Science Reading Essentials

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CHAPTER 1
A Look at Living Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Lesson 1 Living Things and Their Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Lesson 2 Plants and Their Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Lesson 3 Animals and Their Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Lesson 4 Classifying Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Vocabulary Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
CHAPTER 2
Living Things Grow and Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Lesson 1 Plant Life Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Lesson 2 Animal Life Cycles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Lesson 3 From Parents to Young . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
CHAPTER 3
Living Things in Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Lesson 1 Food Chains and Food Webs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Lesson 2 Types of Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Lesson 3 Adaptations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
CHAPTER 4
Changes in Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Lesson 1 Living Things Change Their Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Lesson 2 Changes Affect Living Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Lesson 3 Living Things of the Past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Vocabulary Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
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CHAPTER 5
Earth Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
Lesson 1 Earth’s Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Lesson 2 Sudden Changes to Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Lesson 3 Weathering and Erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Vocabulary Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
CHAPTER 6
Using Earth’s Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Lesson 1 Minerals and Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Lesson 2 Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Lesson 3 Fossils and Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Lesson 4 Air and Water Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
CHAPTER 7
Changes in Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155
Lesson 1 Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Lesson 2 The Water Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Lesson 3 Climate and Seasons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
CHAPTER 8
Planets, Moons, and Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179
Lesson 1 The Sun and Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Lesson 2 The Moon and Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Lesson 3 The Planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Lesson 4 The Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
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CHAPTER 9
Observing Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Lesson 1 Properties of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Lesson 2 Measuring Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Lesson 3 Solids, Liquids, and Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
CHAPTER 10
Changes in Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Lesson 1 Changes of State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Lesson 2 Physical Changes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Lesson 3 Chemical Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
CHAPTER 11
Forces and Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Lesson 1 Position and Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Lesson 2 Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Lesson 3 Work and Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Lesson 4 Using Simple Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
CHAPTER 12
Forms of Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Lesson 1 Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Lesson 2 Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Lesson 3 Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Lesson 4 Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
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CHAPTER 1
A Look at Living Things
How do living things get what
they need to live and grow?
Vocabulary
organism a living photosynthesis
thing the way that plants
make food
reproduce to make vertebrate

more of one’s own an animal with
kind a backbone
environment all invertebrate

the living and an animal without
nonliving things a backbone
in a place
cell the basic

building block
that makes up all
living things
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Chapter 1
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Lesson 1
Living Things and Their Needs
What are living things?

Plants and animals are living things. Living
things are called organisms. All organisms grow. A
young bird grows into an adult. It gets bigger. It
gets less fuzzy.
All organisms reproduce. To reproduce means

to make more of one’s own kind. An apple tree
makes seeds. The seeds grow into new apple trees.
A turtle lays eggs. Young turtles
come from the eggs.
Female skinks lay eggs.

New skinks hatch from
the eggs. →
Living Things Grow
Read a Photo
What will happen to the

young birds as they grow?
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Organisms respond to the world around them. A

plant is in the shade. It responds. It bends toward
the sunlight. A bird sees a cat. It senses danger.
Then it flies away.
Rocks and water are nonliving things. Cars are

nonliving things, too. Nonliving things do not use
energy to grow. They do not respond or reproduce.
← It is fall. The air grows

cooler. The tree responds.
It drops its leaves.
Quick Check
Fill in the blanks.
1. Living things are called .
2. Organisms grow, , and reproduce.
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Chapter 1 • Lesson 1
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What do living things need?

Living things need food, water, and space.
Many need gases, too. Gases are in the air or
water. Living things must have these things or
they will die. Living things get what they need
from their environment. An environment is all
the living and nonliving things in a place.
Living things need food. Animals eat other

organisms for food. Plants use the Sun’s energy
to make food. All living things have water in
them. The water helps break down food. Water
also helps get rid of waste. Water helps living
things stay healthy.
These plants get water from the wet soil. ↓
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Animals need oxygen to live. Oxygen is a gas. It is

in air and water. We get oxygen when we breathe
air. Fish get oxygen from the water they live in.
Plants need oxygen, too. Plants also need a gas

called carbon dioxide. They use sunlight to change
carbon dioxide and water into food.
Living things need space, or room. Plants need

room to grow. Animals need room to move.
↑ A manatee lives in the ↑ Foxes hunt in forests and fields. They live in
water. It comes to the small dens. The dens help them stay safe.
surface to get air.
Quick Check
Circle the correct answer.
3. What must plants and animals have in order to live?
grass, sunlight, soil food, water, oxygen sand, rain, wind
4. Why do plants need space?
to find oxygen to find carbon dioxide to grow 5

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What are living things made of?

Cells are the building blocks of life.
All living things are made of cells.
Cells are very small. It takes millions of

cells to make one little ant. You cannot see
cells with just your eyes. To see cells you
need a tool. It is called a microscope.
↑ A microscope makes tiny things look larger.
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Some organisms are made of lilac
one cell. Organisms called bacteria

are an example. They live in soil
and in water. Some live on our
skin. Some live in our bodies!
lilac cells
These cells are from a lilac

leaf. A microscope makes
them look larger. →
Quick Check
Fill in the blanks.
5. You need a to see cells.
6. Bacteria are made up of one .
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-Review Summaries and quizzes online at www.macmillanmh.com Chapter 1 • Lesson 1
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Lesson 2
Plants and Their Parts
What are plants?

Plants come in different shapes and sizes. They
all make their own food. They use energy from the
Sun to make food. Plants do not need to eat other
living things.
These two plants have different shapes

and colors. They both have roots,
stems, leaves, and flowers. ↓
stems
flowers
leaves
roots
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Most plants are green. Most plants grow in the

ground. Plants can not move around like animals
can.
Most plants have roots, stems, and leaves. These

parts help plants get what they need to live. Some
plants have flowers and fruits. Some have cones.
These parts help plants reproduce.
Quick Check
7. Compare the two plants on page 8.
Use the graphic organizer below.
Yellow Flower Both Red Flower

(different) (alike) (different)
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How do roots and stems

help plants?
Plants need water. They take in water
with their roots. Roots also take in nutrients
from the soil. Nutrients help living things
grow and stay healthy.
← A beet
Roots hold a plant in place. Some plants has one
main root.
have one thick root. Other plants have
many thin roots.
Some roots store food for a plant. These

roots are good for people, too. People eat
roots such as carrots and beets.
This plant
has many
thin roots. →
A palm tree’s roots hold tightly

to the sand. ↓
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A stem holds up a plant and its leaves. The stem

helps the leaves get sunlight. The stem also carries
water, nutrients, and food through a plant.
Stems can be soft and green like tulip stems.

A trunk is a tree’s stem.
Stems can also be hard like tree trunks. The flowers have soft,
green stems. ↓
Quick Check
8. Which plant parts take in water and nutrients,
and hold the plants in place?
stems roots leaves
9. Which plant parts hold plants and their leaves up?
leaves roots stems

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Why are leaves important?

Leaves come in many shapes and
sizes. Some leaves are flat. Others are
shaped like needles. A leaf is where a plant
makes food.
Plants make food in a process called

photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, ↑ maple leaf
plants use energy from the Sun. This
energy helps plants make food.
Learn more at www.macmillanmh.com
↑ pine needles
Photosynthesis
Sunlight soaks
Oxygen flows from
into the leaves
the leaves as plants
and gives energy.
make food.
Food made inside the

leaves travels to the
rest of the plant.
Carbon dioxide Read a Diagram

flows into the leaves.
What does photosynthesis do
Water and for plants?
nutrients flow up
to the leaves.
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Leaves take in carbon dioxide and

sunlight for photosynthesis. The carbon
dioxide enters through tiny holes at the
bottom of a leaf.
During photosynthesis, plants give off

oxygen. People and animals breathe the
oxygen made by plants.
↑ These are tiny holes in a

leaf. You can see the
There are many different leaf
holes with a microscope.
shapes in this picture. ↓
Quick Check
10. Why are leaves important?
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How can you group plants?

There are many kinds of plants on Earth.
Scientists put these plants into groups. This makes
it easier to learn about them.
Grouping Plants
Flowers No Flowers
cherry tree ginkgo tree
prickly pear yew tree

cactus
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Scientists group plants by their

parts. They make groups based on
the plants’ roots, stems, and
leaves. Scientists also use flowers
to group plants. Some plants make
flowers. Others do not.
squash plant juniper tree pansy
Quick Check
11. Look at the three plants above.
Place each plant in the correct group.
Flowers No Flowers
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Lesson 3
Animals and Their Parts
What are animals?

Animals have certain things in common. Most
animals can move. Birds fly. Foxes run and jump.
Sharks swim.
Animals can not make their own food. They

must eat other organisms. This is how animals
get energy and nutrients.
↑ When wasps sense
Animals respond to their environment. A cat danger, they respond
by stinging.
looks for food when it is hungry. A wasp stings
to protect its hive.
Animals have many kinds of parts. Their parts

help them get what they need. Legs, fins, wings,
and tails are all animal parts.
its wings very fast. ↓
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Animals move to find food and water.

They move to run from danger. Animals
use their feet, legs, tails, wings, or other
parts to move.
Animals such as wolves have strong

legs. Their legs are good for running and
jumping. Some animals can move without
legs. Snakes use their whole bodies to
move. Birds use their wings to fly.
A snake moves with
A wolf has strong legs. its whole body. →
It uses them to jump. ↓
Quick Check
12. Animals move to get .
sunlight food and water carbon dioxide
13. Many animals use to move.
feet and legs eyes and ears leaves and stems

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How do animals get what they need?

Some animals use their tongues to lap up water.
Birds scoop up water in their beaks. Birds also use
their beaks to grab worms or seeds. Elephants use
their trunks to put water or plants in their mouths.
Many animals have long, sharp front teeth for

biting. They have flat back teeth for chewing.
Some animals have strong jaws. This helps them
bite and chew.
A squirrel has paws

and sharp teeth. It
uses them to eat an
acorn. →
↑ A lion has a big, strong

tongue. This helps it
lap up water.
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Many animals use lungs to breathe in oxygen

from the air. Fish use gills to take in oxygen from
the water.
Some animals can breathe without lungs or gills.

Worms take in oxygen through their skin.
Breathing and Moving
Breathing Water enters fins

gills
the fish’s mouth. The
water has oxygen in it. The
gills take in oxygen from
the water as it flows out.
Moving A fish moves

forward by waving its tail.
Fins help the fish steer.
It moves toward food. It
moves away from danger. mouth tail
Read a Photo
Which two parts help the fish get oxygen?
Quick Check
14. What body parts help you eat?
15. Circle the body part that helps a fish move forward.
gills legs lungs tail
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How do animals stay safe?

Animals need ways to stay safe.
They need to protect themselves
from bad weather. They need to
protect themselves from other
animals.
Some animals find a safe place,

or shelter, to stay safe. Some
animals find shelter in the ground.
Groundhogs dig holes.
Lizards flatten their bodies
and crawl under rocks.
Young kangaroos find shelter

in their mothers’ pouches. →
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Some animals use trees or

other plants for shelters. Birds
make nests for their young.
They gather materials for
their nests using their beaks
and feet.
Some animals have parts

that protect their bodies. The
parts keep them safe. A
snail’s hard shell protects it.
Fur can protect some animals
from the cold.
↑ A bird makes a nest.
Quick Check
16. How does a lizard stay safe?
17. What are two ways animals protect themselves?
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Lesson 4
Classifying Animals
How can you classify animals?

Scientists classify animals. They group animals
with similar parts together. This makes it easier to
study them.
Some parts are useful for classifying animals.

A backbone is made of many small bones. The
bones run down the center of the back. Animals
with backbones are called vertebrates. Tigers,
dogs, eagles, and goldfish are all vertebrates.
Animals with Backbones
backbone
Read a Diagram
A raccoon is a
Where does a raccoon’s backbone
vertebrate. Its
begin? Where does it end?
backbone helps
hold up its body.
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Chapter
A Look atTitle
Living Things
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Many animals do not have backbones. They are

called invertebrates. Invertebrates lack more than
backbones. They have no bones at all! Insects,
spiders, worms, and jellies are all invertebrates.
A jelly is an invertebrate. It
lives in the ocean. The water
helps hold up its body.
Quick Check
Fill in the blank.
18. A vertebrate has a .
19. Water can help hold up an invertebrate’s .

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What are some invertebrates?

Invertebrates live all over the planet. They live on
land and in water. Most are small. A few are large.
The giant squid is a large invertebrate. It is as long
as a school bus! Some other invertebrates are shown
here.
sponges worms
flatworms
tube sponges
These animals pull water and Worms have no skeleton. There

food into holes in their bodies. are more than one million kinds
of worms.
sea stars and urchins jellies

crown jelly
marble sea star

Sea stars and sea urchins have These animals have no bones,
shells. The shells are inside brains, or eyes. They use their
their bodies. tentacles to sting their enemies.
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arthropods
Arthropods are the
biggest group of
invertebrates. They
have thin shells. Their
legs bend in many
places. Insects, spiders,
and lobsters are
arthropods.
northern lobster
beetle
mollusks
Mollusks have soft
bodies. A few have
hard shells. They push
their bodies with a
muscle called a foot.
Clams, snails, and
octopuses are
mollusks.
snail
squid
Quick Check
20. How do some invertebrates protect themselves?
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What are some vertebrates?

Birds are a kind of vertebrate. They
have a beak and feathers. They have two
wings and two legs. Birds breathe with
lungs. They reproduce by laying eggs.
Reptiles are another kind of vertebrate.

They have scaly skin. The scales help
protect them.
Some reptiles live on land. Others live

in water. All reptiles breathe through
lungs.
Most reptiles lay eggs. Some give birth

↑ Penguins are birds
to live young. that can not fly.
← The chameleon
is a reptile.
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Amphibians are vertebrates, too. They spend

part of their lives in water and part on land. They
look like fish when they hatch. The young breathe
through gills. When they get older, they grow legs
and lungs. Then they live on land.
Fish are also vertebrates. They spend their whole

lives in water. Fish breathe using gills. They lay eggs.
↑ Frogs are amphibians. ↑ A stingray is a fish.
Quick Check
Fill in the blank.
21. A has feathers and wings.
22. A lives its whole life in the water.
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What are mammals?

Mammals are vertebrates. Mice, elephants,
and people are all mammals. Most mammals
do not hatch from eggs. They are born live.
Female mammals make milk for their young.

They care for the young until they can find
food on their own.
Mammals have hair or fur. Some have thick

fur, like bears. Other mammals, such as
people, have thinner hair.
← A mammal’s first
food is milk from
its mother.
bears
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Mammals breathe with lungs. Dolphins and

whales are mammals that live in water. They
come to the surface to breathe.
Whales are not fish. They are

mammals. Whales jump out
the water to take a breath. →
Quick Check
23. Most mammals .
hatch from eggs have scales are born live
24. Which is a mammal?
snake mouse worm
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Vocabulary
Review
Use the words from the word box to fill

in the blanks below.
cells invertebrate photosynthesis vertebrate
environment organism reproduce
1. An is an animal
without a backbone.
2. The building blocks of every organism are
called .
3. An is all the living
and nonliving things in a place.
4. An animal with a backbone is called
a .
5. Each living thing is an .
6. The process in which plants make food is
called .
7. Living things to
make more of their own kind.
Summarize
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Chapter 1 • Lessons 1–4 • Vocabulary Review
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CHAPTER 2
Living Things Grow and Change
How do living things change?
Vocabulary
seed a part of a metamorphosis
plant that can grow a change in body
into a new plant form
pollination when egg a structure that

pollen moves to the protects and feeds
female part of a young animals
flower
life cycle how an inherited trait

organism grows a feature that is
and reproduces passed from
parents to young
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Chapter 2
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Lesson 1
Plant Life Cycles
How do plants grow?

A seed has a young plant inside. The seed also
contains food. The young plant uses the food to
grow. The seed has a tough shell. The shell
protects the young plant inside.
A seed needs water. It needs nutrients. It needs

the right temperature.
A seed can live a long time before it starts
growing. Soil covers the seed. It soaks up water. It
gets bigger.
From Seed to Plant
A seed is planted The seed grows.

in soil. Roots grow into
the soil.
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The seed breaks through its

young plant stored food
covering. It grows into a seedling. A
seedling is a small plant. It has leaves.
covering
It can make its own food. It can grow
into an adult plant.
Quick Check
Fill in the blanks. parts of a seed
1. A seed has a
that helps protect a young plant.
2. A small, growing plant

The plant
is a . grows into an
adult. It can
reproduce.
It makes
new seeds.
The roots grow The plant

longer. A stem grows leaves.
pushes up. It makes its
own food.
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How do plants make seeds?

Flowers make seeds. A flower has a male part.
It also has a female part. The male part makes a
powder called pollen. The female part makes tiny
eggs. Pollen and an egg come together. Then a
seed forms.
Wind blows pollen. It goes from one flower

to another. Animals can also move pollen.
female part
male part
pollen
↑ A bee drinks from a

↑ Two kinds of parts
flower. Then pollen
help flowers make
sticks to its body.
seeds. They are male
parts and female parts.
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Pollen forms in the flower’s male

parts. Pollen moves to the female part.
This is called pollination
(pol•uh•NAY•shuhn). After pollination
the seeds can form. In flowering
plants, fruit forms around the seeds.
Some seeds are blown in the breeze.

Some fruits fall to the ground. The fruit
rots. The seeds spill out.
Animals may bury seeds or carry

seeds on their fur. Some animals eat
fruit and seeds. The seeds pass through
these animals’ bodies. The seeds are
left where they can grow.
↑ Seeds pass through the ermine’s body. They

are left on the soil. Then the seeds can grow.
Quick Check
Draw a line from the description to its term.
3. the powder on the male part of a flower pollination
4. makes a seed when joined with pollen fruit
5. pollen moves from male part to female part egg
6. the part that holds the seeds pollen

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P DF P ass
What is the life cycle of some plants?

