Professional Documents
Culture Documents
9th Edition
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebooksecure.com/download/ebook-pdf-fundamentals-of-nursing-9th-edition/
iv CONTRIBUTORS
Patricia A. O’Connor, RN, MSN, CNE Patsy L. Ruchala, DNSc, RN Donna L. Thompson, MSN, CRNP,
Assistant Professor Professor and Director FNP-BC, CCCN-AP
College of Nursing Orvis School of Nursing Continence Nurse Practitioner
Saint Francis Medical Center College of University of Nevada, Reno Division of Urogynecology
Nursing Reno, Nevada University of Pennsylvania Medical Center
Peoria, Illinois Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;
Matthew R. Sorenson, PhD, APN, ANP-C Continence Nurse Practitioner
Jill Parsons, PhD, RN Associate Professor/Associate Director Urology Health Specialist
Associate Professor of Nursing School of Nursing Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania;
MacMurray College DePaul University Continence Consultant/Owner
Jacksonville, Illinois Chicago, Illinois; Continence Solutions, LLC
Clinical Scholar Media, Pennsylvania
Beverly J. Reynolds, RN, EdD, CNE Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Professor Northwestern University Feinberg School of Jelena Todic, MSW, LCSW
Graduate Program Medicine Doctoral Student
Saint Francis Medical Center College of Chicago, Illinois Social Work
Nursing University of Texas at Austin
Peoria, Illinois Austin, Texas
Leigh Ann Bonney, PhD, RN, CCRN Amber Essman, MSN, APRN, FNP-BC, Tammy McConnell, MSN, APRN, FNP-BC
Assistant Professor CNE Associate Professor of Nursing
College of Nursing Assistant Professor Admission and Progression Coordinator
Saint Francis Medical Center College of Chamberlain College of Nursing Clinical Coordinator
Nursing Columbus, Ohio Greenville Technical College
Peoria, Illinois Greenville, South Carolina
Margie L. Francisco, EdD, MSN
Anna M. Bruch, RN, MSN Nursing Professor Janis Longfield McMillan, RN, MSN, CNE
Nursing Professor Illinois Valley Community College Nursing Faculty
Illinois Valley Community College Oglesby, Illinois Coconino Community College
Oglesby, Illinois Flagstaff, Arizona
Linda Garner, PhD, RN, CHES
Jeanie Burt, MSN, MA, CNE Assistant Professor Pamela S. Merida, MSN, RN
Carr College of Nursing Department of Nursing Assistant Professor, Nursing
Harding University Southeast Missouri State University St. Elizabeth School of Nursing
Searcy, Arkansas Cape Girardeau, Missouri Lafayette, Indiana
Pat Callard, DNP, RN, CNL, CNE Amy S. Hamlin, PhD, MSN, FNP-BC, APN Jeanie Mitchel, RN, MSN, MA
Assistant Professor of Nursing Professor of Nursing Nursing Professor
College of Graduate Nursing; Austin Peay State University South Suburban College
Director Clarksville, Tennessee South Holland, Illinois
Interprofessional Education, Phase II
Pomona, California Nicole M. Heimgartner, RN, MSN, COI Katrin Moskowitz, BSN, MSN, FNP
Associate Professor of Nursing Family Nurse Practitioner
Susan M.S. Carlson, MS, RN, APRN-BC, Kettering College Bristol Hospital Multispecialty Group
NPP Kettering, Ohio Bristol, Connecticut
Associate Professor
Monroe Community College Mary Ann Jessee, MSN, RN Cindy Mulder, RNC, MS, MSN, WHNP-BC,
Rochester, New York Assistant Professor FNP-BC
School of Nursing Instructor
Tracy Colburn, MSN, RN, C-EFM Vanderbilt University The University of South Dakota
Assistant Professor of Nursing Nashville, Tennessee Vermillion, South Dakota
Lewis and Clark Community College
Godfrey, Illinois Kathleen C. Jones, MSN, RN, CNS
Associate Professor of Nursing
Walters State Community College
Morristown, Tennessee
v
vi REVIEWERS
Cathlin Buckingham Poronsky, PhD, Carol A. Rueter, RN, PhD(c) Mindy Stayner, RN, MSN, PhD
APRN, FNP-BC Bereavement Coordinator/Clinical Professor
Assistant Professor Instructor Northwest State Community College
Director of the Family Nurse Practitioner James A. Haley VA Hospital Archbold, Ohio
Program University of South Florida
Marcella Niehoff School of Nursing Tampa, Florida Laura M. Streeter
Loyola University Chicago Coordinator, Clinical Simulation Learning
Chicago, Illinois Susan Parnell Scholtz, RN, PhD Center
Associate Professor of Nursing University of Missouri—Columbia
Beth Hogan Quigley, MSN, RN, CRNP Moravian College Columbia, Missouri
Family and Community Health Department Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
Advanced Senior Lecturer Estella J. Wetzel, MSN, APRN, FNP-C
University of Pennsylvania School of Gale P. Sewell, PhD(c), MSN, RN, CNE Family Nurse Practitioner
Nursing Associate Professor Integrated Care
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania University of Northwestern Scioto Paint Valley Mental Health Clinic
St. Paul, Minneapolis Chillicothe, Ohio;
Cherie R. Rebar, PhD, MBA, RN, FNP, COI Clark State Community College
Director, Division of Nursing Cynthia M. Sheppard, RN, MSN, APN-BC Springfield, Ohio
Chair, Prelicensure Nursing Programs Assistant Professor of Nursing
Professor Schoolcraft College Laura M. Willis, MSN, RN, FNP
Kettering College Livonia, Michigan Assistant Professor
Kettering, Ohio Coordinator of Service Learning
Elaine R. Shingleton, RN, MSN, OCN Kettering College
Anita K. Reed, MSN, RN Service Unit Manager, Oncology/Infusion Kettering, Ohio
Department Chair The Permanente Medical Group
Adult and Community Health Practice Walnut Creek, California Lea Wood, MSN, BSN-RN
St. Elizabeth School of Nursing Coordinator, Clinical Simulation Learning
Saint Joseph’s College Crystal D. Slaughter, DNP, APN, ACNS-BC Center
Lafayette, Indiana Assistant Professor University of Missouri—Columbia
College of Nursing Columbia, Missouri
Rhonda J. Reed, MSN, RN, CRRN Saint Francis Medical Center College of
Learning Resource Center Director— Nursing Damien Zsiros, MSN, RN, CNE, CRNP
Technology Coordinator Peoria, Illinois The Pennsylvania State University
Indiana State University Lemont Furnace, Pennsylvania
Terre Haute, Indiana
I have been incredibly fortunate to have a career that has allowed me to develop
long-lasting friendships with amazing professional nurses. I dedicate this book to
one of those amazing nurses, Coreen Vlodarchyk. She is the consummate nurse
and leader who has allowed me to pursue a different direction in my career,
offering her enthusiastic and unfettered support.
Patricia A. Potter
To all nursing faculty and professional nurses who work each day to advance
clinical nursing. Your commitment to nursing education and nursing practice
inspires us all to be the guardians of the discipline. I also want to acknowledge all
the reviewers and contributors to this text. A great thank you goes out to my
coauthors. Together we challenge, encourage, and support one another to produce
the best textbook.
I also want to thank my family for their loving support. A special thank you to
my grandchildren, Cora Elizabeth Bryan, Amalie Mary Bryan, Shepherd Charles
Bryan, and Noelle Anne Bryan, who always tell it like it is.
Anne Griffin Perry
To my husband, Drake, and daughters, Sara and Kelsey. Thank you for your love
and patience as I have spent time writing, reviewing, and editing for this edition
of Fundamentals. Your support has made this endeavor possible for me! And to all
the nurses and nursing faculty, especially the faculty at Saint Francis Medical
Center College of Nursing. Thank you for all your hard work, caring, compassion,
and presence as you work with patients and nursing students on a daily basis.
Your commitment to nursing and nursing education is the foundation that makes
nurses the most trusted professionals!
Patricia A. Stockert
To Debbie, Suzanne, Melissa, Donna, Joan, Cindy, Jerrilee, Theresa, and Kathy.
Your never-ending enthusiasm for helping to shape the nurses of our future inspire
me all the time. I value your friendship and support. To Patti, Anne, and Pat for
your friendship, support, and quest for excellence. And to Greg, the love of my life,
for supporting and encouraging me to spread my wings and grow both personally
and professionally.
Amy M. Hall
S T U D E N T P R E FAC E
vier.com/Potter/f
• Review Que undamentals/
stions
Evolve Resources sections detail what electronic • Video Clips
• Concept Map
Creator
• Skills Perform
• Audio Glos
ance Checklists
sary
resources are available to you for every chapter.
• Case Study • Calculations
with Question Tutorial
s • Content Upd
ates
to convey
a nonjudg
mental att
itude tow
ard pa
self-
attitude
ments req
uire you
ions regard
to antic
ing your
patient’s
ild toward
care. Durin
making an
appropriate
nursing
framework for presentation of content in clinical chapters.
