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Voice of Sindh E-Book

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،IKr = } ،:= >IX B79 7_ ،= {7<7P [Z | p g‫ א‬
Bb ºF c L JV BZ [EF GH S? By {7Ab i9 := v :;‫א‬
BZ ‫כ‬9 BZ I¤~ p [BZ^ ÈUA J = tl uv := j | BZ ;P
[:8 :89 :A‫א‬9 p~ G9 r_Q j MQ :b >r_^
،~Q É7¢P :_ [ [ [ [ ‫ _א‬:K ،‫ _א‬Q ،6 ¹7 ،6 TQ‫א‬
[ 9 MN :8c Z_ :b BC [ [ [ [ =‫ = א‬BQMQ‫ א‬B‫א‬Z
IX‫ §א ”א‬iJZ {7Z L >:h‫ _א א אא‬Q ،6 ¹7
‫{א‬7c Z_ :b y :QiZ z{JZ j | ZÃ L >:y :ZK IX‫ א‬:A
“[ ‫{א‬7K
B= [8Z r = ` L B®Z := :®= :8 ، :®= B := BZK
_ :J= ، :| P :Z Fy :b BC :89 :| v9 := ¡N B;P
،rP ¶K K JV‫{ א‬Q‫ א‬B99 B [ :| = 8= :b BC Z :|
[ P j C\
H‫ א‬:h‫ אא‬:= dZZ [:8 :89 K B BV ،9 :¤K
[:8Z Bb P fX
G9 URl :I¤‫ א‬،N 9V K Bv~ := B;P 8P :ZK
[:8 :89 :AZiX ]_ :C BJQ¶X F := v :;‫[ א‬H :| p~
13
:8 TQ‫ א‬iA‫ א‬L By iK j Q6 B7Z = ،JMQ‫ א‬F iJZ
¤ P BAC P BZ ،BZ^ ‫ אא‬F 240 L {l :<77P” X B7C ،Ry
“[ 8P :A sV [ [ [ [ Z^ TK :F¤ sV
:= v :;‫ א‬:= 9‫א‬6 ،f9 c L c = >:A‫א‬9 K BZ
:= z<Z 9 y §7Z dZ K P y :b {7Z :C‫ |[ א‬L {7Z
:8c Z_ ]_ :b >:h‫ אא‬BZ L >¾ [ 7_ Q Q = BFy :b z<Z
[ 9 Yr BPY
GK :b BUX :FT7_ ،BAC :<_ BZ = ‫ א‬:C uC 26 }
[:Z {7UZ L v :;‫ א‬:IZ ،9
،BJ78V BZK j ،9 :| v‫ א‬S? y := >:FT7_ 9 ، X
[ 9 :| fQ RK {7Z :b y ‫ א‬K ` j BFy ،BR_
]_ :C‫ [ א‬BQ‫א‬c ¼7y A‫א‬Q j :TQV ،B¦A\ :I¢7 ،®= = }
26 L v [Z = Rl BAC < := ‫א‬C^ :IZ [8Z :|K = tl uv
[:8Z :JX :| :A‫א‬9 BAC zv := OP
:A‫א‬iF [:8Z Q Q ]_ “ÊwC‫ א@ ”א‬:= _Y :FT7_ L BURl ‫¾> א‬
26 [:8Z :C 7 :X‫ א‬L R\ BZ ،B;P dH b K B8X p b |
ÊwC‫ א‬:<_ B8X ¨K [| ZÃ J78V :C :IK Z = 7 uC
BAC B7c ¾7 [:8Z :JX :<7_ b = _ R\ := @‫א‬
:A B8C ،:8Z :A^ :IZ IX‫ א‬B8= } [8Z _ :g ¬~ X j iK ¸¦
BIK :]C 9 \‫ א‬:C :A ،= B7c ¾7 [:8 :UZ IZ IX‫א‬
:= {\ B7Z p b ‫{[ א‬7 Z 9 BAC zv :<_ B8X b :<_
9K ،:Z^ {7_ :C ،:Z^ {7_ :PyK :KK ]C :8 c r
[BZ^ A‫א‬9 «R= ®Z j ،:Z^ | hl L ^ :b BPYP
F ‫א‬+
[8Z K‫א‬Z {_ ;P [ :<8 K L v :C Y := >r= ]C ª
J9 = BQr ®P B¦A\ :I¢7 j v :;‫ א‬g‫ א‬B7= ،:<_ BZc
[ :=N K {7 v y j IK ‫ א‬،8Z Z :=im
14
= 9‫א‬6 ،7b :C :®P PK <77 ،`{ y ،L BA 9 ،L VP

Q L N = B;P BmF B‫א‬Z ‫א‬H {7<7P [8Z Z :g v
[8Z Z :X‫א‬
:^ :| L G§ A‫ {א‬:89 :C :IK
“[UZ 7b L >‫א‬K :b P ،Z^ ;P BK P BAK”
“[9 r{P :<77P :ËK‫ א‬:= ‫”@{א‬
“[UZ 7b <77P”
[UZ :| ‫{א‬7Kc K :A‫א‬±7y j :vP@ Za K ،Z 9 } s<9 =
B7Z [:8Z :8 :89 :ZC ÌZ ¬YK <RK XK j Y ، RJP
[ :| Æ B7P j :| nc Z‫א‬
vC :_ ;P Bb ‫א‬Z ] ،§ 9PH IX‫ א‬،KN := ‫ _א‬dZ
Ê{7_ :wC‫ א‬b B79 Y‫ ^א‬Z‫] א‬C I p [EF ¡N BQ‫א‬cZ BQ‫א‬Z
[Z | 9
:<77 :<77 zYP ¹¤ [Z :F@ y M^ 9K
BQr BQ‫ א‬،TQ‫ א‬iA‫ א‬:K ،:| ]Q EN :J= [8Z Z :g BQ‫א‬c Bn¤
= F Z [Z y {7K :I= 8Z Z Æ ‫א‬HX := ¨ := Í ‫א‬
= y :b :®P :K ،:8Z i= := y {7K K B= ، iP
[8Z Z 9 v9 z9Q := F¤ v K Z :9
:= Z cy = ‫ א‬f‫א‬9 9 y L VP {7T7F
[Z Z :g :b c ÌK‫ א‬:b BUÆ j BU8P
©K j ،| :| ZÃ :ZK `{ 9 ،IX‫ א‬:A IX‫ א‬،‫א‬r >:Q‫א‬
[Z :| :_ :;C Ê{7_ BQ‫א‬c z<Z ،K X
‫א‬¢Q BZC ،I L :;Q :<77 ‫ א‬:ZK BZ= ،= zv := :¢R=
“!9‫ א‬Î‫ ”א‬A7Z
B;P [IJQ ‫{א‬7Z ‫א‬¢Q = “!r_ {QY IM9” Z B7c := ¾7
L :y ،p b ` ،¿‫ א‬b | v 9 j ،C v‫ א‬P ‫א‬
L K^ := A_ JUP :<77 [| = “7= :QIM9” 9 y
[ :| :ZX 7= :QIM9 :C ‫ א‬p b G y :FT7_ ‫א‬
15
:C 9‫א‬6 j :| ZÃ } ، :| ‫ א‬y = zv :<_ B8X
[:8 :<8Q :vP@
]_9” ]C Z 9 \‫[ א‬:8 :| v YFy z{JZ
“[{7 9 v :b BZ ]C IJQ Z p b :<_ B8X
:y iJZ PK := VZ 77Q9Q‫ = א‬، 7Q dZ
:ZX L Â= ،:Z VRX X :U= BZK :b B7C ، :| {7¡N {79
[ :n BQ‫א‬9 :A~‫א‬
{7_ Y‫א‬r Z = tU9 BZ= ‫{א‬9X t£Q{_ = tU9 99
[ 9 I@ :b BZ Fy :C BZ ]C G9
B7= ، P ]_ :b {7Z ‫א‬HX := :;JV ‫ א‬f9
[8Z L ‫{א‬P Ub Z ]C ^ :| ]Q Q tK ZÃ 9 p‫א‬K b ‫ א‬p~
‫ א‬¹¤ P BQ‫ א‬،8Z n 7 L >‫ א‬، v ;P :J=
P BQ‫] א‬C ‫ §א‬BQ‫[ א‬8Z 9 {7_ IK {7 Z } ]C ،^ :VP
:8 :| :89 @ ÏU@ I9 L ‫ [ א‬P 9 v :b I9
[:b } : j :b ‫ @{א‬iJZ @ K
FX 9 IP ]C Z {Q‫ א‬:C‫ א‬،I :C I ،: :JF ;P :9
¾7 = ،FV dZ = B;P [ :KÆ ;P j :UP ]Q i 9 ¿‫ א‬b |
¤ :C §7Z ‫ א‬B7c :8 ،Z :C I L K^ := >i ،= zv :=
[^ L Kc ra =
{‫א‬1‫ א‬c+^ F‫א‬

]Q9 GÐZ‫ = א‬:URl :_‫ =א‬7P :C §7Z ]_ B79 L :¤ ،L 9‫א‬6
j `r_ :Z ]C 8Z ‫{א‬79 Ê‫א‬xP L G M^ := :QIM9 sF‫ א‬L ¦¦l [8Z
[‫{א‬79 U_¦P = K‫א א‬iUÆ
9 TQ ]_ ‫ = א‬K‫ א‬،B9 ]_ :Z” X ‫{א‬UR\ :_<7 iJZ
“[‫{א‬7TK B9
:TK :AF¤ s<9 ]Q ]_9 P B7Z [BZ^ I_ IFl :;Z” X :8
Qr >: :b B7Z z{JZ K‫] א‬C ،‫{א‬79 s<9 := [| :TK 9 s<9 ]Q j |
16
IM9 {IP j ‫ @{א‬K‫ א‬،Z^ ]Q BK‫ א‬،BZ^ ‫{א‬e Z [BK‫{א‬7 :A L
“[Z^ Z iF L :FQ :=
JV `7= ،Qy := :QIM9 sF‫ = א‬،:A‫א‬9 := ¯? ZÃ
P9 L U9 ¯? :b _ K :8 :89 ÌZ >Z := @
§7Z zU¢PQ ‫א‬Z 9‫א‬6 j X = PJl := IK{7Z ¤ [:Z^ :JX :|
[BZ^ b {QY :b _ ‫ “ א‬rT7_” 9 v :C
K Z ]C | ]Q = ‫ א‬،nc ‫ = @א‬R= J= BFT7_
y L y :b BC ،| f9 » ‫כ‬7IZ := :IwZ xy TP ،BTK |
[{7TK B9 K ]C MQ r=P
¿‫ א‬b Ab JV K } ،:b ‫ א‬dC Z := t:ÑX
QX PJl 9 Z ]C :Z^ rM_ G9 KN :C {\‫ א‬BQ‫ א‬:=
[B<Z ^ :=QX L QX :_ j r‫א‬Y^ Z ‫ @א‬،{79 :F‫א‬l := Bh\

! %& ‫" ! ر‬# "$#
(1971 OP 30 ،K ‫כ‬Q)
7~ P :dmF
9 p~ U9 UZ := >r‫א‬Y^ :FT7_ ،} :QIM9 B7c B7=

:= IM9 N‫ א‬،7~ P ‫א‬yV 8KMA‫ א‬B7c ‫ א‬،:89
[ 9 {7_Q L VZ :<77 :b BMQ @‫[ א‬Z L 9‫א‬6 ،§7Z := >ry
،¿‫ א‬b G dUP y K BMQ @‫ א‬B :C ¾7 j :JMb 7~
[BAnc :g h‫ | אא‬r__ = v
17

،:= >IX ‫א‬¤‫ א‬B797_ IX‫ א‬:AIX‫ א‬:(: ´´ ‫ )א‬IM9 N‫ א‬،9‫א‬6
BJP^ := } [9 URl :C UZ := >r‫א‬Y^ :FT7_ ،J F :QIM9
v c L c := IM9 N‫ א‬،J F `{ j :Q©_C ،BJ78V 24 ´´ ‫א‬
[ 9 C £l ‫א‬c = ‫ א‬،9 :AZiX :C
t א א‬r_^ I¤ ‫؛‬8Z Q Q ]mP = B7Z
:I¢7 ‫ אא‬fK^ := v j ،Z Y y zRC = WF :P‫ \א‬j Rl
[BZ^ ;P Bb ºF BZ§7 L B= ¦A\
:= R@ URl [ 9 a ;P ‫א‬Z K JV‫ א‬:A L v BZ ¤ ،{v
ryv I9 ،{7Ry §7Z ‫> אא‬:A‫א‬iF :C ¾7 j :¢R= [| v = zv
87K §K BJ78V [^ :| L Kc L Bb :<77 ،L KZ ¬~ iK =
[Z 7_ Q Q <77 :b ryv RK
¶K ] L `Z `‫[ א‬:8 N L iJC :v~ y ،L ¼F9 ÒQ BE=
[8Z L R9 j ‫{א‬P ]_ g‫ ~¬ א‬sV [:Z^ ?‫= = א‬P := ryv
y :C‫[ א‬9 URl K B_C P d78V :C ÌK‫¼ א‬F9 JP ،}
[:TK ]Q9 :<8 @ K | Jv = =‫ א‬MQ‫א‬
v ،:b K ،TK :| :b :C BU9 PK s<9 = ،v B‫א‬Z
[8Z Z :g :Z9 cy Z = Hb j i9 ;P :9 [ :¡N
hl zYP ‫ |א‬zRC L BM^ ،r=_ := BRJl ©K := PJl :=
[Z

18
) * +, :
(1971 ‫ א‬26 ،dYQ)
،:Z^ :JX :AJ H = Qr :A `‫ א‬9 Q‫א‬l = ،:A‫א‬iF y
y{7_ ]C :Z^ ^ L G§ [:y{Qr :8Z £@ := BURl RCP := ‫א‬
Z ]C Qc Jl :ZX :C ‫כ‬V :b BFT7_ iJ BZK L v WQyX
[:Z^ ¢Q = >r‫א‬Y^ <77 = BFT7_ :Z [BUZ ‫{א‬7Z ¢Q = “T7_ ]8=”
9 ‫[ א‬BZ^ :|K <77 = K‫ א‬:Z ]C <RK :| BFT7_ ،§ ¢Q :Z
BQ‫ א‬BZK :QIM9 p ^ :| Z JQ P BE= JF :<77 Z
[Z :| 7y B P ®P BZQ‫א‬
tr‫ א‬:= P :b BEUA := Rl
،‫{א‬7X <¤ j I9 F :b Bv~ := BZ BQ‫ א‬p [:A :89 ]Q ‫א‬
[Z ‫{א‬7Ab j ‫{א‬7Æ
2301 ./, "+, : ‫ر‬-)

