(Research 2019) .

Physical Science – Individual Project
Orange (Citrus sinensis) Limonene Biofuel
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
The demand of fuel is continuously increasing in the Philippines. According to
Knoema, In March 2019, petroleum consumption for Philippines was 447.57 thousand barrels
per day. Though Philippines petroleum consumption fluctuated substantially in recent months, it
tended to increase through April 2014 - March 2019 period ending at 447.57 thousand barrels per
day in March 2019.
Hydrocarbon or also called fossil fuel is one the major sources of fuel and is about 90%
that made up the fuel. It comes from the remains of ancient plants and animals. Fossil fuels store
energy in the bonds between the atoms that make up their molecules. Burning the fuels breaks
apart those bonds. This releases the energy that originally came from the sun. These fuels are
commonly used in engines and generating electricity and so are great benefit to humans.
However, these are non-renewable sources thus, they are limited to use. Moreover, these
are also the cause of global warming and climate change wherein they can destroy the ozone
layer upon using it. Hydrocarbons produce chlorine and reduce the ozone layer when they are
released.
1
Since hydrocarbons are non-renewable and can cause damage to the atmosphere, the
researcher thought of using plants as biofuel as an alternative or substitute to fossil fuels. Using
biofuel will lessen the use of non-renewable resources and would be saved from total extinction.
The harms caused by fuels would be reduced by using biofuel.
The limonene of orange peel was able to get by the distillation process. The limonene
was then tested by its flammability, viscosity, and its time of fuel consumption and it was then
compared to the commercial fuel.
B. Review of Related Literature
Poly-green Technology: Fuel from Waste is a study of Mr. Jayme M. Navarro, from
Bacolod City, invented and perfected the Poly Green Technology, a process where plastic
materials can be converted to both diesel and gasolines fuel oil.
Pongamia pinnata: An Alternative Fuel Booster is a research study that provides an initial
study and characteristics of the Pongamia oil as an alternative fuel. The extraction yielded 33%
oil from air dried seed, analyzed and studied at Adamson University Testing Laboratory.
Jatropha Oil combined with Kerosene as an Alternative Fuel is the improvement of the
fuel into an environmental fuel that cannot destroy the nature. China and India have been using
Jatropha for producing biodiesel for many years. The seeds used are mainly derived from
undomesticated Jatropha tree species, hence the productivity and quality of the oils can vary
considerably and economic use of the plant is rather difficult.
2
Mangifera indica peelings as a Bioethanol can be used as fuel for vehicles in its pure
form, but usually use as an additive to increase octane and improve vehicle emissions.
Citrus waste contains various polymers of soluble and insoluble carbohydrates that are
the ideal raw material for conversion into biological fuels such as ethanol and biogas.
Biofuel is a fuel that is derived from biomass that is plant or algae material or animal
waste. Since such feedstock material can be replenished readily, biofuel is considered to be a
source of renewable energy, unlike fuels such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas.
Limonene is responsible for the distinctive scent that hits you when you peel an orange. It
can also be readily turned into a biofuel with great jet fuel properties including high energy
density and a low freezing point. The fuel has already been proved in a test flight.
C. Statement of the Problem
1. Is the orange peel limonene biofuel effective in terms of:
a. Flammability test
b. Viscosity test
2. Is there any significant difference on the effectiveness of orange peel limonene biofuel
and the commercial fuel in terms of:
b. Viscosity test
3. Is the time of the consumption of orange peel limonene biofuel longer than the
commercial fuel?
3
D. Research Objectives
1. To know if the orange peel limonene biofuel is effective in terms of:
b. Viscosity test
2. To find out the significant difference on the effectiveness of orange peel limonene biofuel
b. Viscosity test
3. To know if the time of the consumption of orange peel limonene biofuel is longer than
the commercial fuel.
E. Research Hypotheses
1. The orange peel limonene biofuel is not effective in terms of:
b. Viscosity test
2. There is no significant difference on the effectiveness of orange peel limonene biofuel
b. Viscosity test
3. The time of the consumption of orange peel limonene biofuel is no longer than the
commercial fuel.
4
F. Significance of the Study
Hydrocarbons or also called fossil fuels produce chlorine and reduce the ozone layer
when they are released that can cause damage to our environment. Therefore; orange peel
limonene biofuel may be a useful source of fuel and can be a renewable source. The product
can also lead people to know that utilizing common plants may also be used as biofuels.
G. Definition of Terms
a. Conceptual
1. Fuel- is a material that provides useful energy and is used to heat and cool
buildings, cook food, power engines, and produce electricity.
2. Citrus- genus of tropical trees of the rue family, providing such edible fruits as the
orange, lemon, citron, grapefruit, lime, tangerine, and shaddock. All of which are
rich in vitamin c, sugars, and citric acid.
3. Flammability- is the ability of a chemical to burn or ignite, causing fire or
combustion.
4. Limonene- is the oil extracted from the peels of oranges and other citrus fruits.
5
b. Operational
1. Distillation- is the process of heating the gathered citrus sinensis peels to get the
limonene using pressure cooker which is an alternative process of distillation.
2. Viscosity- is a measure of the resistance to flow of the piece of marble and was
able to get its viscosity by recording its time before it reaches the bottom of the
cylinder.
H. Research Design
 Conceptual Framework
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Orange Peels Preparing Orange Peel
Water Adding Limonene Biofuel
Copper Hose Distilling
Pressure cooker Placing
Testing
6
 Theoretical Framework
Preparing the orange peels, water,