• Ability ences in make decis nts that bu knowledge
cu ltu ral differ ele me int egrate
families itudes tow
ard sider all is essentia
l to ory,
ceived att ction are oncept the -
• Precon e or fun diagnosis. oncept, it ing self-c vel
d self-este
em appearanc alth e of self-c disciplines, includ of cultural and de
concept an in body s of the he l In the cas d other sideration with self-
a change al response es a mode nursing an nciples, and a con for patients foundly
pa tie nts with ba l an d nonverb e pro vid fro m in car ing
Some siti ve to the
ver
ap pro ach to car yo u ob serve a mu nication pri vious experience Sel f-concept pro
extremely
sen
matter-of-f
act
mple, wh
en com car e. proach
nt to factors. Pre ividualize critical thinking ap
A positive, ily to follow. For exa and allow the patie by opmental lps to ind
care team. fam r, note it patients erations he ponse to illness. A
tient and nt’s behavio t effect on f-concept concept alt n’s res
for the pa a pa tie nifi can a pe rso
ange in have a sig ing sel influences
positive ch . Nurses ce. Includ e patient out- essential.
its meaning erest and acceptan uenc to care is
establish int e can infl p that
genuine ery of car relationshi in your
conveying planning and deliv rse-patient -making PROCESS approach
NURSING
stin g nu cis ion thinking -
issues in
the
ilding a tru d family in the
de ze a critical al decision
sitively. Bu individuali s and use es a clinic zed
comes po th the patient an f-esteem. You can d incorpo- the nu rsing proces ng pro cess provid nt an individuali
tes bo and sel e needs an l expres- Apply . The nu
rsi d impleme until the patient’s
incorpora nces self-concept s un iqu pa tie nts vel op an
ha a patient’ spiritua care of you to de tinuous
process en hlighting thods of viders proach for cess is con
ach by hig care practices or me t health care pro making ap nursing pro intained.
your appro alth nt tha patient e. Use of the , restored, or ma
ernative he care. It is importa uality affect plan of car proved
rating alt pla n of ste em and sex on cept is im
sion into
the
e to which
sel f-e sel f-c nt and
d the degre image. Fo
r each patie
understan nt’s body nt ghly assess patient-centered
cantly aff
ects a patie my is posi-
a mastecto scar. On Assessme essment process thorou t you ma
ke
outcomes. ng car e sig nifi fol low ing the ass en sur e tha
Your nursi a woman stectomy During dings to
image of of the ma expres- analyze fin
the body acceptance or disgusted facial critically
example, showing cked dy image
.
uenced by o has a sho ing a negative bo
tively infl , a nurse wh vel op
ha nd n de
the other the woma
butes to
sion contri
viii
STUDENT PREFACE ix
of a
dev elo
relationshi
p with the
isions requir t focus on each com to information patient
to teach patients. clinical dec
concept and
self-esteem,
y image ,
firs
and rol e performa
nce). Assess
sug ges tive
ment needs
of an altered
ial self-
protecting
con fid ential nature
sel f-co nce pt assess
ment.
425
y
obilit
Imm
28
PTER
CHA
esence
(e.g., pr ry
the legs ture, capilla
ion to ra of
an d circulat skin tempe ns for use
nt ’s skin n of skin, in dicatio
ing s tie io nt ra
INES Stock on of pa discolorat sess for co
conditi
G U IDEL g E lastic 3. Assess pulses, edem s or cuts).
a, As
RAL plyin l
of peda ence of le
sion
EDU d Ap ced by
PROC Devic
es an vices refill,
pres
ngs or
SCDs:
lesion
s eviden
28-7 on de stocki en skin ities as
ssion pressi elastic atitis or op extrem
BOX l C o mpre en tia l com nu rs e initial
ly
De rm af t n in lower
entia ions d sequ l (NAP). Th
e lower a. in gr
cent sk arterial circ .
ulat io
patient
’s
Sequ derat ngs an ne tient’s b. Re easure
Consi astic stocki stive person sses the pa ion. Instruct d
crease ol extremiti der.
es re to m
ation
ill
The sk n be delega
te
el
Deleg of applying d to nursing kings and
tic
assi
stoc T or
asse
impaire
d circ
ulat c. De
cyanot
ic, co
al th
ovider
care pr stockings, us .
or
e tape
measu
nt ’s lo wer ex
tremiti
es
Procedural Guidelines provide streamlined, step-by-step
ca of elas ptoms of DV d. tain he ng elastic ng size ene to patie
t of be develops in stocki
(SCDs) es the size
dete rm in
ities fo
r si gn s and sy
m
patie
lowing in leg or if
nt to get ou
discol
or at io n
at
4. Ob
5. W he n appl
legs to
yi
in e
determ giene. Also
proper provide hy
gi
ngs.
stocki rtable
instructions for performing the most basic skills.
extrem fore al in ities th hand hy elastic fo
: ves be plains of pa d activ rform t. Ds or bed to com
NAP to e SCD slee to avoi 6. Pe eded. uipmen plying SC
tient co
m
patient rters). are eq ap ad of
ov
• Rem nurse if pa nous as ne d prep on for ate he der
in st ru ct g ga ov e ve
sem bl e an
e an d re as n. El ev of pow
ify
• Not ities. st oc kings, le gs , wearin kings to im
pr
7. As n procedur supine posi
tio
al l amount itivity to
tic
extrem plying elas (e.g., crossi
ng stoc
8. Ex
plai in ply a sm t have sens
plying patient ngs, ap no
W he n ap us st asis d be fore ap Po sition tic stocki tient does
9. as
• e veno tting an ’s legs
.
level. plying
el
that pa
promot gs while si patient hen ap gs provided of stocking
s.
ate le assage tion: W le ion tten. ted
• Elev . Not m 10. Op rnstarch to ses applicat and fla indica
d Do s. ngs, or co unfold g position
return au tions an tic stocking on stocki Po wder
ea
cover; le
pr ec as es si sion er . (s ): as tic ing to
• Take wrinkles in
el
tic or compr co mpres eith
SC D Sleeve ve s from pl leg accord e up with
• Avoi
d Elas lcro ply D slee r patient’s ld lin
ional), justable Ve 11. Ap Remove SC e shou
rnstar
ch (opt
ed, ad a. eeve un eeve.
de of ankl
men
t
r or co attach supplies nge sl . Back ve (see
Equip sure, powde air hoses e b . Arra r lining of sl SC D sleeve ve. th e slee
en ee on
ea ), hygi me an
d on inne tient’s leg on lining of sl al opening
Tape m fflator with le sleeve(s y or na inner D slee
ve
insu birthda
e pa poplite fit of SC
SCD D disp
osab
e and c. Plac marking on with ee
ngs/SC ., nam ankle of knee Check ve (s
stocki ’s leg. g and slee
en tifi ers (e.g cy policy. lts ], si tio n back nd patient ’s le
id Po ou patient
s us in g two rding to agen ry te st resu d.
tra tion). se cu rely ar ee n
Step tify patient mber) acco ad: to Ill us ve betw
w’s tri [labora D slee gers
1. Iden al record nu ors in Vircho rders story rap SC two fin
g diso (i.e., hi e. W acing
medic r risk
fact clottin history by pl
(e.g., edical tion).
sess fo gulability tient m illustra
2. As rc oa in pa
a. Hy
pe ation) found
dehydr normalities sis) y) rd-
fever, sclero egnanc
all ab athero ity, pr ry acco s
nous w ic surgery, ty, obes bitis va ptom
b. Ve oped mobili bophle and sym ing
of orth is (e .g., im s of throm Si gn s ou nd
rr
ood st
as al sign mbus. and su perature
c. Bl : Clinic of the thro le veins m
ISION tion lpab arm. Te oms
AL DEC d loca include pa and w s and sympt m,
CLINIC e size an s ened, gn war
to th ro mbosi touch, redd esent. Si ; pain;
in g al th the pr ity the
su perfici tender to m ay not be ollen extrem gn (pain in e
of
that ar
e
a may
or
clude
sw
oman
s’ si reliabl
areas n and edem sis (DVT) in evation. H ed a
io bo el co nsider
elevat vein throm mperature longer 13).
te ) is no Werner, 20
of deep skin; and e foot
ic n of th e and
cyanot dorsiflexio 2015; Grinag
.,
calf on r (Ball et al
to
indica
.
sleeve
SCD ued
fit of Contin
Check
11e
STEP
eal
oplit
the p
with
knee 742 UNIT VI Psychosocial Basis for Nursing Practice
ie nt’s
of pat
on back
Positi
11d
STEP g. NURSING CARE PLAN
in
open
Readiness for Enhanced Spiritual Well-Being
ASSESSMENT
Lisa Owens is a 61-year-old female who was diagnosed with stage IV breast cancer over 2 years ago. She has undergone numerous rounds of chemotherapy treat-
ment. Her husband, Richard, is 59 years old and a financial assistant at a local bank. The Owens have two children, both adults, with one daughter who is unmarried
and living only 2 miles away. The other child, a son, lives out of town. The son is married; he and his wife are about to have their first child. Lisa has numerous side
effects from her advancing disease and chemotherapy. She has ongoing hip pain from the cancer having spread to the bone. She also has reduced sensation in her
feet, chronic fatigue, and difficulty sleeping at night. Her husband provides most of her support at home, but this sometimes interferes with his ability to do the work
that he brings home. Lisa is coming to the outpatient chemotherapy infusion center to begin yet another course of chemotherapy. The nurse who has been seeing
Lisa in the center knows that the patient regularly attends church with her husband.
understand the process of assessment, the association of *Defining characteristics are shown in bold type.