(1971 :8P 16 ،RAV ‫כ‬Q)
`l iJZ “[:ZQ ÊU©P : 9 ¬@ i= B<¤ :IZ” :96
= BI^ {7‫ א‬:8 dZ ،®P :£l ‫ א‬N‫ א‬:= dUP Z [X :;n¤
[Z Z 9 9
19
P B@v BK := ‫ א‬j {Q T7y = ،:Z^ r Z‫ א‬IM9 N‫א‬
j :Z^ {7Z ‫א‬rv j AK ،KK K B7 := BK j :K ،:| ‫א‬K
[:Z^ {79 ‫א {א‬P xxF {_
c B9 a C B [BZ^ ^ I^ :89 ®P r ‫` א‬K xy TP
b ‫[ א‬9 ÓiZ Cl ºF ¼7 B7= ^ ? QPK RCP p [:A^
[| f9 z\ = BQMQ‫ א‬:C :QR c zRC L B7= ،:A‫א‬iF y :| p
، 9 a :FT7_ ºF ¼7 L f9 ‫] א‬C 7R©C Z‫{ = א‬7ARQ :c B9
= Bv~ ]C ،:Z^ J P | zU¢P r‫{א‬¢C = BU8P [:<Z ]Q ²‫א‬H {v
[ :| ZF L Q j B{Q ،p‫א‬K b ¤ ،¨ = ¨
_ j 9c p b >:ZC j f9 ]C :Z^ ‫ = א‬ZP :JUPe
[‫{א‬79 P :C dUP BZ :;Z
j R Pr^ {QH ، p b >:ZC :QMQ‫{ א‬7‫א‬Q9 ‫ א‬iZ‫א‬
>R Pr^ [:Z^ ‫א‬K ®P K := B7Z Ë@ = f9‫ א‬:= ‫{ {אא‬7<y
MQ‫א א‬I= B;P 8P L ? QPK ،Ï_ËP I := H‫ א‬r=P :=
= uC ،:A‫א‬iF y ،L BA‫ ^{א‬:QiP BQ‫[ א‬JX :| ‫ {א‬L B7c 83 ¸¦
[:Z^ _ BC ‫כ‬7RF‫א‬
:QIM9 [8Z r=P L 9‫א‬6 ،Q @‫ א‬:c sFX JV‫ א‬، ‫א‬
j N := B7C ،BZ^ :_<7 = IM9 sF‫ א‬9 y L B7= ،J F
[:Z^ :AMZ :b BFT7_ f_ ،:URl TQ‫ א‬Zr
L r_^ zK‫ א‬:= IM9 sF‫ א‬، P ‫א‬Z dZ ،Q @‫ א‬:Z
b BMQ @‫ א‬BQ‫ א‬p [8Z Z :Kc s<9 y dH b PJl
:FJQ P `T7_ N‫ א‬:b B7Z ،9 ¸h Æ j Æa £C j ºF
[:8 :Qc
،:V {lK ،: :JF ،:h\ = @‫ א‬:A‫א‬I9 ،p b B7c ‫א‬
B7= ،BZ^ 9 {7RU PQ9 = J F ‫ א‬B7Z [BZ^ I :8 L B¦A\ ÔIP
[:Z^ := } {7~‫ א‬:JUPe dZ Õl 87Z L IM9 N‫ א‬:=
N‫ א‬:= :¤ :b BMQ @‫ א‬:c B ،PJl ،:IwZ xy
dZ ]_ = BX j dmF ²:Z L BQ‫[ א‬:Qc 9P := g L :£l ‫א‬
[8Z Pv {7ARQ
20
IM9 j y I©Pr@ BFT7_ BZ= ،| v ‫ א‬rM

:Z^ BJRPQ A‫ §א‬Z‫ א‬:;Z [9 JQ‫ א‬b G9 ` y Z‫ א‬PJl :=
‫؟‬9 v G9 _ B79 B :b j BC\ L rM BQ‫] א‬C
[9 ‫א¨א‬c :9 BFV {7MIQ‫ א‬B9 ]C :ZQ dv _‫ _א‬L >:Q‫א‬
:= 9r :<77 ¸¦ B7Z [| ? P :FT7_ B9 ‫א¨א‬c iZ‫א‬
[P :b BC ،Z {h :C‫ = א‬B7Z K B= ،P9 := :Q@9 BJFP
RUMP _ ^ F 9 y ‫א‬P9 j dFP = BQ@9 j BQ9r :Z‫א‬
9 Y‫{א‬Q‫א‬Q :b B7Z j ،L N := B7Z ]C :Z^ Jv :b BFT7_ [8Z
Qc ¢P dH = >:C :b B7Z 9 ?©K K B_ ^ ‫א‬Z
[BZ^
IM9 N‫] א‬C 9 :| JQ‫ א‬b sF¤ ‫ } א‬:QIM9 :K :8
:= BE= := BC‫א‬r‫ [ א‬Fy §QH ‫§א‬Q‫ א‬B7Z G9 :URl :C
B9 _Ô 9 :b JQ‫ א א‬:= B7Z {Zv = B;P BK j fJX
‫¡ א‬K = :¡K L v j Ç¤ = Bn¤ J F BZ ]C :Z^ ZÃ S [|
B79 :b B79 = B7Z p~ G9 BA‫ [ א‬9 C j MN :8c Z_
[Z G9 :9 :A A :C= P >r
j ‫{א‬79 Yr BPY ،‫{א‬7Z‫א‬6 = L v :;‫ א‬:= 9‫א‬6 :ZK
I K >r{_ :F¤ :F¤ :b B79 := B7Z j M := >:KQ
[Z ‫{א‬79
P :Z Fy BZK ‫ א‬:b >r := >:UV‫® א‬Z :_ dZ
8Z 7b L ‫א‬Z :®P Z :8 = BZ [Z Z JQ P ÌK‫ א‬dZ Z BZ=
[Z Z :JRX Q Z¤ = f‫א‬9 :C >:C := BZ j
:| ;JV {7P ]_ J= = {7Z L Q := J F :QIM9 sF‫א‬
]_ :b B= B‫ א‬fK^ := ‫ א‬j 9 :| Yr BPY :Z‫א‬6 :b ‫] א‬C ^
B7Z j ،BZ^ z ‫> א‬:A‫ |א‬dZ := IM9 {7Z [ :| ]Q PK
[:Z^ {7 9 Ry = <Z fK= j 7<‫ = א‬IK{7Z BA‫{א‬K L
[BZ^ 7b ¨ = B= 9 [:Z^ = b BZC 9 = >:Aw
j :U<_ ،y [BZ^ Z V9 9 ib :C BIK = Be_
I©C = BFQ j b6 :9 [:Z^ 9 v G9 9 B7A~ := wUV
21
:b B<¤ BIP B9 [| BX‫ א‬Q ‫{א‬79 9 L 7b := ‫ _א‬،7 {7mF
[:Z^ 9 v
y L y [:Z^ `6 ‫א‬Q‫א‬6 g‫_ א‬9 = PY L :¤
WQyX dZ P BQ‫[ א‬BZ^ 9 C K r_ j BR_ ،Ua ]mP Ç‫א‬
= ،@ JV `7= 77wF [:8Z ¢ = × O‫ א‬:A dZ p~ BAC {7_
t=P GX := B7C ،:Z^ Qy UP j QR9 = } {7~ :¦A\ BZ
[{7EF B9 \ y b `K L Gc‫ א‬:b BZ
BIFl :=‫ א‬،_9 L v j BZy{7_ ،9 = BM^ j BQ@9
[:Z^ Z :g iJK s = {l :=
ºF s BAC P BZ [BZ^ EF :g L B7 := >‫; א‬P s<9
[BZ^ | TZ7 L IK{7Z :g 9‫א‬a {Q j T7= :FT7_
[JX :| I@ p~ ] RZ IM9 N‫ ”א‬X Q‫א‬r :QIM9 iJZ
[:TK :=Á L Õl := K I©Pr@ j r‫א‬Y^ = :Q9 K a » I‫ א‬L ‫א‬
p~ sF‫ א‬£l :Z :;Z [<RK I@ ]_ ]C Z :| d_ := IM9 sF‫ א‬:=
IM9 N‫ א‬BK‫{ _] א‬QZ >:Q‫{[ א‬Q :<7_ =_ :IT7 j := ،:v¢P
:AZ‫[ א‬BZ^ ‫א‬Q¤ :ZxP j :P K ‫ = א‬K‫] א‬C TK ®Q :b Z C
“[:Z^ U8MP = K‫ א‬:AZ‫ א‬j <P := K‫א‬
(A‫ _א‬zJFP :dmF)
1 4 5
f7JMP :Q®7A‫א‬
‫כ‬7IZ Z‫ א‬،?@ = @‫ א‬BZ ،L RAV 7K := 1971 = 30)
([Hb N B;P ºF <7 9 B7= ،| 9 _ ‫א‬xy9
22
‫۔‬+ I‫ א‬/ P‫ א‬8Y) 9 c Q1‫=א‬Qx

RCP dZ ،:8Z :89 :ËUe :¤K ]_ BZ TQ‫ א‬BFT7_ B B‫א‬Z
[“96 PK := ‫ {א‬:= :QIM9” :8Z Z‫ א‬j ،:ËUe
Æ :ZK ‫א‬HX := BZ [Z c zRC j ،:8Z `K 24 R\ := BZ
[Z Z :9c b S@ := GP Z [8Z _
:®= := n‫< א‬P := 6 BAQ := } :QIM9 P BZ
[:Z^ L bc 9 c b P9 = ،¼7y wP Z §7Z ²:Z [fZ y K
9 v 96 :b BZ BK‫> א‬Z” X iV {Qc ،n‫< א‬P
]C | :<Kc [8|‫ א‬:89 ©_ :Cl :Fl :b BZ :_P :<77C ¤ ،Z
“[BZ^ 9 = `r g‫ א‬C
“‫؟‬i9 tK p~ GP :b BZ ” ¾ K > :_ P
:P‫ \א‬9 ryv {v ،{QZ :A‫א‬U_ ،{QZ {7Z Z ]C G9 ”
:¡N Z 9 ‫ א‬،Z^ Z 9 ¾ {7K BK‫] א‬C :Z^ I :b B7Z [TF
“[B= | 9 ZÃ :b G <77
“‫؟‬7_ Q Q | :b {7Z 9 Ø@ j ‫ |؟‬P :b B7Z ]_ ”
[‫א‬Zr P
B89 B7Z ]C :Z^ h := Gc r Z‫ א; ” א‬P >:@v n‫א‬
^ := >:A‫א‬9 := :;Z ‫؟‬:Z^ :89 v9 := G9 I@ :b IM9
a
s= BI_ p~ G9 fQ MQ = B7Z j G9 M9 P B7Z :b K‫ א‬L
BK‫[ א‬P | :b {7Z ¤ BK‫ ” א‬BAX :| iJC “[:Z^ UP
:C j BC\ := K‫ א‬:J= ،Z^ ]Q `r_ TQ‫ א‬Be_ ،Z^ :ZK
“[| B9 Rl
BC ،Z :ÑQ :b BPYK :AK := `T7_ N‫ א‬B= ،H = :Z
= {Q := wQ := BFT7_ | B [:8Z :EF Uba :C P ¦¦l :=
،? J F :QIM9 sF‫ א‬Z :;Z [ I = BFT7_e ،9 VÆ :=
[f9 z\ | j <RK XK = BFT7_
K ‫¨א‬K := ،BZ^ ]Q {7Z = `T7_ N‫ ¦¸ א‬Jv = >Q@ BZ
[Bg P RUMP :FT7_ B‫א‬Z ،BZ^ iJK c L >r_^ 9
23
j WF :P‫ \א‬،M j ryv = BKQ j B<F9 | Bg :X‫ א‬L B7Z
:Z‫ = א‬F j } :FT7_ j ،;P = BV :KK B‫ א‬H :b B
z9Q := A7_ rT7_ r‫א‬Y^ :C OP 16 B= ،:ZK ‫א‬Z IZ ºF dZ
[C £l L v9
:C ‫ א‬nc s<9 = L `T7_ N‫ א‬L B7c BZc @^ := ‫ א‬P
{l dQN [<RK 9 B79 :b BQ‫ § א‬s<9 = j 9 ]Q I\‫ א‬Bb‫א‬
C9 r‫א‬wQ‫ = א‬QR9 := B9 ،PQ9 :Z‫] א‬C Z ZÃ Z‫ א‬BAC
[8Z ]Q9
:= OP 25 [8Z ]Q9 C :ZK :QIM9 sF‫ א‬¤ L `T7_ N‫א‬
:= IM9 N‫( א‬:8Z :Qc Y=‫ א‬:= M7K IM9 @ :Z) = ‫א‬
K >r{_ :b BFT7_e 9 U_ BR7C := Q j B= :FT7_
[P
j ،8Z TZ7 = _ y P B= ،t79 RUMP t£Q{_ ‫א‬Z ‫א‬I9
BC\ [ 9 r_Q j fQ :b BC ،8Z ^ F :IZ rM ‫ א‬1947
[ 9 K BX n :QRQ Ø@ _a = B7Z ،:8 :F _^ :=
:<77 := 8X :Z‫ א‬RM ¬@ [TK ]Q9 :_ b t¥e j :£e
B= ،:Z^ :JX :<7_ `_ :Cl := BQ‫ א‬TP [ :=P y K BAP
[BZ^ ‫א‬8= g‫ א‬j 9 Q T7ª 9 b‫= א‬
‫א‬Z s = BFT7_e P v c i= M= j 7Ub ،WQyX
:= ºF ]C § C‫ א‬:= I9 L `T7_ N‫ א‬P [BZ^ JX :X‫ א‬Z ¬~ Bb
[BZ^ JX :| I@ :FT7_e ÈN ÈF
،:Z^ ‫] §א‬C __ Q l B >:Q‫ א‬:b Qr PJl := IM9
j :Z^ ‫כ‬7@ dH b >B = :Z^ :AJF l : Z‫ א‬b Qr ‫ א‬
v z\ I } :<77 := PJl BZ= :| ‫\ א‬v := B7=
BZ ]C :Z^ Z‫ א‬7R©C :TQ@ <77 = ‫{א‬UR\ := IM9 sF‫[ א‬9
[BZ^ JX :=P ;P ºF :A‫ א¨א‬9 L :A‫א‬9
@ `7= ،:Kc {7| I©Pr@ b IM9 :b :¤ BZ :;Z
[:Z^ 7b z{ @^ <77 PJl := :=
24
BA‫ א‬:b ‫{א‬UR\ v j := :A I9 L P9 j 9‫א‬6 P

:= | ‫א‬H := IM9 N‫] א‬C :Z^ s J Z‫ א‬K‫ ”א‬:]C § {QX
ºF s :b ]Q :ËK‫ א א‬p ،BK‫{א‬7 9 I@ p~ ] RZ :b BvYK
“[ A7_ d_ p~ BFK BV :b :¤ BZ j ;P ;P
[:Z^ Z 9 R\ :C ‫ א‬S_ Sl J F = IM9 sF‫א‬
Z :VP K I C ،PK := ¼K {7F ،b {QX BK‫א‬
¿‫ א‬b >:Z‫{א‬Q‫ א‬B7P ،9 : {Q‫א‬r ،} :QIM9 sF‫] א‬C ‫؛‬BK8Z
>:ZK L cy ،IX‫[ א‬:Z^ {7| :JQ| L B= ÀwP :g :A
“!:g {7¡N ;P iJZ ،tl” :89
y dZ n := BX ،_ cy :AEF d_ z{JZ n‫< א‬P
¶K ] [_ :| C ،:Ac dV :b Y‫א‬r := >cy :;C (By B P) Ê{7_ P
Z :X‫ א‬Q {7¡N ;P iJZ ،P £ = cy := BK ،C y
[Z
;n¤ 9 ،:Z^ :F@ B®Z Z ،B9 v IP” X 9 9‫ א‬P
“[:Z^
[9 A L ‫א‬Z j H TQ {7; G‫ א‬:C P n‫א‬
:ZK ] :A B8C :F L O := BV K :J= ‫א‬RZ Z‫ א‬B8=
BU9 :b BZ L ¿‫ א‬b ¾ `‫א‬K [^ :n ‫{א‬7Uy j ،I ®P :g
[ 9 JÆ :V ] K ‫{אכ‬79 := Ê{7_
“‫؟‬BZ^ 9 C”
B8Q := 9‫א‬6 P [:Z^ F‫ \{א‬²Q <77P [l ،tl l”
“[Z^ Yr L 9P
“‫؟‬:| BEN C [BZ^ {7Z C [pF¤ ]Q 9 K P”
“[ :| c Ç¤ :<77 P tl :Z^ < = 9”
“‫؟‬:| BEN ،p‫ §א‬¹K”
9 ]C :C :vC := BZ >:ZK iJZ :A L ¿‫ א‬b ‫ =א‬:= BZ
:= BZ :89 :Æ :Z~ cy := BZ >:ZK :8 j |‫] א‬Q9 JF ]C ®Z
>:QRUMP :Z^ Z‫[ א‬Z | Z? = BZ ]C ^ L Kc :C | y‫ א‬c c
[:Q Q :I© :=
25
Ir I /Or