A plant’s life cycle shows how it grows and
reproduces. In time adult plants die. They break
down, or rot. This adds nutrients to the soil.
It helps other plants grow.
Most plants have flowers. Flowering plants grow

from seeds. They become adult plants. Then they
reproduce. Their flowers make new seeds.
Life Cycle of a Cherry Tree
A young
cherry tree
A cherry seed grows.
grows in the soil.
Bees carry pollen

to eggs in an adult
tree. Seeds form.
Ripe fruit falls. Fruit forms

It releases seeds. around seeds.
Quick Check
Fill in the blank.
7. When a plant dies, it .
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Some plants such as pine trees have

cones. The seeds of these plants form
inside the cones. Plants that make cones
are called conifers. Conifers reproduce
with seeds. Conifers also make new seeds
through pollination.
Life Cycle of a Pine Tree
A young pine
tree grows.
An adult tree makes

male and female cones.
Wind blows pollen from
the male cones to the
A pine seed female cones.
grows in
the soil.
Seeds grow
inside the
female cone.
When the Read a Diagram
cone is ripe,
seeds fall out. What is made inside the
female cone?
Learn more at www.macmillanmh.com 37

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How do plants grow without seeds?

Some plants reproduce without making seeds.
Instead they make spores. A spore falls to the
ground. It grows into a new plant. A spore is not
like a seed. It does not have stored food.
fern
Life Cycle of a Fern
Adult ferns
grow and
release spores.
A young fern
grows when cells
from the male and
female parts join.
A spore grows
into a small plant
with male and
female parts.
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New plants can also grow from parts of plants.

Potato plants have white spots called “eyes.”
New stems and leaves grow from them. Other
plants grow from underground stems called bulbs.
An onion is a bulb.
New stems grow out of the

“eyes” of a potato. →
Quick Check
8. Ferns reproduce by using .
seeds bulbs spores
9. Which plant reproduces using white spots, or “eyes”?
potato onion fern
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Lesson 2
Animal Life Cycles
What are some animal life cycles?

An animal is born. It grows. It reproduces
as an adult. Animals grow and reproduce in
different ways.
Some animals change shape or color as they

grow. They may grow new parts. The way an
animal changes is part of its life cycle.
Life Cycle of a Frog

Tadpole Young
frogs, or tadpoles,
hatch. They swim and
breathe with gills.
Egg Frogs lay

eggs in water.
Becoming an Adult
A tadpole starts to
grow legs and lungs.
Adult Now the frog looks like

its parents. It moves onto land
and can reproduce.
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Some animals change shape during their life cycle.

This is called metamorphosis. Frogs and most
insects go through metamorphosis. Their life cycles
begin with eggs. Eggs contain food for the young.
A young frog or ladybug hatches from an egg.

It looks different from the adults. It grows and
changes its shape. Now it is an adult. It has its own
young. Most frogs and insects do not look after
their young. The young get food on their own.
Life Cycle of a Ladybug

Larva When an insect hatches
it is called a larva. A ladybug
larva eats bugs and grows.
Egg A ladybug
starts life as
an egg.
Adult The adult

ladybug has red
wings. Females
can lay eggs.
Pupa The larva
changes into a pupa.
It forms a hard shell.
It grows wings.
Quick Check
10. What do female ladybugs produce?
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How do reptiles, fish, and birds change

as they grow?
Reptiles lay their eggs on land. Fish lay their
eggs in water. Birds often build nests for their
eggs. Most birds sit on their eggs until they hatch.
Reptiles, fish, and birds grow inside eggs. Then

the young animals hatch. They look like their
parents when they hatch.
Life Cycle of a Sea Turtle
Egg Females
crawl to the
beach to lay
eggs in the sand.
Young Sea turtles

hatch. They quickly
crawl to the ocean.
Adult Females stay in the sea

until they are ready to lay eggs.
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Young reptiles, fish, and birds grow into adults.

They reproduce and have young of their own.
Most reptiles and fish do not look after their
young. The young find their own food. Birds often
look after their young. Young birds learn how to
fly. Then they begin to find food for themselves.
Life Cycle of a Trout
Egg Fish eggs

float in water
or sink to the
Young
bottom.
Fish hatch.
Adult Most fish

grow all their
lives.
Quick Check
Fill in the blank.
11. Where do reptiles lay their eggs?
12. Where would you find fish eggs?
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What is the life cycle of a mammal?

Most mammals do not hatch from eggs.
Young mammals are born live. They look like
their parents from the start. Adult mammals
feed and care for their young.
↓ Mammals depend
on their parents.
Quick Check
13. How are most mammals born?
live from an egg from a seed
14. Young mammals look like when they are born.
an egg a larva their parents
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As they grow, young mammals grow

stronger. They learn to live on their own.
They grow into adults. They reproduce
and have young.
Life Cycle of a Cheetah
Cub Most female cheetahs have

three to five cubs. They protect
and feed them.
Adult Cheetahs grow

and reproduce.
Young Cheetahs learn

how to hunt.
Read a Diagram
How are young cheetahs different from
cubs?
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Lesson 3
From Parents to Young
What are inherited traits?

Every living thing has traits. A trait is a feature.
Traits help you recognize a living thing.
Some of a living thing’s traits pass from parents to

offspring, or young. These are called inherited traits.
Your eye and hair color are inherited traits. Inherited
traits make living things look like their parents.
↑ The offspring of a red tulip and a yellow tulip

may be red, yellow, or a mixture of both.
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Most living things inherit traits from both

parents. That is why living things almost never
look exactly like either parent.
Living things may look more like one parent

than the other. For example, a young girl might
have her mother’s hair color. However, she might
have her father’s eye color.
These people are related.
They share traits. ↓
Quick Check
Fill in the blank.
15. Traits passed from parents to young are called
.
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Which traits are not inherited?

Some of your traits are learned. People and
animals can learn new skills over time. These new
skills are called learned traits. Riding a bicycle is a
learned trait.
Some of your traits are changed by your

environment. For example your hair may get
lighter from being in the Sun.
Learned traits are not passed from parents to

young. Your parents know how to ride a bicycle.
You still have to learn to ride one yourself.
↑ A sea otter smashes a clam on a rock. This

learned trait helps the otter get food.
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Traits changed by the environment are not

passed on. If an animal gets a scar, its young
will not be born with scars.
Changing Traits
Read a Photo
How has this woodpecker
changed the tree’s traits?
Quick Check
16. Which is a learned trait?
hair color reading eye color
17. Which is a trait changed by the environment?
riding a bike eye color a scar on your arm

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Vocabulary
Review
Find the words from the box in the word search.

Words can run up, down, and across.
egg life cycle pollination
inherited traits metamorphosis seed
C L M E T A M O R P H O S I S X T K I
O M E N U P G Y V S T I N A M C R E N
N L B C L A M V A A M U E D S B Y D H
E N A T T X E J E B H O L A E O Y I E
Z W R A C Y T B A I T V D I E M F S R
A F L W T E H U S C E S T H D A J D I
H E R A D I P Y O M A L G C P I B S T
C P Y T B A M C R E I N U P G Y Q J E
T C R E J Y Q J Z G T S C A F L E B D
T I N A M C P A M E N U P G C D G C T
P I P O L L I N A T I O N E W M G S R
T E H U A M E N U P G C D T C R E J A
G Y Q J Z A T T X E J E B H O Y T W I
N A M C R E J L W T E H U S C A M C T
L I F E C Y C L E C P I B S T R E J S
Summarize
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051_059_C03_L01_288154.indd Page 51 9/11/08 6:33:39 PM u-s088 /Volumes/112/GO00181/Reading_Essentials%0/288154_G3/Application_Files_288154/...
CHAPTER 3
Living Things in
Ecosystems
How do living things stay alive
in their environments?
Vocabulary
ecosystem how consumer an
living and nonliving organism that eats
things affect other living things
each other in an
environment
decomposer an
habitat the home organism that
of a living thing breaks down dead
plants and animals
food web many

food chain the food chains that
path of energy in an are connected
ecosystem
adaptation a body
producer an part or way of
organism that makes acting that helps an
its own food organism live
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Lesson 1
Food Chains and Food Webs
What is an ecosystem?
All the things in an environment affect each
other. Living things need other living things. They
also need sunlight, water, and a place to live.
The ways that living and nonliving things affect

each other make up an ecosystem. An ecosystem
may be as small as a puddle or as big as an ocean.
A Pond Ecosystem
Crane flies
eat plants.
They lay eggs
in water. ↓
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Living Things in Ecosystems
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Frogs, birds, and plants are some living things

in a pond. Sunlight, water, and soil are some
nonliving things.
Different things live in different parts of an

ecosystem. For example, fish live in the water.
Water is their habitat. A habitat is a living
thing’s home. Living things get food, water, and
shelter from their habitats. A pond has many
habitats. One habitat is in the water. Another is
at the edge of the pond.
Cattails grow in
wet soil. Animals
use them as food
and shelter. →
← These turtles
warm up in
the sunlight.
Quick Check
Fill in the blank.
1. An animal’s home is called a .
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What is a food chain?

All living things need energy. They get it
from food. They pass their energy to the living
things that eat them. This is a food chain.
The first living thing in a food chain is a
producer. A producer is an organism that makes
its own food. Green plants are one example. They
use energy from sunlight to make food.
Consumers are next in a food chain. A consumer

eats other living things. All animals are consumers.
A food chain may have many consumers.
Pond Food Chains

Grasshoppers eat grass.
Sedge grass uses
energy from the Sun.
The
Sun’s
Energy
Water plants use Pond snails eat water plants.
energy from the Sun.
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Next in the food chain are decomposers.

A decomposer is an organism that breaks down
dead plants and animals. A decomposer puts
nutrients back into the soil. Some worms are
decomposers. Bacteria are also decomposers.
Quick Check
2. What eats snails in the food chain below?
turtles eagles sunfish
3. What breaks down dead organisms?
decomposer producer habitat
Turtles eat grasshoppers. Eagles eat turtles.
Sunfish eat snails. Bass eat sunfish.
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What is a food web?

Most animals eat many kinds of food. They are
part of more than one food chain. Food chains can
connect. They form a food web.
Look at the food web below. The arrows connect

the bass to the heron and the eagle. They show that
both birds eat bass. Both birds are predators.
Predators hunt their food. The living things they
hunt are called prey.
A Pond Food Web
cattails
crane fly
heron
sea grass
bullfrog
Read a Diagram
What does the turtle eat?
sunfish
sea plants
bass
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Some animals eat mostly plants. Others eat mostly

animals. Some animals eat both plants and animals.
A food web shows how more than one kind of

organism might eat the same kind of food. For
example, many animals eat crayfish. If snakes eat
all the crayfish, the other animals may go hungry.
Quick Check
Fill in the blank.
4. Turtles are food for eagles and .
eagle
grasshopper
muskrat
turtle
water
duck snake
catfish
pond snail
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Why are decomposers important?

Plants and animals die. Dead material falls
to the bottom of the pond. Decomposers feed
on the dead material. Decomposers keep the
pond from filling up with dead material.
↑ These are tiny

decomposers.
↑ These leaves will make a good

meal for decomposers.
Quick Check
5. Decomposers would most likely feed on .
growing seeds fallen leaves flying birds
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Decomposers let out nutrients from the dead

material. The nutrients go into the water or soil.
Nutrients help other living things grow. Worms,
mushrooms, and bacteria are decomposers.
↓ Mushrooms help decompose dead trees.
Quick Check
6. Which is a decomposer?
eagle bass worm
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Lesson 2
Types of Ecosystems
How do ecosystems differ?

Earth has many kinds of ecosystems. Each
ecosystem has its own climate. Climate is a pattern
of weather. Some climates are warm and wet.
Others are cold and dry. How would you describe
the climate in the picture below?
Ecosystems have different kinds of soil. Soil is

made of rock and humus. Humus is broken-down
plant and animal material. It holds water and
nutrients. Humus is useful for plants.
↓ This ecosystem is called a tundra. Caribou dig for food in the snow.
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Earth has many water ecosystems. Some have

salt water. Some have fresh water. They may be
warm or cool. They may be shallow or deep.
Ecosystems have different plants and animals.

Grasslands are covered with grass. Forests are filled
with trees. Oceans are filled with saltwater fish.
Ponds are filled with freshwater fish.
↑ Grasses grow well in grasslands. ↑ Ponds are freshwater ecosystems.

These buffalo eat grasses.
Quick Check
7. What is climate?
8. How can ecosystems be different?
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What is a desert?
A desert has a dry climate. It gets very little rain
each year. A lot of rain may fall over a few days.
Then for months there might be no rain at all.
Temperatures in many deserts change from day

to night. The Sun warms the land and the air
during the day. At night the Sun sets. It gets cool
very quickly.
Many deserts have sandy soil. The rainwater

goes deep into the sand. Plants that live there must
have ways to survive in the dry, sandy soil.
↓ Cactuses grow in the desert.
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Living Things in Ecosystems Title
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Not all organisms can live in deserts.

Desert plants must grow far apart.
Most desert animals find shady spots.
They hunt when it is cooler.
Quick Check ↑ This desert lizard hunts

insects and other lizards.
9. All deserts are .
dry wet hot
10. When do most desert animals hunt?

in the winter at night during the day
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What is a forest?
A forest ecosystem has many trees.
There are different kinds of forests.
A tropical rain forest is warm and damp.

This climate helps many living things grow.
There may be monkeys in a tropical rain
forest. There are many kinds of birds,
insects, and reptiles.
Tropical rain forests are warm all year.

They get a large amount of rain. The soil
does not have many nutrients. The plants
quickly take up the soil’s nutrients.
This tropical rain forest is warm and damp.

Toucans eat fruit from the trees.
toucan
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Temperate forests are found in North

America. They are also found in other parts
of the world. Bears and deer may live there.
The forests have cold, dry winters. They have
warm, wet summers.
Temperate forests have large trees. They

get much less rain than rain forests. The soil
has a lot of nutrients. The soil can soak up a
lot of water.
These trees can live during a cold winter. Pine

martens search the ground for small animals to eat.
pine marten
Quick Check
Fill in the blank.
11. A forest that is wet and
warm all year is .
12. A forest that has cold, dry

winters is .
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What is an ocean?
Oceans are large bodies of water. They are full of
salt water. Many living things can be found there.
Most ocean organisms live in shallow waters.
Plantlike organisms live in these waters. There they
get sunlight to grow. Animals need the plantlike
organisms. They get food and shelter from them.
Coral reefs can be found in the ocean. Tiny

animals called coral live there. Many fish and
sea stars also live in coral reefs.
The ocean can be very deep. It can be more than

1,500 meters (4,900 feet) deep. Few organisms can
live this deep. It is too cold and dark.
Coral Reef
Many fish visit coral reefs to hunt.
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Quick Check
13. Where do most of the organisms in the
ocean live?
14. What are three living things that can be

found in the ocean?
Read a Photo
What types of animals live in this
coral reef?
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What is a wetland?
A wetland is a wet ecosystem. Water
covers the soil for most of the year in a
wetland. The water is dark and muddy. The
trees may be full of frogs and insects.
Wetlands can be found along the edges of

rivers and lakes. You can also find them near
ponds and oceans. They may have fresh
water or salt water.
↑ Alligators find fish and frogs to eat in a wetland.
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Many kinds of plants and animals live in

wetlands. The soils there have many nutrients. The
nutrients help plants grow. Wetlands absorb extra
water. Wetlands help prevent flooding.
↑ This land is wet. It may dry up

for part of the year.
Quick Check
15. Compare oceans and wetlands. Use the
graphic organizer below.
oceans both wetlands
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Lesson 3
Adaptations
How do living things stay alive?

A frog has a sticky tongue. Its tongue helps it
catch flies. The frog’s tongue is an adaptation. An
adaptation helps a living thing stay alive. It can
be a body part. It also can be how a living
thing acts.
Some animals blend into their environment. This

is an adaptation called camouflage. Camouflage
helps some animals hide. Camouflage helps other
animals hunt. It helps them sneak up on their prey.
↓ The frog’s sticky tongue helps it catch flies for food.
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Adaptations help living things stay

alive in different climates. Plants that
live in the cold may have fuzzy leaves.
This keeps frost away from the plant.
Some animals have fat under their skin.
The fat is an adaptation. It helps these
animals stay warm in a cold climate.
↑ This snake blends in with the ground. ↑ This plant has a layer of fuzz. The
It is hard for a hawk to see the snake. fuzz protects the plant’s leaves.
Quick Check
Fill in the blanks.
16. A bear’s sharp claws are an
that helps it hunt.
17. Blending in to a background is called .
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What helps desert plants

and animals stay alive?
Desert organisms need adaptations to stay alive.
Some desert plants have roots that spread wide.
Others have roots that dig deep. The roots help
them get water. Desert plants have special stems,
too. The stems help the plants store water.
Some desert animals eat plants. This is how the

animals get water. Some plants have spines and
thorns that keep away thirsty animals.
Adaptations of Desert Plants

saguaro Spines help
mesquite tree Small leaves cactus keep away
do not lose animals.
much water.
A waxy coating
helps keep in
the water.
Wide roots
Thorns keep can quickly Thick stems
thirsty animals soak up the help store
from the tree. rain. water.
Long roots
Read a Diagram
grow deep
underground.
Name two adaptations that
They can find
help desert plants.
stored water
there.
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Many desert animals sleep during the day.