PLANNING
formation of nursing diagnoses, the identification of goals Goals Expected Outcomes (NOC)†
Hope
and outcomes, the selection of nursing interventions, and Lisa will express her will to live with family members. Lisa participates in worship with her family and shares spiritual readings.
Lisa connects with members of her church.
Lisa interacts with family members and discusses their future.
the process for evaluating care. Lisa will describe a feeling of peacefulness to her family.
Spiritual Health
Lisa engages in regular prayer and meditation.
Lisa will express a personal sense of spiritual well-being. Lisa expresses her feelings through writing.
†
Outcome classification labels from Moorhead S et al: Nursing outcomes classification (NOC), ed 5, St Louis, 2013, Mosby.
Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) terminologies Offer to pray with Lisa as she describes what she hopes for. One study found that cancer patients commonly used prayer and meditation to
reduce their side effects (Huebner et al., 2014)
Introduce Lisa to journaling. Encourage her to begin by writing what is Use of journaling helps individuals facing a crisis deal with the unknown; find
are used in the care plans to build your knowledge of meaningful to her about her illness and family meaning and spiritual connection; and physically, emotionally, and spiritually heal
(Harvey et al., 2013; Sealy, 2013).
nursing concepts. Spiritual Support
Discuss with Lisa the likely times that her chemotherapy will affect her Chemotherapy can cause severe fatigue. Faith communities such as a church play an
most and how she can schedule involvement in church activities important role in fostering belief systems of compassion (Delgado-Guay, 2014).
approaches. ‡
Intervention classification labels from Bulechek GM et al: Nursing interventions classification (NIC), ed 6, St Louis, 2013, Mosby.
EVALUATION
Nursing Actions Patient Response/Finding Achievement of Outcome
Evaluation section explains how to evaluate and Ask Lisa to describe in what way
relaxation exercises have helped her.
Lisa reported using relaxation daily after being at clinic. She states,
“I feel calm. It allows me to connect with God, and know I have
Lisa’s story reflects spiritual well-being
and peacefulness. She needs to share
determine whether patient outcomes have been achieved. Have Lisa review her discussions with
my loving family to help me.”
Lisa reports, “We have been talking more. My family knows that I
with family.
Lisa is connecting with family and church
family and/or church members. see each day as a blessing and that my hope is to see my son’s members. She is able to express a
baby. My church really keeps me connected.” sense of hope.
STUDENT PREFACE xi
individual and key critical thinking elements (see the Nursing Care Goals and Outcomes. Develop an individualized plan of care for
Plan). Professional standards are especially important to consider each nursing diagnosis. Work collaboratively with the patient to set
when developing a plan of care. These standards often establish ethical realistic expectations for care. Make sure that goals are individualized
or evidence-based practice guidelines for selecting effective nursing and realistic with measurable outcomes. In establishing goals consult
C ONCEPT M AP
Nursing Skills are presented in a clear, two-column Nursing diagnosis: Disturbed body image Nursing diagnosis: Acute pain
format that includes Steps and Rationales to help you learn • Does not touch her chest
• Unable to look in mirror
• Rates postoperative pain as a 9 on a scale of
0 to 10
how and why a skill is performed. Each skill begins with • Avoids new social interactions
• Fears husband’s response to loss of breasts
• States “no relief from pain” with PCA
• Has poor sleeping patterns
• Has a lack of appetite
a Safety Guidelines section that will help you focus on • Has decreased nutritional intake
r thediagnosis:
ca re
rp
of th
e h e
rse.
T o e
and
preve ny transf nt and ty . Nursing follo atienSituational
ren
t’s ca ces, and m,
low teaself-esteem • R
aise Nursing diagnosis: Fear
nt ha er p wingunable
rm to equipme e of•assStates she is poin to re.“cope” use to p the side • Has decreased self-confidence
patie nt istan difficulty making ts to When p • A revent th rail on
SKIL nt an and th • Has ce re decisions
ensu
re sa r-
e rrang e pa the si • Reports being unable to solve personal problems
L d he • e nHas u m quire of uselessness e ti d
DEL 28-1 alth b feelings
care er of pers for safe
d fe , so it e
does ipment
qu e n t fro e•o Panics when people ask about the cancer
m fa f the be
EGA provi o • Evalu not in (e.g ll•in Experiences d op daily fatigue
The
skill TION C MO ders nnel to sa positionin a terfe ., intrave• g oWorries ut posite
VIN . fely tr g, repo te the re w nous of bed that reconstruction
o “won’t work”
assis of movin ONSID GA a nsfe si ti onin p a tient it h th li on th f where
ti
leve ve pers
g an
d po ERATIO ND r g. for co e positi nes, feed at side. you
are st
onin
• A l of com onnel (N sitioning NS POS rrect
b g pro ing tube, andin
ny fo AP IT ody cess indw g
• In moving rt and fo ). The n atients Interventions IONIN
p a li . e
Interventions g nme ll ing ca
divid and r any urse in G nt a
• S u p is re •bedAssess patient for signsPand nddistinguish thete
ched al needs ositionin hazards spon
si
can
b e ATsymptoms
IE
of depression • Help patient press between r) real and imagined
gined
• W uled for b g o f imm bleand d eleg for suicide NTS u re ri
Equipment lists show specific items needed for each skill. time o imita for apotential a threats sk
hen d y ti o te s
s a
whe to requ to reposi lignment s unique •ity. Actively
o n b il ss
Instru esslisten in
d
toto and
nu demonstrate EQU respectB
IN for patient • Encourage patient to write about
after
fears in a journal
ournal
n est
assis tion pati (e.g., pa to•patiAsk ct N g the pa rsing ED
confu the patie tan ent tien e n t. patientA P a to
bout: identify
ti e n t’s personal •
IPM
strengths E NT
and talents • Explore feelings that contribute to fear
sed). nt is Pillo
unab ce (e.g., through t with sp • Th ws, dra
STE le to if th the sh inal e w
P assis e
t the patient ift.
cord
injury • Tro rapeutic sheet
Link between ). medical chan bo
ASS nurs
e, ha as a sp
h • Hdiagnosis ter roandotsnursing , spli diagnosis Link between nursing diagnoses
ESS s a lo in a n d ro ll nts if
1. Id M • S
entify ENT t of al cord ide ra lls need
ed
med patie equip injury FIGURE • A 34-6ils Concept map for Mrs. Johnson. PCA, Patient-controlled analgesia.
m , p
2. A ical reco nt using ent,
or is
prop
device riate sa
ssess rd tw
dow patie number) o identi ) fe p
atien
nt’s , fi
3. A n. body accordin ers (e.g., t–ha
ndlin
ssess align g to nam g ass
a. Pa fo r m ent a a g en e a istive
ralysi risk facto nd co cy policy nd birth R ATIO device
decr s, rs th mfort . day
ease hemippare at contr level or n
ame N ALE (e.g.,
d se whil fricti
nsati sis resu ibute to e he o
and on-re
b. Im on lting comp r E n su ducin
paire from lil ca sh e is res g
proce d mobil a ce tions of lying impro co rr e ct p
c. Im sses ity fr rrebro imm ve a
o va scula o b ilit P ro s ti e n
CHAPTER 28 Immobility paire
d circ 433 m tr
actio r acc y: vides
b a
patie
n t sa
t. Co
m p li
n, a selin
d. A
ulati
on rthriti iden
t (CV and
a li g e data fety (TJC es with
s, o A); Incre n ,2 The
ge: V
ery yo r otth ased ment. for la
ter co 016). Join
er co Para ri t Co
ung, ntrib lysis sk facto mpa
rison mmis
STEP RATIONALE olde
r adu uting Beca impairs rs requir s. De sion
stan
e. S lts disea use move e mo term dard
ensa se patie of d m e re fr ines s an
8. Assess condition of patient’s skin (see Chapter 31). Provides baseline to determine effects of positioning. nt; m eque ways
tion:
D e Tract nt is un ifficulty u sc n t re to im d
9. Assess ability and motivation of patient and family caregivers to participate in Determines ability of patient and caregiversf. to help with positioning. crea ion o a in le p prove
Leve sed
fr m r art ble to pro moving tone ch ositionin positi
moving and positioning patient in bed in anticipation of discharge to home. l of co om C otion hritic tect and ange g. on
nscio VA, D e crea (R O ch a a n d p o o s; se
usne para sed ci M). nges positi r aw nsati
ss lysis, o f affect o n a re n o n is
PLANNING neuro ulce rcula b e
and ed e ody part ss of invo often aff
Video Icons indicate video clips associated with specific
4. A
ssess men path Prem rs. tion
to sk xtrem fo
1. Collect appropriate equipment. Get extra help as needed. Close door to room Having appropriate number of people to position patiepatient prevents patienttaand l sta
tus
y. ature in an ity re r self (Le lved bod cted.
e
nt’s Norm and you d und sult w y
or bedside curtains. nurse injury. Provides for patient privacy.
a. A phys a n erlyi in de is et al. part,
ical grea l physiolo g infants ng ti
2. Perform hand hygiene.
3. Raise level of bed to comfortable working height. Remove all pillows and
Reduces transfer of microorganisms.b. ge
Dise
Raises work toward nurse’s centerc.of gravity.
abilit
ase Reduces any interferenceheduring
y to
lp w
Beca
use
te r risk gic skills that are available on the free Evolve Student
s for al chan quire fre
re
ges a q
ssue
pred
ispose
crea
sed
, 201
rang 3).
e of
Stre proce ith m
oving to p of poor deve
lop sso uent tu s pati
ent to
devices used for positioning.