[Z ]Q {7Z Za y L y ]C Z _Ô S ]C Z‫ א‬:;Z
[:Z = ¾ c^
“‫؟‬B8Z Z 6 C ]C p‫ §א‬:b P”
Z ،Z :VÆ b‫ = א‬BZ [:8Z :JX :| yr _a := >_
[Z :| Q9 p~ AJF Óy‫ א‬j Z Z :9c
§K :J :b _ >:ZK iJZ “[:<Kc | := :e_ :Z BAK”
[X {7_
[§ {79 N N N C9 :b n‫ א‬P “[| :TK :|”
:b BZ j 7Z Ky :A‫א‬I9 K ‫{אכ‬79 := Ê{7_ :b >F‫\{א‬
[ _ :AEF K N ‫ א‬N :Z ‫ |א‬،:8c U|
P >i= ‫ א‬:K ÌZ :_x= := >J9 ،§ 9 = BZ
L >:FT7_ s<9 9 >_ [:C :C= Z :Fb :9ib ‫=א‬Q B79
Z ، ‫> א‬:Z‫א‬c dZ {¢_ BI\K s<9 :Z :IA ‫=א‬Q [X
[^ 9 F‫ א‬:C BZ n‫ א‬IJQ P >i= ‫{ א‬7UZ Z
“‫ |؟‬B;ÐK :b Ù©v BZ C”
“[:Z^ F‫ \{א‬:Z ،tl Z”
“‫؟‬:Z^ := :e_ :Z ”
“[:Z^ Yr L 9‫א‬6 :Z ،tl ]Q”
“‫؟‬p‫ §א‬¹K :b P”
“[:Z^ Yr :Z B7Ka = ‫”@{א‬
[ :| b mb n‫[ א‬:8 :| Qv IX‫א‬
:bC g‫> = א‬:Z7T_ := BZ [c :b BZ :ËK‫ א‬:= ‫ ”@{א‬X P
“‫؟‬:b Ô i9
:b >_ Z j :8Z :| ]Q9 :UMC g‫ א‬:b BZK ]C ^ :| L Kc TP
:89 K‫@א‬r 9 Y‫{א‬Q‫@ א‬r P ]_ BZ= @^ [Z ‫{א‬7i j ‫{א‬7P
[Qc Jl = G9 r‫א‬Y^ :b BZ n‫ א‬:g P P BZC
26
Z Z K = AF¤ ]Q L BZ [Z JX :| 8P H‫ _ א‬BAC P BZ

t£Q ¬@ ‫א‬i= BZ [:8 :_ :Cl := BZ TP [? := G GX ]Q j
[8Z ]Q9
V‫א‬9 Z = B7= ،K M^ := := 6 BAC B7c s P
Bb‫ א‬:<77 f9 j I Q‫ א‬:_ j ،Z L y y K BC ،Z P9
i®F L ، r r ،L y y ،L Ç¤ Ç¤ :b {7Z P [nc K
:Z^ Z? Z ]C :8Z r := Kc Z‫ א‬:AZ cy :CH ¤ [nc {7A
[ :| 9 v :C‫ = א‬:C‫ א‬:b BZ ]C ]Q := []Q
9K := P9 :b B= ،BZ^ § 9 = B;P BQ‫ א‬P
j ،nc 9V j ~ N Bv~ P [ :| P :Z ‫א‬Qc L fAZ
:g :b Bv~ BQ‫ א‬L ‫¨כ‬ » » := {Q‫ א‬:= ‫ א‬j 9 := nc ]_ ;P :Z‫א‬
Z L B= nc RP = BZ_ j I :Z‫ = א‬J F P [8Z ‫{א‬7A9‫א‬
j 9 f9 z\ ،v = v j Ç¤ = Bn¤ 9 RC@ = Be_
j ‫א‬K ،Ç¤ ¡K = :¡K ]C nc ]_ Z‫ א‬P [8Z ‫{א‬7 9 X a » :8c Z_
[ 9 r_Q j MQ ،? mK
j UÃ iZ‫ א‬:b M^ := r_ j Y¢P B7Z :C P := Hb P
:<77 :b P = © :QRQ iZ‫ א‬j ،:Z^ § {79 © :C G9 z\ I
[^ B9 I\‫ א‬:C B79
“‫؟‬9 {K 7= :b I9 ‫ א‬C”
[BZ^ Z :_ :<7_ °Qc L :l :<77P ‫ א = =א‬j
dUP s<9 °K Z‫ ”א‬:]C {7A‫{א §א‬UR\ :QIM9 sF‫ א‬9Z :b ZC
“[:g 9 ?@ Ãwl := :Q := IM9 j RFK ،:I<J :=
= ،:A‫א‬9 := >:Z r@ [:Z^ :JX :| r zRC :;Z p~ ‫ א‬TP
K [:g :8 :89 p~ b y :b BÚN B r P ‫א‬Z b :8 dZ := dUP
? := ¸¦ `T7_ N‫ א‬:;Z [:| 9 Ï{£C := Æ :C_x= j :CQ
j ،:Z^ :Ay := B_<7 L } j ،| :<TK :b L IM9 :¢
[BZ^ ÂX »
Á K BFT7_ b ‫ א‬:_<7
sF‫ _] א‬B79 {7¡ f :FT7_ ]_9 = :Z^ BAC {l I‫ א‬Æ
¨‫א‬c = M BZ L 9‫א‬6 :b P [:ZX | ]Q AF¤ =y K >:QIM9
27
BZ [ UP K >:IT7K :;‫ א‬dZ :<77 P [| l rPY^ {7Abc
¤‫[ א‬BZ^ :<F{_ IFl” ]C P B7P :8X :Z ،{7Kc :b P
“[:=y G K :b BCQ j BIFl BQ‫ א‬:;Z j :Z^ JX :| I@ IM9
:= BFT7_e ،M^ := :_<7 iJZ ،p ‫כ‬9 s<9 b ‫א‬
BmK L 1947 = ،:Z^ 9 s<9 Z‫ א‬B7Z” X :b P ،{7AF¤ __ I
“[TK 9 S¢P Bb K | B89 Z‫ א‬BK‫ א‬K [Z 9
:b B7= ،iJZ [BZ^ U ]mP ] = >:A‫א‬9 := dQN BZ
¯Ë‫ א‬xP p~ z\ I = j | BK P := “G9 ‫> אא ”כ‬I@‫א‬
r‫ = א אא‬PJl P BZ [“:F_ := BIFl :=‫ ”א‬:Z^ U [:Z^
:Z‫[ א‬:g :A7_ d_ ‫א‬rQP := IM9 sF‫ א‬،:b `T7_ N‫] א‬C :Z^ Z‫א‬
BwF” p~ c br :b Qr ¤ b‫א א‬i= “C :CN” j “{7Mv” j ¯Ë‫א‬
:Ub ¦¦l K AZ r = ‫א‬7T8 := PJl ]Q [:Z^ “TY_ :=
z\ := B;P := :IZ j A7_ :QF9 :b :¤ BZ :Z^ Z‫ א‬j ، :|
[Q@
77wF Qy := := IM9 N‫ א‬،L x\ := G9 BgZ :C {7Z
= IM9 N‫ ”א‬:§ {QX :Z P :C :C ‫ א‬18 :b @ JV `7=
J = b A :b ‫ א‬BC ،Z C £l c L Zn IM9 B= ،RUMP
BJPH := ‫ א‬:A‫ |א‬،Y‫> א = ^א‬:Ay c zRC F‫[ א‬:Z^ s
،9 B‫א¨א‬c j >JZc :<77 ‫> אא‬:A‫[ |א‬:Z^ :<r 9 B9r j
:7X := >:A‫ |א‬:Q‫ א‬j | B<7_ Ë@ p~ BIJUP j BCl := ‫ א‬:Ay
“[9 v ‫א‬9 = ‫א‬6 ÛN WF :P‫ \א‬:X‫ א‬L
:| 9 b >:Ay S dH ، G9 x\ ،¯? :TQ@ B
Q9 L y z¢? := V‫א‬9 Z := P9 6 BAQ ،? `ÕP [C
:b BQRUMP z\ := :IZ :C Y := Y » :<77 {7Z” ‫ §א‬:b P ¢Q
{lK A‫ {א‬j M = :IZ B7Z [Z 9 _Y :<77 ? RJP
B<F9 j BFJK‫ א‬B9 [Z :A7_ `T79 :b :¤ BZ :U9P L N
:ËK‫ א‬U¢C <77 Z ،8Z ‫{א‬QZ rIK‫{ א‬7Z dH b H‫ א‬L :UR\ :=
L ¦¦l I±K :FT7_ = Z I :C {l ‫ א‬UP¢P [8Z ‫{א‬7U9P :IJU9
‫א‬P := :IJU9 ¯? :UR\ IM9 N‫ א‬j ،:8Z :JX :<7_ I±K {7Z
28
Ml = BQ‫ א‬:F¤ :F¤ :b BQ‫ א‬:b K‫ א‬:;Z [Z L :¥ := B‫א‬
S? tZxP :<77 ;P j :UP ‫ א‬:b B;P BPY B8= ،:Z^ ;9 IJX
“[BVP ‫א‬
،:Z^ M^ L 6 BAQ L P9 :Z [§ ‫< _ = א‬P
7= K B®Z :<77 G :b Bª 28 :IZ BZ ]C :Z^ {Q :C sF¤ ‫ א‬j
:= :IZ [:Z^ :A‫א‬iF := U j ‫> כ‬:Z” ]C :Z^ GX = BZ [:Z^
¯? :Fr Z ،BA‫א‬K ]_ RUMP :b G j B<Z JQRUMP :UN ~Q = B9Z
:= :¢R= zP‫ א‬:= {<MP ‫> א‬:;Q ]C {7‫] א‬Q I\‫ א‬:bC [BZ^ {7Z
K‫{[ א‬7 L 7= K {79 I :b BQIM9 sF‫] = א‬C :Qc ‫א‬I L :Ë@
¸¦ :IZ :;Z [Z^ 9 » := iZ‫ _] א‬B j :Z^ 9 Iy :b r‫א‬P‫א‬l ‫א‬
“[BK‫{א‬7mK ]_ r‫ א‬:b B7Z BK‫ א‬j ‫{א‬7_ :g RUMP K
_Ô :C Ïl :b BCC9 :<77 ;P j := ]C nc :®9 :I= P
9 := BP : :<77 [8Z ‫{א‬7v‫א‬C Q_ :F@ = ¯? ¯? p~ G9
J := :{ :b B ،p~ _ b >7X := Rh j ?@ BJMC
U8MP j K :| “ l” = :U8MP :b >:A‫א‬9 :<77 B7Z [8Z ‫{א‬7C ‫{א‬7A7_
B7Z j Z b QX BFT7_ [:KK L ‫ א‬Z U8MP ‫ =؟‬
X‫ א‬L r= := IM9 B= ،B_<7 [ZX :| n ¤‫ = א‬PJl
» Á :b ? :<77 BC ،Z b :ARª ¥ RJP :C PJl :n b
C
[Z {7K J F [9 :| ]Q v‫א‬r_ ]_ ¶C I=
]C B<RK | Ïl_ :8X Z‫ א‬M^ ،¯? :TQ@ :b ‫ א‬،:Z^ | s<9 =
TP [:Z^ F{_ = >Q@ | := BFT7_e ¿‫ א‬b X‫ א‬:= } Z‫א‬
Z‫ א‬dU_ [Z B9 R\ r | G‫ א‬r‫א‬R; f9 Z‫] א‬C | B9 _Ô ¢‫א‬
[Z | j XK
P := G9 ‫ כ‬b {7Mv :b :¤ BZ ]C | :X‫ א‬Q S Z‫א‬
:= IM9 N‫ א‬:X‫ @ א‬JV `7= 77wF BZ= :8 :| ‫א‬H ‫א‬
`PA‫ א‬Qy _ j «? ·v :C }X BZ [:C ¿‫ א‬:= >Qy
[b @ r‫א‬l `7= 77wF Kr U\ QR9 := := :C‫ א‬j Ml‫א‬
>:QPQ :P‫ \א‬:= RlF‫ א‬t = א‬:URK‫ א‬:P ]C ،:8Z :Z iJ Y UZ ‫א‬
29
]C | X [Z 9 RP Z‫ א‬،Z 7¤ {P‫ א‬I9 = BFT7_
‫ {א‬:Th‫א‬Q J= L M^ c :C ‫ א‬:| :Iyr J= := } ‫א‬r ‫א‬
:= :_<7 | ¦P L QR9 M‫ א‬9‫א‬6 [n :8 @ :b ‫ א‬:|
[:Z^ @r c L BIQ := PJl 9P = ‫{א‬UR\
¦P L v 9‫א‬6 im iV ،~V := ،= >:<QK := OP 25
:A‫א‬9 :<77 p b ‫ א‬H‫ א‬:b B7Z t=P | [_ :Rª :g :C BE=
:b B7Z :b B= Z IK = B;P BQ‫ א‬B= BQ‫[ א‬:8Z :;9
j : ،M ،:TF :P‫ \א‬،ryv ،{7Z L BIK BQ‫[ א‬Z ;9 I@
[8Z Z :| ‫א‬r9 ]mP = UZ := t:IJv BV j L f9 7P‫ א‬ryX := {7P ] ،BQF9
G9 r_Q j MQ :b BC ،Z P :89 b KZ BZ := ryv
]C := | :7v :C ¦¦l ‫ א‬z‫א‬F‫ א‬Z‫] א‬Q ‫؟‬:TK :| | B89
:= v ¼7y A‫א‬Q j 9‫א‬6 ،‫א‬r := 9 :C B©C 27 j 26 := OP
:_ BQ‫> ?¯ א‬:¤K ‫ ؟‬:| tAe B89 £l c = R Pr^ := {7Z
[8Z iJ ‫א‬r := 9 := UP ]Q9 Q FQ = BQRUMP Y‫{א‬Q‫א‬
Z‫ = א‬i := {7Z ¤ [ 9 ÌZ K XK ]_ :b B;P B7Z
[Z JQ ]Q <IQ
H% & w %
B8X :C := KZ `‫ א‬P ،{79 y = 9‫א‬6 :C ‫ א‬15
‫{א‬9X [Z 9 ÓH :| 79 Á := nc MK = ryv
L Bn9 B8X j B9‫א‬c B P [Z P :C OP 25 :b B7Z ]C ‫§א‬
>UP :b >P : AZ iJZ KZ BZ [nc ]_ ½‫א‬r ‫א‬c ‫א‬c =
]_ g‫ א‬:C 9‫א‬c j ،8Z | W7V 9 := BFy L BIN [Z 7_ Q Q Ø@
[Z J 6A :V 6 6 ¹¤ :C‫ א‬dQ~l [:8Z :Z K dQ p_{_
¬~ 23 = j BwAh = :| r | ]C I b BM := :C‫א‬
Ü :y [8Z Z iK ®P b OP 25 ¬~ :Z‫ [ א‬:Ab L Bcy
30
N := ،8Z = {7Z ¬~ :Z‫] א‬C :89 :K B;P BQ‫ א‬P P p b ¾
BZ :X‫ א‬:Kc {79 y :b } j ،8Z ‫{א‬7Z L BTQN B9 B‫א‬
[A8Z :C 7 L R\
:= P9 P [:g Z K >:Z‫כ _א‬7Cl f9 :Z
[Z = ‫ א‬19 [fZ L ^ := e^ :Z‫ _{ _א‬،K :Jy dZ dZ := M7
K BZ [X BZ “!p<9 :ËK‫` א‬JQ = zv :b B8X B7Z”
X BZ j [ [ [ [” [BAQc Jy K M7 ¢r dZ p [Q c
“!p<;^ y K B7Z ]_ :b
Bª B8X Z ،{7ZX :C BX F = >:; := Q := r :A BZ
{7Z ] P B8X BQ‫] א‬C :8 @ :b P [Z JX 9 Q‫ = א‬P :=
= BZ ]C z§ __ “X” [B99 = WF :P‫ \א‬iJZ j ،ryv iJZ ،8Z
L y :<77 ،PK = >:IT7K {7Z dZ :<77 :b BZ j ،Z ËUK ²Q
[Z iJ {7b p~ G9 ÀwP :g
B¨‫ א‬Q j T7ª = B7Z [nc :b B;P BQ‫ א‬P = >:<QK
[ {Q^ L § := fAZ 9K ،{7Uy C :IK :b B7Z j ،Z `§ L
:= “BX BX” := F := Bm 7P ،p z | b | v 9
:= Ç9 ،8Z Y‫א ^א‬Q :Z‫ [ א‬:<8 7@ = Y‫ ^א‬:= “K K” L Y‫^א‬
[JÆ = =JV K zYa K Z j vy = Qc BU|
I£@ ] = BZ [Z ‫{א‬UR\ = 7R< OU_ ،R\ B89
= h 9v `7= :FV ]C | zU¢P :b P [Z
[Z | ]Q9 @9 = “Jv” ®Z
‫ א‬dZ :b BZ _ “،BK‫{א‬7A7_ rP :bC BK‫ א‬:;Z ،R\ ‫”א‬
9 K^ zRC [| BA¡N» B89 :b B7Z C ]C BK‫{א‬7Kc BK‫ א‬:;±K” [X
“[:Z^
31
Z ،y K Bh B Z [ :| v L f‫א‬J_ :<77 _ p
B7= Z M^ :_<7 iZ‫ א‬iJZ :A ²:Z [Z ‫{א‬UR\ = U¢C L V‫א‬9
c Z ]C :8Z p‫ א‬ÏwIP := :7±K [nc {7AF¤ K >:Q‫ א‬:FT7_ P :b
{7‫ א‬Q v L G§ Y‫ ^א‬:A <77 ¸¦ :b B7= ،:Z^ ;P :K‫א‬J_ j _
[:Z^
[^ ¾ L _ := ²N :<77 ، ‫> א‬QK dZ B7c dZ
BZ ¿‫ א‬B7c s<9 j ،Z B99 ]mP = WF :P‫ \א‬L P9 ²N = BZ
[Z 9 Iy :b
:| B9 sF¤ Z‫ א‬L s<RK := “[ :¡N» Z” ]C ‫ §א‬:b BZ _
]Q [TK :¡N :| B89 K ،:8Z EN W7V dZ := B7= ،²N = BZ ]C :A^
sF¤ :b P :ÐN Í‫ _ א‬J77C [:A^ sF¤ Z‫ א‬L s<RK :A :<77P
:b P “[ 9 v ¡N :b BZ ]C {7mc 6J” [‫ §א‬s<¤ =
9 = “Jv” ]_ R\ B89 ]C :Z^ :TK B9 :<8 @ BAC ‫א‬
:Z [Z 7_ c‫< א‬77 :b >:7 BZK :FT7_ :e_ []Q 9 PQ9
:IZ [Z :C ‫א‬Zv {7 BQ‫א‬c P9 j S? C‫ א‬P IK b WQyX v
‫[ א‬Z :9 b Qr 9 y :b 6 BAQ := } :QIM9
:C h `7= [Z 9 `RA :b BU j BP :QiP ‫א‬HX := :h‫אא‬
{7_ {lK ‫ א‬N‫ א‬،9 U_ = Be_ Z ]C 8Z Z :X‫ א‬P7r P 9‫א‬6
{K C {7_ WQyX ]C j ،Bg ]Q 9 WQr :e_ B8= ،9
[ ]Q 9 L
L JUZ ®P >:h‫ א אא‬Zc Z [Z MZ h `7= 9 ‫א‬
BZ t=P IKr R\ B89 [Z {79 ¦C Uv= j Z {7c JX
]C :Z^ Y‫{א‬Q‫< א‬77P [nc ]Q9 :b BZ P [Z {7Z L >hl :=
s<9 Z ،{QZ ‫א‬iX :b BZ 9 G9 ]Q PQ9 = “Jv” 9
[{QZ TK 9 ]Q
¥ :C >:h‫ אא‬:= >:7 } |Æ := 6 BAQ ،p b BIwZ BV
،:| <P b R_ dQN ،:e_ :FT7_ ‫א‬r ‫[ א‬:| P9 L G9
[ :¡N N {lK RK ®Z :<77
32
:Zi J :b W_ UK‫ א‬Q9 77wF := V‫א‬9 Z 6 BAQ
‫ א‬،‫{א‬79 W7C ¨‫א‬c :b K‫ א‬K JK := BCN :ZK EN N ]C
[:Z^ h G9 RC@ = BQ‫ א‬9
:7X L BX BZ [Z M^ P j ZP = :Q©_C W_ UK‫ א‬Q9
[Z YQ :C ‫{א‬Q@ :<77 :b BZ [:8Z :C mK := `R¢IK‫ א‬:= ®Z
WQ P ‫א‬c P BX BZ ]C ‫ §א‬K © :b P BZ [Z Ïv\ = BUy Z
EF :X‫ א‬L >C PK := V‫א‬9 Z L P9 j 8Z ‫{א‬Q^ y `79 =
[BA8Z
[‫ §א‬¢‫ א‬dZ :b P _ <P
:C ‫ [ א‬iJ :b M^ :FT7_ :e_ iJZ B7c dZ” ::X
BQ p~ BI‫{א‬Z BQ‫א‬cZ BQ‫א‬Z [:g 9 :b BZ ]C | :| ]Q9 p‫א‬J
l L B7P :C `‫ א‬:= “ :¡N»” U8MP Z‫] א‬C X BZ [ :8 9i9 =
“[ 9
P [:TK | ]Q 9 ]_ £C ;P = Q‫א‬l I‫ א‬L O := BMl
:AK BAC Ï‫ א‬7 = BK [fZ L >¾ := ‫ א‬P9
= P y :C BIK [Z ^ _ :C dUP [Z Z :X‫ א‬Q TQ‫ א‬:e_
K P G = Q j BQ‫ א‬L >‫[ א‬8Z Z :EF JFr {_ y Z¤
[8Z _ Æ
1= -¦ & H%