They come out at night when it is cooler.
Some desert animals have large ears and thin

bodies. Their bodies help them stay cool in a hot
desert. Warm blood flows through an animal’s large
ears. The large ears get rid of heat. Some animals
have light-colored fur. Light-colored fur keeps them
from getting too hot.
↑ This bat sleeps in the daytime when it is hot. ↑ Warm blood flows to the
It eats fruit at night. jackrabbit’s ears. Then some
of the heat is given off.
Quick Check
18. Which is a good adaptation for a desert plant?
large leaves thorns fuzzy leaves
19. Which is a good adaptation for a desert animal?

thin bodies blubber thick fur
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What adaptations help forest plants

Adaptations help forest organisms survive. In a
forest, trees grow tall. The trees grow toward
sunlight. Animals may find food high in trees. They
may find food on the forest floor.
Plants on the ground get a lot of rain in a

tropical rain forest. Too much water can hurt the
plants. Some leaves have grooves. They have “drip
tips.” The leaves help rainwater flow off.
Winters are cold in temperate forests. They are ↑ The “drip tip” at the
end of the leaf helps
dry, too. Some trees lose their leaves. Losing leaves rainwater flow off.
keeps trees from losing water. It protects the trees
from damage caused by cold weather.
↓ Leaves fall as winter gets near. New leaves will grow in spring.
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Some forest animals look like

other living things. This helps some
animals stay safe. It helps some
animals hunt without being seen.
Food is hard to find during the

winter. Some forest animals stay
↑ This insect looks like the thorn
alive by hibernating. Hibernating next to it.
animals go into a deep sleep. They
use less energy. Then they do not
need to eat. Hibernating helps
some animals stay alive when
seasons change.
Skunks spray a smelly liquid.

It keeps away any animals that
get too close.
↑ Dormice curl up when they
hibernate. This helps to
keep them warm.
Quick Check
20. Describe an adaptation of a
forest animal.
A skunk is in danger.
It raises its tail
before spraying. →
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What helps ocean plants

Oceans are home to many kinds of
organisms. Ocean organisms have
adaptations to live in salt water. Salt water
would kill most freshwater fish. Living things
in an ocean need salt water. They can not
live in fresh water.
Seaweeds are plantlike organisms. Most air bladders
seaweeds have parts that are like roots. Kelp

is an example. Kelp attaches to the ocean
floor. Most seaweeds live in shallow water.
They have parts like balloons. The parts help
them float to get sunlight.
Air bladders are
like balloons. →
↓ Kelp is a kind of seaweed.
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Ocean animals have adaptations for

moving and living in water. A dolphin’s
fins and tail help it move. A fish’s gills
help it breathe.
Some parts of the ocean are very dark

and deep. It is very cold. Few animals
have adaptations to live there.
↑ The angler fish has a bright
Some ocean animals move from one “fishing pole.” It attracts prey
in deep, dark ocean water.
place to another in different seasons.
Animals may move when food is hard to
find. They may move to a warm place
to reproduce.
Quick Check
21. What are some adaptations of kelp?
↓ Sperm whales swim long distances.
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What helps wetland plants

Wetland organisms live in a changing
environment. One day they are underwater. The
next day they may be soggy or dry.
Wetland plants must stay alive when water

levels change. Mangroves are wetland trees. They
are found along rivers and oceans. Their roots
spread out. That way they can get a strong hold
on the muddy ground.
↓ These mangroves’ roots cling to the muddy ground.
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Wetland animals have ways to

live through dry seasons. Walking
catfish live in wetland ponds. The
ponds may dry up. The catfish
uses its fins to move across land.
The catfish can move over land
to other bodies of water.
↑ The walking catfish can breathe

oxygen from the air.
Quick Check
22. How can mangroves stay alive in a wetland?
23. What is an adaptation of a walking catfish?
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Vocabulary
Review
Rearrange the letters to form vocabulary words.
1. t a a h i b t
2. w o e f o d b
3. y e o s s c e t m
4. a a a t n i p o t d
5. d h o f a n o i c
Match each word’s number to its definition below.
a. many food chains that are connected

b. it shows how energy passes from one organism
to another
c. a home for living things
d. a body part or action that helps a living thing
stay alive
e. how living and nonliving things affect each
other in an environment
Summarize
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CHAPTER 4
Changes in Ecosystems
How can changes affect living
things and their environments?
Vocabulary
resource something endangered when

that helps an one kind of living
organism stay alive thing has very few
of its kind left
competition the fossil the remains

struggle among living of something that
things for water, food, lived long ago
or other needs
pollution harmful extinct when a

things that get into certain kind of
water, air, or land organism is gone
forever
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Lesson 1
Living Things Change Their Environments
How do living things change

their environments?
A spider spins a web. A plant takes water from
the soil. These organisms change their
environments. Other organisms also make
changes. Worms break down dead materials.
Worms put nutrients back into the soil. Plants use
the nutrients as resources.
A resource is something that helps a living

thing stay alive. Food, water, and air are resources.
Space, sunlight, and shelter are resources, too.
Competition is the struggle for resources. The

picture below shows how competition can change
an environment.
A Changing Environment
More plants grow. Animals

Seeds are blown onto the
move to the environment.
ground. Plants take in
They use plants for food
water and nutrients.
and shelter.
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Quick Check
Fill in the blanks.
1. A spider changes its environment by
2. Sunlight, nutrients, and water are

.
Read a Diagram
What happens as more plants grow?
The plants grow larger.

In time, trees grow and
More animals move to the
things change even more.
environment.
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Watch environments change at www.macmillanmh.com Chapter 4 • Lesson 1
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How do people change

their environments?
People change their environments. Some
changes are helpful. Other changes are harmful.
People make harmful materials. When harmful
materials get into an area, it is called pollution.
Cars can pollute the air. Trash pollutes the water
and land.
People drain wetlands to build on top of them.

People build shops and homes. People also cut
down trees. This can wear away the soil.
↑ The trash on this

beach is pollution.
↓ Sometimes trees are cut down
to make wood products.
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People may bring new organisms into an area.

The new organisms can harm the environment.
The new organisms compete for resources with
other organisms. For example, kudzu plants came
to the United States from Asia. These plants take
water and nutrients that other plants need.
Quick Check
3. What is pollution?
4. What happens when animals do not eat an

organism that is new to an area?
People brought Kudzu plants to the United States. They

grow over everything in their path. ↓
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How can people protect

their environments?
People can protect their environments. They can
reduce and reuse. To reduce means to use less. To
reuse means to use again. People can also recycle.
To recycle means to turn old things into new
things. This helps make less trash. Reducing,
reusing, and recycling can cut down on pollution.
↑ This house was built from reused bottles.
Quick Check
Fill in the blank.
5. When you turn old things into new things, you .
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People can protect their environments in

other ways, too. People can plant trees.
Trees clean the air. They give homes to
animals. Their roots help keep soil in place.
When you plant a tree, you help keep the
environment healthy.
Recycling is one way that
people can help the
Quick Check environment.
6. What are several ways you can

help the environment?
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Lesson 2
Changes Affect Living Things
What are some ways

environments change?
When water covers land that is normally dry,
it is called a flood. Heavy rains can cause a flood.
Floods wash away soil and plants. Animals may
lose their homes. The environment changes.
When there is no rain for a long time, it is called

a drought. A drought also can change the
environment. Rivers and lakes can dry up. Soil can
dry up, too. Droughts can harm living things.
Quick Check
7. List two ways an environment can change.
This was a lake before a

drought. Many living things
once made their homes here.
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Droughts can lead to fires. A dry

forest can get hit by lightning. This
may start a fire. Fires can hurt
plants. Fires can destroy animals’
homes. Smoke from a fire pollutes
the air.
Diseases can also change

environments. Some diseases spread
easily. They can hurt many living
things. A whole forest can be
ruined by a disease.
↑ The black spots on these

leaves are a sign of disease.
Quick Check
8. How can diseases change an environment?
Fires can destroy forests.
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How do living things

respond to changes?
Changes in the environment can
affect living things. For example, places
in Africa go through a dry season each
year. Plants and animals get less water.
Watering holes dry up. Tall grasses
dry out.
Living things must respond to these

changes. Some living things move.
They must find food and water. ↑ These springboks need
watering holes.
↓ These elephants move when

the weather stays dry. They
need to find a new home with
water and food.
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Some animals change how they act

when the environment changes. An
animal may learn to hunt differently.
It may eat different foods. It may hunt
at night.
Some animals have adaptations for a

changing environment. Some frogs
burrow into mud if it becomes too dry.
They go into a deep sleep. They do not
eat. They come out when it is wet again. ↑ Many frogs can burrow
underground when it
Some living things can not move to becomes too dry.
new places. Some can not change.
Without rain, grasses dry up. Living things
may die if a drought lasts too long.
Quick Check
9. Why might an animal move to a new
environment?
10. What adaptation helps some frogs

survive a drought?
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How do changes affect

an environment?
Prairie dogs are part of a prairie ecosystem.
Prairie dogs build many tunnels under the ground.
The prairie dogs live in the tunnels. They come out
to eat grass. Snakes and mice also live in prairie
dog tunnels. Even certain types of owls live in
these tunnels!
Animals in a prairie ecosystem depend on prairie

dogs. Sometimes prairie dogs are hurt by diseases.
Many prairie dogs can die if a disease spreads.
A Prairie Ecosystem
Eagles and coyotes

need prairie dogs
for food.
before
Prairie dogs
build tunnels.
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The loss of prairie dogs will hurt some animals.

Animals that eat prairie dogs will go hungry. Some
animals will not have homes.
The loss of prairie dogs may help other living

things. Grasses may grow taller. Other animals can
move in to eat the grasses.
Quick Check
11. What will happen to the eagles if the prairie
dogs leave? Why?
12. If the prairie dogs leave, how will the mice

be affected? Why?
Wild horses come to the

after prairie to eat grasses.
If disease kills
prairie dogs, eagles
and coyotes lose a
source of food.
Read a Diagram
Which animals need prairie dogs

for food?
Snakes and mice
move into the
prairie dog holes.
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How does a living thing

become endangered?
When environments change, some living things
move away. Others change how they act. However,
some kinds of living things can not move away or
change. They may become endangered.
Endangered means there are only a few left.
↑ Dragon trees may become endangered.

Their environment has become too dry.
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People can hurt living things, too. Some tigers

are hunted by people for their fur. These tigers are
endangered. Pandas are also endangered. People
are cutting down the forests where they live.
Quick Check
13. What is it called when a certain kind of living
thing has very few of its kind left?
pollution competition endangered
14. Why are tigers endangered?

climate change can not find prey hunted for fur
Bengal tigers are

hunted for their fur. →
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Lesson 3
Living Things of the Past
What can happen if the

environment changes?
Dinosaurs lived on Earth millions of years ago.
Their fossils are all that is left of them. Fossils are
the remains of organisms that lived long ago.
What happened to the dinosaurs? Many

scientists think a large rock from space hit Earth.
Dinosaurs and many other organisms became
extinct. An extinct organism is gone forever.
Quick Check
Fill in the blank.
15. The remains of living things that lived
long ago are called .
Dinosaurs once
lived on Earth. →
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After the dinosaurs died out, other kinds of

large animals made their home on Earth. These
animals lived thousands of years ago. Huge sheets
of ice covered much of the land.
Then the climate changed. Earth warmed up.

The ice melted. Many of the large animals could
not survive. They became extinct. Some
plants and animals are becoming
extinct even today.
↑ The St. Helena olive tree became ↑ Saber-toothed tigers lived thousands
extinct in 2004. of years ago. They became extinct.
Quick Check
Fill in the blank.
16. Some animals become extinct because
of a change in .
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How can we learn about things

that lived long ago?
Plant and animal fossils can tell about a living
thing’s size and shape. For example, a dinosaur’s
fossils can tell us how tall it was.
Fossils can also tell us what an animal ate.

Sharp teeth show that an animal ate meat.
Flat teeth show that an animal ate plants.
Other fossils show how an animal moved.

Fins show that an animal could swim.
Wings show that an animal could fly.
↑ A woolly mammoth used flat

↑ An ancient shark used sharp
teeth to eat plants.
teeth to eat meat.
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Fossils can tell us how Earth has changed.

Some fish fossils are found on land. This tells
us that water covered the land long ago.
Over time, the land rose above the water.
Fossils remained in buried rock and soil.
Layers of rock tell about Earth’s history.

Some fossils are found close to the surface.
They are the youngest. Fossils found deeper
are older.
Plant fossils tell us where

plants grew in the past. →
Quick Check
17. Fossils of sharp teeth show that the animal
ate .
meat plants trees
18. If a fish fossil is found on land, it means the

land was once .
very cold a rain forest under water
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How are living things of today similar

to those that lived long ago?
Some extinct animals were like animals that live
today. Woolly mammoths were like elephants.
They had trunks and tusks.
When we study elephants, we can learn about

the woolly mammoth. Elephants use their trunks to
hold things. The woolly mammoth probably used its
trunk the same way.
Connecting with the Past

woolly
mammoth
elephant
Read a Diagram
How are elephants and woolly mammoths alike?
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Some birds that live today look like reptiles from

long ago. Birds look like ancient flying reptiles! The
ancient reptiles had large beaks. They may have
used their beaks to eat fish. Some birds today use
their beaks this way.
← This fossil shows a reptile

that had wings like a bird.
Quick Check
Fill in the blank.
19. Woolly mammoths and elephants both have
20. Ancient flying reptiles look like
.
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Vocabulary
Review
Draw a line between the word and its definition.
1. competition things that organisms need to live
2. extinct harmful things that are put into

an environment
3. pollution a kind of organism that is gone forever
4. resources remains of living things that lived long ago
5. endangered only a few living members of its kind left
6. fossils the struggle among living things

for resources
Summarize
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CHAPTER 5
Earth Changes
What can cause Earth’s
features to change?
Vocabulary
ocean a large body volcano a
of salt water mountain that
builds up around
a crack in
Earth’s crust
continent a large
area of land weathering the
breaking down of
rocks into smaller
pieces
landform a land
feature on Earth erosion the
weathering and
movement of small
pieces of rock
earthquake a quick
movement of
Earth’s crust
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Lesson 1
Earth’s Features
What covers Earth’s surface?

Most of Earth is covered by water. Most
of this water is found in oceans. Oceans are
large bodies of salt water.
Other bodies of water are rivers, streams,

ponds, and lakes. Most have fresh water.
Fresh water is not salty.
Oceans and Continents
Arctic Ocean
North
America
Atlantic
Ocean
Pacific
Ocean
South
Key America
water
land
mountains Southern
Ocean
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Earth also has seven large areas of land

called continents.
A map can show Earth’s land and water.

To read a map, look at its key. A key shows
what a map’s colors and shapes mean.
Quick Check ↑ Ocean water covers

most of Earth.
Fill in the blank.
1. A large body of salt water is called an .
2. A large area of land is called a .
Europe
Asia
Africa
Indian
Ocean
Australia
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Antarctica Chapter 5 • Lesson 1
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What are some of Earth’s land

and water features?
There are many features on Earth’s land. Land
features are called landforms. This picture shows
a few of Earth’s landforms and water features.
Features of Earth
A mountain is the
tallest landform.
A valley is the low land
between hills or
mountains.
A canyon is a deep
valley. A river may flow
through it.
A plain is land that is
wide and flat.
A lake is water that has
land all around it.
A river is a large body
of moving water.
A plateau is land
with steep sides. It
has a flat top.
A coast is land that
borders the ocean.
A peninsula is land
that has water on
three sides.
An island is land with
water all around it.
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Quick Check
3. Water that is surrounded by land is called a .
river lake island
4. Land that is wide and flat is called a .

plain mountain coast
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What land features are in the oceans?

The land below the ocean is called the ocean
floor. It has mountains and valleys. There are also
canyons and plains.
The coast is where dry land meets the water.

Here you will find a continental shelf. It is part of
the continent that is under water. It slopes down
from the coast.
An abyssal plain begins farther out. It is wide

and flat. It goes for thousands of kilometers.
The Ocean Floor
coast
continental shelf
trench
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A trench is a canyon on the ocean floor. It is the

deepest part of the ocean floor. The Mariana
Trench is in the Pacific Ocean. It is the deepest
trench. It is almost 11 kilometers (7 miles) deep.
Quick Check
Fill in the blanks.
5. The is where dry
land meets the ocean.
6. A is a
canyon on the ocean floor.
island
seamount
Read a Diagram
Which part of the ocean floor sticks
out of the ocean?
abyssal plain
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What are the layers of Earth?

Earth has many layers. The continents and
the ocean floor make up the outer layer. It is
called the crust. The crust is the thinnest and
coolest layer. The crust is made of rock.
crust
mantle
core
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The layer below the crust is the mantle.

The mantle is hot. Some of it is hard rock.
Some is rock that is soft and can flow. It is
like putty.
The center of Earth is the core. The core

is the deepest layer. It is also the hottest.
The outer core is melted metal. The inner
core is solid metal.
Quick Check
7. Earth’s outer layer is called the .
8. Use the graphic organizer below to compare

the crust and the mantle.
crust both mantle

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Lesson 2
Sudden Changes to Earth
What are earthquakes?

Earth’s crust is made up of many large plates of
rock. Some of these plates move past each other.
Some press against each other. Some pull apart from
each other. The plates can bend and then snap
back. This causes an earthquake. An earthquake is
a quick movement of Earth’s crust.
↑ These plates are slowly pulling apart.
Quick Check
9. What causes an earthquake?
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When an earthquake happens, the ground

shakes. The shaking starts at the earthquake’s
center. The shaking moves out from the center in
all directions. An earthquake can be weak or
strong. A strong earthquake can crack roads or
damage buildings.
Quick Check
10. What types of damage can earthquakes cause?
Where Earthquakes Start ↓
earthquake’s center
vibrations
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What are volcanoes?

A volcano is a mountain. It builds up around a
crack in Earth’s crust. Sometimes a volcano explodes.
This can change the land quickly.
Some places in Earth’s mantle have melted rock.