4. Explain procedure to patient.
positioning. d. R ngth, co ss
OM
5. A patient
Helps to relieve anxiety and allows ssess to participate
ordin
ationmore actively.
and
positi
onin
rmin nd p
o Resources website.
Dete rotect a awarene ing com ciated w rning beca
ss o
consc es need sition bo f body p tions of im ging pre
plica ith a use th
e
press
ure
patie
n
g:
iousn for sp dy p art o m o dispo ir skin is
IMPLEMENTATION t’ s he posi ess a rt r re b il se fr a
ight, Enab tioning. may ecial aid from pre duced se ity (Drake older ad gile.
1. Assist Patient in Moving Up in Bed Determines degree of risk in6.repositioning patient and technique weig required to safely les n not s or ssure nsati e ult
Asse ht, a
nd b urse unde
rstan devices. . on, p t al., 20 s to
ss nee to atien 12
a. Can patient assist? assist patient. positi health ody
shap Som d for add use pa d in
struct Patients t is u ).
(1) Fully able to assist, nurse assistance not needed; nurse stands by to ons care e . e old it io tient’ io w nable
injury a re co p ro er ad n al he s mo ns o it
; ntrain vider’s
Card
io ult lp bil r be h altere
assist. sion respira dic ord Dete pulmona s move . Ensures ity, coord able d le
7. A s, drain tory diffi ated be ers befo rm ry m p inati to h vels
(2) Partially able to assist; patient can assist with nurse using positioning ssess s, cu ca re Limit ines am disease ore slow atient’s on, a elp of
cues or aids (e.g., drawsheet or friction-reducing device). for p and tubin lties; cert use of p position Devi
ed R
OM
ount re ly
of ass quires p with less nd nurse d streng
a n durin
g
rese g ). a in atien ing. ce co ’s
nce neuro t’ C ntrain istan atien th
of tu
b logic s condit larify wh p atien
s use
d fo d ic ates ce p t to h strength safety (V ; determ
CLINICAL DECISION: Before lowering head of bed to flatten bed, account for all tubing, drains, and equip- es, in al co io ethe r safe rovid ave . ISN8 ines
cisio nditio n (e.g., r any equ ts re p a ce rt a e d b yp
h e a d , 2 0
ment to prevent dislodgement or tipping if caught in mattress or bedframe as bed is lowered. ns, a ns; p sp qu tie in of 15).
nd e
quip rese inal cord Placi ipment (P ire speci nt handli positions. atient du bed ele
nce o ng p n va
men
tfrom f inci atien ierson a al beds, g have d ring
positi ted.
b. Assist patient moving up in bed, using a drawsheet (two or three This is not a one-person task. Helping a patient move up in bed without help (e.g., - t in a nd li if on ch
tr n ina Fairchil fts, whe ferent w
nurses). other co-workers or without the aid of an assistive device (i.e., friction-reducing action). ppro d elcha eigh ange
priate , 2013). irs, t restri .
and
pad) is not recommended or considered safe for the patient or nurse (ANA,
Alters
positi
on ca toile ctions; b
ting a
2010; CDC, 2009). po uses and riatric
(1) Place patient supine with head of bed flat. A nurse stands on each side Enables nurse to assess body alignment. Reduces pull of gravity on patient’s upper positi sitioning injury
. bath
ing
ons. proce
of bed. body. d u re an
d aff
(2) Remove pillow from under head and shoulders and place it at head of Prevents striking patient’s head against head of bed. ects
patie
bed. nt’s
abilit
y to
(3) Turn patient side to side to place drawsheet under patient, extending Supports patient’s body weight and reduces friction during movement. inde
pend
from shoulders to thighs. ently
chan
(4) Return patient to supine position. Even distribution of patient’s weight makes lifting and positioning easier. ge
(5) Fanfold drawsheet on both sides, with each nurse grasping firmly near Provides strong handles to grip drawsheet without slipping.
patient.
CLINICAL DECISION: Protect patient’s heels from shearing force by having a third nurse lift heels while
moving patient up in bed.
(6) Nurses place their feet apart with forward-backward stance. Flex knees Facing direction of movement ensures proper balance. Shifting weight reduces
Clinical Decisions alert you to important information
and hips. On the count of three, shift weight from front to back leg
and move patient and drawsheet to desired position in bed (see
force needed to move load. Flexing knees lowers center of gravity and uses
thigh muscles instead of back muscles.
within a skill to consider to ensure safe and effective
illustration).
patient care.
Clear, close-up photos and illustrations show you how to
perform important skill procedures.
A B
STEP 1b(6) A and B, Moving immobile patient up in bed with drawsheet.
xii STUDENT PREFACE
659
io n
t rat
nis
mi rde
n,
Ad n ha
ti on and
eve
d ica ic ken
Me en th oft sa.
32 ons uco
A PT
ER
red
med
icati
ot g
astr
ic m
Unexpected Outcomes and Related Interventions
CH wde e. a, n
LE o in o s .
identify possible undesired results and provide guidelines
, p ic c s
NA advance ficult. ll of med ora
l mu
I pro
blem
sk o
f
TIO in dif sa ugh sG s ri
RA repared llowing wallow tion
thro
reli
eve
ecre
ase
h
W akin
en p g swa tient s
m at p
a
gh s
low
a b sorp
taste
an d o ften
llow
ing
a n dd
for appropriate nursing responses.
to s th
give ure rou ant swa
and Ens ts th leas es
ide n ac unp eas
eds e pa- ic atio ves p sule t-
sa t b n s e d p ro
or c a una
quid atio M ce im blet n is left to
h li edic g cen atio e. If g risk
wit ch m owin rves le ta dic sag in
Mix e ea wall Effe g sing . Me d do , caus
s : G iv s ri n n e re s on
a tion fo od: g or u id. in iste n. a r atio e s ord icatio
n
e d icati
in q p iv
me
dic d in che
w s of
li Adm piratio re ce med elay
m
ixe glas as at p nt re ve
P e red n sm inst to n d r epe p atie or sa a n d
E d . o g a e r a d t e c
ST For powt to drinkmedica food. atient a
ti ps on n a s
owd to li it a g th ke do ods
or p up ing sp
o ard urin f fo
(5) atien shed on of on p let nc isc ens not ta t o .
p tab atio er u
s r, d for do ten staff
cru teaspo Cauti Add edic nsid floo sible nts con f all
For in es: on: . e m e. Co the pon patie fat cy o
(6) ly
rate loze n g a ti g la c to re s e T h e ms. cien
m edic issolvin ons, p at a tim tions. fa lls u are , som o n. rg anis es effi r
r t
Fo ges. scen fter d dicati , one ic a u le Y o de d
irrita
ti
icro
o
han
c ts o
med aps ten h. ffec
Recording and Reporting provides guidelines for what to
(7)
)
n
e
e
d
a
loze fferv iately hold m mouth force
For imme ble to rug into rush o
e
r
If tab
let
or c
ir pre
bed
scri as
w d u
lt
hea s gas
ce tion.
tric
s
fort
.
com ansmis work
sion
of m ace en
sp
n s et o
f sid
ee
(8 e a d t : e
th icatio n Re sorp atien ces tr anize t’ d o
Giv t is un each Do no ION
chart and report with each skill.
If p
n
atie troduc mouth
e .
LD
ICA ted.
ECIS
edic
ns
atio ether
by
med
ack
(e.g
., ab ins p redu
inta
Ma hygie clean
ne and
org
on
and
dete
cts
fam
ily. te.
h. ently in pills in h stra
g
to p lace
CLIN mina
c o n ta k e
ly ta th if u
ll m in w
s a ncerta
p a tien
t n onfa
t sn
Ma
d
Han tainin
in
g
e n efit
o f med
icati
b y pa
ti e nt a
nd
p la in o
r de Key Points and Clinical Application Questions
mon
ple te er ion. b ed x
ou to e
ent
pati t to
com pen m
o asp
.g., is or h .
