wide public uptake. When developing future action plans, the Federal Chancellery could
organise thematically-focused consultations to more effectively involve civil society

Germany’s third action plan has 14 commitments, including five which involve Länder (state)
governments. Only one commitment to expand conferences and forums on improving open data in
Germany, is a direct continuation from the previous action plan.

Shortly after the adoption of the third action plan, Germany held elections and parties negotiated a new
coalition government in autumn 2021. Several commitments in the action plan happen to connect well with
the stated priorities of the incoming coalition government which also continues long-term goals of the
Federal Chancellery to digitise Germany’s public administration and make it more user-friendly. Germany
could consider amending digitisation commitments to be more ambitious during the implementation
period. The action plan also seeks to improve civic participation in education policy, trace substances, and
biodiversity monitoring, which could be implemented in ways that touch on the incoming coalition’s
priorities around diversity and inclusion. Finally, Germany could consider adding new commitments in
areas that align with the incoming coalition’s priorities around climate change and sustainable
development, by linking open government to the country’s green transition.

Generally, the level of ambition of federal commitments is comparable to previous plans, as most represent
incremental improvements to existing practices and their potential for changes is modest. For example, the
commitments often involve centralising existing information, making specific information

The third plan includes three commitments from two German states (Länder), Hamburg and North Rhine-
Westphalia (NRW), addressing civic participation and publishing open data on public services and
elections. The federal government and Länder will jointly implement two commitments, developing an
open-source platform for public administration (with Baden-Württemberg and NRW), and setting up a
central notification service for public contract award procedures (with Bremen). The ongoing involvement
of Länder in Germany’s action plans is a positive development, as important open government initiatives
have previously occurred at this level

55
Promising Commitments in Germany’s 2021-2023 Action Plan

The following review looks at the commitment that the IRM identified as having the potential to realise the
most promising results. This review will inform the IRM’s research approach to assess implementation in
the Results Report. The IRM Results Report will build on the early identification of potential results from
this review to contrast with the outcomes at the end of the implementation period of the action plan. This
review also provides an analysis of challenges, opportunities and recommendations to contribute to the
learning and implementation process of this action plan.

The IRM has assessed Commitment 7.2 in detail below as it could lead to improvements in the
competitiveness and transparency of public procurement in Germany. Under this commitment, the Federal
Ministry of the Interior, Building and Community (BMI) and the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen would
provide German companies and citizens with information on available public tenders in a central platform
and in a standard open format. The Federal Chancellery and the OGN consider this commitment to be
among the most promising in the action plan. Its success, however, will largely depend on the level of
uptake of the platform by Länder and municipalities and on the number of below-threshold tenders that are
published.

The rest of the commitments in Germany’s third action plan have not been assessed in further detail.
Commitments 6.1 and 6.4, for example, aim to centralise information that is mostly available already (with
limited expansion), even though the Federal Chancellery noted they are particularly relevant to the federal
government’s digitisation reforms. The legislative information portal (Commitment 6.1) could improve the
searchability of legislative information which would be made available as open data for the first time.
However, improvements to transparency will depend on the volume of new information made available,
and the IRM recommends making amendments easily understandable, alongside the full text of enacted
laws and regulations. In future action plans, Germany could consider committing to providing
comprehensive “legislative footprint” information for citizens to more easily track the development of
any legislation from start to finish, including all amendments and their sponsors. Under Commitment 6.4,
BMI will publish consolidated annual Integrity Reports on areas of federal administration, where possible
as structured and machine-readable open data, and include aspects of the Federal Audit Office’s Internal
Audit. According to BMI, the Integrity Reports will help support cross-departmental exchanges on best
practices for anti-corruption within the federal administration. The IRM recommends actively consulting
civil society experts on the specific information included in the Integrity Reports and to consider offering
timely and continuous publication cycles in addition to the once-a-year publication, for example as soon as
new audit data is available

K. GNP OF GERMANY

GNI (formerly GNP) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product
taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary
income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in
current U.S. dollars. GNI, calculated in national currency, is usually converted to U.S.
dollars at official exchange rates for comparisons across economies, although an
alternative rate is used when the official exchange rate is judged to diverge by an
exceptionally large margin from the rate actually applied in international transactions. To
smooth fluctuations in prices and exchange rates, a special Atlas method of conversion
is used by the World Bank. This applies a conversion factor that averages the exchange
rate for a given year and the two preceding years, adjusted for differences in rates of

56
inflation between the country, and through 2000, the G-5 countries (France, Germany,
Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States). From 2001, these countries include
the Euro area, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

 Germany gnp for was $0.00B, a 100% decline from 2022.

 Germany gnp for 2024 was $4,488.99B, a 1.06% increase from 2021.
 Germany gnp for 2023 was $4,298.33B, a 1.95% increase from 2020.
 Germany gnp for 2022 was $3,996.15B, a -4.07% decline from 2019.