The melted rock is called magma. Sometimes
magma moves up through a crack in the crust. It
flows onto land and is called lava. Lava, rocks, and
ash flow out onto Earth’s surface. This forms
the volcano.
How a Volcano Forms
Read a Diagram
What happens when magma

moves up through the crust?
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Lava can flow from a volcano very slowly. The

lava hardens. Then the volcano gets bigger.
Sometimes lava flows quickly. Lava can shoot

out from a volcano. A large part of the volcano
can be blown away. Flowing lava can destroy
buildings. It can destroy an ecosystem.
Quick Check
Circle the word that completes each sentence.
11. A is a mountain that builds up
around a crack in Earth’s crust.
earthquake core volcano
12. When a volcano explodes, may

flow onto the land.
lava mantle crust
↓ Lava shoots out of this volcano in Hawaii.
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What are landslides

and floods?
Rocks can pile up at the
bottom of a mountain. How do
the rocks get there? Gravity is a
force that pulls things down. It
acts on all things. It can cause
a landslide. A landslide is the
quick movement of rocks and
soil down a mountain.
A landslide changed this mountain.

It destroyed the homes in its path. →
Quick Check
13. What can cause a landslide?
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Heavy rain can quickly flood a river. A flood is

water that flows over dry land. Flood waters are
very strong. They can change land quickly.
↑ A hurricane caused this flooding.
Quick Check
14. What can cause a flood?
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Lesson 3
Weathering and Erosion
What is weathering?
Large rocks break into smaller rocks. Small
rocks break into sand. This is called
weathering. It can take millions of years.
Moving water can break down rocks. Wind,
rain, and changes in temperature can, too.
Moving water and wind pick up small rocks.
These rocks scrape against other rocks. This
scraping slowly wears the rocks away.
↓ This rock has been weathered by wind.
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Water can get into cracks in rocks.

The water freezes. Frozen water takes
up more space than liquid water. It
widens the cracks. This breaks
rocks apart.
Living things also cause weathering.

Plants grow in the cracks of rocks.
Their roots can split rocks apart.
Quick Check ↑ A tree is

breaking this
Circle the word that completes the sentence.
rock apart.
15. When large rocks break into smaller rocks
and sand it is called .
magma earthquake weathering
16. Water and widens cracks in

the rock.
melts freezes boils
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What is erosion?
Erosion is the weathering and
movement of small pieces of rock.
Moving water and wind cause
erosion. Most erosion happens
slowly. Weathering breaks rocks
down. Wind or water carries the
smaller pieces away. The pieces
are dropped in new places.
↑ The rocks were carried by

moving water.
↓ Wind helps break down rock. It carries

away sand and small bits of rock.
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Glaciers cause erosion, too. A glacier is a very

large piece of ice. It moves slowly across the land.
It tears rocks out of the ground. As it melts, it
drops off the rocks in new places.
Quick Check
Fill in the blanks.
17. The movement of weathered rock is called .
18. A is a large piece of ice that

moves across the land.
↓ This is a glacier in Alaska.
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How can people change the land?

People change the land, too. Some changes are
small, such as digging a hole. Other changes are
much larger.
People cut down trees. They build roads, stores,

and homes. The soil can wash away if more trees
are not planted.
Building a Canal
before
← This mountain was cut out

and shaped to build the
Panama Canal.
after
Read a Photo
How did people change the mountain?
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People drain ponds and swamps. Dry soil is left

behind. It can blow away. The land is dug up to
reach useful rocks.
↑ People dig up the land to reach useful rocks.
Quick Check
19. Describe how people change the land.
20. What can happen when a pond is drained?
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Vocabulary
Review
Fill in the blank with the correct vocabulary word.
continent erosion ocean weathering
earthquake landform volcano
1. a large land area on Earth
2. the breaking down of rocks into

smaller pieces
3. a feature of land on Earth
4. a mountain that builds up around a

crack in Earth’s crust
5. the quick movement of

Earth’s crust
6. the movement of small pieces of rock
7. a large body of salt water
Summarize
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CHAPTER 6
Using Earth’s Resources
What things used by people
come from Earth?
Vocabulary
mineral a solid, fossil what is left
nonliving thing of something that
found in nature lived long ago
soil a mix of fuel a material

minerals, weathered that is burned
rocks, and other for energy
things
natural resource pollution when

a useful material harmful things get
found in nature into water, air,
and land
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Lesson 1
Minerals and Rocks
What are minerals?

A mineral is a solid, nonliving thing found in
nature. Table salt and gold are minerals.
Minerals are found in the ground. They are also

found in the ocean.
There are many types of minerals. Each has its

own properties. You can use the properties to tell
them apart. Color is one property of minerals. A
mineral might come in many colors. It might
always come in one color.
turquoise feldspar quartz
↑ These are minerals.

Minerals come in many colors.
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Streak, luster, and hardness are other

properties of minerals.
Streak is the color that remains when a

mineral is rubbed on a tile. The streak may be a
different color than the mineral.
Luster tells how light bounces off a mineral.

Some minerals have a shiny luster. They look
like metals.
Hardness describes how easily a mineral can

be scratched. Some minerals are soft. They can
be scratched with a fingernail. Others are much
harder. Harder minerals can scratch softer
minerals.
diamond
↑ Pyrite’s streak is ↑ Mica can have a ↑ Diamond is the

greenish-black. pearly luster. hardest mineral.
Nothing can scratch it.
Quick Check
Fill in the blanks.
1. An example of a mineral is .
2. Some minerals have a shiny .
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What are rocks?

Rocks are nonliving things. They are made of
minerals. There are hundreds of types of rocks.
Different minerals make different types
of rocks.
Rock is sorted into groups by how it forms.

There are three main groups of rock. One group of
rock forms from tiny pieces of rock. One group
changes from one type of rock into another.
Another group forms from melted rock.
How lgneous Rocks Are Made
Read a Diagram
How is basalt made?
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Melted rock cools and hardens. It makes

igneous rock.
Melted rock inside Earth is called magma.

It cools and hardens slowly inside Earth. This
makes igneous rock with large minerals.
Melted rock flows onto Earth’s surface. It is

now called lava. Lava cools and hardens quickly.
This makes igneous rock with small minerals.
Quick Check
Fill in the blanks.
3. Melted rock cools and hardens. It is called
4. Melted rock that flows onto Earth’s surface is
← Basalt has small minerals. It is

made when lava cools quickly
above Earth’s surface.
← Granite has large minerals. It

is made when magma cools
slowly below Earth’s surface.
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What are sedimentary and

metamorphic rocks?
Sediment is tiny pieces of rock.
Sediment can also be small bits of dead
organisms. Sediment piles up at the bottom
of rivers, lakes, and oceans. The top layers
press on those below. The bits of sediment ↑ Fossils can be found in
stick together. This makes sedimentary rock.
sedimentary rock.
← Shale is a sedimentary
rock.
↓ Sandstone is a
sedimentary rock.
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Metamorphic rock is rock that has been

changed. The rock has been heated and squeezed.
Rock heats up deep inside Earth. The weight of

the rock above squeezes it. This can cause a rock’s
minerals to change. They become new minerals. A
new and different rock is made.
Metamorphic Rocks
↑ Gneiss forms from ↑ Slate forms from shale. ↑ Phyllite forms from
granite. slate.
Quick Check
Fill in the blank.
5. Tiny pieces of rock and small bits of dead
organisms are called .
6. A rock has been changed

by heating and squeezing.
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How do we use minerals and rocks?

Many things we use come from minerals.
When you write with a pencil, you use the

mineral graphite. Wires are made with the
mineral copper. Baseball bats are made with ↑ Rubies and
diamonds are gems.
aluminum, which comes from a mineral.
Most of the metals we use come from

minerals. Minerals are even used to make
toothpaste.
Some minerals are called gems. People like

gems for their beauty.
← A mineral in milk helps

keep your bones strong.
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We use rocks in many ways. Coal is a rock. We

burn coal for heat.
We use rocks to build roads and houses. We

build statues and memorials from rock. Many
statues and memorials are made of marble.
Marble is a hard rock. It can be carved.
Quick Check
7. Name two things that are made from
minerals.
8. Name two things that are made from rocks.
Lincoln Memorial Jefferson Memorial
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Lesson 2
Soil
What is soil?
Soil is made of minerals and weathered rock. It
is made of other things, too. For example, it has
bits of decayed plants and animals. Decayed plants
and animals add nutrients to the soil.
If you look at some soil, you might see roots. A

plant’s roots take in water and minerals. They hold
the soil in place.
Animals live in soil. Ants, earthworms, and moles

break up soil. The holes they make let air and
water move into soil.
Ants and earthworms live in soil.
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Rocks break down into tiny pieces. The Layers of Soil

Living things die. Their remains mix
with weathered rock. Over time, layers
form in the soil. The top layer is called
topsoil. Below the topsoil is the
subsoil.
Below the subsoil is bedrock. topsoil
Bedrock is rock that has not been

weathered.
Soil takes a long time to form.

That is why people try to stop soil
erosion.
Each layer of soil contains
different materials. →
subsoil
Read a Diagram
Which layer is made of mostly unbroken rock?
Quick Check
9. What is soil made of?
bedrock
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How are soils different?

Different soils are found in different places.
Soils can be made up of different types of rocks
and minerals. Some soils have thick layers of
topsoil. These soils are good for most plants. Some
soils have thin layers of topsoil. These soils are not
as good for most plants.
↑ This red soil has a lot of iron in it. ↑ This dark soil is good for most plants.
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Soil can have grains of different sizes. Sand

grains are larger than silt grains. Clay grains are
even smaller. Soil with a mix of sand, silt, and clay
is called loam.
Clay soil holds a lot of water. Sandy soil holds

very little water. Most plants grow best in loam.
It is not too wet or too dry.
loam
clay soil
sandy soil
Quick Check
Fill in the blanks.
10. Which soil holds the most water?
11. Which soil holds the least water?
12. In which soil do most plants grow best?
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Why is soil important?

Soil is a natural resource. A natural
resource is a useful material found
in nature.
We can farm soil in different ways.

We can reduce soil erosion. This helps
keep soil healthy.
↑ This method of planting crops reduces soil erosion.
Quick Check
13. How can we keep soil healthy?
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Most plants could not grow without

soil. Plants are also a natural resource.
People and animals would have no
food without plants. There would be
no wood to build houses. There would
be fewer medicines.
Trees are a
natural resource. →
Quick Check
14. A thing that is needed by people is a .
mineral rock natural resource
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Lesson 3
Fossils and Fuels
How are fossils formed?

A fossil is what is left of something that
lived long ago. Bones, leaves, and footprints
can become fossils.
Sometimes living things leave marks in ↑ This dinosaur

mud. In time, the marks may harden into footprint was left
in mud. The mud
rock. The marks have become fossils. turned to rock.
Some fossils are animals or plants trapped

in ice or other materials. Other fossils are
rocks in the shape of an animal or plant.
Rocky fossils can form from bones or shells.
They can even form from plant parts.
↓ This fossil formed from dinosaur bones.
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Sometimes sediment buries a dead plant or

animal. It becomes a fossil as the sediment turns
into rock.
Shells often leave fossils. The fossils form after

a shell is buried in sand or mud. The shell breaks
down. A space is left. Water and minerals enter
the space. The minerals harden.
This makes a fossil.
These fossils formed

when plants were
buried under sediment. →
Quick Check
Fill in the blanks.
15. A is the remains of
something that lived along ago.
16. Fossils can be formed when
replace a shell.
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What are fossil fuels?

A fuel is a material that is burned
for energy. Coal and oil are fossil fuels.
Fossil fuels formed from plants and animals
that lived long ago.
Oil is a fossil fuel. It is found deep below

Earth’s surface. People use big drills to dig
underground for oil.
Fossil fuels are natural resources. Water

and many other natural resources can be
replaced. For example, rain brings more
water. People can clean dirty water.
How Coal Forms
peat
1 Swamps covered large parts of 2 Layers of dead plants made a

Earth’s land long ago. The swamp fuel. It is called peat. The peat
plants died over time. was buried under sediment.
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Fossil fuels can not be replaced easily. They

take millions of years to be made. Once they are
used up, people can not replace them.
Quick Check
17. What are some fossil fuels?
18. Why are fossil fuels hard to replace?
Read a Diagram
What is peat made from?
coal
3 Slowly the peat
changed into coal.
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What are some other sources

of energy?
Fossil fuels are just one source of energy.
A source is where something comes from. Fossil
fuels can be used up. There are other energy
sources that do not get used up.
Heat from under the ground can be used for

energy. It does not get used up. Moving water
and wind can also be used as energy sources.
They do not get used up, either. All these energy
sources can be used to make electricity.
Heat from underground is used as an energy source.
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Solar energy is energy that comes

from the Sun. Solar energy does not
get used up. It can be used to make
electricity.
Look at the pictures on this page. solar-powered car
They show models of cars. The cars

run on solar energy.
↑ One day sunlight may power the cars people drive.
Quick Check
19. Name three kinds of energy that can be replaced.
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Lesson 4
Air and Water Resources
How do we use air and water?

Air is an important resource. Moving air brings
clouds. Then rain falls. People need air to breathe.
Moving air can be used to make electricity.
Water is an important resource, too. People

use water for farming, cooking, and drinking.
They swim and fish in it. Factories use water to
make things.
Air and water can be replaced. The oxygen in
air is replaced by plants. Water is replaced by rain.
↑ Rafting on a river can be fun.
Quick Check
20. How is air an important resource?
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Most of the water on Earth is in the

Groundwater
oceans. The oceans are full of salt.
People can not drink ocean water.
People must drink fresh water.
Fresh water is found in rivers and

ponds. Fresh water is in streams and
most lakes. Water is also below the
ground. Water below the ground is
called groundwater.
Glaciers and sea ice also contain

fresh water. Only a small amount of
fresh water can be used. Fresh water is
↑ Groundwater collects in
in short supply. open spaces between rocks
and soil.
Quick Check
21. Where can fresh water be found?
Sea ice is fresh water.

Ocean water is full of salt. →
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How do people get water? Well Water

Pipes or ditches carry water to
where it is needed. People can also
make lakes.
One way to make a lake is to build a

wall called a dam. Flowing water is
blocked by the dam. A lake forms
behind the dam. The lake keeps water
for people to use.
People dig deep holes to reach

groundwater. The holes are called
wells. Water fills the well. Water is ↑ Wells bring up water from
pumped up when it is needed. deep under the ground.
↓ This dam forms a lake.
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People make water safe to drink. They use a

water treatment plant. Then the clean water is
piped to where it is needed.
Water Treatment Plant
Water enters the plant. Large

things are filtered out. Water is
sent to the settling tank.
filtering tank
settling tank
strainer Water passes through layers

of sand. Chemicals may be
added. Clean water is then
piped to homes.
Quick Check
22. A helps collect water into a lake.
dam well ditch
23. People pump water from a when it

is needed.
pipe ditch well
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What can happen to air and

water resources?
Air and water can be polluted. Water
can be used up. Then these resources
can not be used.
Pollution is what happens when

harmful things get into water. Pollution
can get into the air and land, too. It
can make living things sick.
Pollution can happen in nature.

Volcanoes and fires put dust and gas
↑ Oil spilled into the ocean.
into the air. Soil can wash into water.
This duck is covered with
oil. Oil can harm living
things.
The smoke from a

wildfire pollutes the air. ↓
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People also cause pollution. People burn

fossil fuels. This pollutes the air. Trash can
pollute the land and water.
People can waste water. They let faucets

drip. They take long showers. They run a
dishwasher that is not full. What are other
ways people waste water?
A leaky faucet wastes about

15 gallons of water a day. →
Quick Check
24. What happens when harmful things get into
water, air, and land?
25. How do people waste water?
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How can you

conserve resources?
You can make resources last longer.
You can conserve them. To conserve
means to save resources.
There are many things you can do to

help conserve air, land, and water.
↑ Planting trees helps put ↑ A tree’s roots hold soil in place.

oxygen back into the air. This helps to conserve soil.
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How You Can Help

What You Can Do How It Helps
• ride a bike instead of using a car • conserves fossil fuels

• turn down the heat and wear a sweater
• turn off lights when leaving a room
• take a quick shower instead of a bath • conserves water

• turn off water when you brush your teeth
• plant trees and other plants • conserves soil

• helps put oxygen
back into the air
• dispose of chemicals and trash properly • protects land and water
Read a Table
How can riding a bike instead of a car help
conserve resources?
Quick Check
26. How can you conserve water?
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Vocabulary
Review
Use each word once to fill in the blanks.
fossil minerals pollution
fuel natural resource soil
1. Footprints can make one kind of .
2. Rocks are made up of one or more .
3. Soil is an example of a .
4. A is a material
that is burned for energy.
5. A mix of minerals, rocks, and other things
is found in .
6. When people burn fossil fuels, it
causes .
Summarize
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CHAPTER 7
Changes in Weather
How does the weather where you
live change throughout the year?
Vocabulary
weather
ather what the evaporation occurs
air is like at a set when the Sun’s
time and place energy changes
water into a gas
temperature a condensation
measurement of occurs when a gas
how hot or cold changes to a liquid
something is
precipitation water cycle the

water that falls to way water moves
the ground on Earth
cloud a group of climate what the

tiny drops of water weather is like at a
or ice in the air certain place over
time
water vapor water season a time of

in its gas form the year with certain
kinds of weather
patterns
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Lesson 1
Weather
What is weather? Measuring Air Temperature

Have you ever filled a balloon with
air? Air is made up of gases. You can
not see it or taste it. You know it is
around you because you see it move 86°F (30°C)
The air is hot.
things. You can feel air moving as It is a good day
for a swim.
wind.
Weather is what the air is like 50°F (10°C)

at a set time and place. One way The air is cool.
Wear a jacket.
people describe weather is by the
air temperature. Temperature is a
measurement of how hot or cold 32°F (0°C)
Water freezes.
something is. A thermometer is a The air is cold.
tool that measures temperature. Wear a coat.
Read a Photo
What temperature is shown

on the thermometer?
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The Sun heats the land. It heats the water,

too. Then the land and the water heat the air.
The Sun heats the land and the water most at

midday. This changes the air temperature during
the day.
↑ The Sun heats land and water.