copper hose, and pressure cooker
Adding water to orange peels
Distilling the orange peels with

water in pressure cooker
Placing the distilled orange peels

into a container
Testing the product
7
CHAPTER II
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the procedure/materials in preparing the orange peel limonene biofuel,
and the method or formulas used in this research study.
A. Procedure/Materials
One half kilogram (1/2kg) of Orange Peels was gathered. A pressure cooker was used to
distill the peels. The one half kilogram (1/2kg) of orange peels was put inside the pressure
cooker and 5 cups of water were added. A five feet (5ft) long copper hose was used to attach the
pressure cooker’s overpressure plug. At the edge of the copper hose, a glass cup was placed. The
pressure cooker was heated up using a stove and the distillation process was happened. The
researcher waited for one hour (1hr) for the glass cup to be filled in with orange limonene. The
orange peel limonene biofuel was then placed in a container.
To test the biofuel’s effectiveness in terms of its flammability and viscosity, its significant
difference on the commercial fuel, and the biofuel and commercial fuel’s consumption upon
using it, the variables are tested by using different ways. First, on the flammability test, both
variable were put in a separate cap of a bottle and a math was used to lit the biofuel and the
commercial fuel then a stopwatch was used to record its time before they ignite. Second, on the
viscosity test, both variable of 100 milliliters (mL) were put in a separate glass container and the
density of the biofuel, commercial fuel, and the circular marble were calculated through using
8
the formulas. First, the researcher calculated the density of the marble using the formula
Density=mass of the marble in kilograms (kg) divided by its volume. To get the volume of the
marble, the researcher used the formula Volume=4/3x pi x (radius of the marble) ^3. Also, to
calculate the density of both variable, measure first the mass of the glass container with 100
milliliters (mL) and without the variable and then subtract. The formula Density of
fluid=difference divided by 100 milliliters (mL). The researcher then recorded the marble’s time
to reach the bottom of glass container with the biofuel or commercial fuel using a stop watch.
The researcher finally measured the viscosity of the variables, using the formula Viscosity= (2x
(density of the marble-density of biofuel or commercial fuel) x g x a^2) divided (9 x v) where
g=acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s^2), a=radius of marble, v=velocity of marble to reach the
bottom.
9
CHAPTER III
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the cost of production, the results gathered during the testing and
experimentation, the interpretations and implications of the results.
Table 1. The Cost of Production of the Orange Peel Limonene Biofuel
Materials Price Remarks