), off
irin r cond
e
it
atio
n ro
om
if
era
peu .
s th ction knowle
tic
s dge
gain
ily a
re a
ble sections help you review and apply essential content from
ntil patien s (e iene
. edic luate rea f fam
y u Eva ergic level o
the chapter.
h n
Sta . Ask ic a tion d by ositio d hyg art to m ll s n t and
i. ed a te p ha n c a e e
te .
rou owed cidic m traindic fortab rform , return
le
nse
t, rmin pati
ll e s ho Dete the
n
swa ighly a not co to com and p straw wit hat
h s d late , sw
For ers) if t return upplie ps an orre ose luate
at c purp
j.
c ra c
Help
k
ti e n
pa f soil uch a a.
k. ispose h stoc work
o
e d
ks
s s c
are
u
at ti
mes
th
and
exp
la in
ut o .,
ral
Eva
The Review Questions at the end of each chapter, with
ons me abo .g
icati n na drug. nding our (e ?”
l.
D
Rep
m. sed, a
lenis d clea
n
n
n s
med .
e to ation m
atio f
edic ects o unders take dicine or
ta y
e
s
ezin
g. the answer key included, help you evaluate learning and
l att
emp
ts,
u spo medic identify side eff mily’s how to ese m atient ona
N whe cati
prepare for the examination.
IO s re e p
AT atient’ of th ber to tential and fa lained take th ing if ra sh, e edu
U , it
AL p tion em po nt’s xp to ach icari
a esp
EV valuate d dura mily m , and patie ure I e how ed te NS s urt ects. nd
E n le e e s xplain rev
is ha atio
1. eak, a nt or fa chedu termin TIO suc rse eff edic
p e s e to b you e lan for EN on) se m
pati age to d ant n p RV acti its adv rd.
e
refu by
Ask n, dos Back , “I w es. Ca velop . TE re red
2 . o e y IN ic ib c o
ues
to rde
acti Teach . State medicin w or d orrectl ED llerg nt exh dical re ntin tic
if o
s c AT t, a e t co
. Use ication tablet) tion n back
o
R EL e ffec en pati t’s me e n f d iure
3 c h ND xic h en ati o
med ngual, instru teac t, to cy w pati If p
trati
on
li r to SA ffec harma tion to tme
nt.
inis
sub e you t able ME ee trea vider. adm
is
Rev y is n
o CO (sid r and p forma ing tora
ge
UT cts in . nt. fuse pro er s
fam
il DO e effe provid llergy
e
ic a tion appare t to re care g . fo llow rop
E ed y are gh healt h rin t s, p
CT vers are dd
a
e ri outp
u to
PE s ad alth c and a tm p iste tion . lbox
EX h ibit h e s o t wan n thera ave th notify a dmin g. u rine e dica home or pil
N x s e n o h d r rt m t
U nt e notify er do on. es dicati tients art an
ly a
fte cordin repo take tion a a cha
rt
atie ys h ti t do e pa er ch iate per re d (e.g
.,
1. P Alwa old furt edica patien s of m tion; r h e d ro e w h en to inistra ch as
• ithh ses
m
why ndin
g
edic
a
his
o imm y for p requir t,
ffec on a
dm ns su ider.
• W nt refu asons dersta take m eld on AR c if ed e dicati rventi are pro
o v
n M cy poli vider esir
atie re re isun t to ithh no e te c
2. P Explo te if m patien was w give age
n
re p
ro e, d safe m ing in ealth
date follow alth ca sag rs h CHAPTER 28 Immobility 439
•
d u ca
fo rc e d ru g
T IN G
a n d d e d in g do ensure pt nu fy the
• E o not hy the OR me eld an ct to h inclu food, to r, atte ly, no
m ti
EP d ti h e on,
• D cord w DR , an with on eff t
trati ithou dminis ons s
te afe
re AN ute is ti ing. inis
ING e, ro y drug edica learn adm h or
w
self
-a dicati
KEY POINTS 3. You convince Ms. Cavallo to eat a balanced diet of three meals and
dos m e
O RD a ti on that an on of fa mily ic a tion on wit safely ter m two snacks high in protein. Describe the decision-making process
RE
C
med
ic son ati nd ed dicati to dminis
a valu nt a of m e ble a • Use findings from evidence-based nursing research about safe you use to ensure that Ms. Cavallo continues to recognize the
C hart the re port e . f p atie p e cts take m If una ble to
• ecord nd re ider) o S a s s. na patient handling to prevent injuries to nurses and patients when importance of a balanced diet. Include essential assessment data
a v tion ION t all er to tion is u
• R ecord re pro valua AT bou wheth medica t still moving and transferring. that you need to ensure that she continues to have an intake of
• R alth c t your
a e ER rs a d en
he men SID re give cts, an inister d pati • Coordination and regulation of muscle groups depend on muscle proper foods.
N a e n
ocu CO ily c ide eff elf-adm fail a tone; activity of antagonistic, synergistic, and antigravity muscles;
• D RE fam s s ns
CA and ated afely entio and neural input to muscles. Answers to Clinical Application Questions can be found on the
ME ents anticip y to s interv Evolve website.
HO pati it • Body alignment is the condition of joints, tendons, ligaments, and
s tr uct ations, s abil tion. If
t’ a muscles in various body positions.
• In medic patien ministr
f
o ate elf-ad • Balance occurs when there is a wide base of support, the center of
REVIEW QUESTIONS
valu s
• E sist in gravity falls within the base of support, and a vertical line falls from
as the center of gravity through the base of support. Are You Ready to Test Your Nursing Knowledge?
• Developmental stages influence body alignment and mobility; the 1. An older adult has limited mobility as a result of a total knee
greatest impact of physiological changes on the musculoskeletal replacement. During assessment you note that the patient has
system is observed in children and older adults. difficulty breathing while lying flat. Which of the following assess-
• The risk of disabilities related to immobilization depends on the ment data support a possible pulmonary problem related to
extent and duration of immobilization and the patient’s overall impaired mobility? (Select all that apply.)
level of health. 1. B/P = 128/84
• Immobility presents hazards in the physiological, psychological, 2. Respirations 26/min on room air
and developmental dimensions. 3. HR 114
• The nursing process and critical thinking assist you in providing 4. Crackles over lower lobes heard on auscultation
care for patients who are experiencing or are at risk for the adverse 5. Pain reported as 3 on scale of 0 to 10 after medication
effects of impaired body alignment and immobility. 2. A patient has been on bed rest for over 4 days. On assessment,
• Patients with impaired body alignment require nursing care to the nurse identifies the following as a sign associated with
maintain correct positioning such as the supported Fowler’s, immobility:
supine, prone, side-lying, and Sims’ positions. 1. Decreased peristalsis
• Patient movement algorithms serve as assessment tools and guide 2. Decreased heart rate
safe patient handling and movement. 3. Increased blood pressure
• Appropriate friction-reducing assistive devices and mechanical lifts 4. Increased urinary output
need to be used for patient transfers when applicable. 3. The nurse puts elastic stockings on a patient following
• No-lift policies benefit all members of the health care system: major abdominal surgery. The nurse teaches the patient that
patients, nurses, and administration. the stockings are used after a surgical procedure to
The nursing profession is always responding to dynamic change • Cultural awareness, care of the older adult, and patient teaching
and continual challenges. Today nurses need a broad knowledge are stressed throughout chapter narratives and are highlighted in
base from which to provide care. More important, nurses require the special boxes.
ability to know how to apply best evidence in practice to ensure the • Procedural Guidelines boxes provide more streamlined, step-by-
best outcomes for their patients. The role of the nurse includes assum- step instructions for performing very basic skills.
ing the lead in preserving nursing practice and demonstrating its con- • Concept Maps in each clinical chapter show you the asso-
tribution to the health care of our nation. Nurses of tomorrow, ciation between multiple nursing diagnoses for a patient with a
therefore, need to become critical thinkers, patient advocates, clinical selected medical diagnosis and the relationship between nursing
decision makers, and patient educators within a broad spectrum of interventions.
care services. • Nursing Care Plans guide students on how to conduct an assess-
The ninth edition of Fundamentals of Nursing was revised to ment and analyze the defining characteristics that indicate nursing
prepare today’s students for the challenges of tomorrow. This textbook diagnoses. The plans include NIC and NOC classifications to famil-
is designed for beginning students in all types of professional nursing iarize students with this important nomenclature. The evaluation
programs. The comprehensive coverage provides fundamental nursing sections of the plans show students how to evaluate and then deter-
concepts, skills, and techniques of nursing practice and a firm founda- mine the outcomes of care.
tion for more advanced areas of study. • A critical thinking model provides a framework for all clinical
Fundamentals of Nursing provides a contemporary approach to chapters and show how elements of critical thinking, including
nursing practice, discussing the entire scope of primary, acute, and knowledge, critical thinking attitudes, intellectual and professional
restorative care. This new edition continues to address a number of standards, and experience are integrated throughout the nursing
key current practice issues, including an emphasis on patient-centered process for making clinical decisions.
care and evidence-based practice. Evidence-based practice is one of the • More than 50 nursing skills are presented in a clear, two-column
most important initiatives in health care today. The increased focus on format with steps and supporting rationales that are often sup-
applying current evidence in skills and patient care plans helps stu- ported with current, evidence-based research.
dents understand how the latest research findings should guide their • Delegation Considerations guide when it is appropriate to dele-
clinical decision making. gate tasks to assistive personnel.