Then the land and the water heat the air.
Quick Check
1. At what temperature does water freeze?
2. How could you find out how much the air

temperature changes during the day?
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How can you describe

the weather?
Air temperature is one way to
describe the weather. Precipitation
and wind also describe the weather.
Precipitation is water that falls

to the ground. Rain and snow are
↑ Hail can be as big as a golf ball or
precipitation. So are sleet and hail.
even bigger.
Sleet is rain that freezes as it falls.
Hail is pieces of ice that fall during
a storm.
Weather Tools
↑ A rain gauge ↑ A weather vane ↑ An anemometer

measures the amount points to wind measures how
of precipitation. direction. fast air is moving.
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Changes in Weather
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Wind is moving air. Air moves fast on a

windy day. Air moves slowly on a calm day.
Weather tools are used to find the direction
and speed of wind.
Air has weight. Its weight presses down on

Earth. This is called air pressure. Air pressure
affects our daily weather.
↑ A kite needs wind to fly.
Quick Check
3. What might fall on a warm day?
snow rain sleet wind
4. Which three words describe the weather in the

picture above?
windy snowy cool cloudy hot still
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How do we predict weather?

We all need to know about the weather.
You need to know what to wear. Farmers need
to know when to plant crops. Pilots also need
to know about weather. They need to fly
airplanes safely.
Weather maps show what the weather is like

in different places.
A Weather Map
60s Key
Portland
70s
Madison New York City
San Francisco
Chicago Philadelphia
Denver
80s
St. Louis
Richmond
Memphis
90s
Phoenix Columbia
Dallas Jackson
Read a Map
Look at the weather map and
key. What is the weather in
New York City?
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Changes in Weather
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Scientists use tools to get

weather data. Data is information.
Weather data is used to predict
future weather.
Weather balloons get weather

data. They fly high in the air.
Satellites get weather data
from space.
Weather balloons gather

data about weather. →
Quick Check
5. Who needs to know about weather? Why?
6. How do scientists know what the weather will

be like tomorrow or the next day?
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Lesson 2
The Water Cycle
What are clouds?

A cloud is made of tiny drops of
water or ice in the air. There are
many types of clouds.
Cirrus clouds are thin and white.

They form high in the sky. You see
these clouds on fair days.
↑ Cirrus clouds look like horses’ tails.
Stratus clouds cover the sky.
They form in low, flat layers.
They can be gray or white. They
sometimes bring rain or snow.
Stratus clouds look like
layers of blankets. ↓
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Cumulus clouds are white and puffy. They are

flat on the bottom. You may see them on a fair
day. If they turn dark, they may bring storms.
Cumulus
clouds
look like
fluffy
balls of
cotton.
Quick Check
7. Fill in the diagram to compare cloud types.
cirrus clouds both cumulus clouds
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How do clouds form?

The water in clouds comes from water on Earth.
It can come from oceans or ponds. It can even
come from small rain puddles.
The Sun shines on a body of water. The water

changes into a gas. Water in its gas form is called
water vapor. The water vapor rises into the air.
This is called evaporation.
← The water in a puddle

changes to water vapor.
Quick Check
8. What happens to the water in a puddle
when the Sun shines on it?
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As water vapor rises into the air, it cools.

Then it changes back into liquid water drops.
Condensation occurs when a gas changes
to a liquid.
The water drops cling to dust in the air.

This forms clouds.
↑ Can you see the water drops on this window?

This is water vapor that has cooled.
It has changed back into a liquid.
Quick Check
Fill in the blank.
9. Clouds form when water drops cling
to in the air.
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What is the water cycle?

The water cycle is the way water moves on
Earth. It moves from Earth’s surface into the air.
Then it moves back down to Earth. Read the
diagram to learn how the water cycle works.
The Water Cycle
Water Condenses
Water vapor rises into the air.
It cools. The water vapor
changes back into liquid.
The water drops form clouds.
Water Evaporates
The Sun heats water. The
water turns from a liquid
into a gas called water
vapor.
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Quick Check
10. What is the water cycle?
11. How does water flow?
Water Falls
Clouds get heavy with water drops.
Water falls to Earth as rain, sleet,
snow, or hail.
Water Flows
Some water flows downhill.
The water soaks into soil. It
also enters bodies of water. Read a Diagram
What happens after water
condenses?
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What are some kinds of

severe weather?
Dangerous weather is called severe
weather. Storms are a kind of
severe weather. There are several
kinds of storms.
A thunderstorm is a storm with

thunder and lightning. It can also
have a lot of rain and strong winds.
A tornado is a storm with strong

winds. A tornado looks like a big, tall
funnel. The wind moves in a circle. A
tornado can harm most things in
its path.
A tornado looks like a big funnel. →
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A hurricane is a storm with

strong winds and heavy rain.
A hurricane forms over the ocean.
The storm is harmful if it moves
over land. A hurricane can harm
buildings. It can also cause
flooding.
↑ A hurricane’s winds can blow
A blizzard is a storm with lots of down trees.
snow and cold temperatures. A
blizzard has strong winds, too.
Blizzards bury plants, cars, and

buildings under snow. The wind
blows snow. This makes it hard
to see.
↑ The strong winds of a blizzard

blow snow.
Quick Check
12. Use the graphic organizer below to show
how storms can affect people and things.
Effect
Cause
Storms bring
strong winds.
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How can you stay safe

in severe weather?
People can get hurt in storms.
There are ways to stay safe. Do
not stand under a tree during a
thunderstorm. Do not use things that
need electricity. Stay inside.
Never stand under a tree in a thunderstorm.

Lightning often hits tall things.
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Stay inside during a blizzard. Wear warm

clothing if you must go outside.
Stay inside during a hurricane or a tornado. Stay

away from doors and windows. During a tornado,
go to the basement. You can also lie flat in a low
place.
↓ This is what a hurricane looks like from space.
Quick Check
Draw a line between the storm and the safety
tip for that storm.
13. tornado Do not use electrical
devices.
14. thunderstorm Go to a basement or lie

flat in a low place.
15. blizzard Dress warmly if you

must go out.
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Lesson 3
Climate and Seasons
What is climate?
Climate describes the weather at a certain
place over time. Some climates are hot and dry.
Some are warm and rainy. Some are cold and dry.
Some climates change during the year.
Different Climates
Chicago
can be hot
The Sonoran Desert
or cold,
is hot and dry.
dry or wet.
Antarctica is cold and dry.

Rio de Janeiro is
warm and rainy.
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A place’s climate depends on where it is on

Earth. Earth is shaped like a ball. Earth turns on an
axis. An axis is a line through the center. Earth’s
axis is not straight up and down. It is tilted. Earth’s
shape and Earth’s tilt help cause climates.
The Sun’s rays hit some places straight on.

These places have warmer climates. The Sun’s rays
hit other places at a slant. The rays are spread out.
The climate is colder in these places.
The Sun’s Rays

spread out rays axis
direct rays
spread out rays
Read a Diagram
Is area A or area B hit by
direct rays?
Quick Check
16. Why does the Sonoran Desert have
a warmer climate than Antarctica?
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What affects climate?

The Sun’s rays can affect climate. Oceans and
mountains can also affect climate.
Oceans keep air temperatures from being too

hot or too cold. Places near the ocean have mild
climates.
How high a place is affects its climate. As you

go up a mountain, the temperature gets colder.
Oceans, Mountains, and Climates
↑ is near the ↑ Breckenridge, Colorado, is high

ocean. It has a mild climate. in the Rocky Mountains. It has
cool temperatures.
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Mountains can affect climate in another way,

too. Moist air from over the ocean moves toward
mountains. Mountains force the air upward. The
rising air cools. Clouds form. Rain falls on the
ocean side of the mountains. The air loses its
moisture. The opposite side gets dry air.
Quick Check
17. How do mountains affect climate?
↑ Death Valley, California, has a dry climate. There are

mountains between it and the ocean. The mountains
keep moist air from the ocean from reaching here.
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What are seasons?

Seasons are times of the year with certain types
of weather patterns. Winter is the coldest season.
Summer is the warmest season. Spring and fall are
mild seasons.
↓ Winter is cold and snowy in Bayfield, Wisconsin.
↓ Flowers bloom in spring and fall.
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Seasons feel different in

different places. You will find out
why seasons are different in the
next chapter.
What each season feels like

depends on where you live.
Winter in Arizona is different
from winter in Wisconsin. Winter
is still the coldest season for both
places. However, the winter
temperatures are not the same.
Winter is cold and snowy in

Wisconsin. Winter is not too
cold in Arizona. Snow rarely
falls there.
Winter is not very cold

in Sedona, Arizona. →
Quick Check
Fill in the blanks.
18. Seasons are times of the year with certain kinds
of patterns.
19. Name the coldest season.
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Vocabulary
Review
climate evaporation water cycle
condensation precipitation water vapor
1. Water changes into a gas called .

2. The way water moves from Earth’s surface into
the air and back to Earth is called the .
3. When gas changes to a liquid, it is called
.
4. When water in a pond changes into a gas, it is
called .
5. How the weather is at a certain place over a
long time is its .

6. Water that falls to the ground is called .
Summarize
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CHAPTER 8
Planets, Moons, and Stars
What objects move through space,
and how do they move?
Vocabulary
rotate to spin star a ball of hot,
glowing gases
Earth’s Axis
axis a line through phase the shape
the center of a of the Moon that
spinning object we see
revolve to move solar system a

around another system made up of
object a star and the other
objects that move
around it
orbit the path an
object takes as it planet a large
moves around ball of gas or rock
another object that travels around
the Sun
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Lesson 1
The Sun and Earth
What causes day and night?

Earth rotates, or spins, in space. This spinning
causes day and night. As Earth rotates, one side
of Earth faces the Sun. This side has daytime.
The other side of the Earth faces away from the
Sun. This side has nighttime.
Earth spins on its axis. An axis is a line

through the center of a spinning object. It takes
24 hours for Earth to spin once on its axis. We
call this a day.
Day and Night axis
Sun
rotating
Earth
↑ Day and night happen when Earth rotates.
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We see the Sun in a different place in the sky

as Earth rotates. The Sun is low in the eastern sky
at sunrise. The Sun is high in the sky at midday.
The Sun is low in the western sky at sunset.
It looks like the Sun moves in the sky, but it
does not. Earth does all the moving!
The Sun’s Position in the Sky

sunrise
east west
midday
east west
sunset
east west
Quick Check
1. As the day ends, the Sun is in the sky.
eastern northern western southern
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What causes seasons?

Earth spins on a tilted axis. It also revolves,
or moves around the Sun. The revolving and
tilt cause seasons.
As Earth revolves, the top half of Earth may

tilt toward the Sun. When this happens, the
top half has summer. The bottom half of Earth
tilts away from the Sun. The bottom half
has winter.
Seasons Change as Earth Revolves
spring
summer
winter
fall
Read a Diagram
Which season comes before fall?
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The path Earth takes around the Sun is

called its orbit. It takes Earth about 365 days
to make one orbit around the Sun. We call
this a year. The seasons change as Earth
makes its orbit.
Half of Earth gets more light and heat

from the Sun in summer. The days are long
and warm. Then the days get shorter and
cooler. Fall begins. There is less light and
heat from the Sun in winter. The days get
longer. Then the days get warmer again as
spring begins.
summer winter ← This tree changes

in each season.
fall spring
Quick Check
2. How many days does it take Earth to orbit
the Sun?
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What is the Sun like?

The Sun is a star. A star is a ball of hot,
glowing gases. The Sun is very hot. The
temperature inside the Sun is hot
enough to melt Earth!
The Sun is a ball of hot,

glowing gases. →
Quick Check
Circle the letter of the correct answer.
3. The Sun is a ball of hot .
A. stars C. liquid
B. gases D. space
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The Sun is far away from Earth.

However, it still gives Earth light and heat.
There would not be life on Earth

without light and heat. Plants could not
grow. Earth would be much colder.
↑ This tree could not grow without the Sun.
Quick Check
4. Living things need and heat
from the Sun.
A. fire C. gas
B. plants D. light
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Lesson 2
The Moon and Earth
What are the phases of the Moon?

On many nights you can see the Moon.
The Moon is round. It is made of rock.
Sometimes the Moon appears to be a big

circle. At other times the Moon can not be
seen. Sometimes you can see only a small
part of the Moon.
The shapes of the Moon that we see are
called phases. The photos below show the
eight main phases of the Moon.
Moon Phases
new crescent first-quarter gibbous

moon moon moon moon
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The Moon seems to glow in the sky. However,

the Moon does not make its own light. Light from
the Sun bounces off the Moon.
Sometimes we can see the Moon during the

daytime. Like the Sun, the Moon also rises. It moves
across the sky. It sets each day. This happens
because of Earth’s rotation. As Earth rotates on its
axis, the Moon’s position in the sky changes.
Quick Check
Tell whether each statement is true or false.
5. A new moon can not be seen.
6. The Moon makes its own light.
7. As the Moon revolves around Earth, it appears

to rise and set.
full gibbous last-quarter crescent

moon moon moon moon
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The Moon’s Orbit
You see the

last-quarter moon
sunlight about 21 days after
the new moon.
A new moon
occurs about
every 29 days.
You see the full

moon about
14 days after
the new moon.
You see the
first-quarter
moon about
seven days after
the new moon.
Read a Diagram
Which phase of the Moon can not

be seen?
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Why does the Moon’s shape seem

to change?
The Moon seems to change shape. However, it
is always shaped like a ball. Why does the Moon
seem to change shape?
The Moon revolves around Earth. Half of the

Moon is always lit by the Sun. The other half is in
the dark. We see only the half that is lit by the
Sun. As the Moon revolves around Earth, we see
different amounts of the Moon’s lighted half. The
lighted parts are the phases we see.
You can not see a new moon. During a new

moon, the Moon’s lighted side faces away from
Earth. Then the Moon revolves. You begin to see
more of the Moon’s lighted half. When you see the
entire lighted half, the Moon is full. The Moon
continues to revolve. You begin to see less of the
Moon’s lighted half. Then the Moon is new again.
The cycle takes about 29 days.
Quick Check
8. What causes the Moon’s phases?
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What is it like on the Moon?

Earth and the Moon are the same in many ways.
They are both shaped like a ball. They are both
made of rock. They both move around an object.
They both get light from the Sun.
↓ This is what Earth looks like from the Moon.
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Earth and the Moon are

different, too. The Moon is
smaller than Earth. There is no
liquid water on the Moon. There
are no living things on the Moon.
The Moon is covered with pits.

These pits form when rocks from
space crash into the Moon.
At night the Moon’s

temperature is cold. During the
day the Moon’s temperature is
hot. The Moon’s temperatures are
colder and hotter than Earth’s.
↑ There are pits of all sizes on

the Moon.
Quick Check
9. List three ways that Earth and the Moon are alike.
10. List three ways that Earth and the Moon are different.
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Lesson 3
The Planets
What is our solar system?

Our solar system is made up of the Sun, the
planets, and other objects. A planet is a large
ball of gas or rock. It moves around a star.
There are eight planets in our solar system.

You can see them in the picture below.
Some planets are smaller than Earth.
Some are larger.
Our Solar System
Venus
Sun Mars
Mercury
Earth
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All planets in our solar system orbit the

Sun. It takes Earth about 365 days to make
one orbit. Some planets take longer to make
one trip. These planets are farther from
the Sun.
Quick Check
11. Which two planets are closest to Earth?
12. Which planet completes a revolution around the Sun faster,

Jupiter or Neptune? Why?
Jupiter
Neptune
Uranus
Saturn Read a Diagram
How many planets are in our

solar system?
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P DF P ass
What are the inner and

outer planets?
The four planets closest to the Sun are
Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. These
are the inner planets. They are warmer
than the other planets. They are warmer
because they are closer to the Sun.
Inner Planets
← Mercury is the planet ← Venus is the hottest

closest to the Sun. planet.
Outer Planets
Saturn has thousands

of beautiful rings. →
← Jupiter is the largest

planet.
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The four planets farthest from the Sun are

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. They are
the outer planets.
Quick Check
13. Why are the inner planets warmer than the
outer planets?
← Mars is called the Red

← Earth is the only
planet with oxygen, Planet because it has
liquid water, and reddish-brown soil.
living things.
← Uranus is called the

“sideways planet”
because it rotates on
its side.
↑ Neptune is more than

two billion miles from
Earth.
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How can we see the planets?

We use special tools to study the planets. A
telescope is a tool we can use. It makes faraway
objects look bigger and closer.
↑ Telescopes help us see planets and

other objects in space.
Quick Check
14. A telescope makes things that are far away
look bigger and .
brighter closer smaller
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Another tool is a space probe. A space probe

leaves Earth to go into space. Some space probes
land on planets. Others take pictures as they fly by.
Quick Check
15. Use the graphic organizer below to compare a
telescope and a space probe.
telescope both space probe
Two space probes

landed on Mars in
2004. →
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Lesson 4
The Stars
What are stars?

Stars are hot, glowing balls of gases.
There are more stars in the sky than anyone
can count.
Stars can be different sizes. They can be

different colors, too. Blue stars are hottest.
Red stars are coolest.
The Sun is the only star in our solar system.
It is the closest star to Earth. The Sun is a
medium-size star. Other stars seem tiny
because they are so far away.
↓ Stars are described by size, color, and brightness.