Copper Wire Php 350.00 The researcher bought the
copper wire from the store.
Orange Peel Php 200.00 The researcher bought the
orange peel from the store.
Total: Php 550.00 The researcher spent a total
of Php 650.00 in producing
the orange peel limonene
biofuel.
It can be gleaned from the table that the total cost of producing orange peel limonene biofuel
is Php 650.00. Furthermore, the other materials are readily available in the locality and
household.
Results and Discussion
10
b. Viscosity test
Table 2.A: Effectiveness of Orange Peel Limonene Biofuel in terms of
Flammability test
TEST TRIALS
1 2 3
Flammability test (Time taken 3.03 seconds 1.57 seconds 1.30 seconds
for the product to ignite)
The researcher used a match to produce fire. A cap of bottle was used to contain the
biofuel. The heated match was placed on the cup containing the biofuel. The time of the product
before it ignites was recorded using stopwatch. The table above shows the flammability test
result of the product. On the first trial, it took 3.03 seconds for the orange peel limonene biofuel
to ignite. While on the second trial, it took 1.57 seconds to ignite. Lastly, on the third trial, it took
1.30 seconds for it to ignite. The researcher used the third trial to compare with the standard
basis of a biofuel’s flammability effectiveness because it is the most accurate result since it was
done for the third time. The orange peel limonene biofuel is effective in terms of its
flammability, this is due to the fact that the product can produce fire so it is flammable and it was
proven on the experimentation. Also, according to Thehortongroup.com, biofuel is a combustible
liquid that burn readily when heated. This further implies that the product is flammable enough
to be considered as biofuel.
11
Table 2.B: Effectiveness of Orange Peel Limonene Biofuel in terms of
Viscosity test
TEST TRIALS
1 2 3
Viscosity test (Time taken for 2,398.3pascal 1,347.3pascal 2,163.9pascal
the marble to reach the seconds seconds seconds
bottom of the container)
A glass container containing 50 milliliters (mL) biofuel was used. A circular marble with a
radius of 0.02 meters (m) and a mass of 0.2 kilogram (kg) was used. The researcher calculated
the viscosity of the biofuel by measuring the velocity of the marble as it falls through the biofuel.
According to Sciencing.com, the velocity of the marble, combined with the relative densities of
the marble and biofuel, must use to calculate the viscosity of the liquid. First step, the researcher
calculated the density of the marble. The researcher measured the mass of it using balance. The
marble weighs 0.2 kilogram. After, the researcher also finds the radius of the marble. The marble
has a 0.02 meter of radius. Next step, for the researcher to get its density, the researcher first gets
its volume. The formula would be Volume=4/3 x pi x (0.02 meter )^3. The marble’s volume is
0.00000335m^3. Then, the researcher finally calculated the marble’s density and the formula
would be Density= (0.2kg) divided by ( 0.00000335m^3). The marble’s density is 59, 701
kg/m^3.
12
Then, the researcher also gets the biofuel’s density. The researcher first measured the glass
container when it is empty and when it is not, its mass with 100 milliliters (mL) of liquid in it.
The empty glass container had a mass of 0.3kg, and with biofuel, its mass was 0.75kg. The
researcher subtracted it to determine the mass of the biofuel. The result is 0.45kg. After, the
researcher finally gets the density of the biofuel by dividing its mass by its volume. 0.45kg
divided by 100 mL= 4,500 kg/m^3. Finally, the researcher measured the biofuel’s viscosity.
The researcher measured the distance between of the surface up to the bottom of the
biofuel in a glass container and the result is 0.4m. The viscosity test happened and the researcher
let go of the marble on the surface of the liquid and stopwatch was used to record how long it
takes the marble to reach the bottom of the container. The result is 8seconds. The researcher
calculated the velocity of the falling marble by dividing the distance it fell by the time it took.
The formula would be Velocity= (0.4m) divided by (8 seconds)= 0.05m/s. Then, the researcher
calculated the viscosity with the formula Viscosity= (2 (59,701-4,500) x 9.8 m/s^2 x 0.02^2)
divided by (9 x 0.05) = 2,163.9pascal seconds.
The table shows the effectiveness of Orange Peel Limonene Biofuel in terms of its
viscosity tests. On the first trial, it took 2,398.3 pascal seconds for the marble to reach the bottom
of the glass container. On the second trial, it took 1,347.3 pascal seconds while on the third trial,
it took 2,163.9 pascal seconds. The researcher used the third trial to compare with the standard
basis of a biofuel’s viscosity effectiveness because it is the most accurate result since it was done
for the third time. The orange peel limonene biofuel is effective in terms of its viscosity, this is
due to the fact that the biofuel reached the bottom of the glass container slower than the
13
commercial fuel. This further implies that the product is effective enough in terms of its viscosity
to be considered as biofuel.
2. Is there any significant difference on the effectiveness of orange peel limonene
biofuel and the commercial fuel in terms of:
b. Viscosity test
Table 3: Significant difference on the effectiveness between the Orange Peel Limonene
Biofuel and the Commercial Fuel in terms of Flammability and Viscosity test
DIFFERENT TESTS
TYPES OF
FLAMMABILITY TEST VISCOSITY TEST
FUEL
Orange Peel 1.30 seconds 2,163.9pascal seconds
Limonene
Biofuel
Commercial 2.34 seconds 1,437.2pascal seconds
Fuel
The same method or process of flammability and viscosity tests with the same
measurements was happened. The third trial of flammability and viscosity tests of the orange
peel limonene biofuel and the commercial fuel is what the researcher used in the table because it
is the most accurate result of the tests since it was done for the third time.
14
The table shows the significant difference on the effectiveness between the Orange Peel
Limonene Biofuel and the commercial fuel. On the flammability test, the Orange Peel Limonene
Biofuel took 1.30seconds for it to ignite while the commercial fuel took 2.34seconds for it to
ignite. On the viscosity test, the Orange Peel Limonene Biofuel took 2,163.9 pascal seconds
while the commercial fuel took 1,437.2 pascal seconds. The Orange Peel Limonene Biofuel is
more effective, which took 1.30seconds to ignite, than the commercial fuel, which took
2.34seconds to ignite, in terms of flammability, this is due to the fact that the biofuel is faster to