: [:Z^ £l ‫> א‬R Pr^ I¤ dH b °K L Qr ،P9
[^ :| ]Q Q ]_ iJZ ]C 87Z [;P 1900 P fX
P ،{7Ry L By ‫ א‬:QRQ t<\ := 9‫א‬6 ،¿‫ א‬B7c s<9
UP ‫ =א‬i= n “‫؟‬BZ^ :®9 :FT7_” Z ¾ b {7UZ y K G
“[BZ^ UZ L Bn¤ Z” Z
[8Z tAe :FT7_ ]_ :IZ ،fZ _ L >‫ א‬P ‫ א‬j
:8 :EF 9iJ9 :C BIK ،Z {7_ ¡K TQ‫ א‬9‫א‬6 ]_ v P9
[:8Z :QM7K j QK L Bn¤ :7±K :C :IK P c {7 BQ‫א‬c JF [:Z^
Q :8 z= :ZK F‫ ^ א‬Q P Z ‫א‬I= ¤ :C BÚ^ :9 :C ‫א‬
33
:b B7Z [{7_ L B®Z j fF :9@ ،‫א‬X {79P G‫ א‬،L r‫{א‬¢C := K » ،^
:= j X 9 Z :C BIK [Bb C ] RZ ®Z ]C :Z^ Jl
Q :FT7_ :b ZC :C‫{ א‬QZ } :I= [| :Z = BZK :K
[{7‫ א‬B9
]C :g | = Jl :Z = ~ vP Z L @‫ א‬j :C
BZJ= ،{7UP ‫א‬K := P :b B7C iJ {79 ‫א‬6 ÛN ]_ :b B7=
£¦Q ‫א‬c‫ א‬:b B79 :A :89 ib 9 9 L :IK ]_ :®9
:K ‫{א‬QZ y ]_ :J= L A‫א‬r := y K ] b §7Z >:Q‫] א‬C K
[{7 9 Iy :b B9Z := BQ‫ א‬j ‫{א‬7 9 Yr BPY
،ÝwF = “‫א‬K” [Z dQN y b BwF := ‫ א‬، R\ :C BRJl BQ‫א‬
17 ‫؟‬:Z^ tUËP = ‫] א‬C nc G K‫[ א‬:Z^ z = P :ËK‫ א‬BFT7_
Ç¤ ‫[ א‬BKI < := Ç¤ ¼7y :=l :IK := {QX BK‫ א‬:C ‫א‬
:= n‫< א‬P [Z 9 C ‫ א‬xy Be_ B9 :b dZ KN :=
K‫ [ א‬U9P BQ‫א‬c BPYK p~ c “‫א‬K” ،FV dZ = } ،t=P GX
[8Z im J9 = BQr BAC BTQ~ B ‫א‬HX := n6 ‫] א‬C nc
< := Ç¤ BZ= :T7F Â= := K‫ א‬I= ،8Z b I©C :C n‫א‬6
[:8Z :Z iX _ L y := Ç¤ ]C nc K‫ א‬BZC :I
im _ K B7 JK := Q :ZK :89 :K B8 := Ç¤
`R¢IK‫ א‬p~ A GH ¯? :=‫ א‬j BZ^ G BI_ B = Q [8Z Z
:IK [^ Q T7V ;P dZ L O := B; := Q :b K‫[ א‬BZ^ ‫{א‬7|
B=r [^ Q Ô^ = Ç¤ iK dZ L O := B7 := BK ،:K :8 :=
BK [8Z :| MN 9 := _ y n = iJF := BMQ_ ،dH b
BC :89 r L ¡N B= [8Z :¡N IZ :A `‫ א‬b := J F ;n¤
[Z | = T7V L O := B; := Q J= | :A Z‫ א‬l =
“[:89 K G <77 B7Z” X n‫< א‬P B8C ،BKH :I¤‫ א‬B8=
:F{_ b BZ7T_ IZ ،9 :PQ9 := Be_ | ” X P
“[:Z^ `ÕP BC{_ ²:Z = n
[¾9 ]Q9 Z
34
V ¼7y :=l BZ= BK‫ א‬،{7VP P {QX p b B99 s<9
dU= Ub B := P : l := “GK j GP” P BZC BKT7F
[:nc
:= v L >‫§א‬Q‫[ א‬8Z _ J9 Vy ]_ g‫[ א‬Z EF ? B7c ‫א‬
:= K‫ א‬j Ã‫ א‬B89 ،{Q_ :JUZ [8Z Z :<8QN N ‫א‬7P = {<MP c
9 v G9 F^» :b Br := BZK B8X L Â= Ub :
[Z
Ë := B9V ‫א‬Z := {<MP ]C nc P ]C KiP V 79 B8=
®K K BZK C L fF ‫ א‬:A‫א‬iF :Z‫[ א‬Z K ]C ¤ [:8Z :_
B8V ;P ] ]C nc :K :8 := :IK [:8Z Â= dZ ¤‫ א‬:= :7±K [Z
dH b ¶K ‫א‬iZ‫[ א‬8Z Z :ÐN Y‫א‬r = 9r dZ dZ ÌZ >‫א‬rQ :=
9 = Y‫א‬r ]_ ‫א‬RZ Z ]C _ cy n‫< א‬P B8= [8Z I¤~ 9r
[8Z :C Z~
[¾ BZ “‫؟‬9 | :Z ‫”א‬
،iP c K‫ א‬B7C ،Z Z 9 ‫א‬rQ j Z U| J= L :7V
Z 9 BK‫] א‬C :Z^ `@ i9 <77C ،U|” [X ،:A9Æ b‫א‬
“[Z^
:b P BZ [:8 :<UÆ ‫כ‬P :C BX := n‫ א‬،:;ÐK Y‫ = ^א‬BZ
Kr ;‫ = א‬BZ j ©I‫< א‬P = UwA‫ א‬f 8Q 12 Z” ]C ‫§א‬
“[:Z^
[:Z^ Z 9 P F 9 ]C <RK P :n‫א‬
[Z^ IJQ :C P := “GK j GP” BK‫] א‬Q ،P F :©I‫א‬
^ G9 r_Q j fQ :Z‫ א‬K‫] א‬C X 9 v‫ א‬S? BQ9r BZ
[Z^
‫؟‬9 “Jv” y ‫ א‬C :n‫א‬
([9P :| :¡F) :©I‫א‬
‫؟‬:89 :b By ،]Q p‫ §א‬:n‫א‬
®Z ]_ :Z‫] א‬Q ،:8Z :ÑX RM ]_ Z‫ א‬M = ‫[ @{א‬BZ ¤ :©I‫א‬
[U9P ;P ]_ b :K B8 = :8 :X‫ א‬P :b P ]C Z‫[ א‬8Z
35
،J{Q‫ = א‬dK ،;¤ :F@ P 9r :C >¨ ‫ א‬p‫א‬K b ‫א‬
dZ L >cy := K‫ א‬p [BAb ]_ X i= G j `P
ÂV Z [Z s<9 L BP := >:ZK [BAy :UC j XP b >:ZK
©I‫[ א‬EF Z~ : dZ T7V P iy L 9r j ®F P >cy :8c
[X p~ g JQ Z ،:8c 9r :b BZ
G9 _ K £wC :=QÆ ©I‫ א‬،:C c JV := n‫א‬
iJZ := ¼7y :=l :g P P p b ¬C I9 ،B89 BZ ]C EF
[9 Z :b {7Z JF L y
[“GK” :7¢ Z Z 9 UlP = P ©I‫ א‬:;Z
`7= j JP dZ 9r ²:Z [Z V Y‫א‬r BAC P BZ
`7= j JP ‫כ‬v‫ ”א‬mF L >TQ‫ א‬Z := >:FT7_ [Z K‫א‬
FC TQ‫ א‬B;P B := ¼7y :=l f_ MP [f_ ‫ א א‬:dFP j “K‫א‬
[Z :9C :8c
= sT7b ،A‫א‬r :8Z b L ‫[ א‬Z Þ9 : ARQ L >¤‫ א‬:= 9r
[v j ¨ = B¤‫א‬H BTQ ،Z‫ =א‬:U¦Q ،_v = tQ‫ א‬،_v
9 y ‫א‬JV = Ç9 := r EN p [ V :Z | :b ‫© א‬I‫א‬
[:Z^ «7P := F ]C BAc r :b BZ [| C p~ Z :UC
:= 9r ;¤ {Q BZ [EF G ¹P [:Qc _ :b >:¤¨ ©I‫א‬
j ،|‫ א‬:9iN ±7N [L 79 >: 9C {Q j ‫ א‬L 79 iJZ
[^ L G§ 9iV = BU¢v := Y‫א‬r L BQ9r BI¤~ B L r >|
[:8Z :Z :;^ L F :<77 :b BQ9r B im _
C‫ א‬BK‫ א‬9 ‫[ א‬Z EF | z‫ ^א‬:_ 9 >:Z‫{א‬Q‫{ א‬QH n‫א‬
[BK :| Q‫א‬
fM‫ א‬BZ BZC | ÊwC‫ = א‬UP K ©I‫< א‬P BZ= B7c :8
]C Z ]Q B7P := [TK K y ÌK ¤ P” X {79 ZÃ
“[Z 9 MN ¦A\
BZC ،BKI < Ç¤ iJZ BZ= ، P s<9 b ¼7y wP
]C IX >:ZK dZ [^ L Kc Q6 :8c dV :b N :9 9
>Z ]C I :C G9 fJX ¯? >:ÑX := BZ TP [:<Z ]Q := :e_
36
:C‫] א‬C :ZQ @ j :8Z :Z :EF :;RQ ¨‫א‬c >Z [:8Z 9 {7Z :K dZ
c L UwA‫ א‬IM9 N‫ א‬:ZK iJZ [:8Z : L iK‫ א‬:= B79
:b >9 ]C X :b BZ [TK :| :AF¤ :FT7_ j Z Z `K
X C‫ א‬:89 PÁ PÁ s<9 L ‫ =א‬BZ [:g :UZ L Ç¤ ]C 9 {9C
BK :| Q‫ א‬K‫ [ א‬9 Jl p~ g UZ C‫ א‬:b BZ []Q9
[:Z :JV :A :C‫> א‬Z
]Q j t79 ]Q ‫؛‬:Q9 sE= ]_9 p~ g :b BZ” ]C ‫ §א‬:b P
“[y
P := “GK j GP” :b B= Z dZ P M^ BQ‫© א‬I‫< א‬P
B7Z BZC ،:8Z {7 9 RC@ = Be_ } BZ= [Z EF :C
:= BQ‫ א‬j = :Z‫ א‬j ،Z ;P :b {7Mv j {7Z :X‫ א‬:b M^
[:8Z :8 :AZ :Fy 9 :C } I= Z A= = ‫ א‬fK^
9 9 a »
a » = BPQ9 :<77 :b ‫{א‬UR\ :_<7 i7K BZ
c fAZ 9K y K BZ P L P9 B7c dZ [Z {7; G9
:EF A‫ §א‬PQ9 YC <77 Z ]C
BPP dZ j :8Z :b :Z‫א‬c :y6 BZ [BKKÆ :b :Z iJZ”
[BA8Z b 7RF‫ _] \{א‬FQ <77 [BA8Z ‫א‬H :b Ó = RUMP
“[ :| § ` = BZ P fJX :QRM= := BZ
B<77P ،ZX G9 z{JZ :b BZ P” Z {7A‫ §א‬Z
B P 9 ‫[ א‬:<AmX P = BFy BV :b r‫א‬P‫א‬l BZ ]C X B;P
L P := BZ L @^ [L := BZ : p ،:87Z L B£@ := BZ :Fy
“[9 :b BZ :Fy
:g BQ‫א‬c ‫ _א‬RZ_ Z BZC ،9P b ©I‫< א‬P P BZ=
[GK j GP ::8Z P := BZ [Z Z
:K | BTK :¡N :J= [| B9 I@‫ א‬IK ] :FT7_ ،c b >JZc
| :F@ v = v § = X‫ א‬:= } [Bg | tAe := G9 r 7_
،| BUZ ¦? = RQ Q j :KUX :K ،BTK | ]Q :¡N :J= [Bg
[:| :8| F rY ]_ g‫ א‬:= B7Z J77=
[:8Z `ÕP = :QRQ B {QX
37
>:Cl BTQ j 9P = ‫ א‬،{7_ :C r ]mP := 7TP v :Z