• Unexpected Outcomes and Related Interventions are highlighted
within nursing skills to help students anticipate and appropriately
KEY FEATURES respond to possible problems faced while performing skills.
We have carefully developed this ninth edition with the student in • Video Icons indicate video clips associated with specific skills that
mind. We have designed this text to welcome the new student to are available online in the Evolve Student Resources.
nursing, communicate our own love for the profession, and promote • Printed endpapers on the inside back cover help students locate
learning and understanding. Key features of the text include the specific assets in the book, including Skills, Procedural Guidelines,
following: Nursing Care Plans, and Concept Maps.
• Students will appreciate the clear, engaging writing style. The nar-
rative actually addresses the reader, making this textbook more of
an active instructional tool than a passive reference. Students will
NEW TO THIS EDITION
find that even complex technical and theoretical concepts are pre- • Information related to the Quality and Safety Education for
sented in a language that is easy to understand. Nurses (QSEN) initiative is highlighted by headings that coordinate
• Comprehensive coverage and readability of all fundamental with the key competencies. Building Competency scenarios in each
nursing content. chapter incorporate one of the six key competencies in QSEN.
• The attractive, functional design will appeal to today’s visual Answers to these activities can be found online in the Evolve
learner. The clear, readable type and bold headings make the Student Resources.
content easy to read and follow. Each special element is consis- • The latest NANDA 2015-2017 diagnoses are included for up-to-
tently color-keyed so students can readily identify important date content.
information. • A new skill covers Fall Prevention in Health Care Settings.
• Hundreds of large, clear, full-color photographs and drawings • Review Questions have been updated in each chapter, with a
reinforce and clarify key concepts and techniques. minimum of four alternate-item type questions. Answers are pro-
• The nursing process format provides a consistent organizational vided with questions and rationales on Evolve.
framework for clinical chapters. • Evidence-Based Practice boxes in each chapter have been updated
• Learning aids help students identify, review, and apply important to reflect current research topics and trends.
content in each chapter and include Objectives, Key Terms, Key • Both Healthy People 2020 and The Joint Commission’s 2016
Points, Clinical Application Questions, and Review Questions. National Patient Safety Goals are covered in this new edition,
• Evolve Resources lists at the beginning of every chapter detail the promoting the importance of current research.
electronic resources available for the student. • Chapter 28: Immobility and Chapter 39: Activity and Exercise
• Health promotion and acute and continuing care are covered to have been completely reorganized to reduce redundancy, improve
address today’s practice in various settings. clarity, and increase the clinical focus of both chapters.
• A health promotion/wellness thread is used consistently through- • Chapter 9: Cultural Awareness has been completely rewritten and
out the text. revised to better address this topic for fundamentals students.
xiii
xiv PREFACE TO THE INSTRUCTOR
The ninth edition of Fundamentals of Nursing is one that we believe in how we present content within the textbook. She has limitless
continues to prepare the student nurse to be able to practice in the energy and is always willing to go the extra mile.
challenging health care environment. Collaboration on this project • Jodi Willard, Senior Project Manager, consistently performs
allows us to be creative, visionary, and thoughtful as to students’ learn- miracles. She is an amazing and accomplished production editor
ing needs. Each edition is a new adventure for all of us on the author who applies patience, humor, and attention to detail. It is an
team as we try to create the very best textbook for beginning nurses. honor to work with Jodi because of her professionalism and
Each of us wishes to acknowledge the professionalism, support, and ability to coordinate the multiple aspects of completing a well-
commitment to detail from the following individuals: designed finished product.
• The editorial and production professionals at Mosby/Elsevier, • StoryTrack, St. Louis, Missouri, for their excellent photography.
including: • Maryville University, who allowed us to use the new Myrtle E. and
• Tamara Myers, Executive Content Strategist, for her vision, Earl E. Walker Hall for the new photographs.
organization, professionalism, energy, and support in assisting • To our contributors and clinician and educator reviewers, who
us to develop a text that offers a state-of-the-art approach to share their expertise and knowledge about nursing practice and the
the design, organization, and presentation of Fundamentals of trends within health care today, helping us to create informative,
Nursing. Her skill is in motivating and supporting a writing accurate, and current information. Their contributions allow us
team so it can be creative and innovative while retaining the to develop a text that embodies high standards for professional
characteristics of a high-quality textbook. nursing practice through the printed word.
• Jean Sims Fornango, Content Development Manager for • And special recognition to our professional colleagues at Barnes-
Fundamentals of Nursing, for her professionalism and commit- Jewish Hospital, Southern Illinois University—Edwardsville, Saint
ment to excellence. Her editorial and publishing skills provide Francis Medical Center College of Nursing, and the University of
a vision for organizing and developing the manuscript while Evansville.
ensuring that all pieces of the book and ancillary materials are We believe that Fundamentals of Nursing, now in its ninth edition, is a
creative, stimulating, and state-of-the-art. She, like the rest of textbook that informs and helps to shape the standards for excellence
the team, goes the extra mile sharing her energy and spirit. in nursing practice. Nursing excellence belongs to all of us, and we are
• Tina Kaemmerer as our Senior Content Development Specialist happy to have the opportunity to continue the work we love.
for Fundamentals of Nursing. She is dedicated to keeping the Patricia A. Potter
writing team organized and focused, performing considerable Anne Griffin Perry
behind-the-scenes work for ensuring accuracy and consistency Patricia A. Stockert
Amy M. Hall
xv
CONTENTS
Any updates to this textbook can be found in the Content Updates Illness, 73
folder on Evolve at http://evolve.elsevier.com/Potter/fundamentals/. Caring for Yourself, 75
7 Caring in Nursing Practice, 79
Anne Griffin Perry, RN, MSN, EdD, FAAN
UNIT I Nursing and the Health Care Environment Theoretical Views on Caring, 80
Patients’ Perceptions of Caring, 83
1 Nursing Today, 1 Ethic of Care, 83
Anne Griffin Perry, RN, MSN, EdD, FAAN Caring in Nursing Practice, 84
Nursing as a Profession, 1 The Challenge of Caring, 87
Historical Influences, 5 8 Caring for the Cancer Survivor, 90
Contemporary Influences, 6 Kay E. Gaehle, PhD, MSN, BSN
Trends in Nursing, 7 The Effects of Cancer on Quality of Life, 90
Professional Registered Nurse Education, 9 Cancer and Families, 94
Nursing Practice, 10 Implications for Nursing, 94
Professional Nursing Organizations, 10 Components of Survivorship Care, 96
2 The Health Care Delivery System, 14 9 Cultural Awareness, 101
Patricia A. Stockert, RN, BSN, MS, PhD Brenda Battle, RN, BSN, MBA
Health Care Regulation and Reform, 15 Jelena Todic, MSW, LCSW
Emphasis on Population Wellness, 16 Health Disparities, 101
Health Care Settings and Services, 17 Culture, 102
Issues and Changes in Health Care Delivery, 22 Cultural Competency, 103
Quality and Performance Improvement, 26 Core Measures, 111
The Future of Health Care, 27 10 Caring for Families, 117
3 Community-Based Nursing Practice, 31 Anne Griffin Perry, RN, MSN, EdD, FAAN
Anne Griffin Perry, RN, MSN, EdD, FAAN The Family, 117
Community-Based Health Care, 31 Family Forms and Current Trends, 118
Community Health Nursing, 33 Impact of Illness and Injury, 120
Community-Based Nursing, 33 Approaches to Family Nursing: An Overview, 120
Community Assessment, 37 Family Nursing, 122
Changing Patients’ Health, 37 Nursing Process for the Family, 123
4 Theoretical Foundations of Nursing Practice, 41 Implementing Family-Centered Care, 126
Beverly J. Reynolds, RN, EdD, CNE 11 Developmental Theories, 132
Theory, 41 Tara Hulsey, PhD, RN, CNE, FAAN
Shared Theories, 45 Developmental Theories, 132
Select Nursing Theories, 45 12 Conception Through Adolescence, 141
Link Between Theory and Knowledge Development in Jerrilee LaMar, PhD, RN, CNE
Nursing, 48 Stages of Growth and Development, 141
5 Evidence-Based Practice, 52 Selecting a Developmental Framework for
Amy M. Hall, RN, BSN, MS, PhD, CNE Nursing, 141
The Need for Evidence-Based Practice, 52 Intrauterine Life, 141
Nursing Research, 57 Transition from Intrauterine to Extrauterine Life, 142
Research Process, 60 Newborn, 142
The Relationship Between EBP, Research, and Quality Infant, 145
Improvement, 61 Toddler, 147
Preschoolers, 149