YEAR GNP PER CAPITA GROWTH RATE

2024 $4,488.99B $53,390 1.58%

2023 $4,298.33B $51,660 3.20%

2022 $3,996 15B %48,050 -4.07%

2021 $44,089.75B $49,220 1.06%

2020 $3,937.44B $47,490 1.95%

2019 $3,617.06B $43,460 2.57%

2018 $3,646.62B $44,280 2.45%

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Jenny Anne Valeriano

Age: 20
Sex: Female
Address: Talogtog Candon City, Ilocos Sur
Religious: Roman Catholic
Information: Talogtog Candon City, Ilocos Sur
Civil status: Single

57
Citizenship: Filipino
Birthdate: September 23 2003
Birthplace: Talogtog Candon City, Ilocos Sur

Parents Talogtog Candon City, Ilocos Sur

Father: Joel Valeriano
Mother: Wilma Valeriano

Educational background

Tertiary: Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College

Main Campus ( Formerly North Luzon Philippines State College )
San Nicolas Candon City Ilocos Sur

Degree: Bachelor of Science in Business Administration

Major in Human Resources Development Management

Secoundary: Dr. Ricardo Gacula Memorial National High School

Elementary: Talogtog Elementary School

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Kimberly R. Tadena

Age: 19
Sex: Female
Address: Ubbog, Santiago Ilocos Sur
Religious: Roman Catholic
Civil status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Birthdate: February 03 2004

58
Birthplace: Ubbog, Santiago Ilocos Sur

Parents
Father: Dennis P. Tadena
Mother: Rochelle R. Tadena

Educational background

Tertiary: : Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College

Main Campus ( Formerly North Luzon Philippines State College )
San Nicolas Candon City Ilocos Sur

Degree: Bachelor of Science in Business Administration

Major in Human Resources Development Management

Secoundary: Candon Natonal High School

Elementary: Dan-ar Community School

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Charmaine P. Butolan

Age: 20
Sex: Female
Address: Daraidap Candon City Ilocos Sur
Religious: Roman Catholic
Civil status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Birthdate: December 4 2003
Birthplace: Daraidap Candon City Ilocos Sur

Parents
Father: Rolando Gacusan

59
Mother: Analyn Butolan

Educational background

Tertiary: Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College

Main Campus ( Formerly North Luzon Philippines State College )
San Nicolas Candon City Ilocos Sur

Degree: Bachelor of Science in Business Administration

Major in Human Resources Development Management

Secoundary: Candon City High School

Elementary: Paypad Elementary School

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Addiesa Kate Marie Solmoro

Age: 20
Sex: Female
Address: Daraidap Candon City Ilocos Sur
Religious: Roman Catholic
Civil status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Birthdate: January 7 2004
Birthplace: Pasig City

Parents
Father: Bernard C. Solmoro
Mother: Marites R. Solmoro

Educational background

60
Tertiary: Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
Main Campus ( Formerly North Luzon Philippines State College )
San Nicolas Candon City Ilocos Sur

Degree: Bachelor of Science in Business Administration

Major in Human Resources Development Management

Secoundary: Candon City High School

Elementary: Darapidap Elementary School

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Christian Yuson

Age: 19
Sex: Male
Address: Tamurong Candon City, Ilocos Sur
Religious: Roman Catholic
Information: Tamurong Candon City, Ilocos Sur
Civil status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Birthdate: May 3 2004
Birthplace: Tamurong Candon City, Ilocos Sur

Parent
Mother: Jhoan Y. Rodrigo

Educational background

Tertiary: Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College

Main Campus ( Formerly North Luzon Philippines State College )
San Nicolas Candon City Ilocos Sur

61
Degree: Bachelor of Science in Business Administration
Major in Human Resources Development Management

Secoundary: Dr. Ricardo Gacula Memorial National High School

Elementary: Tamurong Elementary School

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Shella P. Dela Cruz

Age: 19
Sex: Female
Address: Tamurong Candon City, Ilocos Sur
Religious: Roman Catholic
Civil status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Birthdate: February 6 2004
Birthplace: Antipolo City

Parents
Mother: Cherry Dela Cruz
Father: Ronald Dela Cruz

Educational background

Tertiary: Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College

Main Campus ( Formerly North Luzon Philippines State College )
San Nicolas Candon City Ilocos Sur

Degree: Bachelor of Science in Business Administration

62
 Major in Human Resources Development Management

Secoundary: Dr. Ricardo Gacula Memorial National High School

Elementary: Bagong Silang Elementary School

REFERENCES

https://www.britannica.com
https://en.m.wikipedia.org
https://history.state.gov
https://www.dw.com
www://dwutschland.de

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