Sizing Up Stars
medium star
large star
small star
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Some stars form patterns in the night

sky. The patterns look like pictures. The
picture below shows a group of stars called
the Great Bear.
↓ The Big Dipper is shown by the dark yellow lines. It is

part of Ursa Major, or the Great Bear.
Quick Check
16. List ways that stars can be different from
each other.
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Why do we see different stars

during different seasons?
The night sky looks different in each season.
This is because Earth moves around the Sun
during the year. Earth faces one direction at
night in summer. Earth faces another direction at
night in winter.
Orion is a group of stars. In winter the night

sky faces Orion. In summer the night sky faces
away from Orion.
Stars and Seasons
spring
summer winter
Orion
Read a Diagram
fall
In which season does Earth’s
night sky face Orion?
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The photo below shows Orion. In winter you can

see Orion in the night sky.
↑ We can see these stars in Orion only

on winter nights.
Quick Check
17. We see different stars in summer and
winter because Earth (rotates, revolves).
18. We can not see Orion in the summer

because Earth has moved to the other side
of the (Moon, Sun).
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Vocabulary
Review
Draw a line between the word and its definition.
1. rotate to move around another object
2. solar system planets and other objects that

move around a star
3. revolve the shape of the Moon that

we see
4. planet a ball of hot, glowing gases
5. star to spin
6. phase a large ball of gas or rock that

moves around the Sun
Summarize
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CHAPTER 9
Observing Matter
What are some ways you can
describe matter?
Vocabulary
matter anything gravity a pulling
that takes up space force that holds
and has mass you on Earth
mass a measure of solid matter that

how much matter is has a certain volume
in an object and shape
volume how much liquid matter that

space an object has a certain volume
takes up but a shape that can
change
element a building gas matter that

block of matter does not have a
certain volume or
shape
weight a measure
of the pull of gravity
on an object
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Lesson 1
Properties of Matter
What is matter?
Matter is anything that takes up space. You are
matter. This book is matter. Even air is matter.
Volume is how much space an object takes up.

An object with a large volume is big. An object
with a small volume is little.
Mass is how much matter is in an object. An

object with a large mass feels heavy. An object
with a small mass feels light.
less mass than the bowling ball. →
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Properties are ways to describe matter.

Mass and volume are properties. Taste,
color, shape, and feel are properties of
matter, too.
Properties of a Pineapple
Property Description
Color brown and green
Shape round and spiky
Feel rough
Read a Table
Taste sweet
How does a pineapple feel?
Quick Check
Fill in the blanks.
1. Volume is how much an object
takes up.
2. Look at the table above. Name two

properties of a pineapple.
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What are some properties of matter?

There are many ways to talk about matter.
Some matter can sink in water. Some matter
can float. For example, a rock sinks in water. An
apple floats.
Objects with a lot of mass and little volume

often sink. Objects with little mass and a lot of
volume often float. ↓ A life preserver floats on water.
↓ An anchor sinks in water.
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Magnets have a special

property. They pull on, or
attract, some metals. Some
metal objects will stick to a
magnet. Magnets do not attract
wood, plastic, or rubber.
Heat moves through some

matter easily. Heat moves
through metals. Some metals
are used to make cooking pots.
Heat does not move easily

through other kinds of matter.
Wood does not heat up quickly. ↑ attract some metal objects,
such as metal paper clips.
Wood makes good pot handles
and cooking spoons.
Quick Check
Circle the correct answers.
3. Which would most likely sink in water?
life preserver apple anchor beach ball
4. Which would most likely stick to

a magnet?
rubber band nail pencil plastic ball
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What is matter made of?

All matter is made up of elements. An element
is a building block of matter. There are more than
100 elements. Some are listed in the chart below.
Elements
iron
silver
gold
aluminum
carbon
neon
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Most matter is made up of more than one

element. Water is made up of two elements.
Sugar is made up of three elements.
Elements join together in many ways.

They help build all the matter in our world.
salt rust wood
↑ These things are made up of more than one element.
Quick Check
5. Which is an element?
fire gold water color
6. What is matter made of?

silver gold elements magnets
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Lesson 2
Measuring Matter
How is matter measured?

Matter is measured using tools. These tools are
marked with units, such as inches or feet.
You measure length to find out how long

something is. A ruler is a tool used to measure
length. Scientists use units that are part of the
metric system. In the metric system, length is
measured in units called meters.
This man is
measuring length. →
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You measure volume to find out how

much space something takes up. Special
measuring cup
tools can be used to measure the volume of
a liquid. In the metric system, a liquid’s
volume is measured in liters. You can also
measure the volume of a solid.
graduated cylinder
beaker
Measuring the Volume of a Solid

↑ These tools can measure
the volume of a liquid.
Read a Photo
What is the volume of the rock?
How do you know?
Quick Check
7. Name a tool that is used to measure length.
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How do we measure mass?

A tool called a pan balance is used to measure
mass. Remember that mass is how much matter is
in an object.
You can find the mass of an object. Balance it

with something you know the mass of. The two
sides need to be level. Then you will know the
mass of the object. In the metric system, mass is
measured in grams.
↑ Gram masses can

be used to find
the mass of an
object.
↓ This pan balance

measures mass.
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Some objects have the same volume but not the

same mass. How is this possible?
Matter is made up of tiny particles. There are

more particles inside a marble than inside a piece
of popcorn. The marble has more mass.
← The bag of marbles has

more mass than the bag
of popcorn.
Quick Check
8. You can measure mass with a .
A. beaker
B. graduated cylinder
C. pan balance
D. thermometer
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How are mass and

weight different?
Gravity is a force that pulls things
toward Earth. Without gravity,
everything would float into space.
You can measure how much Earth’s

gravity pulls on you. This is your weight.
Weight is a measure of the pull of
gravity on an object.
A spring scale
measures weight. →
Quick Check
Fill in the blanks.
9. Gravity is a force that pulls things toward .
10. Weight is a measure of the pull of

on an object.
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Your mass would stay the same if you visited

the Moon. The matter inside you would not
change. But your weight would change. The pull
of gravity is weaker on the Moon than on Earth.
Your weight on the Moon would be less than
your weight on Earth.
↑ This astronaut is floating. The pull of gravity is weaker

on the Moon than on Earth.
Quick Check
11. Where could you jump higher, Earth or the
Moon? Why?
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Lesson 3
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
What are three forms of matter?

Solids, liquids, and gases are three forms
of matter. They are also called states of
matter.
A solid is matter that takes up a certain ↑ A horseshoe

keeps its shape. The
amount of space. A solid has its own particles inside have
shape. Tiny particles are close together in a little room to move.
solid. The particles can not move easily.
The solid keeps its shape.
↓ The canoe is a solid. The river is a liquid.
The air is made of gases.
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↑ These things are all solids.
Quick Check
12. Which of the following is a state of matter?
color mass liquid size
13. Which of the following is NOT a solid?
a river a pencil a ball a book
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What are gases and liquids?

A gas is matter with a volume that can
change. It does not have its own shape.
Helium is a gas. When it is in a tank, it fills the

tank. When the gas fills a balloon, it spreads out.
It takes the shape of the balloon.
← The particles in helium

spread out to fill these
balloons.
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A liquid is matter that has a certain volume.

It does not have its own shape. A liquid takes
the shape of the object that holds it. Milk,
water, and shampoo are liquids.
Liquids
Read a Diagram
How can this milk change shape?
↑ Liquids can change shape.
Quick Check
14. Use the graphic organizer below to compare
gases and liquids.
gases both liquids
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How do you use all the states

of matter?
Solids, liquids, and gases are all around you.
We need all three to live. Many of the foods we
eat are solids. Our bodies need water, a liquid.
Our bodies also need oxygen, a gas.
↑ The frame of a bike is solid. It keeps the bike together.
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You can find each state of matter on a bicycle.

Many parts of a bicycle are solids. The seat and
handlebars are made of solids. The tires are filled
with air, a gas. The oil on a bicycle chain is
a liquid.
↑ Oil is a liquid that helps a ↑ This boy fills his tires

bike chain move smoothly. with air. Air is made
of gases.
Quick Check
Draw a line between the state of matter and
each item.
15. gas milk
16. solid glass
17. liquid helium

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Vocabulary
Review
gravity matter volume
mass solid weight
1. Anything that takes up space is

.
2. How much space an object takes up is its
.
3. A is matter that has
a certain shape and volume.
4. A pulling force that holds you to Earth is called
.
5. The measure of the pull of gravity on an object
is its .
6. The measure of how much matter is in an
object is its .
Summarize
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CHAPTER10
Changes in Matter
In what ways can matter change?
Vocabulary
melt to change physical change a

from a solid to a change in the way
liquid matter looks
boil to change from mixture different

a liquid to a gas kinds of matter
combined together
evaporate to solution one or more

change from a liquid kinds of matter mixed
to a gas without evenly to form another
boiling kind of matter
freeze to change chemical change a

from a liquid to change that causes a
a solid new kind of matter
to form
condense to
change from a gas
to a liquid
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Lesson 1
Changes of State
What happens when matter is heated?

When matter is heated, its temperature rises.
This can change the matter’s state.
A solid will melt if it is heated enough. To melt

means to change from a solid to a liquid. Ice is
water in its solid state. If ice is heated, it will melt.
A rock can also melt. A rock must be heated more
than ice for it to melt.
Heating Water
solid liquid gas

Read a Diagram
What happens when heat is
added to ice?
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↑ The water in these clothes will evaporate

in sunlight. Then the clothes will be dry.
A liquid will boil if it is heated to a high enough

temperature. When a liquid boils, it changes from
a liquid to a gas. The gas is called water vapor.
A liquid can also evaporate, or turn into a gas
without boiling. Think about wet clothes hanging
in the warm Sun. The Sun heats the water droplets
in the clothes. The water turns into a gas. Your
clothes dry out.
Quick Check
1. Use the graphic organizer below to show
how heat can change matter.
Effect
Cause
Heat is added to
a liquid at a very
high temperature.
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What happens when matter is cooled?

When matter is cooled, its temperature drops.
This can also change the matter’s state.
A liquid will freeze if it is cooled enough.

To freeze means to change from a liquid to
a solid.
Quick Check
Fill in the blanks.
2. When matter freezes, it turns from a
into a .
← An ice pop is frozen juice.

The juice is now a solid.
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A gas will condense if its temperature drops

enough. To condense means to change from a
gas to a liquid.
Drops of water may form on grass on a cool

morning. These water drops are called dew. Dew
forms when air cools. The water vapor in the air
cools and condenses to form liquid water.
↑ Dew forms when water vapor ↑ Water vapor in the air touches these cold
in the air cools and condenses. cans. The water vapor condenses.
Quick Check
Fill in the blanks.
3. When matter condenses, it turns from a
into a .
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How is water different from other

kinds of matter?
Most kinds of matter shrink as they freeze.
The particles of matter move closer together.
However, water gets larger when it freezes. Its
particles of matter move apart.
As water freezes, its particles form a new

pattern. Empty spaces form between the particles.
The frozen water takes up more space than the
liquid water.
The particles in ice are more spread out

than the particles in liquid water. This is
why ice floats. ↓
solid water
228 liquid water

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Ice floats in liquid water. This keeps lakes and

ponds from freezing at the bottom. Living things
can stay alive under the ice.
← As the ice melts, pieces of ice

will float on the liquid water.
Quick Check
4. Water is a special kind of matter because it
when it freezes.
A. melts C. boils
B. shrinks D. gets larger
5. The particles in ice are more spread out than

the particles in liquid water. This is why ice .
A. shrinks C. boils
B. floats D. evaporates
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Lesson 2
Physical Changes
What are physical changes?

Matter can change. A physical change is a
change in the way matter looks. You make a
physical change when you tear paper. The paper
is in pieces. It is still paper.
A change of state is a physical change. Liquid

water may freeze into ice. It is still water. Liquid
water may boil and turn into water vapor. The
water vapor is still water.
↑ This sand was shaped to look like a castle.

It is still sand.
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Read the chart to see how steel changes.
How Steel Changes
Solid steel is melted into a liquid.

The melted steel is shaped into a car.
The steel hardens into the shape of a car.

It is a solid again.
The steel and other materials make a car.

The car is ready to drive.
The car is crushed when it gets old.

The steel will be melted again to make
other things made of steel.
Read a Diagram
Which physical change is not a change

of state?
Quick Check
6. Explain why making a ball from a piece of clay
is a physical change.
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What happens when you mix matter?

A mixture has more than one kind of matter.
Each kind of matter stays the same in a mixture.
A mixture is another kind of physical change.
A mixture can have solids, liquids, and gases.

Vegetable soup is a mixture of liquids and solids.
Clouds are a mixture of air, dust, and water.
Different kinds of fruit

make up this mixture. →
Quick Check
Fill in the blank.
7. In a mixture, each kind of matter .
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One kind of mixture is a solution. A solution

has matter that is mixed evenly into another kind
of matter. Salt water is a solution. Salt is mixed
evenly with the water. You can not see the salt.
Yet it is there.
Some solutions have no liquids in them. Air is a

solution of gases. Brass is a solution of many solids.
↑ Ocean water is a solution. It has many ↑ Brass is a solution of metals.

types of matter, such as salt and water. It is used to make this trumpet.
Quick Check
Fill in the blank.
8. A mixture that has matter mixed evenly into
other matter is a .
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How can mixtures be separated?

Some physical properties help you separate, or
take apart, mixtures. Size, shape, and color are all
physical properties.
Think about a mixture of spaghetti and

meatballs. You can pick out the round meatballs.
The pictures show other ways to separate
mixtures.
↓ These cranberries ↓ This man uses a filter to ↓ This large magnet pulls
float to the top of remove sand, small rocks, metal objects from the
the water. Things and shells from the mussels. pile. Magnets separate
that float can be Filters separate mixtures metals from other
separated from by size. objects.
things that sink.
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Magnets and filters can be used to separate

mixtures. Look at the picture below. A magnet will
remove the metal paper clips. A filter will separate
the marbles from the sand.
Evaporation is another way to separate a

mixture. Mix salt and water in a cup. Put the cup
in a warm place. The water will evaporate. The
salt will be left in the cup.
← A magnet and a filter can be

used to separate this mixture.
Quick Check
9. Which property would help you separate
rocks from sand?
A. color C. magnetism
B. shape D. size
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Lesson 3
Chemical Changes
What are chemical changes?

A chemical change is a change that causes
new matter to form. The properties of the new
matter are different from those of the original
matter.
Chemical changes can take place in food. Food

may ripen or rot as it gets old. It may change
color. It may smell or taste bad. Baking also causes
a chemical change. Cake batter changes when you
bake it. It feels and tastes different.
A Chemical Change
unripe ripe overripe
Read a Diagram
↑ A chemical change happens when List one way these bananas have
fruit ripens. Bananas change color as changed.
they ripen. They also become softer.
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Not all chemical changes are good. A car

made of iron may rust. Rust is weak and peels.
This can also happen to a train made of iron.
↓ The iron on this train has rusted.

This is a chemical change.
Quick Check
Write true or false for each question.
10. It is a chemical change when a banana ripens.
11. It is a chemical change when you bake a cake.
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What are the signs of a

chemical change?
Sometimes a chemical change happens when
different things are put together. Most times you
can tell when a chemical change happens. Here
are some signs to look for:
• light
• heat
• gas formation
• color change
↓ The Statue of Liberty was the color of a penny. Then it

turned green over time. This was a chemical change.
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↑ Burning logs give off light and heat. ↑ These bubbles tell you there is a
A chemical change is taking place. chemical change. Two kinds of
matter mixed and made a gas.
Quick Check
Identify each example as a chemical change
or a physical change.
12. wood carving
13. apple turning brown
14. burning paper
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Vocabulary
Review
Circle the correct answer for each question.
1. When an object changes from a solid to a

liquid, it (melts, boils).
2. When an object changes from a liquid to a

solid, it (evaporates, freezes).
3. Ripping a sheet of paper is an example of a

(physical change, chemical change).
4. To condense is to turn from a gas to

a (solid, liquid).
5. Baking a cake is an example of a

(physical change, chemical change).
6. When wet clothes hang in sunlight, the

water (boils, evaporates).
7. A mixture is a kind of
(physical change, chemical change) because the
properties of each kind of matter do not change.
Summarize
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CHAPTER 11
Forces and Motion
What makes something move?
Vocabulary
position the place energy the ability
where an object is to do work; energy
makes things move
motion a change kinetic energy

in position energy in the form
of motion
force a push or a potential energy

pull; a force can energy that is
make an object stored
move
friction a force that simple machine a

happens when one machine with few
object rubs against or no moving parts
another object
work what is done compound

when force moves machine two or
an object more simple
machines put
together
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Lesson 1
Position and Motion
How can you describe position?

An object’s position is the place where an
object is. Some words can give clues about
position. Some of these words are over, under, left,
right, on top of, below, or next to. When we
describe where something is, we describe its
position.
Look at the picture below. The boy in the

orange shirt is next to the girl in the pink shirt. He
is also under the girl in the overalls.
Each child in this picture

has a different position.
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Distance is another way to describe

position. Distance is how much space
is between two objects. Distance can
be measured in centimeters, feet,
meters, and miles. The distance
between the two toys below is
10 centimeters.
↑ Some ways to measure

distance are in inches,
miles, centimeters, or
meters.
Quick Check
1. Distance is how much (space, position)
is between two objects.
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What is motion?
When something moves, its position
changes. While an object is changing position,
it is in motion. Motion is a change in position.
Objects can move in different ways. Look at
the chart on the next page. You can see some
ways that objects can move.
↓ You can tell that the mouse moved because its

position changed.
1 2 3
Quick Check
Describe the mouse’s position in each picture.
2. Picture 1:
3. Picture 2:
4. Picture 3:
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Types of Motion
straight line round and round
zigzag back and forth
Read a Chart
A swing moves like which
of these four motions?
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What is speed?
Some things move faster than others. You move
faster than a snail. A plane moves faster than a
car. Speed describes how quickly an object moves.
An object’s speed tells how far it will move in a
certain amount of time.
A plane will take less time

to get to a place than a car.
This is because a plane
moves faster than a car. ↓
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All moving objects have speed. Words such as

fast and slow describe the speed of an object. You
can measure the speed of an object. You need to
know how far the object traveled. You also need
to know how much time it took the object to
travel that distance.
A car traveled 50 kilometers in an hour. Its

↑ A stopwatch
speed was 50 kilometers per hour. If you walk
measures how much
4 kilometers in one hour, what is your speed? time it takes for
something to happen.
Quick Check
5. What is speed? Give one example.
6. Is a plane faster or slower than a snail?