Â9 := r :X‫ א‬i ;n¤ 7Q B‫א‬Z = ‫[ א‬Z P 9
‫ א‬18 [Z {7 :A7_ IK = B7v j Z {7Z T7F K
K J P [i :JQ ،;P :JQ [:8 :| M7K {QX :C
[{7Z 9 Ø@ ،8Z :¡N :_ [Z Z :g iJK dZ = >R Pr^
B‫א‬Z Z ]C :Z^ t<\ [:8Z ÈN ÈF := H‫ א‬R Pr^ := {7Z
Z :F= ‫א‬7= :Z ®P j 9r ،y Z [8Z b ‫א‬7= :QIM9
z<Z := B;P TP [:g UP Gc :P ]C ª ^ :8 BA‫ א‬L Kc [8Z
[:8Z :Z :<8QN dQN dH G :Q‫ א‬9 ‫[ א‬p‫א‬K b
‫ אא‬Z‫ ?¯ א‬B79 ،8Z EF ? QRh := >_ := B= ‫א‬7=
B7= {7 :<RK p= := BRvr ،p= Z‫ א‬Z L Q := } ]C Z :<UÆ
j 7X _ ،8Z 7_ te t<\ L iJC iC ]_ ‫א‬7= ،{QZ ]Q EF 7= :C
]Q9 ‫ א‬B79 := WQ j ،ÓP := ‫ א‬:_ ،8Z :C :7±K K C
B7Z ]C :Z^ ZÃ ،8Z Zn = i9 Q ‫ _{א‬i9 :AK B9 ،:8Z :89
‫ א‬:AEF C 7X :A :C B7C ،:Z^ Q = ،7= = rT7_ P :A‫אא‬
b 7= K ‫א‬7= ‫א‬Q ]C :Z^ Z‫] א‬C ¹K [Z ~{_ L 7= :QIM9 :b
[8Z y
L ‫ _א‬RZ_ j ،£ ،¼7y wP ،¼7y :=l ،ºc ¤K ‫{ א‬QX
[‫א‬7= {79iÆ ،v ‫ א‬:^ Q ‫א‬Zr
(~) ,
[= “RQ Q j :KUX” :IK :8 Z `ÕP ، JF
B7c :8 := ‫ א‬، 9 ‫ כ‬b Be_ :b v BZ B7c B7=
[^ Q :8 ‫א‬7= :QIM9 B‫א‬Z j } ¸¦ :C‫[ א‬I :C‫ א‬P =
<P [Z 7_ V‫א‬9 Z <77 :g L :;| F ،<P }Q‫ א‬:= :C‫א‬
[UZ :n :A :C‫ א‬:b P n‫א‬
BZ [Z BP ‫א‬R89 iJZ = UV IM9 ،wK Z = K‫א‬
RU = M iZ‫[ א‬:8Z :Zn U := “| `_ BIFl” L JF :b
38
j 7P = lP := } L B= ،Z {7 mc 9 Zc

[8Z ‫{א‬7 mc iP = BR9 BP‫א‬
:IZ M_{7_ = Zn U iZ‫ א‬Z ]C ^ :| ]Q9 :A L s<RK :b P
[:Z^ b = Z :b := K‫] א‬C Z‫] א‬C X <P TP ‫{؟‬7TK 9 B89
P [:Z^ r=P r‫{א‬¢C :9 = BP‫א‬l B7Z :ËK‫ א‬G9 ²mc BI_”
“[c 7P s ¤ :b
9 ;P Z ]C 9 9 :Z rK := {= 77wF := OU_ 39
{Q^ :IZ p~ ¤ ¾ ¯? ZÃ = 9 K :b :Z iJZ BZ [9
J Z ]C X j ‫ §א‬ÏF‫{א‬¢K {RP {¢K Q~P FQ <77 BZ p [Z
[:Q9 ËK‫ א‬9 = BZ K WF :P‫ \א‬j :Z^ :TF UMP
[Z 7_ IM9 L 1947 B7= :Z^ :V :KK Z‫ א‬WF UMP
B¦” X BZ [nc :| {QP ¨‫א‬c p~ G9 :h‫ א‬:b ‫ } א‬،Q~P
B :b P := j f{79 hl :;^ ;P ÌK L B7P B P ]C b
“[f{7‫ א‬:n ª ¶K» ] ]C ‫{א‬7c UP := B99
9 P = :; := Q :9
: :C B79
[“r_ {QY WF UMP” ،“r_ {QY } :QIM9” ،“r_ {QY IM9”
،:n9 := G G ،fU= = B;P Bb <7 ]C xy B9 :A z
L B®Z := :7±K [8Z Pv Ù©v R9 j ،‫ א‬L ‫ ^[ א‬Q :b K‫א‬
[:EN Í‫ א‬:b P {= [8Z Z :Z ‫א‬¢Q Æ Uy ¯? > j 8Z ‫א‬7=
9 [:89 I@‫ א‬:= :MU= z\ :\RTQ‫ א‬L ¼F9 ·‫ ”א· א‬::A‫א‬9 L BwF B7Z Ì Ìc :<77 j :89
“[RP = WF UMP BAC P j ZP = uC j M = >:_\
l IM9 BFT7_ j B_<7” :89 ¦C :Uv= BZ p b ‫א‬
TP [:8Z I±K j I‫< א‬77 = K‫ א‬j ،Z 9 rC‫ א‬L G p~ G9
:;Z [BK8Z :| ‫א‬Ry BK‫ א‬9 A9iN := ‫ א‬WF :P‫ \א‬j {7Z
39
BI_ L Qr Z [:Z^ _ :b K‫ א‬:X‫ א‬BZK :_<7 = :Z^ Jv = ‫@{א‬
j | c \ K = j `r :b B7Z K‫ = @@א[ א‬QMQ‫ א‬j BZ^ :ZK
“[ [ [ [ | 9
[Z {7N ‫א = ¨כ‬K := B_<7 L :<F :8¤K j
:= ¦C ‫ = א‬BZ ]C ¾ b <P P p b :RC@ := “:MU=”
“‫؟‬:Z^ `@ i9 L _
I\‫ א‬:C r‫א‬P‫א‬l ‫ א‬P TP” X BZ “:Z^ :9 p~ {£¦P := K‫”א‬
“[9 Pv | L K :<77 :b BZ P ،TK | ]Q 9
J F [B| C{_ g‫ א‬IFl {v [:Z^ :| ]Q9 I@ ‫א‬i := `T7_ N‫א‬
RJP BAIM= :Z^ 9 s J = b = BAIM‫ א‬:A‫א‬9 :<77
[:Z^ | 9 H‫ א‬¤ ]C g‫[ א‬:g :| “:Aw” ¯?
mK :b {7Z j Be_ :FT7_ ،BZK j BAQ Q6 ] = }
9 = b= j YQ= c :Z [ ;P‫ א‬P IM9 sF‫ א‬،p~ c
b ‫א‬Z 25 ،p~ dUP ‫ א‬BUK r{P i= IM9 9 Ø@ ،Z
| :Q‫ א‬j C :b B7Z :C ‫ א‬28 [ Q N‫ א‬P sF‫ א‬:b B;P dH
[ ‫{א‬Q^ >:X‫א‬9 :IK P IUP j @ Z [ Qc ‫כ‬9 38 :ËK‫א‬
:T7= [Z GK U| 7Q = PK :T7= j IM_ JUZ ¸¦ :b B7Z
[Z X‫ א‬:IK Y= QPK PK
= b MP ،:8 :A‫א‬c‫ א‬9‫א‬6 :IK Y= :A‫א‬Z := ‫ א‬p^ : }
B7c BZcX ، ±Qa L 9 BZ Y= :A‫א‬Z W7A_ K 9 RP 9
:= f 8‫ א‬IM9 B9 ،Z ‫{א‬7b } :IK J7F Y= :Z ،I¤~
[:89 r{P L 9 BZ ]_ Y= :A‫א‬Z
:<77 B7Z ،:n ®Z b 6 14 := QR9 M‫ א‬،:A K
B8= ،:8 :89 ¦P L P9 6 BAQ [ 9 v :A‫א‬9
<7 :b X := {K := B7Z j Be_ j 9 :M9X :C {lK ‫ א‬N‫א‬
[:Ac
S? ‫ א‬sF‫ = א‬:¤ B8= U9P M= :b 6 16
[:F±7K
[ :| RJP M_{7_ K :Z BAC :IwZ B8V := :8P
40
:= F j _ :K ،8Z TK ]Q :¡N N := ،:e_ Z :_ :;Z
9 v :A‫א‬9 :Q@ :<77 BQ6 B := } [BZ^ :KÆ L :7X
K j {7TK ]Q9 :¡N IK{7Z ]_9 ]C {7| Z‫ א‬tUËP = ‫[ א‬:Z^
R = B7Z } :QIM9 :I= ،{7F¤ 7 L O := :¤ ÏU@
[{7Z {7A7_
]C Z W_ Q9 Ïv\ := BUy ‫ א‬6 BAQ :C ‫ א‬20
O := = 87Z [{7n Bb 7P ] :A‫א‬9 ‫“ א‬G9 :Aw” :Z
BUy ،:e_ [:8Z :Z :| _Ô ¸Ue | Z‫] א‬C Z Z :<Kc Z‫א א‬H
[^ :| ]Q Z := } K >:A~K j 8Z Z 9 `R¢IK‫ א‬Zy ‫א‬
:QIM9 ،:e_ :Z ]_ r=_ := 7C ZÃ B79 7_ j {QZ i i
:7¢ ¢ = × O‫ א‬Z ¦? Ø@ = B7Z [8Z Z :AÞX VV :b J F
{Q :| f_ b X } 9 B7= ،G9 C U j U ،IK
[:8Z
| v KPX ]C :;Z j :Z^ :8 P9Q ¯? _ 6 BAQ
:<77 7P :V :b J F 9 B7= ،‫{א‬7Z 9i9 = J9 j ،:Z^ ‫א‬
[{Q :;9 {7_ :A‫א‬9
p~ {7P :¤7P b BX PJl := IM9 ،L :IwZ :8 := :8P
N r_ Q‫ א‬:_ L i B7Z [‫{א‬7‫ א‬p dH [BZ^ 9 l ‫א‬i :T7= Q »
} :Q‫{א‬P j P ‫א‬Z } :A‫א‬Z = ‫{א‬7c 9 Z‫{ א‬7K B7P :Z [:Z^
[Z :| J_ 9 G K_ := j ،9 :8 P ‫{א‬P
:T7= :b BQ‫[ א‬BZ^ 9 Z ]_ i :Mr :89 p‫א‬MQb ‫א‬
¾ = Be_ :¢ >:; } :;Z [:Z^ 9 C N K PK YK
[{79
eP5 ( 9 ?5 ‫א‬