ignite. This further implies that the biofuel is more effective in terms of flammability than the
commercial fuel to be considered as a biofuel. Also, the Orange Peel Limonene Biofuel is more
effective than the commercial fuel in terms of viscosity test, this is due to the fact that the Orange
Peel Limonene Biofuel took 2,163.9 pascal seconds, which is slower to reach the bottom of the
glass container than the commercial fuel which took 1,437.2 pascal seconds. This further implies
that the biofuel is more effective in terms of viscosity test than the commercial fuel to be
considered as a biofuel.
commercial fuel?
Table 4: Time of Orange Peel Limonene Biofuel and the Commercial Fuel consumption
15
DIFFERENT TYPES OF FUEL TIME
Orange Peel Limonene Biofuel 0:1:43.17 seconds
Commercial Fuel 3:16:30.51 seconds
The researcher used separate alcohol lamp to determine the orange peel limonene biofuel
and the commercial fuel’s time of their consumption. 50mL was put inside the separate alcohol
lamp. A match was used to turn it on. A stopwatch was used to record their fuel consumption.
The table shows the time of the Orange Peel Limonene Biofuel and the commercial fuel
consumption. The first one tested is the Orange Peel Limonene Biofuel which shows that its time
of consumption is 1 minute and 43.17 seconds. The second one tested is the commercial fuel
which shows that its time of consumption is 3 hours 16 minutes and 30.51 seconds. The
commercial is more effective in the time consumption of fuel than the Orange Peel Limonene
Biofuel, this is due to the experimentation which results that the commercial fuel’s consumption
is longer than the orange peel limonene biofuel. The hypothesis, “the time of the consumption of
orange peel limonene biofuel is no longer than the commercial fuel”, is accepted.
CHAPTER IV
16
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents the scope and limitations, summary, conclusion, and the
recommendation of the research study.
A. Scope and Limitations
The study focused on the effectiveness of Orange Peel Limonene as Biofuel. It was tested in
terms of its flammability, viscosity and time of fuel consumption. Furthermore, the researcher
compared the orange peel limonene biofuel into a commercial fuel. The results were the main
basis of determining whether or not orange peel limonene biofuel can effectively be used as a
biofuel.
The researcher used an alternative process of distillation using pressure cooker instead of
laboratory equipment.
The study was conducted at Candon National High School (CNHS) on the month of June-
August 29, 2019. The experimentation and testing was occurred at Brgy. Darapidap, Candon
City, Ilocos Sur for 3 days.
B. Summary
The researcher’s study entitled, “Orange (Citrus sinensis) Peel Limonene Biofuel” aims
to investigate the factor of its flammability test, viscosity test, and its time of orange peel
limonene biofuel consumption. Also, it aims to compare with the commercial fuel with the same
factor.
17
Fossil fuels store energy in the bonds between the atoms that make up their molecules.
Burning the fuels breaks apart those bonds. This releases the energy that originally came from
the sun. These fuels are commonly used in engines and generating electricity and so are great
benefit to humans.
However, these are non-renewable sources thus, they are limited to use. Moreover, these
are also the cause of global warming and climate change wherein they can destroy the ozone
layer upon using it. Hydrocarbons produce chlorine and reduce the ozone layer when they are
released.
Since hydrocarbons are non-renewable and can cause damage to the atmosphere, the
researcher decided to seek solution to this problem. The researcher thought of using plants as
biofuel as an alternative or substitute to fossil fuels. Using biofuel will lessen the use of non-
renewable resources and would be saved from total extinction. The harms caused by fuels would
be reduced by using biofuel.
The study was investigated through the following problems:
c. Flammability test
d. Viscosity test
2. Is there any significant difference on the effectiveness of orange peel limonene biofuel
18
c. Flammability test
d. Viscosity test
commercial fuel?
One half kilogram (1/2kg) of Orange Peels was gathered. A pressure cooker was used to
distill the peels. The one half kilogram (1/2kg) of orange peels was put inside the pressure
cooker and 5 cups of water were added. A five feet (5ft) long copper hose was used to attach
the pressure cooker’s overpressure plug. At the edge of the copper hose, a glass cup was
placed. The pressure cooker was heated up using a stove and the distillation process was
happened. The researcher waited for one hour (1hr) for the glass cup to be filled in with
orange limonene. The orange peel limonene biofuel was then placed in a container. The
researcher then experimented and tested the product.
Based on the data gathered, the Orange Peel Limonene Biofuel is effective and there is a
significant difference on the commercial fuel in terms of flammability and viscosity test.
However, the time of the consumption of orange peel limonene biofuel is no longer than the
commercial fuel.
19
C. Conclusion
The researcher therefore concludes that the Orange Peel Limonene Biofuel is effective
and there is a significant difference on the commercial fuel in terms of flammability and
viscosity test. However, the researcher therefore concludes that the time of the consumption of
orange peel limonene biofuel is no longer than the commercial fuel.
D. Recommendation
Based on the data gathered, Orange (Citrus sinensis) Peel Limonene is recommended for
biofuel, alternative or substitute for fuel.
For future researches, further studies, testing, and process in making biofuel can be done.
Also, other variable (aside from Orange Peel Limonene) can be used or added into the study. In
addition, other way of experimentation, specially the original process of distillation using
laboratory equipment, is highly recommended.
Also, the researcher recommends to test the orange peel limonene biofuel’s environmental
impact to prove that biofuels are really safe to our surroundings.
20
APPENDICES
21
A. Documentation
1.One-half Orange Peel was gathered 2. Pressure Cooker was prepared
3.Orange Peels were put in the 4. Five cups of water were added
pressure cooker
22
5.Five feet long copper wire was 6. The pressure cooker was heated
attached to the pressure cooker
7.Distillation process happened 8. Citrus sinensis limonene biofuel
23
BIBLIOGRAPHY
24
(1992). In The 21’st Century Webster’s International Encyclopedia (Second Edition) (p. 428).
Echevarria, C. (n.d.). Alternative Use of Sesamum indicum Seed Oil as Biofuel.