Explain your answer.
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Lesson 2
Forces
What are forces?

Objects do not move by themselves. You have to
apply a force to make them start moving. A force
is a push or a pull. You use forces to move things.
Think about a door and a wagon. They will not
move without a pull or a push.
Forces can be big or small. It takes more force

to move heavy objects than light objects. The
more force you use, the faster an object will move.
↓ The girl pushes the wagon.

The boy pulls the wagon.
pull
push
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Changes in Motion
Forces can change the motion of
an object. They can make objects
start moving or stop moving. They
can make objects go faster or slow
down. They can also make objects
change direction.
The goalie throws the ball.
Think of the game tug-of-war. If The ball starts to move.
both sides pull on the rope equally,
nothing moves. The rope only moves
when one side pulls harder than the
other. This is a change in motion.
Quick Check The player kicks the ball. The ball

changes speed and direction.
7. What is a force? Give one
example.
8. How can motion change? Explain

your answer using one example
The goalie catches the ball.
that is not in this book. The ball’s motion stops.
Read a Photo
What happened to the ball’s motion
when the player kicked the ball?
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What are types of forces?

Contact forces happen between
objects that touch. A bat must
touch the ball to change its
direction. Some forces happen
between objects that do not touch.
Magnetism and gravity are two
examples.
Magnets can attract, or pull on,

each other. They can also repel, or ↑ The bat hits the ball.
Then the ball changes
push away from, each other. direction.
Magnets pull on things made of
certain metals, like iron.
↓ A magnet can pull a paper

clip without touching it.
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You can not see gravity, but it is what keeps you

on Earth. Gravity pulls objects together. When you
jump up, Earth’s gravity pulls you down.
↓ Gravity is pulling these skydivers to Earth.
Quick Check
9. How can you pick up metal paper clips
without touching them?
10. What are two things you can use to move

a ball?
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What is friction?
A block slides on the floor. It then
slows down and stops. Why does this
happen? A force called friction is
acting on the block. Friction is a
force that happens when two things
rub together. Friction pushes against
moving objects. Friction makes them
slow down and stop.
Different surfaces make different

amounts of friction. Sandpaper is
a rough surface. It makes a lot of
friction. Ice is a smooth surface. It
makes less friction. Friction will make
a ball rolled on carpet move slower
than a ball rolled on tile.
↑ This water slide is smooth.
It has little friction.
Quick Check
11. Why is ice a good material to skate on?
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People use slippery things to reduce

friction. Oil is put on moving parts of
machines. This reduces friction
between the parts. The oil keeps the
parts moving easily.
Rough or sticky things are used to

make more friction. Think about how
the hand brakes on a bike work. The
rubber brake pads press on the rim of
the wheel. This makes friction. The
friction stops the bike. brake pad bike rim
Friction between the rubber

brake pad and the bike rim
stops the bike. →
Quick Check
12. Which kind of pants would make more friction
going down a slide?
rubber pants cotton pants
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Lesson 3
Work and Energy
What is work?
In science, work has its own meaning. Work is
done when force moves an object.
Picking up a book is work. A force moves the

book. Work is also done when a book falls to the
floor. Gravity pulls the book to the floor.
You are doing work when

you paint. Your hand
moves the brush. →
Quick Check
13. How is the meaning of work in science different
from the meaning of the work you do at school?
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Doing Work
Read a Photo
Look at the picture of the boy playing

the violin. How is work being done in
this picture?
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What is energy?
Energy is the ability to do work. Energy can
make things move. A toy car at rest needs energy
to move. You can move it to the top of a hill. This
gives it more energy.
You do work when you throw a paper airplane.

You give the airplane energy. The airplane starts
to move. The airplane has kinetic energy. Kinetic
energy is energy in the form of motion.
You do work when you pull a toy car to the top
of a hill. If the car rests at the top, the energy is
stored. Stored energy is called potential energy.
This toy car has stored

energy at the top of
the hill. →
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A roller coaster at the top of the track has

potential energy. It has more potential energy if
the track is high and steep. When it races down
the track, the roller coaster has kinetic energy.
↑ A moving roller coaster changes potential energy

into kinetic energy.
Quick Check
14. A car at the top of a hill has (more, less) stored
energy than a car at the bottom of a hill.
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How can energy change?

Energy can move from one object to another.
You give a bowling ball energy when you roll it.
The bowling ball gives the energy to the pins
when it hits them. Then the pins move. The energy
has moved from you to the pins.
↑ Energy from the ball makes the pins move.
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Energy can also change from one form into

another. Rub your hands together. Do they feel
warm? Your moving hands have energy. Friction
causes energy from your moving hands to change
into heat. Heat is a kind of energy.
Quick Check
15. Write two ways that energy
can change.
Friction makes energy from

your moving hands change
into heat energy. →
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Lesson 4
Using Simple Machines
What are machines?

You use machines every day. A machine is
something that makes work easier to do. A
backhoe is a machine. It is easier to lift large
amounts of dirt with a backhoe than with
your hands.
Some machines help you use less force to do

work. Other machines change the direction that
you push or pull.
↓ A backhoe helps people do a lot of

work in a short amount of time.
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Machines such as cars, backhoes, and bulldozers

have a lot of parts. They help us do a lot of work in
little amount of time.
The first machines were simple machines.

Simple machines are machines with few or no
moving parts. There are six types of
simple machines.
Simple Machines
lever pulley wheel and axle
inclined plane screw wedge
Quick Check
16. How is a simple machine different from a machine?
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What are levers?

A lever is a bar that moves on a point. It can be
used to lift something. The object lifted is called
the load. The girl is the load in the picture below.
The boy presses down on his end of the lever.
Then the load is lifted.
You need less force to lift something with levers.

Levers also can change the direction of the force
you use. Pressing down on a lever lifts up the load.
How a Lever Works
load
force
Read a Diagram
Who is the force in this picture?
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A pulley is a kind of lever. It uses a rope and a

wheel to lift an object. You pull down on one end
of the rope. Then the other end goes up.
A wheel and axle is another kind of lever. It is

made up of a wheel that moves around a post.
The post is called an axle.
wheel
force
load axle
↑ A pulley makes it easier to ↑ A Ferris wheel is a wheel and axle.

lift this bucket.
Quick Check
17. Which simple machine could raise a flag?
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What are inclined planes?

An inclined plane is another simple machine.
It has a flat, slanted surface. A ramp is an
inclined plane.
Inclined planes can make work easier to do.

You need less force to move something on an
inclined plane. Think about moving a heavy
box onto a truck. It would be too heavy to lift.
You could slide it up an inclined plane. Sliding a
box up an inclined plane takes less force than
lifting a box.
A screw is an inclined plane. It is wrapped
into a spiral. It takes less force to turn a screw
than to push a nail. ↑ This machine is called
an auger. An auger is
a giant screw.
↓ It takes less force to push a box up a ramp than to lift it.
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A wedge is a simple machine. It splits things

apart. It looks like two inclined planes put back
to back. Axes and knives are wedges. When
you press a knife into food, the knife pushes
the food apart.
The head of an ax is a wedge.

When you swing an ax, the force
pushes the wood apart. →
Quick Check
Write whether each statement is true or false.
18. It takes more force to push a box up a ramp
than to lift a box.
19. If you put two inclined planes back to back,
you get a wedge.
20. All screws are small.
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How do machines work together?

A compound machine is two or more simple
machines put together. Most of the tools you
use every day are compound machines.
A pair of scissors is a compound machine.

It is made of two wedges and two levers.
lever
wedge
↑ A pair of scissors has two levers

and two wedges.
Quick Check
21. A pair of scissors is made of which two
simple machines?
A. wedge and screw

B. wedge and lever
C. wheel and axle and inclined plane
D. lever and screw
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A can opener is a compound machine, too. It is

made of a wedge, a lever, and a wheel and axle.
All of these simple machines act as one machine.
wedge
lever
wheel and axle
↑ A can opener has a wedge, two levers,

and a wheel and axle.
Quick Check
22. Compare and contrast the simple machines in
a pair of scissors and a can opener. Which do they
share, and which are different?
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Vocabulary
Review
Use the words from the word box to fill in

the blanks below.
compound machine friction potential energy
force kinetic energy simple machine
1. When two objects rub together, they create
2. Two or more simple machines put together
make a .
3. A is a push or
a pull.
4. Stored energy is .
5. A has few or no
moving parts.
6. When a thing moves, it has .
Summarize
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CHAPTER 12
Forms of Energy
What are the main forms of energy?
How are they used?
Vocabulary
heat the flow of light a form of

energy from a energy that allows
warmer object to you to see objects
a cooler object
conductor a opaque does not

material that heat let any light
moves through easily pass through
insulator a material transparent lets all

that heat does not light pass through
move through easily
sound a form of translucent lets

energy that comes some light pass
from objects that through
vibrate
vibrate to move circuit the path

back and forth that current flows
quickly through
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Lesson 1
Heat
What is heat?
Heat is the flow of energy from a warmer object
to a cooler object. Heat moves through solids,
liquids, and gases. Heat even moves through space.
Most of Earth’s heat comes from the Sun. The

Sun warms the air, land, and water. Most living
things need the Sun’s heat to survive.
Heat also comes from fires, light bulbs, and

stoves. Rubbing two objects together can make
heat, too. You can feel your hands get warm when
you rub them together.
↓ Heat from the Sun warms the air, land, and water.
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Some things heat up faster than others. Sand

and water at the beach are warmed by the Sun.
The sand gets hot. The water stays much cooler.
Quick Check
1. Describe what might happen if the Sun
did not warm Earth’s air, land, and water.
2. How have you used heat today?
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How does heat change matter?

All matter is made up of tiny particles. These
particles move faster when matter is heated.
When you heat water, you make the water
particles move faster.
An object with fast-moving particles has more

energy than an object with slow-moving particles.
The more energy an object has, the higher its
temperature will be.
Making objects warmer usually makes them

bigger. When you heat something, its particles
move faster. The object gets bigger. The object
gets smaller when heat moves away from
the object.
cold hot
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Heat can make matter change state. Solids,

such as ice cream, can melt when they are
heated. Liquids can evaporate when they are
heated. Liquids can freeze when heat moves
away from them.
Measuring Temperature
Read a Photo
↑ The thermometer in this fish tank
What is this thermometer
helps you keep the water at a healthy
measuring?
temperature for the fish.
Quick Check
3. The particles in ice cream move (faster, slower)
than the particles in hot pizza.
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How can you control the flow of heat?

Conductors and insulators can control the flow
of heat. When you are cold, you wrap yourself in a
blanket to keep warm. A blanket is an insulator.
An insulator is a material that heat does not
move through easily. Wool, cotton, and fur are
good insulators.
Snow can be an insulator. Heat can not

flow easily through this igloo. ↓
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Heat moves more easily through some

materials than others. That is why pots are
made of metal. Heat moves easily through
metals. Heat moves from the stove to the
metal pot. The whole pot gets warm.
Materials such as metals are good
conductors. A conductor is a material
that heat moves through easily.
Metal pots are good

conductors. →
Quick Check
4. Fill in the diagram to show how conductors and
insulators are alike and different.
conductors both insulators
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Lesson 2
Sound
What is sound?
Sound is a form of energy that comes from
objects that vibrate. To vibrate is to move back
and forth quickly. All sounds begin when
something vibrates.
A guitar string vibrates when you pluck it.

This makes sound waves. The sound waves
move through the air. You hear the sound
when the sound waves reach your ear.
↓ This boy makes the strings vibrate.

vibrating Then the strings make sound.
string
sound
waves
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↑ Orca whales make sounds underwater.
Sound waves move through matter. Sound

does not travel at the same speed through all
matter. Sound moves slowest through a gas, such
as air. Sound moves faster through a liquid.
Sound moves fastest through a solid.
Quick Check
5. What needs to happen to make a sound?
6. Sound moves fastest through which kind

of matter?
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How are sounds different?

Sounds can have different volumes. Volume is
how loud or how soft a sound is. A flying plane is
louder than a chirping bird.
Loud sounds vibrate with more energy. Tap your

foot on the floor. Now stomp your foot. Stomping
makes bigger vibrations. So stomping makes a
louder sound than tapping.
↓ Flying planes are louder than a chirping bird.

A plane has a higher volume.
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Sounds can have different pitches. Pitch

is how high or low a sound is. A squeaking mouse
has a high pitch. A croaking bullfrog has a low
pitch. Fast vibrations make a high pitch. Slow
vibrations make a low pitch.
The shorter keys on a marimba

have a high pitch. The longer
keys have a low pitch. ↓
Quick Check
7. Which is louder?
a ticking clock a crying baby
8. Which has a higher pitch?

a lion’s roar a cat’s meow
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How do you hear sounds?

Read below to learn how we hear sounds.
Sound waves move through the air.

They reach your outer ear.
The sound waves move into your ear.

They make your eardrum vibrate.
Next, small bones in your inner ear

vibrate.
These vibrations move to the nerves.

The nerves send a message to your brain.
You hear a sound.
How You Hear Sounds
nerves to brain
Read a Diagram
outer ear eardrum inner ear
What happens when the
bones in the inner ear vibrate?
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It is important to protect your ears.

Do not put a finger in your ear. Do not
put a pencil in your ear. You may hurt
the parts inside.
Stay away from loud sounds. Cover

your ears. Loud sounds have a lot of
energy. They can hurt the inside of
your ear.
This construction worker

protects his ears from
loud sounds. →
Quick Check
Fill in the blanks to complete each statement.
9. Sound waves move through the air and reach
your outer .
10. The nerves send a message to your brain, and
you hear a .
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Lesson 3
Light
What is light?
Light is a form of energy. It allows you to see
objects. The Sun is Earth’s main source of light.
Fires and light bulbs are other sources of light.
Light moves in a straight path. Think about

a flashlight. You see a straight line of light.
Even light from the Sun travels to Earth in a
straight path.
↓ Light from this lighthouse moves in a straight path.
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Some objects reflect light. This means light

bounces off them. Then the light moves in a new
direction. It goes in a straight path again. Other
objects absorb light. This means that they take in
light. Dark objects take in more light. Pale
objects take in less light.
Most objects do not make their own light.

You see them when light reflects off them and
goes into your eyes.
The light hits this object. Then the light reflects off
in a different direction. ↓
Quick Check
11. Describe how light moves.
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What happens when light hits

different objects?
Objects can have different effects on light. An
opaque object does not let light pass through it. A
brick wall is opaque. You are opaque, too. You can
not see through opaque objects.
Opaque objects can have a shadow. A shadow is

a dark space that forms when light is blocked. You
can see your shadow on a sunny day. Your body
blocks the sunlight. Your shadow has a shape like
your body.
↓ Your shadow follows you everywhere. Your shadow looks

like you.
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Not all objects are opaque. Transparent objects

let light pass through them. Clear glass and clean
water are transparent. You can see things on the
other side.
Translucent objects let some light through. You

can not see clearly through them. Waxed paper
and colored glass are translucent.
Colored glass
is translucent.
Clear glass is
transparent.
Quick Check
12. Give examples of things that are opaque,
transparent, and translucent in the chart below.
opaque transparent translucent
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Why can you see colors?

Light from the Sun is called white light. White
light is really made up of many colors. You can see
them in a rainbow. Drops of water can split white
light into these colors. So can some types of glass.
Some colors of light are absorbed when white

light hits a colored object. Other colors of light
are reflected. We see the colors that reflect off
the object. We do not see the colors that the
object absorbs.
↑ Raindrops can split sunlight. They make a rainbow.
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A green leaf reflects the color green. It absorbs

the other colors. Our eyes only see the color green.
A red flower reflects the color red. It absorbs all
the other colors.
Seeing Colors
Read a Photo
↑ The leaf looks green.
What color does the leaf reflect?
Quick Check
13. What color is light from the Sun?
A. yellow C. many colors

B. orange D. no color
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How do you see?

Light reflects off objects. Then it goes into your
eyes. This is how you see an object.
When light hits your eye, it goes through

different parts. First the light goes through the
cornea. The light bends. Then it goes through the
pupil. The pupil is the black opening in the center
of each eye. It controls how much light enters the
eye. Next the light goes through the lens. The light
bends and hits the back of the eye. Then the optic
nerve sends a message to the brain. The brain
makes the picture that you see.
← Mirrors are very smooth, shiny

surfaces. They reflect almost
all of the light that hits them.
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cornea
pupil
iris
optic
nerve
lens
↑ Light reflects off the ice cream cone

and goes into the girl’s eye.
Quick Check
14. What part of the eye does light go
through first?
15. What part of the eye sends a message

to the brain?
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Lesson 4
Electricity
What is electrical charge?

Electrical charge is a property of matter. It
causes electricity. You can not see electrical charge.
You can see how different electrical charges work
together.
Electrical charges can be positive or negative.

An object with a positive charge pulls on an object
with a negative charge. Two objects with a
positive charge push each other away. Two objects
with a negative charge also push each other away.
Most objects have the same number of positive

and negative charges. Negative charges can move
from one object to the other when they touch. The
other object now has a negative charge. A build up
of electrical charge is called static electricity.
← The balloon has a negative

charge. The wall has a
positive charge. The
balloon sticks to the wall.
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You sometimes get a shock when you touch a

doorknob. This is because of static electricity.
Negative charges move from the floor to your
body. You get a negative charge. The negative
particles move from you to the knob when you
touch it. You feel this as a shock.
Quick Check
Write whether the statements are true or false.
16. Electrical charge causes electricity.
17. A positive electric charge attracts other
positive electric charges.
← You can get a shock when

you touch a doorknob.
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What is electric current?