BIFl :=‫[ א‬BZ^ :| C ¢ = × O‫] א‬C ،:Z^ {Q‫ = א‬9c
9 ‫ א‬،:Z^ {7Z b := }Q‫ א‬L 17 P B¢Uh 23 := IM9 N‫ א‬L
Z‫ א‬9 >:A‫א‬iF y `K BZ [BZ^ ‫{א‬7 :IZ ‫§א‬7Z B d9 j QX
،BZ^ 9 r_Q U 7Q B‫א‬Z j U c s [:Z^ ]Q BJRP
41
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]C :Z^ ‫\א‬r ]_ g‫ א‬:= PJl d;I= ،BZ^ V BAC {l :y zRC
[:Z^ `_ IvK = BU
ÚN C‫ = א‬:¤ ،9 <Z ¥ :C >:7 = Be_ BAC :8P 7
dZ j :Z^ sT7F = :IK ]mP >:7 [Z 9 b {7_ := WQyX
[:Z^ `P X := }Q‫ א‬9 >r__ BZ [:Z^ B K‫ א‬B J7= := U
[:TK | ]Q :| 9 ¡K ]_ :¢ ‫ א‬،:Z^ ¢ = Bi L BZr S
@ :C :QR c ،iJZ [BZ^ i= ¤ ]_ F¤ ]
‫[ א‬:Z^ 9 v AJF ‫א‬ a » 9 Y‫{א‬Q‫ = א‬9c B‫ א‬B9 [Y{Q‫א‬
= ¸ § PJl := IM9 ]C sF¤ : [:Z^ :8 :| Ç;‫ _] א‬9
[9 :| ]Q UMC Ë@
{79 ¦C C ،@ JV `7= 77wF Qy := :C ‫ א‬18
‫ ?¯ א‬Z PJl p b ‫ א‬،Z 9 9 = : {Q‫ א‬:= Ç;‫ א‬:= ‫א‬xe
dUP := ]C :Z^ :Z tK = ‫[ א‬:Z^ :89 :8 v9 := Ar :b ¦¦l
B j ،{7 :| v UMUK = r‫{א‬P‫ א‬:RF\ ]C 9 \‫ = א‬9c L
iZ‫{א[ א‬Q ;^ {Q‫ א‬dUP L :UMUK := ß := r‫{א‬P‫ א א‬:h\ = BJUP
[{Q :| BJRPQ AJF K ،:Z^ ‫א‬9 f9 ‫כ‬7Z{Q‫ = א‬:Z L Fl
P := “G9 :Aw” BAIM= BZ ‫{א‬7| Jv = P :UN m_ 9 ‫א‬
[:8| :g
d78_ :C :\Y ،: {Q‫ א‬R9 ‫א א‬Z n ،L >:X‫א‬9 YC
= BCC9 := B7Z 9c” ]C Qc :8X S S :Q MP BP8X :=
“[:X‫ א‬p= ¬Z = BFT7_ :QRQ ‫{ א‬v [P :UN J77C [:Z^ <IQ
،:Z^ {£¦P :_ j {Qy {QÆ ]C iZ‫ א‬:IQ := PJl := `T7_ N‫א‬
:TI© := r‫ אא‬L BR9l := IM9 ]C {7| ]Q ¸Ue G9 PQ‫ א‬Z‫= א‬
b G9 :ËUe :C\v := G9 I@‫ א א‬:= >:IKr_Y j Y [:Z^ ]Q
[:Z^ :Z :A<7P :b :UP¢P PJl :Z A :C >:U¦¢_ j {h ،p
::| :<9 S dH sF¤ >:Z
L `T7_ N‫[ א‬:g {Q^ :| ]Q9 :R9 L >TQ‫ א‬Zr ،S? iJZ
‫[ א‬:g 9 R\ :C >:IQ := G9 P :b B;P :C Y := QH
42
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[:8| h‫ א‬L
:IQ >:Z ]C :TK :| ]Q :| ©_ b ‫ א‬PJl ]_9 ،S? :8
:= BFT7_ = ]Q9 :A BZ^ ‫א‬I‫ א‬:QIM9 sF‫{[ א‬7| P9Q h
[BTK :b L _ :b r‫{א‬¢C c Z
r{P := JP^ 9 Ø@ r{P BZ j 9 BK r£I‫ א‬j :PIQ‫א‬
{ [:8| n :KK {U= b {U= L dUP ]C :Z^ h p~ G9 l
‫ א‬:8P 25 9 ‫ א‬،:Z^ fMl‫ = א‬RZ‫ א‬:= BF¤ BQ‫ _] א‬:b @
PJl := Bh\ QX Z ‫א‬H O := = ]C X BZ L QwQ9
[{7Zn
:A :¢‫ א‬،B<Kc iI_‫ א‬:= :8 dZ F¤ :Z ¯? ZÃ
‫ ؟‬:Z^ BA‫א‬
:b P [:Q9 r¥C L >:IQ := PJl ]C :Z^ `@ <77 <77P
:8 L IM9 sF‫ א‬B;‫א‬¤‫] א‬C :Z^ UP ¢P = Kc Z‫ א‬K :<77
9 :Z [:g 7_ d_ :b IM9 N‫] א‬C :Z^ >:Z ¦¦l [:Z^ 9
[| B9 {AC := ‫ א‬I¦¦l :Z^ ]Q `@ ®P <77P
L IM9 N‫ א‬K :Ul ]_ B79 ]C :Z^ :Z Z‫{\ א‬P B := }
j sF‫ א‬p b OP 25 j f9 I¤~ [:g : := ~ := >:y{U\
:_ U£ Z‫[ } א‬BZ^ :I_Ô := ‫ א‬،:Z^ | :8 s<9 = L IM9 N‫א‬
[:Z^ :Z 9 K >:K :_ R\ :C ‫ א‬j 9 K >:K
= :U8MP := IM9 N‫ א‬BAIM‫ א‬،:Z^ = z\ I BAIM=
[:Z^ ]Q BJRP l :KK ‫{א‬A j tK7P ]_9
‫{؟‬7| {7_ f9 z\ :Z ]C :Z^ `‫א‬K ]mP
P9 6 BAQ h 9v `7= <P ‫ =א‬:= = `‫א‬K ‫א‬
:BAX [z§ :C ‫ א‬16 b M^ WQQR9 :=
:= K‫[ א‬:Z^ 7b ]Q9 NZ z{ tU? O@ j :AIQ‫ א‬:Z K‫”א‬
H‫ א‬:b ‫[ א‬BK‫{א‬79 Z‫ א‬K‫ א‬،:Z^ {£¦P dZ PK
Z J F [B9 ‫ {א‬iiy :¤K Z ]C BK‫{א‬79 B9 :F‫א‬l := BQ‫{א‬IKK
]_ 9 Z‫ א‬dH :b ‫{[ א‬7‫] א‬Q9 p~ 9 BZ `K B|X B8V
43
9 7b L Z :Z BZ= K‫] א‬C ‫א‬X | K B¦ P [:Z^ ;9
“[{7| ]Q9 :A ib U8MP Z‫] א‬C BK‫{א‬79
`T7_ N‫ א‬B7c c :J= P [:Z^ TIwy := M^ ‫א‬P dZ :Z
Ã‫ = א‬BF@ B¤K ]_ :b ‫{א‬UR\ := B P ‫א‬r B7C ،fZ L
| B9 :;‫א‬¤‫ א‬:= } ;P :J= ]C :Z^ @ :b @ { [§ {79
[BZ^ dFP = RM := IM9 87Z :A :K
B7C ،:Z^ Z 9 :A‫א‬9 K ‫ א‬N J F K :QRQ B7=
r j ±7y zRC <IQ = ‫[ א‬:Z^ ]Q :FR¢P 9 {£¦P = ‫] א‬C :Z^ ZÃ P
[| BTK :| f
-> ; ;\1
j 8P ;P Q‫ א‬:_ = B7Z [:Z^ :8 :;9 ‫א‬r‫ א‬R N ]_ :b J F
= =‫ א‬M^ dH b BZK ]C ^ L G§ ¯? :TQ@ L 9‫א‬6 [BZ^ Æ
r‫{א‬¢C ‫ א‬،r‫{א‬¢C = BU8P := } L `T7_ N‫ א‬BAC P BZ j ،BZ^ | Jv
[8Z 8P ‫א‬r >:A‫א‬iF K N L 1965 RK :J= ،:Z^ rY b
:<RK “:Q_” p~ ¢Q É7¢P :_ := >:TI© :KK ،X :Z‫} א‬
[{79 ]Q Y‫{א‬Q‫א‬Q
:e_ [7¤ I£P dH {7| G9 {7_ :A‫א‬9 := :C `7P BZ
:A `‫א‬K = n j U [:Z^ V‫ = א‬wQ S? :7 j ،BZ^ iX
L {A := } :QIM9 IFl [Z RJP I RJP [:|‫] | א‬Q9
L O [BZ^ ®Z :_ j 7Pe ،i i :e_ :FT7_ ]C ‫؛‬BZ^
:QIM9 L BIFl hl ،:Z^ sF¤ : ]C :V I? c :JUPe
<Z ]Q A<7y := Ry ]_ B79 L G9 l {£¦P :<77 :b }
[BZ^ Z 9 xyr ]_ £¦Q :Q= <77 Z = :Z^ tK :A Z‫[ א‬:=y
mc ]_ G9 v‫א‬r_ O@ EN :V¤ :C :A‫א‬9 := L `T7_ N‫א‬
:b ‫ א‬P ÓiK ‫ א‬j :Z^ :JX 9 r‫ אא‬I© L fc BZ PJl ]C |
`T7_ N‫ א‬:¢ ‫א‬Z ،:b BZK ‫א‬Z s<7 [:Z^ {P‫ א‬:= P
} [Z 9 tU? O@ j ‫ א‬:b= c dZ Z‫[ א‬Z ]Q9 XX 9 A
44
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[:g 9 O@ RCP ]_ :C >:CN B8Q p~ GN p= := ‫[ א‬Z J F
{Q^ :IK ‫א‬Zv z9‫א‬9 = ،:Z^ 9 P PK :T7= BX
:C R\ ‫ א‬:<77 BX {v [:g :8 {7‫ א‬:R9 ]_ L ‫ א‬:;Z [:g
[:Z^ <RK ]Q tK7P c ®Z :b PJl := IM9 j :Z^ 9
P Ó ،:8c M ‫ כ‬P :;Q :c 7RQy IM9
[:Z^ :Z 9 {@ Q‫® = א‬Z
sF¤ ‫ א‬P >TIwy K ‫{א‬UR\ := ~_ L >:X‫א‬9 j 7F‫ א‬،9‫א‬6
:= L IM9 N‫ א‬l = :U8MP L `@ := B7Z ]C :| :8| Ï{£C :=
BX@ :QiP B := dUP [L “g JQ” C‫] א‬Q j :Z^ L G9 C :A‫א‬9
>:C °K [:g :8 :Qc =C :b P := BZ ،:b K :b BA| j
[BZ^ 9 ‫כ‬C A| ‫א‬
Z‫א‬a j :Z^ :JX 9 \‫ א‬Z‫ א‬PJl := ]C :<8X BA‫ א‬L |
:= l = <QP :KK := IM9 ]C :ZX :| Gmc 9 Z‫א‬
:XK Z ،:Z^ ‫א‬K :C >: := :IX @ { [:Z^ L :A‫א‬9
[:Z^ | ‫א‬K :C ‫ א‬p :<RK
:= QR9 M‫[ א‬:ZQ ‫ א‬b Z C IM9 N‫ א‬،} J77C
L _ := `T7_ N‫ = א‬PJl P ،‫א‬r :ÕlP à_ K M^
:9 PQ‫ ¦ = א‬BZ := >:IQ
sF‫ א‬:C B7Z 9 ‫ א‬،:Z^ 9 ]Q _Ô ¤= I\‫ א‬:b G BFT7_ (1)
[:=y UZ PJl := BQIM9
،:Z^ h := c U¢C := zK‫ א‬:b BFT7_ (2)
K IM9 sF‫ א‬j BX‫ א‬Y_ b :_x= := | ‫א‬H b IM9 Z B8=
[B7¤ CQ :ZxP á¥P
،{7| :F@ b {7Z dUP :Z ،9 N P := {7Z BZ= (3)
:b BFr := B7Z ،:8c :b ‫ א‬f9 BX iCc IJUP = B7Z BZC
:PIQ‫ א‬j :KK = :¤ BZ ¯? ‫[ א‬9 :K :<77 :b B7Z j I=
[TK :A7_ I© Ð
[:g 9 R\ :9‫ א‬c :C >:IQ >:Q‫א‬
45
?@ {£¦P := >_ :JUP :b >:FT7_ ]_ B79 :Fl 9 := U_

]_ B79 B= ،M^ ‫א‬c = } QPK j } :A‫א‬Z [{7 9 ]Q :CN
i ]_ B79 9 ‫א‬r@ ]_ :b BC ،:Z^ Qc ]Q ¢P = Jv := M
he :b Y_‫א‬Z :FT7_ BI_ [:Z^ b b >:V6 ‫א‬
]_ :b Y= := ‫ א‬p^ : :b B7Z n ]C [:Z^ EF :C 9 :7PY
[:g Qc | ]Q AEF Z
:= _ :b B7C ،8Z := :FT7_ L B7= UwA‫ א‬IM9 M‫א‬
:Zn “7C := >_ v” :C sE= := ‫[ א‬Z 9 I@ :A L \v
[Bg 9 :CN 9h :QIM9 sF‫ א‬j _ ¤ L B7= :Z^ :8
sF‫ אא א‬c mK :b BQ‫[ א‬:g C ]_ 9 = F b B7Z
= F := K 9 ¦P Q7QK F [BZ^ M^ :QIM9
[Z :hP f{7K :b P9 ]_ B79 ]C :Z^ 9 = Jl ]_ Z‫{ א‬
[| :<TK 9 :F{_ L :£l ]_ B79 := IM9 ]_ S@ :=
‫א‬u: p / C )I