https://www.academia.edu/21113222/Alternative_Use_of_Sesamum_indicum_Seed_Oil_
as_Biofuel.
Ecoben, J. M. (n.d.).
Fuel. (1990 Edition ). In The World Book Encyclopedia (p. 550).
JR Mae Christine D. Ecoben, I. F. (n.d.). Effectiveness of Lantana Leaf Extract as Biofuel.

https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/kyung2/research-jackfruit-peelingasbiofuel.
Moleta, S. J. (2007-2008). Kalikasan: Everyday Science in Action . National Capital Region

(NCR).
Navarro, J. M. (2008). Poly-green Technology. Bacolod City .
Paculan, R. P. (2013). Jatropha Curcas Leaves Extract Combined with Kerosene as an

ALternative Fuel. https://www.scribd.com/doc/120953942/Investigatory-Project.
Production of Biofuel from Used Oil. (2010, May 25).

https://www.investigtoryprojectexample.com/production-of-biofuel-from-used-oil/.
25
RESEARCH ABSTRACT
Fossil fuels are major source of fuel. They come from the remains of ancient plants and
animals so, they are limited to use. These fuels are commonly used in engines and generating
electricity and are great benefit to humans.
Since fossil fuels are non-renewable and can cause damage to the atmosphere, the
researcher thought of using plants as biofuel as an alternative to fossil fuels. Using biofuel will
lessen the use of non-renewable resources and would be saved from total extinction.
This study was investigated to prove the following problems:
I. Is the orange peel limonene biofuel effective in terms of:
e. Flammability test
f. Viscosity test
J. Is there any significant difference on the effectiveness of orange peel limonene biofuel
e. Flammability test
f. Viscosity test
26
K. Is the time of the consumption of orange peel limonene biofuel longer than the
commercial fuel?
Orange peels and water were gathered and distilled using pressure cooker. And copper
hose was used to attach the overpressure plug. The stove was turned on and then the
distillation process happened. Container was used to collect the gathered orange peel
limonene biofuel.
Based on the findings, the researcher therefore concluded that the Orange Peel
Limonene Biofuel is effective and there is a significant difference on the commercial fuel in
terms of flammability and viscosity test. Also, the researcher therefore concluded that the
time of the consumption of orange peel limonene biofuel is no longer than the commercial
fuel.
27
RESEARCH LOGBOOK
DATE ACTIVITIES REMARKS SIGNATURE