Electrical charges can build up on objects. They
can also flow through objects. An electric current
is the flow of electrical charges. You use electric
current every day. Electric current makes the
energy we need to use lights, radios, computers,
and many other things. Energy from electric
current makes heat, light, sound, and motion.
Electrical energy is changed into

sound inside these headphones. →
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Electric current flows through a path called a

circuit. Look at the diagram below. Wires connect
the bulb to a battery. The battery is the circuit’s
power source.
Electric current needs a circuit that has no

breaks. A circuit with no breaks is called a
closed circuit. A circuit with breaks is called an
open circuit.
A switch can help you control the flow of

current. Turn the switch on. There is no break in
the path. Current flows. Turn the switch off. There
is a break in the path. The current does not flow.
Electric Circuit
closed circuit open circuit
↑ The switch is closed. Electric ↑ The switch is open. Electric

current can flow. The bulb lights. current can not flow. The bulb
does not light.
Read a Diagram
What is needed to light a bulb?
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What are insulators and conductors?

An insulator is a material that current does not
flow through easily. Plastic is wrapped around the
copper wires in your home. Plastic is a good
insulator. It protects you from getting a shock
from the wires. Rubber and glass are good
insulators, too.
The plastic around the

toaster’s cord and
plug is an insulator. →
Quick Check
18. Why are electrical wires wrapped
in plastic?
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A conductor is a material that lets current flow

easily. Electric current flows in your home through
wires. Most wires are made of copper. Copper is a
metal. Metals are a good conductor. They let
current flow easily.
Copper wires are

conductors. →
Quick Check
19. Give examples of things that are conductors
and insulators in the chart below.
Insulators Conductors
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Vocabulary
Review
Rearrange the letters to make vocabulary words.

Then write the word’s number after its
definition below.
1. e a t h
2. u o p q a e
3. o u s n d
4. i v r b a t e
5. l g h t i
a. not able to let any light pass through
b. a form of energy that comes from objects

that vibrate
c. a form of energy that allows you to see things
d. the flow of energy from something

that is warmer to something that is cooler
e. to move back and forth quickly
Summarize
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adaptation A body part or action that

helps a living thing survive. (page 76)
Share spines are one adaptation that
helps a cactus survive.
axis
axis A line through the center of a
spinning object. (page 180)
Earth spins on its axis.
boil To change from a liquid to a gas.

(page 225) Water can boil if you heat it
on the stove.
cell The basic building block that makes

up all living things. (page 6) You can use
a microscope to see cells.
chemical change A change that causes a

new kind of matter to form. (page 236)
The rust on this train is a chemical change.
circuit The path that current flows

through. (page 293) This circuit is made
of batteries, wires, a light, and a switch.
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-Glossary at www.macmillanmh.com Glossary
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climate How the weather is at a certain

place over a long time. (page 172)
This desert has a hot, dry climate.
cloud A group of tiny drops of water

or ice in the air. (page 162) Rain or snow
can fall from a cloud.
competition The struggle among living

things for water, food, or other needs.
(page 82) There is competition for water
among these animals.
compound machine Two or more simple

machines put together. (page 266)
Scissors are a compound machine.
condensation Occurs when gas changes

to a liquid. (page 165) This girl is looking
at condensation on the window.
condense To change from a gas to a liquid.

(page 227) Water vapor condenses on this
spider web.
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conductor A material that heat moves

through easily. (page 275) Copper is a good
conductor of heat.
consumer An animal that eats other

living things. (page 54) Eagles eat other
small organisms, so they are consumers.
continent A large area of land.

(page 105) North America is a continent.
decomposer A living thing that breaks

down dead plants and animals. (page 55)
Worms are decomposers.
earthquake A quick movement of rocks

in Earth’s crust. (page 112) An earthquake
made this road crack.
ecosystem How living and nonliving things

affect each other in an environment. (page 52)
This sea turtle lives in an ocean ecosystem.
299
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egg An animal structure that protects and

feeds some very young animals. (page 41)
Young birds will hatch from eggs.
element A building block of matter.

(page 208) Gold is an element.
endangered When a living thing has

very few of its kind left. (page 94)
Bengal tigers are endangered animals.
energy The ability to do work; energy

makes things move. (page 256)
Energy from the bowling ball causes
the pins to fall.
environment All the living and

nonliving things in a place. (page 4)
This environment has water, soil, rocks,
trees, and animals.
erosion The movement of small pieces

of rock. (page 120) Erosion happens
when this stream carries rocks away.
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evaporate To change from a liquid

to a gas without boiling. (page 225)
The water evaporates from these wet
clothes as they dry.
evaporation Occurs when liquid

changes slowly into a gas. (page 164)
This diagram shows evaporation of
water from the ocean.
extinct When a certain kind of organism is

gone forever. (page 96) The woolly mammoth
became extinct a very long time ago.
food chain A series of living things that

need each other for food. (page 54) The
frog eats the insect in this food chain.
food web Many food chains that are

connected. (page 56) This picture shows
a pond food web.
force A push or a pull; something that

can make an object move. (page 248)
The boy and girl are using force to move
the wagon.
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fossil The remains of something that

lived long ago. (pages 96, 129)
This fossil was found in the desert.
freeze To change from a liquid to a

solid. (page 226) You can freeze juice to
make a juice pop.
friction A force that happens when

one object rubs against another object.
(page 252) Friction between the brake
pad and the bike rim stops the bike.
fuel A material that is burned for

energy. (page 142) Oil is a type of fuel.
gas Matter that does not have a set

volume or shape. (page 219)
These balloons are filled with gas.
gravity A pulling force that holds you

on Earth. (page 214) Gravity pulls these
skydivers toward Earth.
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Glossary
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habitat The home of a living thing.

(page 53) A pond is a habitat for many
living things.
heat The flow of energy from a warmer

object to a cooler object. (page 270)
The Sun provides Earth with heat.
inherited trait A feature that is passed

from parents to young. (page 46)
A horse’s color is an inherited trait.
insulator A material that heat does not

move through easily. (page 274)
Plastic is a good insulator.
invertebrate An animal without a

backbone. (page 23) A jellyfish is
an invertebrate.
kinetic energy Energy in the form of

motion. (page 256) This roller coaster
has kinetic energy.
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landform A feature of land on Earth.

(page 106) Mountains are a landform.
life cycle How an organism grows and

reproduces. (page 36) This picture shows
the life cycle of a cherry tree.
light A form of energy that allows you to see

objects. (page 282) Light from a lighthouse
helps people to see on the water.
liquid Matter that has a set volume but

no set shape. (page 218) Milk is a liquid.
mass A measure of how much matter

is in an object. (page 204) All objects
have mass.
matter Anything that takes up space

and has mass. (page 204) This ball is
made of matter.
304
Glossary
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melt To change from a solid to a liquid.

(page 224) This snow will melt on a
warm day.
metamorphosis A change in body

form. (page 41) A caterpillar becomes a
butterfly through metamorphosis.
mineral A solid, nonliving thing found

in nature. (page 126) Minerals can be
found in rocks.
mixture Different kinds of matter mixed

together. (page 232) This fruit salad is
a mixture.
motion A change in position. (page 244)

This runner is in motion.
natural resource A material on Earth

that is needed by or useful to people.
(page 128) Water is a natural resource.
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ocean A large body of salt water.

(page 104) The ocean covers most
of Earth.
opaque Not able to let any light pass

through. (page 284) This ice cream cone
is opaque. You can not see through it.
orbit The path an object takes as it

moves around another object. (page 183)
The Moon orbits around Earth.
organism A living thing. (page 2)

A manatee is an organism.
phase The shape of the Moon that we

see. (page 186) We see different phases
of the Moon from Earth.
photosynthesis The way plants make

food. (page 12) This plant makes food
through photosynthesis.
306
Glossary
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physical change A change in the way

matter looks. (page 230) Shaping sand
into a castle is a physical change.
planet A large ball of gas or rock that

travels around the Sun. (page 192)
Our planet orbits around the Sun.
pollination When pollen moves from

the male part of a plant to an egg.
(page 35) Bees help with pollination.
pollution Harmful things that get

into water, air, or land. (pages 84, 150)
Garbage is a type of pollution.
position The place where an object is.

(page 242) The position of the girl in
pink is in the bottom row.
potential energy Energy that is stored.

(page 256) This sled has potential energy.
307
P DF P ass
precipitation Water that falls to the

ground. (page 158) Snow is one type
of precipitation.
producer A living thing that makes its

own food. (page 54) Green plants are
producers because they make their
own food.
reproduce To make more of one’s

own kind. (page 3) Skinks reproduce by
laying eggs.
resource Things such as food and water

that help an organism survive. (page 82)
Water is a resource for flowers.
revolve To move around another

object. (page 182) Earth revolves around
the Sun.
rotate To spin. (page 180) Earth rotates

like a giant top in space.
308
Glossary
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season Time of the year with certain

types of weather patterns. (page 176)
Fall is a season when leaves on trees
may change color.
seed A part of a plant that can grow

into a new plant. (page 32) A bean seed
can grow into a bean plant.
simple machine A machine with few or

no moving parts. (page 261) A pulley is a
simple machine.
soil A mix of minerals, weathered rocks,

and other things. (page 127) Most plants
need soil to grow.
solar system A system made up of a star

and the other objects that move around
it. (page 192) We have eight planets in
our solar system.
solid Matter that has a set shape and

volume. (page 217) This horseshoe is a solid.
309
P rinter P DF
solution One or more kinds of matter

mixed evenly to form another type of
matter. (page 233) A tea bag in hot
water can make a solution.
sound A form of energy that comes from

objects that vibrate. (page 276) A guitar
makes a sound when the strings vibrate.
star A ball of hot, glowing gases.

(page 184) The Sun is a star.
temperature A measure of how hot

or cold something is. (page 156)
A thermometer can measure your
body’s temperature.
translucent Able to let some light pass

through. (page 285) Frosted glass is
translucent.
transparent Able to let all light pass

through. (page 285) This clear liquid is
transparent.
310
Glossary
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vertebrate An animal with a backbone.

(page 22) A raccoon is a vertebrate.
vibrate To move back and forth quickly.

(page 276) A guitar string vibrates when
you pluck it.
volcano A mountain that builds up

around a hole in Earth’s crust.
(page 114) A volcano can change the
land quickly.
volume How much space an object

takes up. (page 204) A measuring cup
can measure the volume of a liquid.
water cycle The way water moves from

Earth’s surface into the air and back
down to Earth. (page 166) This diagram
shows Earth’s water cycle.
water vapor Water in its gas form.

(page 164) Water vapor is a gas that you
can not see.
311
P rinter P DF
weather What the air is like at a set

time and place. (page 156) The weather
shown here is warm and sunny.
weathering The breaking down of rocks

into smaller pieces. (page 118) Weathering
caused these rock shapes to form.
weight The measure of the pull of

gravity on an object. (page 214)
A scale is used to measure weight.
work What is done when force is

used to change an object’s motion.
(page 254) This boy is doing work as
he moves a bow to play the violin.
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Glossary
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Cover Gary Bell/oceanwideimages.com; title page Gary Bell/ 62-63 (b)David L. Brown/PictureQuest; 63 (tr)John Cancalosi/
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PunchStock; 68 Steven David Miller/naturepl.com; 69 Momatiuk
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Researchers, (7)Amos Nachoum/CORBIS; 2 (c)Zigmund (r)Bryan & Cherry Alexander Photography/Alamy;
Leszczynski/Animals Animals-Earth Scenes, (b)Arco Images/ 73 (cl)Dr. Merlin D. Tuttle/Photo Researchers, (cr)John
Alamy; 3 Gary Vestal/Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images; Cancalosi/naturepl.com; 74 (tr)Jacques Jangoux/Photo
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Getty Images; 147 Hans Strand/CORBIS; 148 Mira/Alamy; 227 (l)Viesti Associates, (r)BananaStock/PunchStock;
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CORBIS; 221 (l)Richard Hutchings/PhotoEdit, (r)David Young- Hagiwara/FoodPix/Jupiterimages; 295 David Hebden/Alamy;
Wolff/PhotoEdit; 223 (1)John A. Rizzon/Getty Images, 297 (t to b)Macmillan/McGraw-Hill, (2)Lester V. Bergman/
(2)Macmillan/McGraw-Hill, (3)Ablestock/Hemera Technologies/ CORBIS, (3)James Sparshatt/CORBIS; 298 (t to b)Richard
Alamy, (4)Michael Newman/PhotoEdit, (5)Viesti Associates, Thom/Visuals Unlimited, (2)Royalty-Free/CORBIS, (3)Nigel J.
(6)Digital Vision/Getty Images, (7) C Squared Studios/Getty Dennis/Photo Researchers, (4)C Squared Studios/Getty
Images, (8)John A. Rizzo/Getty Images, (9)James Sparshatt/ Images, (5)Michael Newman/PhotoEdit, (6)Viesti Associates;
CORBIS; 224 Macmillan/McGraw-Hill; 225 Ablestock/Hemera 299 (t to b)David Chasey/Getty Images, (2)Alan & Sandy
Technologies/Alamy; 226 Michael Newman/PhotoEdit; Carey/Getty Images, (3)Lloyd Cluff/CORBIS; 300 (t to b)Alan &
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Sandy Carey/Getty Images, (2)Alan Thornton/Stone/Getty Photo Researchers; 307 (t to b)Digital Vision/Getty Images,
Images, (3)Joseph Van Os/Getty Images, (4) Tom & Pat (2)StockTrek/Getty Images, (3)Brian Sytnyk/Masterfile,
Leeson/Photo Researchers; 301 (t to b)Ablestock/Hemera (3)Hans Pfletschinger/Peter Arnold Inc., (5)Kwame Zikomo/
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(4) Michael Newman/PhotoEdit; 302 (t to b)Jonathan Blair/ Free/CORBIS, (2)Royalty-Free/CORBIS, (3)Zigmund
CORBIS, (2)Michael Newman/PhotoEdit, (3)Niehoff/ Leszczynski/Animals Animals-Earth Scenes, (4)Creatas/
imagebroker/Alamy, (4)Design Pics/age fotostock, (5)Janet PunchStock; 309 (t to b)Brand X Pictures/PunchStock, (2)Ken
Beckman/Macmillan/McGraw-Hill, (6)Andi Duff/Alamy; Cavanaugh/Macmillan/McGraw-Hill (3)Michael Scott/
303 (t to b)Heather Perry/National Geographic/Getty Images, Macmillan/McGraw-Hill, (4)Jacques Cornell/Macmillan/
(2)Bonnie Sue Rauch/Photo Researchers, Inc, (3)David McGraw-Hill, (5)Comstock Images/Alamy; 310 (t to b)John A.
Hebden/Alamy, (4)Comstock Images/PictureQuest, (5)Royalty- Rizzo/Getty Images, (2)David Gregs/Alamy, (3)Brand X
Free/CORBIS; 304 (t to b)Chad Ehlers/Stock Connection Pictures/PunchStock, (3)Russell Illig/Getty Images, (5)Philippa
Distribution/Alamy, (2)Macmillan/McGraw-Hill, (4)Ablestock/ Lewis/Edifice/CORBIS, (6)Macmillan/McGraw-Hill; 311 (t to
Hemera Technologies/Alamy, (6)Brand X Pictures/PunchStock; b)Craig K. Lorenz/Photo Researchers, (2)Yoav Levy/Phototake,
305 (t to b)Ei Katsumata/Alamy, (2)Stephen Dalton/Photo (3) Royalty-Free/CORBIS, (4)Ken Cavanaugh/Macmillan/
Researchers, (3)C Squared Studios/Getty Images, (3)Ken McGraw-Hill, (5)Macmillan McGraw-Hill; 312 (t)Royalty-Free/
Cavanaugh/Macmillan/McGraw-Hill, (5)Reuters/CORBIS, CORBIS, (tc)Yva Momatiuk/John Eastcott/Minden Pictures,
(6)Royalty-Free/CORBIS; 306 (t to b)Royalty-Free/CORBIS, (b)WizData, Inc./Alamy, (bc)Macmillan/McGraw-Hill
(2)Photodisc/PunchStock, (3)Purestock, (4)Eckhard Slawik/
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Printed in the United States of America.

reproduce to make vertebrate

environment all invertebrate

cell the basic

What are living things?

All organisms reproduce. To reproduce means

Female skinks lay eggs.

Living Things Grow

What will happen to the

Organisms respond to the world around them. A

Rocks and water are nonliving things. Cars are

← It is fall. The air grows

2. Organisms grow, , and reproduce.

What do living things need?

Living things need food. Animals eat other

These plants get water from the wet soil. ↓

Animals need oxygen to live. Oxygen is a gas. It is

Plants need oxygen, too. Plants also need a gas

Living things need space, or room. Plants need

grass, sunlight, soil food, water, oxygen sand, rain, wind

4. Why do plants need space?

to ﬁnd oxygen to ﬁnd carbon dioxide to grow 5

What are living things made of?

Cells are very small. It takes millions of

↑ A microscope makes tiny things look larger.

Some organisms are made of lilac

one cell. Organisms called bacteria

These cells are from a lilac

5. You need a to see cells.

6. Bacteria are made up of one .

What are plants?

These two plants have different shapes

Most plants are green. Most plants grow in the

Most plants have roots, stems, and leaves. These

Yellow Flower Both Red Flower

How do roots and stems

Some roots store food for a plant. These

A palm tree’s roots hold tightly

A stem holds up a plant and its leaves. The stem

Stems can be soft and green like tulip stems.

stems roots leaves

9. Which plant parts hold plants and their leaves up?

leaves roots stems

Why are leaves important?

Plants make food in a process called

Learn more at www.macmillanmh.com

Food made inside the

Carbon dioxide Read a Diagram

Leaves take in carbon dioxide and

During photosynthesis, plants give off

↑ These are tiny holes in a

How can you group plants?

cherry tree ginkgo tree

prickly pear yew tree

Scientists group plants by their

squash plant juniper tree pansy

What are animals?

Animals can not make their own food. They

Animals have many kinds of parts. Their parts

Animals move to find food and water.

Animals such as wolves have strong