7 R9 j 7 R9 :6 ،L `T7_ N‫{ א‬7A^ ]C ‫ §א‬:b P
Z ]C X __ 7 R9 :6 [:QIM9 sF‫{א א‬7 9 ¦P _
Z L BIFl B9 [8Z r{RZ ‫ = א א‬UZ := >:y{U\ := WF :P‫\א‬
M^ :Z [7 R9 :6 = P9 B8= ، 9 v :b B7Z j iJ
b G9 P ` BZ :C OP 20 BZ= | Jv BZC = 9 := }
،‫{א‬7;^ ]Q Q‫ א‬V Rl t<P uv BAIM=” ]C X {79 JQ‫א‬
“[f{7c B9 BAIMC
[:Z^ :8 :b ‫א‬9 9 ]_ B<F9 j BKQ PJl
[BZ^ :¡N :A_ = M :A‫א‬I9 [| Bg <RK ‫א‬c‫ = א‬BvYK :Z‫א‬
[{7 N K BQIM9 sF‫ א‬p= := BQ‫ א‬:;Z [BZ^ 9 I s<9
46
:7±K [Bg ‫ §א‬iV :b ‫{א‬UR\ :FT7_ ]_ P BCb :c j `K
Á
[:g :8 :b TQ i9 :C
I ‫{א‬P‫ א‬:= B7Z ،I := | ‫ א‬A7_ d_ := PJl
~ vP := P9 :b P ،:I_Ô :X := ‫[ א‬:Z^ ]Q9 ]_ I= H‫ א‬:=
j BIK | C j n6 j iiy :b BZ [:| zU¢P V e^ :99 := >:A‫א‬9 xe9 9 :Z ،:8Z :Z
9 P B7Z” [:8Z » 9 » := G9 := ‫] א‬C :b e^ [Z TK :| ]Q9 9
= B7Z BZ= L ‫ א‬9 Ø@” [X BZ “:<TK :| ]Q :b {P‫ א‬:=
]C = B7Z y L y ،:g 9 r__ dUP = B7Z j Bg P ;P
“[¤N BK‫ א‬9 ‫ א‬j ،:Z^ :A Z‫ א‬Q
:M9X := c‫ א‬:A‫א‬Z P9 = ،:Q‫א‬r B89 = 7R< OU_
BZ [Z QRQ <77 = G9 l U8MP <77C» ،Z ‫{א‬7P = >:FV {79
:Z^ s7C :<77P :b BC ،BZ^ ¦P :C V `79 :J= :FT7_ :Z” X
“[{7 9 v z{JZ :b B7Z ]C :89 X N dv ]_9 B7Z ]C
:FT7_ dZ ¿‫ א‬C‫ א‬X ] [Z Z ]_ A :C ` ‫ א‬:<77 :Q‫א‬r
Q Q = Ê{7_ :b BZ z{JZ ]C Z Z :X‫ < א‬:b c‫ א‬:A‫א‬Z :A B8=
:C sF¤ dZ ]_ : :b >:Q‫א‬r [“:| TK :| ]_ :e_ Z” X BZ [ 7_
BZ= ‫ א‬Z‫[ א‬8Z P ;P dH b ÌK K Z :<77 BZ [Z ©
[Z Z 9 “‫ ”כ‬:b Bn¤ ‫ א‬fK^ := c‫ א‬:A‫א‬Z Z
:_ `R9 := ¦¦l {7; G‫ א א‬A7_ :QF9 :b IM9 N‫א‬
،@ JV `7= 77wF j { [:g :89 :8 :v r K >:Al
v9 := G9 l :A‫א‬± :KK := BPQ9 :<77 L IM9 N‫א‬
B7= BAC Z [:Z^ IJQ ]Q ©_ :UMC Ø@ 9 <IQ [BZ^ Z :8 ‫{א‬79
FP :BZ^ Pv Ù©v :Z L BC B|‫ א‬9 l JK = B;P := M
= >:PK‫\ א‬R= j ،HX r ¥ ، 9 :FT7_ = 9‫א‬6 {Rl‫{ א‬
B‫ א‬RK6 xy := ،BZ^ ‫{א‬IKK ‫א‬iZ‫ א‬:AiP :Z [\‫ א‬ze M
[BZ^ JX :Ab MJv F L QX
47
[BP~‫א‬Q MP :Z^ Z‫ א‬،:Z^ :A^ PK = £©v ]mP p~ \{P BZ
e B BQ‫ א‬:Z [:Z^ Y c ¤‫ = א‬:¤ BZ j :TF UMP ;‫ א‬:Z
:= BZ [BZ^ QX RP = >:URK‫ א‬:P := ،:Z^ dZ P BTF :P‫\א‬
Qc ]Q _ ¯? >:Ub :n 9 b >‫א‬r@ BZ TP [:Z^ Bb `K 75 R\
L _ := “Y‫{א‬Q‫@ א‬r :QIK{7Z” ¸¦ :8 j BZ^ Qc _ ] BAC ‫ א‬BZ [:Z^
[BZ^
Y_YK K PJl := ،| BKc K TQ := ¦l :b BQ‫ א‬:FT7_
:<77 {Rl‫[ { א‬:Z^ fMl‫ א‬Z‫ א‬Ø@ ]C :b r ¥ j {Rl‫ |[ { א‬B9
r 9 BZ= j :Z^ {7b {7_ K >‫א‬r@ Ø@ r j r = y
j CÐK Z ]C :Z^ {79 d B P W7V := r BZC ،|‫{ א‬7A9ib
[:Z^ {7Z~ 79 a := r p b B7C ،:Z^ ¡K
:TF :P‫ \א‬:A_ j :P 31 ¸¦ PJl K B¦? <_ zRC
L 9‫א‬6 :b B7Z [:Z^ :| P9 L n {7Ph >:IKr_Y b RP
B79 p‫א‬K b B79 :<77 Z B8= ،:g b ÈF‫ א‬j ÌZ >‫א‬rQ
S [:n “PJl {7ARQ” BAIM= ،BAIM‫ א‬،BTK ]Q :UP K :8
[BZ^ ]Q9 ‫{א‬7ARQ ]_ = B79 p‫א‬MQb G <77 Z ]C :Z^ ZÃ
:¤K [:Z^ = BFK 24 ، :_ K >:IRM¦v@ = ،F‫ \{א‬Yr
[:| :TK :b 7¤ :b dUP K >:A‫א¨א‬c :<77 ،} [R\ ‫ א‬IM9
:V ‫ = @א‬B;P BQ‫ א‬K ‫ א‬،:Z^ 9 L `T7_ N‫ א‬s<9 = TP
K UMP ‫ א‬B£l _‫ _א‬B Z ]C Z <RK L 1947 B= ،:Z^ JX
G :FT7_ L N‫ א‬j :_<7 L sF‫ \ א‬9 :;Z [BZ^ Z := r7_ =
[‫{א‬7TK ]Q :mF v ‫א‬i<JZ = z :A dZ :b
[:Pe := BC := d_ ::Z^ Z‫{א‬Q‫¦ א‬IMP = BFT7_

48
/ 6
(1971 = 28 ،dYQ)
b BZC ،:Z^ i :A‫א‬iF y L IM9 L OP xy b BZ=
:QIM9 B8= ]C :Z^ EF Y = BQ :A B :C sF¤ >:Q‫{ @ א‬
BZ @ = >:IKr_Y j UÃ :C BFT7_ {7Z p~ >r‫א‬Y^ ،= }
>:yr=P L IM9 N‫ א‬:= B?@ :c By [BTK ]Q : BAC Qr
، ‫א‬K :C BPYK ،?@ :QIM9 sF‫ א‬:Z‫ א‬¤ [:Z^ :8 H ¬{7_ :C
_ := _ BZ Z :b z‫ \א‬:= dUP :<77 ]C :8Z d :b B7Z p~ B=
y L y TP [{QZ L Ïl := PJl := ‫{א‬7c @ :Z‫ ¦¸ א‬L
[:| ]Q9 ‫א‬Ô_ {P‫ א‬Z‫ א‬:= B7Z L `ÕP dZ
j {7ARQ @‫> = א‬:X‫א‬9 :Z [= f7JMP :Q®7A‫ א‬Z `ÕP Z‫א‬
A7y | L `T7_ Z [:Z^ {7mF ]_ p~ RAV 7K 7F :8¤K
:A‫א‬Z RK B :<77 = ، :| r@ j :<A‫א‬Þy I‫ א‬:Kc
L RAV 7F :;9 :<77 j :JMb BQ‫א‬c 7F :IK Y=
[BA|‫ א‬:A‫א‬9 «v
Z‫ _ _ א‬:b ‫{א‬UR\ := j v :A I9 BZ ]C :Z^ GX = BZ
‫{א‬7 ]Q := Be_ Z BAIM= ]C :Z^ s J Z‫ = א‬B7Z ]C § {QX
]Q I ]_ ;P ºF s p~ G9 BA‫ א‬:b B7Z p ،‫{א‬7Z ]Q IZ BAIMC
[:Z^ :Z 9 R\ :C ‫ א‬S_ Sl } :QIM9 j ‫; ؛‬9
j B?@ := @‫ א‬BQ‫ א‬Ï{£C := B{Q := {7Z L IM9 N‫א‬
nc :b BFT7_ ºF ÌK iCc j rY Zr BQ‫ א‬B= ،:Z^ :89 ]_ B;P B
[:Z^ :C 7 :X‫ א‬L IK{7Z ،:¡N P IM9 B= ،:Z^
BQ‫ א‬L IK{7Z {lK YC B7= ،BwU9 :QV ،>?@ := dYQ
::Z^ :U9P BZ B7C ،:nc :g _ Fl := TZ7
:b ‫ א‬Kc R89 j FIK‫ א‬، {lK := IM9 j IK{7Z
:b B= nc ‫ א‬:Z‫ א‬P [:Z^ } FÃ } :_<7 ]C | ;9 B¦
X K BJX X = >: := B= nc rP :Z‫ א‬،:Z^ 9 v
49
j :Kc {7| I c^ Bb‫ א‬:<77 :b :<77 := nc ²P ²: :Z‫ א‬،:Z^
:Z^ d :b P [BZ^ :| ¤ :Kc {7| r R£\ := B;Q :<77
[BZ^ :| ‫ @ {א‬T7X j @ 9Z :89 L IM9 N‫] א‬C
{l I‫ א‬MQ‫] א‬C :C sF¤ ‫ א‬t<\ [Z = t<\ R\ r :£©v <77P
[| :TK :| : l B89 BAC
<
‫ אא‬BUy K j BZ¤ :C {_ := B7= ،9 :UPv 7Q dZ
j ‫כ‬Qrr ¯? Ø@ :;9 C^ :<77C» ،8Z ‫א‬i9 | iF iF Z¤
]Q :A £¦Q :b B79 ،:8Z T7Q ¥_ dZ ]C >Z [:Z^ TQ‫ א‬Zr
L ÌK‫ א‬:= TQ Bv9 BZ= P [ ]Q :b BZ ]_ BZC [:TK :|
:<77 BZ [:8Z :8 y K BUÆ B L Fl Æ >Z BZC ،nc :b BZ
>:ZK :QIM9 dZ @Y Z‫ א‬،JF :b K Z Q = @Y ‫§ א‬79
[Z 9 p~ 9 Uy = BZ
[²H := >:U\ ÊK‫ א‬ZP ،Z^ R£\ P” ‫ §א‬:b P BZ
c 9r P y = Z ¿‫ א‬7P ] [Z ‫{א‬Q9r L I 9 __ <77P
8Z :8 :RK P ‫ א‬:8¤K [:Z^ nc ]Q :b BZ P BAC ‫ א‬j
[8Z :ZK :_<7 ]C nc :g :|‫[ א‬z§ 9‫ א‬j L y :<77 ]C
P [nc ¬~ = ²P :<77 j Z P :C 7N X <77P
A<Ay = 7AK Z [9 v :b ²N :<77P B7Z ]C 8Z :A :_ g‫א‬
j 9 :C BPY P [9 URl K >X :C P >:ZK dZ p [Z
:C :IK [EN :|‫ א‬P BZC UZ :ZK BZ= [9 mP = >;P 8P
“[^ :n :IZ j ZX :C JAK :8c K :b P B79
،:TK :| ]Q :K ]_ = ‫א‬r‫ א‬xy :<77 >Z ]C ª ،IX‫א‬
[:8 JQ Z b >:n9 z{JZ >Z
:¡K ،:8Z :A^ L ÌK‫ א‬BZ= B7c B >Z ]C | zU¢P b 9‫א‬6
[:8Z ` L :A :<77
BZ “‫؟‬9 :;Z P” [:_ c^ :<77P :X‫ א‬:VP 9
:;Z [8Z P‫ א‬j __ ،Z ²N ،Z 7N ¼7 :b P” 9 `‫א‬K b P
50
:g BQ‫א‬9 P [Z^ I P ،:Q9 t79 9 ،:Q9 9 <77P
“‫{؟‬7| <77P ‫؟‬TK :|
“[BZ^ ÀwP :IZ C” X TQ‫ א‬B_ P “{7| dn °K”
Bw\h j rP ،9 B‫א‬Z BQ‫ א‬j {7| = >9 BZ TP
:b B= BZ^ I :IZ b Bn¤ BQ‫ א‬،‫{א‬7UK ‫{א‬7Uy :b G := {7| =
{7Kc = ‫ א‬Y P ،{79 Bv :b RK^ := IM9 N‫ א‬،Z_ EF
‫؟‬Z^
‫ א‬،:Z^ P H‫ ¦¸ א‬b {lK j :Z^ v ]mP = ‫א‬C = ،Cy‫א‬
BZ B8X dZ [:Z^ :8 :®K K BUIK := J F :QIM9 ÌK‫ א‬:=
= :Z^ \ dZ [ :_ :EF :Fy L := B7= :Z^ 9 =
c^ Bb‫ א‬f{7K BZK B89 :]C :| :A‫ §א‬A7y :Z‫ א‬K BZTQ :F@ :F@
:b ‫ כ‬Û| ‫ א‬Z Fy ®P f{7K j P ] = BZ B
P : := z£¢P := BZ :Fy [Z b :AEF K :7K :<77 BZ
Cr 9‫א‬6 Q7QK JP := :C‫[ א‬:8 :T7F P BQ := BZ {7|
BZC ^ ¬Z BZ= [:8 :| ¬_ >Z p b EF :Fy” ]C ‫§א‬
[:I :C {lK {7<Uy {7<Uy RK
j :Z^ :| ‫א‬JV ‫א‬JV Z = ®K dZ := B7= ،:AP : dZ
،p b EF BFy BZ [BAcF :8 L BQ :b `ª YC :<77
K Z dZ ]_ {QZ ‫[ א‬Z ª :Z ¿‫ א‬b ،L b := BK
[:8Z :I :IZ {7Uy W7V EN K Z :8 j :U= _ :b
:b B7Z [Z^ B9 ·‫א‬e b B;P B7Z P” X Cr 9‫א‬6
“[EF | }X‫ א‬:Kc = ©K I‫א‬
TK ]Q :K P{ j BZ^ TK ]Q 9 U_¦P := BZ^ ]_ ‫א‬iZ‫ א‬
i7X K :8 dZ TQ‫ א‬iFN :C ¬ := ^ Q ‫א‬iZ‫ ] א‬:b P [BZ^
‫ א‬B7Z ¿‫ א‬Bb IwZ ]C | zU¢P b TZ7 B” X Cr 9‫א‬6 [8Z
B7Z [:= B B7Z p‫א‬K ، 9 I 9Z °K = ‫ א‬j K Ç¤
I‫ א‬:C B7Z [BZ^ 9 ]C | ]Q9 I BZ^ :| B7c :IZ :b
j BZ^ :C sE= dZ _ [BTK | ]Q9 ]_ :AF¤ Z = :Z^ ? Zr
51
`P GX Z‫[ א‬:Z^ :| U8MP J P ]_ G9 ‫ ={א‬b :8 dZ :b B7Z
“[]Q {7| Kr Fl :ePr := B7Z j ]Q ‫{א‬7TK ]_ :AF¤ Z ]C :Z^
ÌK‫ א‬:= Cy‫ = א‬Fy UQ9 RP := TQ9 := JP^
IK‫א‬r = UÃ ]C Z ^ {7 Z‫ א‬IK{7Z ،Z ]C :Z^ X B7C ، Kc
nc :g R@Y :C BPYK G BZ= ،BZ^ ‫ §א‬:b Qr 9 ²‫א‬H
: Z “[BZ^ ‫ §א‬9 ²Iy ]Q ²‫א‬H L @ BQ‫] א‬C | d BZC
:b P BZ [Z M^ PQ :C P ‫ א‬B8 L Ó L >:A‫א‬iF NP
[nc h‫ אא‬:T7= BC{_ = Q‫ א‬L :A‫א‬iF NP : P” X
P ]C :ZQ @ ،nc ]Q9 ‫א‬Q dQN ‫א‬iZ P [e y I = >7PQ
“[Z^ TK :9 b A B89 :b G
B¢ ‫ ={א ={א‬TP ،8Z ‫{א‬79 ]Q I\‫ א‬:C BRUÃ iZ‫ א‬B ]_ :c
[ ;9 B¦ :b B7Z 9 G§ _ _ := B;9 Q‫ א‬:_ ،V
<77C» ،:Z^ Z ]Z s L `T7_ = ،T7MZ = r iJZ
:A ‫ א‬L ‫א‬Z :b 7Q BZK ]C :Z^ d :b P” ]C :Z^ GX
BT7ª := B7Z 9 QY Y _ _ K B9 j ،:Z^ iJ L B7T7K
“[BZ^ 7V 7T7K L O :=
f := } :QIM9 ]C ]C :| 9 ZÃ Q l K >:Z
:QiP t=P | := Zr K j XK B79 ،:Z^ :8 :| :I L
[B|‫; א‬P :b BFT7_
IM9 [:<Kc @ JV `7= 77wF Qy := R¢P = ‫א‬
]C :<Z ]Q fMl‫ א‬Z‫{ א‬v :b BZ ،{QZ §Ka :y | ]_ :b { :=
j :g 7_ Ò ‫א‬Y_ :b B;Q ،:g = 8= :b BR_‫א‬
p~ c <7 :b _ :b Qy := BZ [Bg 9 I t79 = B79
N‫ ? א‬:<IQ [:Z^ 9 K >:Rl_ j >:AIM=_ BA‫ @ א‬JV j ،X
،{Q‫ א‬B7P BV xy [:Z^ £l = IM9 L :FQ BAC g‫ א‬IM9
]C :8| :| d P BC BZ^ 9 ‫א¨א‬c j UÃ := :C ‫ א‬N‫ א‬،‫ א‬sF‫א‬
B9 dUP ] :Z j [:g :<7_ dUP ] IM9 = :ZQ Z‫א‬
:Z ،Jv = UÃ BZ BAIM= ‫{א‬7Z ‫ ={א‬BAIM‫ א‬y L y [_y
[:g :| ]Q I@ RK Byr :<77 MQ iT7F FF j JZc