May 20, 2019 The researcher The researcher Mrs. Laarni M.
(Wednesday) planned and thought thought of orange Ewitan
of what research peel limonene as a
study to make. main component of
producing biofuel
June 5, 2019 The researcher The researcher came Mrs. Laarni M.
(Wednesday) presented her title. up with orange peel Ewitan
limonene biofuel as
her research study.
Her title was
approved by the
Research IV Subject
Teacher.
June 10-14, 2019 The researcher The researcher was Mrs. Laarni M.
searched in the able to make the Ewitan
internet and in the Background of the
school library for Study and the Review
related articles and of Related Literature
studies about her
research study.
June 17-21, 2019 The researcher The researcher has Mrs. Laarni M.
documented and finalized the Ewitan
conducted the experimentation well
experimentation. The and has proofread her
researcher was able study.
to gather results
during the testing of
the product. The
researcher has
interpreted the data
28
and continued editing

her research study.
July 1, 2019 The researcher The researcher was Mrs. Laarni M.
(Monday) presented the product able to present her Ewitan
to her Research IV product.
Subject Teacher.
September 2, 2019 The researcher has The researcher’s Mrs. Laarni M.
(Monday) finished her study. research study was Ewitan
Final defense of her successfully finished.
research study has
been conducted.
29

(Research 2019) .

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Physical Science – Individual Project

Orange (Citrus sinensis) Limonene Biofuel

A. Background of the Study

The demand of fuel is continuously increasing in the Philippines. According to

day in March 2019.

The harms caused by fuels would be reduced by using biofuel.

compared to the commercial fuel.

B. Review of Related Literature

materials can be converted to both diesel and gasolines fuel oil.

considerably and economic use of the plant is rather difficult.

C. Statement of the Problem

1. Is the orange peel limonene biofuel effective in terms of:

and the commercial fuel in terms of:

1. To know if the orange peel limonene biofuel is effective in terms of:

and the commercial fuel in terms of:

the commercial fuel.

1. The orange peel limonene biofuel is not effective in terms of:

2. There is no significant difference on the effectiveness of orange peel limonene biofuel

and the commercial fuel in terms of:

F. Significance of the Study

buildings, cook food, power engines, and produce electricity.

rich in vitamin c, sugars, and citric acid.

3. Flammability- is the ability of a chemical to burn or ignite, causing fire or

limonene using pressure cooker which is an alternative process of distillation.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Preparing the orange peels, water,

Adding water to orange peels

Distilling the orange peels with

Placing the distilled orange peels

Testing the product

and the method or formulas used in this research study.

orange peel limonene biofuel was then placed in a container.

(density of the marble-density of biofuel or commercial fuel) x g x a^2) divided (9 x v) where

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1. The Cost of Production of the Orange Peel Limonene Biofuel

Materials Price Remarks

Results and Discussion

1. Is the orange peel limonene biofuel effective in terms of:

Table 2.A: Effectiveness of Orange Peel Limonene Biofuel in terms of

for the product to ignite)

proven on the experimentation. Also, according to Thehortongroup.com, biofuel is a combustible

Table 2.B: Effectiveness of Orange Peel Limonene Biofuel in terms of

the marble to reach the seconds seconds seconds

bottom of the container)

divided by (9 x 0.05) = 2,163.9pascal seconds.

2. Is there any significant difference on the effectiveness of orange peel limonene

biofuel and the commercial fuel in terms of:

Orange Peel 1.30 seconds 2,163.9pascal seconds

DIFFERENT TYPES OF FUEL TIME

Orange Peel Limonene Biofuel 0:1:43.17 seconds

Commercial Fuel 3:16:30.51 seconds

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

recommendation of the research study.

A. Scope and Limitations

City, Ilocos Sur for 3 days.

be reduced by using biofuel.

The study was investigated through the following problems:

1. Is the orange peel limonene biofuel effective in terms of:

and the commercial fuel in terms of:

researcher then experimented and tested the product.

orange peel limonene biofuel is no longer than the commercial fuel.

biofuel, alternative or substitute for fuel.