UNIT II Caring Throughout the Life Span School-Age Children and Adolescents, 150
School-Age Children, 151
6 Health and Wellness, 65 Adolescents, 153
Patricia A. Stockert, RN, BSN, MS, PhD 13 Young and Middle Adults, 159
Healthy People Documents, 65 Patsy L. Ruchala, DNSc, RN
Definition of Health, 66 Young Adults, 159
Models of Health and Illness, 66 Middle Adults, 166
Variables Influencing Health and Health Beliefs and 14 Older Adults, 173
Practices, 69 Gayle L. Kruse, RN, ACHPN, GCNS-BC
Health Promotion, Wellness, and Illness Prevention, 70 Variability Among Older Adults, 173
Risk Factors, 72 Myths and Stereotypes, 174
Risk-Factor Modification and Changing Health Nurses’ Attitudes Toward Older Adults, 174
Behaviors, 72 Developmental Tasks for Older Adults, 174
xvi
Contents xvii
Skill 27-1 Fall Prevention in Health Care Settings, 395 Nursing Process, 629
Skill 27-2 Applying Physical Restraints, 399 Medication Administration, 634
28 Immobility, 407 Skill 32-1 Administering Oral Medications, 655
Judith A. McCutchan, RN, ASN, BSN, MSN, PhD Skill 32-2 Administering Ophthalmic Medications, 660
Scientific Knowledge Base, 407 Skill 32-3 Using Metered-Dose or Dry Powder
Nursing Knowledge Base, 409 Inhalers, 663
Nursing Process, 413 Skill 32-4 Preparing Injections from Vials and
Skill 28-1 Moving and Positioning Patients in Bed, 432 Ampules, 666
29 Infection Prevention and Control, 442 Skill 32-5 Administering Injections, 670
Lorri A. Graham, RN Skill 32-6 Administering Medications by Intravenous
Scientific Knowledge Base, 443 Bolus, 675
The Infectious Process, 445 Skill 32-7 Administering Intravenous Medications by
Nursing Knowledge Base, 448 Piggyback, Intermittent Intravenous Infusion Sets,
Nursing Process, 449 and Syringe Pumps, 679
Skill 29-1 Hand Hygiene, 471 33 Complementary and Alternative Therapies, 688
Skill 29-2 Preparation of Sterile Field, 473 Mary Koithan, PhD, RN, CNS-BC, FAAN
Skill 29-3 Surgical Hand Asepsis, 476 Complementary, Alternative, and Integrative
Skill 29-4 Applying a Sterile Gown and Performing Approaches to Health, 688
Closed Gloving, 479 Nursing-Accessible Therapies, 691
Skill 29-5 Open Gloving, 481 Training-Specific Therapies, 693
30 Vital Signs, 486 The Integrative Nursing Role, 696
Susan Fetzer, RN, GSWN, MSN, MBA, PhD
Guidelines for Measuring Vital Signs, 487 UNIT VI Psychosocial Basis for Nursing Practice
Body Temperature, 488
Nursing Process, 491 34 Self-Concept, 701
Pulse, 497 Victoria N. Folse, PhD, APN, PMHCNS-BC, LCPC
Respiration, 500 Scientific Knowledge Base, 701
Blood Pressure, 503 Nursing Knowledge Base, 702
Health Promotion and Vital Signs, 510 Critical Thinking, 707
Recording Vital Signs, 510 Nursing Process, 707
Skill 30-1 Measuring Body Temperature, 512 35 Sexuality, 716
Skill 30-2 Assessing Radial and Apical Pulses, 517 Kathryn Lever, MSN, WHNP-BC
Skill 30-3 Assessing Respirations, 521 Scientific Knowledge Base, 716
Skill 30-4 Measuring Oxygen Saturation (Pulse Nursing Knowledge Base, 719
Oximetry), 523 Critical Thinking, 722
Skill 30-5 Measuring Blood Pressure, 525 Nursing Process, 723
31 Health Assessment and Physical Examination, 533 36 Spiritual Health, 733
Patricia A. Stockert, RN, BSN, MS, PhD
Patricia A. Potter, RN, MSN, PhD, FAAN
Purposes of the Physical Examination, 534 Scientific Knowledge Base, 733
Preparation for Examination, 534 Nursing Knowledge Base, 734
Organization of the Examination, 537 Critical Thinking, 736
Techniques of Physical Assessment, 539 Nursing Process, 737
General Survey, 541
Skin, Hair, and Nails, 544 37 The Experience of Loss, Death, and Grief, 750
Emily L. McClung, MSN, RN, PhD(c)
Head and Neck, 552
Scientific Knowledge Base, 751
Thorax and Lungs, 567
Nursing Knowledge Base, 752
Heart, 571
Critical Thinking, 755
Vascular System, 575
Nursing Process, 755
Breasts, 580
Abdomen, 586 38 Stress and Coping, 771
Female Genitalia and Reproductive Tract, 589 Matthew R. Sorenson, PhD, APN, ANP-C
Male Genitalia, 591 Scientific Knowledge Base, 771
Rectum and Anus, 593 Nursing Knowledge Base, 774
Musculoskeletal System, 595 Critical Thinking, 776
Neurological System, 598 Nursing Process, 776
After the Examination, 605
32 Medication Administration, 609 UNIT VII Physiological Basis for Nursing Practice
Amy M. Hall, RN, BSN, MS, PhD, CNE
Wendy R. Ostendorf, RN, MS, EdD, CNE 39 Activity and Exercise, 787
Scientific Knowledge Base, 609 Judith A. McCutchan, RN, ASN, BSN, MSN, PhD
Nursing Knowledge Base, 618 Scientific Knowledge Base, 787
Critical Thinking, 626 Nursing Knowledge Base, 792
Contents xix
KEY TERMS
Advanced practice registered nurse Code of ethics, p. 3 Nurse practitioner (NP), p. 4
(APRN), p. 4 Continuing education, p. 10 Nurse researcher, p. 5
American Nurses Association (ANA), p. 2 Genomics, p. 9 Nursing, p. 2
Caregiver, p. 3 In-service education, p. 10 Patient advocate, p. 3
Certified nurse-midwife (CNM), p. 4 International Council of Nurses (ICN), Professional organization, p. 10
Certified registered nurse anesthetist p. 2 Quality and Safety Education for Nurses
(CRNA), p. 4 Nurse administrator, p. 5 (QSEN), p. 7
Clinical nurse specialist (CNS), p. 4 Nurse educator, p. 4 Registered nurse (RN), p. 9
MEDIA RESOURCES
http://evolve.elsevier.com/Potter/fundamentals/ • Audio Glossary
• Review Questions • Content Updates
• Case Study with Questions
Nursing is an art and a science. As a professional nurse you will learn Nursing is not simply a collection of specific skills, and you are not
to deliver care artfully with compassion, caring, and respect for each simply a person trained to perform specific tasks. Nursing is a profes-
patient’s dignity and personhood. As a science, nursing practice is sion. No one factor absolutely differentiates a job from a profession,
based on a body of knowledge that is continually changing with new but the difference is important in terms of how you practice. To act
discoveries and innovations. When you integrate the art and science of professionally you administer quality patient-centered care in a safe,
nursing into your practice, the quality of care you provide to your prudent, and knowledgeable manner. You are responsible and account-
patients is at a level of excellence that benefits patients and their able to yourself, your patients, and your peers.
families. Health care advocacy groups recognize the importance of the
role quality professional nursing has on the nations’ health care. One
such program is the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) Future
NURSING AS A PROFESSION of Nursing: Campaign for Action (RWJF, 2014a). This program is a
A variety of career opportunities are available in nursing, including multifaceted campaign to transform health care through nursing, and
clinical practice, education, research, management, administration, it is a response to the Institute of Medicine (IOM) publication on The
and even entrepreneurship. As a student it is important for you Future of Nursing (IOM, 2010). Together these initiatives prepare a
to understand the scope of professional nursing practice and how professional workforce to meet health promotion, illness prevention,
nursing influences the lives of your patients, their families, and their and complex care needs of the population in a changing health care
communities. system.
The patient is the center of your practice. Your patient includes
individuals, families, and/or communities. Patients have a wide variety Science and Art of Nursing Practice
of health care needs, knowledge, experiences, vulnerabilities, and Because nursing is both an art and a science, nursing practice requires
expectations; but this is what makes nursing both challenging and a blend of the most current knowledge and practice standards with an
rewarding. Making a difference in your patients’ lives is fulfilling (e.g., insightful and compassionate approach to patient care. Your patients’
helping a dying patient find relief from pain, helping a young mother health care needs are multidimensional and constantly changing. Thus
learn parenting skills, and finding ways for older adults to remain your care will reflect the needs and values of society and professional
independent in their homes). Nursing offers personal and professional standards of care and performance, meet the needs of each patient, and
rewards every day. This chapter presents a contemporary view of the integrate evidence-based findings to provide the highest level of care.
evolution of nursing and nursing practice and the historical, practical, Nursing has a specific body of knowledge; however, it is essential
social, and political influences on the discipline of nursing. that you socialize within the profession and practice to fully
1
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
room—Mother Mary Monica, at her own earnest request,
being allowed to remain with us and oversee our
proceedings. We began with a good washing and combing
all round (not a nice piece of work by any means), and then
dressed them in clean clothes, of which we had a plenty by
us made up for our regular autumn doles. The dear old
Mother was as pleased as a child with a new doll. I can't say
the same for the poor children, who were strange, and
scared, and at first hardly to be pacified; but by degrees
they seemed to find the comfort of being clean, and by
night they were all merrily at play, as if nothing had
happened to them. We made up as many cot beds as there
were children, and my own bed was moved into the room.