52
4 5 5 9:$/ :78

(1971 My^ 6 ،dYQ)
Ç¤ y ‫א‬Ul := IM9 N‫[ א‬:A^ Q :8 :I7 :=‫ א‬dZ Z‫א‬
BZK :R@Y” ]C X <P dZ := J F :QIM9 ،9 y :b B;P :=
:C Bb rP ‫=א‬Q “‫{א؟‬7c ‫א‬r = Z ،:Z^ h := p~
{QJQ ،Z {QJQ [ 7V K L BMQ := B7Z [Z :RK
[ :| ‫ א‬M = B7Z = C ،Z {QJQ ،Z
،X Z‫ א‬B79 B :b BZ ]C :Z^ K ]C Z‫ א‬b {Qy
Z BZC ،:Z^ 9 \‫ = א‬:¢P z\ :b TZ7 ]C BA‫ §א‬BZ=
GK :b BT7Q ‫=א‬Q B :<77 ،K‫ א‬:C wK ‫ א‬BQ‫א‬c y :<77
V Bn¤ M7K j iK ،{7¤= y j :; = B7P §7 B 9
BZ BZK BZC ،I < :b JV := BPY :<77 BZ= [UZ {7¤
،_ _ ،:8 :F âF := 8H :7 := BZ PK := BZ [9 :b
[_ :89
BPY :9 Z [:8Z ‫=א‬Q ²P := BZ j :8Z Bb `K :V R\ := BZ
،Z 9Æ :QRQ :TQ¨‫[ = א‬:8Z :F^ 9 := K_ = ،8Z :C
²P [:8Z ]Q9 :U| dH b Ú^ := rP BQ := BZ [8Z ¡K = BZ
BZ [ L ‫ א‬y [:89 v9 := A‫א‬b QX s<9 :A< :b BZ
[ P j :Qc :JZ

53
?> ‫ =<د‬: ‫ر‬-)

(1971 My^ 19 RAV ‫כ‬Q r)
~‫ א‬y‫` א‬r :dmF
:C = 13 L v {¢K := :¢Uh TQ P :IK{7Z ،TUK

:FT7_e L v ‫[ א‬Z^ t£Q{_ iJZ P BU :_ P f9 |
:<77P = n9 | 9 ‫ א‬t£Q{_ :b G P [:8Z :Ay := BQRUMP
،N ،AN ،²P ²: <77P L B= ، :<M9 ;P Bb ¶K c = >r‫_א‬
،Qy := } :QIM9 :b :QiP BQ‫[ א‬BZ^ Pv AN j AN
[ :9 K r{P := F :FT7_e
:= @ = ‫ א‬:= OP 26 BZ= | v BZC s<9 °K Z‫א‬
:ZK Bb :<_ B8X = ‫[ א‬9 y = y := K‫ א‬:X‫ א‬F
[A9 Iy mc Ê{7_ :b :__ :X‫ א‬j ^ iy L y := K‫א‬
9 :®P ÌZ PK = K‫ א‬p [Z ~‫ א‬y‫ א‬z‫ א‬:MUC FQ = ²: :<77P
´´´´ | :IR = K‫ [ א‬UZ :n :b :__ :<_ B<7 B; [A9 FÆ
[ :b GK e ‫א‬i9 ،X‫ א‬، ،¤ s¤ ،i9
3 [:TK | ]Q {¢K ،{7Z ]_9 ]C BK§ P7RJl p b ‫א‬
>‫א‬rQ := @ I ‫{א‬F‫א‬l [:8 :A‫א‬9 P >Y b K‫ א‬:C ‫א‬
Zn :TQry BAC BIK = >:<QK b BIK = :b K‫ א‬ÌZ
B7= ،Z {QZ dX Z L Z := @ I [Z {Q ;9 Z :C
]_ y :b K‫ א‬Z [Z {7Z JÆ K >:K :_ ¨‫א‬c :b K‫ א‬Z K
[Z {7n ]_ v b K‫[ א‬e “‫{א‬e” ،“r~‫ = א‬9” :Z {7c ¨‫א‬c
= ‫ א‬:8P 18 [:89 P ]_ :C c‫ א‬:A‫א‬Z j Ay ¿N K‫ א‬p
[:8 :A¡N :AJF ;P Ç‫ } א‬K ÒK := Qy := C :<_ BZ
[ 9 @ K B7T7K :b BQ‫> א א‬:¤K
{Q^ L :;Q :ZX :C _ ÌZ := F :b K‫ א‬:C = 6
BC ،:8Z dH b BFK 12 R\ := B= ،rP {7Z Bb :K‫ א‬K ~r j
[ 9 {7_ L :Q©{7_ := iJ :b
54
P K‫ א‬B7Z [ 9 c^ B R9 iJZ :b K‫ א‬:C = 8
{= <P p [:Zn K := JUP ‫כ‬IPe j ‫כ‬IP := dZZ
| Z L IM9 ‫؟‬ZX | g F IK{7Z ZC ” :9 `‫א‬K Z
;9 ` zK‫ א‬:b ZC p ]C ZX | KC L IM9 := ‫؟‬ZX
[ 9 r :<RK Z‫ א‬:b `‫א‬K iZ‫ א‬K‫{[“ א‬Q
K‫ א‬PY {RP j ،z {RP ،I©_ B89 ،{= Y :C B7 j
[ :AEC
>~ iJZ ،:A¤= :b K‫ {א א‬،:<_ B = ‫ א‬،:C = 13
B := K‫{ [ א‬Q^ :C V U {¢K :b K‫[ א‬9H :b L
‫ §א‬:b K‫` א‬R= cy
‫ א‬L Bcy B8X ÌZ := } j F :FT7_e :b :7±K [8Z
[
‫א‬P :C‫[ א‬:Z :_ :UZ :I¤‫ א‬Bb P b V ،cy [:8Z {Q‫ א‬g‫א‬
`‫ א‬7b <7@ j ‫א‬UC ،‫א‬Qy = {¢K :C‫[ א‬Z IK iJZ :FQ 9
:b K‫ א‬B8= ]C Z Vb ]_ b Q‫ א‬c [8Z _ C :A
[:g :A :C‫ א‬:9
^ L >cy y K K‫ א‬:= ،:ZK s<7 :Z‫] א‬C :_ cy :A B8=
p b r | [Z :_ Æ ryX := >cy :;C {7_ :K 8Z
>cy B ‫א‬Qy X ]C nc P f‫א‬Z K‫[ א‬9 v 9 <77 BK9
j ‫ §א‬Z = >;P iJZ B7Z (BK8Z L cy :8 BK‫ [ )א‬:ZiX L
[A :9 :MK := BZ K ‫א‬C ،:8Q N :b BZ
:£©v :b ‫ {א‬BZC :nc {7| § Z‫ א‬K Bª BIK P BZ=
:Ac 9r :b P B7Z [:g 9 v ‫ _{א‬9 :b P ]C 9 :I7
55
~_ ]C ،{7 9 _ :QRQ :8¤K :b :7±K ]C ‫ §א‬j X p~ G9 ÇP
BZ^ ]Q9 IMK iZ‫ א‬Fy ]C G9 ،:Z^ P iZ‫> א = א‬I@‫א‬
[Bg 9 «h :C ‫{א‬e j 9 =
BZK [9 v ¡N :8c V P >cy K‫ א‬IX‫> א‬iy >:
:8 [BK ‫{א‬796 ‫{א‬Qi| ‫{א‬Qi| ]_ K‫[ א‬Qc :AK Fy :C K‫§ א‬QH‫§א‬Q‫א‬
P9 L g :¡N :A_ = ª sJ‫ א‬P B7= ،BK8Z ª :K‫ א‬L cy
K r{P := BQRUMP :FT7_ j :C 7 :g L Ç¤ iJZ K‫[ א‬BK|
[BKI IK{7Z :C = 20 IF §7 B IK P ¶K ‫א‬K
،8‫ א‬9 /P5C>" /5+ & ،+G ?+5 ?5 ‫ א‬،r‫ א" א‬Il )
(‫۔‬+ =5 ‫ א‬cg B"
148 ‫ ?@ر‬A$B C 4!

P ‫א‬K := AK £¦Q :b r‫{א‬A= 9K
:A‫א‬Z ،BZ‫ א‬،B‫א‬U ،BIK BZJ= ،FV = B;P ،;P ]_9 ´´ 1

£¦Q :b JUP 9K ]_ B79 PK YK := wUV j C ،c‫א‬
:A‫א‬9 :QQ :C BZ ]C ،{79 Y‫{א‬Q‫@ א‬r ،{79 {Q‫א‬X Z ،{7A
[{7| P ‫א‬K H L H := BZ j ،{7 :89
‫¦{א‬l = ‫א‬K y ;P {7Z ‫א‬HX := sE= ‫ א‬iiy iZ‫ ´´ א‬2
[‫{א‬7 <RK

56
G 8 H %I
iC = BKiP ، IK = BZK
(1972 7= 18 ، P 7A‫ א‬Uy QV)
،‫א‬r W7= K B= ،F‫א‬Y :FT7_ ºF ] JV‫( ”א‬: ‫א )א‬7=

9 HF >r‫ _א‬RUMP :b BC ،:8Z :89 QY >Y BZK :QIM9
r BZ^ X ÝwF :Z “[:Q9 BAK :;H ]_9 = B7Z :;Z j ،:Z^
a
:Z^ }‫ א‬L BQRUMP” ]C X dH BZ [:Z^ ^ P 9‫א‬6 YC = ،R_79
p ،{QZ |~ Z rPe B79 :b B7= {7n ]Q ‫ א‬:b `‫א‬Y ‫ א‬Z ]C
“[:<Z :8 :F âF >Y := \ ‫ א‬:b ]Q
:Z 9 v9 := ÐN :b }‫ א א‬PJl B8Q := rT7_”
:P :b B7Z j ،Z zUP F‫א‬Y :Z ]C | X :b BKiP Z” X BZ “[:Z^
،:Z^ C ‫ א‬:b BF‫א‬Y :<77 BKiP B9 [:g mF 9 PK
“[‫ |א‬zRC ،BZ^ ‫ |א‬:9 ‫א‬iZ‫א‬
= 9 := r‫{א‬P‫ א‬:A ‫ א‬:= \R= := BFr := Qr = ،R_a MP
B7Z j :_y L ‫א‬7= \R= := BZ :IwZ {7‫] א‬C X B7C ،:Z^ JK
[{7XK L _ := G9 s<9 p~ BC\

57
9K8 L = :‫>ت‬
،BZÁ _ ´´´‫´´´א‬y r´´=» :´´Ć N :;P N
Á
[BZÁ _ K K ، i :;P ]ZK
،Bc ‫א‬Æ ]8F G´Æ ]_ p´ ´Æ s<J±K :;P Æa

[BZÁ _ ´´´‫´´א‬Æ r ´´ ]´Ć :;P Æ
،B ^ :´´´b {7 {7‫ א‬،´MQ ´´´9 a :;P ‫א‬9 a

[BZÁ ã
_ ´´´´J´´´F ¹K ã
´´´Q^ BZ´´´´K :;P K
،BA<RK ´´| :´´b B;K ،:8c J±N :;P ‫א‬N

[BZÁ _ ´K ‫< א‬RK s<J±K :;P ;K
،X j Ć9 L Ü9 ،^´ L Z :;P ‫¨א‬6

[BZÁ _ ´ Á Q 89‫ ¨א‬L Z :;P F¨
،Z‫ א‬B9 ،Zn FV TQ‫ א‬iT_ :;P Z

[BZÁ _ RV Q TQ‫ א‬B´´;Z :;P Z
،B9 J<y :´ZiX X TQ‫ א‬J9 :;P JUZ

[BZÁ _ JKa ´K ´T´Q‫ א‬BÚ´´= :;P ‫א‬¤
،BZÁ g ]Q ´ ،; G :;P :Zv

[BZÁ _ _ “rIK‫ ”א‬g‫ א‬v :;P \v

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Voice of Sindh E-Book

 (Malcolm Browne) P‫;{ א‬1 ،d x  yL P~ ‫כ‬I )

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j 7P = lP := } L B= ،Z {7 mc 9   Zc

eP5 (  9 ?5  ‫א‬

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148 ‫ ?@ر‬A$B C 4!

:A‫א‬Z ،BZ‫ א‬،B‫א‬U ،BIK BZJ= ،FV = B;P  ،;P ]_9 ´´ 1

(1972 7= 18 ، P 7A‫ א‬Uy QV)

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،X j ´C9 L Ü9 ،^´ L Z :;P ‫¨א‬6

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I I l"O § -K

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{‫א‬1‫ א‬c+^ F‫א‬

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2301 ./, "+, : ‫ر‬-)

IM9 j y I©Pr@ BFT7_ BZ= ،| v ‫ א‬rM

(A‫ _א‬zJFP :dmF)

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BA‫ א‬:b ‫{א‬UR\ v j := :A I9 L P9 j 9‫א‬6 P

Ir I /Or

Z Z K = AF¤ ]Q L BZ [Z JX :| 8P H‫ _ א‬BAC P BZ

1= -¦ & H%

>:Cl BTQ j 9P = ‫ א‬،{7_ :C r ]mP := 7TP v :Z

j 7P = lP := } L B= ،Z {7 mc 9 Zc

eP5 ( 9 ?5 ‫א‬

]_ IK = ¯? >:¤K [:<TK | ]Q : BAC §7Z I9 J77=

b p~ >:A^ L IM9 sF‫ א‬،BZK j BAQ ،Q6 ] :Z‫= א‬

?@ {£¦P := >_ :JUP :b >:FT7_ ]_ B79 :Fl 9 := U_

‫א‬u: p / C )I

4 5 5 9:$/ :78

?> ‫ =<د‬: ‫ر‬-)

~‫ א‬y‫` א‬r :dmF

:C = 13 L v {¢K := :¢Uh TQ P :IK{7Z ،TUK

148 ‫ ?@ر‬A$B C 4!

:A‫א‬Z ،BZ‫ א‬،B‫א‬U ،BIK BZJ= ،FV = B;P ،;P ]_9 ´´ 1

(1972 7= 18 ، P 7A‫ א‬Uy QV)

،‫א‬r W7= K B= ،F‫א‬Y :FT7_ ºF ] JV‫( ”א‬: ‫א )א‬7=

،Bc ‫א‬Æ ]8F G´Æ ]_ p´ ´Æ s<J±K :;P Æa

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،BA<RK ´´| :´´b B;K ،:8c J±N :;P ‫א‬N

،X j ´C9 L Ü9 ،^´ L Z :;P ‫¨א‬6

،Z‫ א‬B9 ،Zn FV TQ‫ א‬iT_ :;P Z

،B9 J<y :´ZiX X TQ‫ א‬J9 :;P JUZ

،BZÁ g ]Q ´ ،; G :;P :Zv