Sister Anne also slept in the room till she was taken sick,
when Amice was allowed to take her place.
I don't think, for my own part, that I was ever happier than
when playing with these children, or teaching them their
hornbook and the use of their little fat fingers. The oldest is
about ten, a wise motherly little maid, and a great help to
us with the others. The youngest is only three—the sole
survivor of Roger Smith's family. Considering what the
family was like, we may hope her loss may prove a gain.
Sister Mary Paula was quite different. From the first she
attended steadily to her work, speaking but little, but very
kind and sober in her demeanor. One morning, when I went
to the kitchen for the children's dinner, at ten o'clock, she
stopped me.
"But, dear Sister, how could you do that, since yourself told
me you could not write?" I asked, in amazement.
"I did not write it—that was done by another hand!" she
answered me. "But 'twas I conveyed it to my brother. I
fancied, or tried to fancy, that I was moved by zeal for
religion and for the honor of this house; but my eyes have
been opened lately, and I see things more clearly. 'Twas
mere spite and envy, because I thought you a favorite. I
desired to bring you into disgrace, or to cause your removal
from the house; and I beg your pardon."
"I am sure you have it, with all my heart!" said I, kissing
her. "Nay, there is naught to pardon, since all turned out to
my advantage at last."
"All!" I told her, but added that she did not look well herself,
and I feared she was working too hard.
I told her I did not believe such distraction hurt our prayers,
and reminded her of what Father Fabian had said about
offering our work and our very distractions. She kissed me
again and I went my way. That was the last time I ever saw
her alive. She dropped that evening in the chapel, and died
before midnight. It seemed the signal for a new outbreak of
the disease. Three of my charge were attacked, and two
died, and of the Sisters, three within the next three days.
Mother Gabrielle was the last, and I do think she died as
much as anything from sheer fatigue. I had no touch of the
disorder, though I nursed all the children who had it, and
also Sister Anne, whom we hoped at one time might
recover; but she had a relapse, I think from getting up too
soon, despite the warnings of Mother Mary Monica.
CHAPTER XVII.
October 28.
AMICE, is sick—I don't know what ails her, but she has been
growing thin and pale ever since the pestilence, and now
she has been obliged to take to her bed. She does not
suffer much, save from her weakness, which so affects her
nerves that she can hardly bear any one in the room with
her, but prefers to stay alone. The doctor says she is to
have her way in all things—a sentence which always sounds
to me like that of death. My heart is like to break with the
thought, but there is no help. Nobody will ever know what
she has been to me.
CHAPTER XVIII.
Indeed, she herself denies it not, but glories in it, and is full
of joy. I heard her myself singing of some hymn, as I
judged. They say she was suspected a long time, and a man
whom she had nursed in the sickness, spying upon her at
night through the window, saw her many times reading in a
great bound book she had. He giving information, the house
was searched, and the book found. It proved to be a copy of
the Scriptures in the vulgar tongue. Magdalen being
apprehended, showed neither surprise nor fear, but
confessed all, and gloried, as she said, that she was
counted worthy to die for her religion. And now she is shut
up in that horrible place, and Mother Gertrude—she who
has always seemed too kind to hurt a fly, is her keeper, and
unless she recants she must needs be burned. It is utterly
horrible!
Nov. 4.
I drew a long breath, when I got into the free air of heaven
once more, and I must say, I was glad to think poor
Magdalen had escaped.
Nov. 8th.
Well, she is gone, and naught can hurt her more. I think
Mother Gertrude will soon follow, for she seems utterly
broken down. She might well say that no good would come
of the Queen's visit. And if Amice should be right, after all,
and we wrong! I must not, I dare not think of it! Alack and
woe is me! I would I had died in the sickness, or ever I had
lived to see this sorrowful day!
CHAPTER XXI.
I have read it all over, and pasted in the loose leaves where
they belong, as even should I return to the convent I shall
not take it with me. I am minded to continue it, especially
as I can now write freely and without concealment. My
stepmother never interferes in my private matters. Even
Mrs. Prue, who began by attributing to her almost every
fault of which woman is capable, now grudgingly admits
that my Lady minds her own business, and is passing good-
natured. In fact, only for that one mortal sin of marrying my
father, I think the old woman would allow her new lady to
be a mistress of good conditions.
The night before Amice died, she begged that I alone might
sit with her, saying that Mother Gertrude needed unbroken
rest, which was true. Amice was so manifestly near her end
that Mother Superior did not like to refuse her anything,
and Mother Gertrude somewhat unwillingly gave way. The
dear Mother would have spent the whole night in prayer for
her niece at the shrine of St. Ethelburga, had not Mother
Superior laid her commands on her to go to bed and rest all
night.
"I feel that my end is very near. Doubtless what I did last
night may have hastened my death, but I do not regret it; I
would do it again."
"Hush!" said she. "Even so, Rosamond. I took the keys from
under Mother Gertrude's pillow (you know how sound she
sleeps, especially when she has been disturbed), opened
the doors and let the prisoner free."
"But the outer door—that heavy iron door!" I exclaimed, in
amazement.
"I did not open the outer door. She climbed over the wall
there by the beehives. The gardener had left his ladder
close by. I wonder they did not find it in the search this
morning."
"I dare say he had taken it away before that he might not
be blamed for his carelessness," said I. "But Amice, even
then I see not how you accomplished it. We have thought
you so weak."
"Shall I tell you the whole?" she asked, presently. "Or are
you too much shocked to hear more? You will not cast me
off, will you, Rosamond?"
I gave her the cordial, and after a little rest, she began once
more:
"Exactly so!" said Amice. "I was dusting the chair, and on
taking up the cushion, which I found to be moveable, there
fell out these leaves. I took them up to read them, thinking
they might throw some light on the poor lady's history, but
I had read little when I knew what I had found—something
I had long desired to see. It was a written copy of the
Gospel of St. John, done into English. Doubtless the poor
prisoner had managed to bring it with her, and had found a
convenient hiding-place for her treasure in this chair, which
she had watered with her tears."
"I had read but a few words when I was interrupted; but
those words were engraven on my mind as with a pen of
steel. They were these: 'God so loved the world that he
gave his only son for the intent that none that believe in
him should perish, but should have everlasting life. For God
sent not his son into the world to condemn the world, but
that the world through him might be saved.'"
"But mind!" she added, "I don't stand sponsor for all his
notions, and I wont be answerable for the consequences to
yourself. This much I may say. 'Twas a very learned and
good man gave me the book, and he says 'tis true to the
original Greek, out of which it was translated by Master
Tyndale."
"Not I," says she, "save only a chapter, here and there; but
let me tell you, Mistress Amice, if this book gains ground, as
'tis like to do, your priests and nuns and mitred abbots will
fly away like ghosts and owls before the sunrising. Nay,
unless some I know are the more mistaken, the cock has
crowed already."
"That very night she gave me the book, and before she left,
she added another which was sent her from London, namely
Master Tyndale's exposition of certain passages. But I cared
not so much for that, as for the other. Then came the
sickness, when the discipline of the house being so much
relaxed, I had more time to read and study and compare.
Rosamond, how amazed was I to find that there is in the
New Testament no single hint of any worship being paid to
our Lord's mother—nay, our Lord Himself saying, that those
who did His Father's will, were even to Him as His own
mother."
"'Tis not the right Gospel," said I. "Why Amice, only think
how our Lady is honored throughout all Christendom.
Depend upon it, you have been deceived."
I cannot now write down all she said, as how she had found
the teaching of our Lord so much more simple and plain,
than those in the lives of the saints—how Himself had
declared that whosoever did but believe on Him, had
already everlasting life—how Christ being already offered
for sin, there was no more sacrifice, but all was perfected in
Him; and much more which I did not, and do not yet
understand. But she ended by saying, that she could no
longer keep silence, since the Lord had commanded all to
confess Him before men, and had declared that He would
deny all who did not thus confess Him.
"I cannot die with a lie on my lips," she said. "I dare not
thus go into the presence of my God, where I must soon
stand; for God doth hate lying above measure, inasmuch as
He hath declared that all liars shall have their part in the
second death. Besides, were it not utterly base to deny
Him, who hath done and will do so much for me?"
Oh, I cannot tell all she said. I would I could remember and
set down every word, but much has gone from me. She
bade me take comfort concerning her, when she was gone,
saying that nothing they could do would work her any real
injury. She told me how happy her new faith had made her,
despite many perplexities concerning her duty—how at the
last she had seen her way clear, and what peace she had
felt in the thought that her free salvation had been provided
for in Christ, and she had but to believe, and be saved.
I asked what she had done with her Testament, and she
told me she had given it to Magdalen Jewell, knowing that
she should need it no longer.
I did so. Lo the dawn was stealing on, and in the east
shone, glorious to see, the morning star.