The Answer Key For Reading Strategies

THE ANSWER KEY
UNIT 1
Previewing and Predicting
Skimming
1. b (Go over the paragraphs quickly, read the first and last sentences, look at the photos and pay attention to the
language in the texts.)
2. a (Go over the paragraphs quickly, focus on the content words, and check the type of information given.)
3. b (Look at the photo and focus on the content words such as “gun fight, super soakers, and fun”.)
4. c (Focus on the language used and the phrases such as “end up with a pretty cool looking tie-dye shirt.”)
5. b (Focus on the content words such as “popular, excitement, fear, risk of injuries or death.)
Suggested key: 1. Argungu Fishing Festival. When you read the first and last sentences, you see what the
paragraph is about. 2. To give information about this festival. When you quickly go over the paragraph and focus
on the content words, you see information about its history, what people do in it, the price and the rules. 3. A
traditional fishing festival in Nigeria, but not very famous. When you quickly go over the paragraph, focus on the
content words and look at the photo.
Scanning
A.
1. 130
2. Khufu
3. (as much as) 16 Empire State buildings
4. (both) men and women
5. Copper / lead
6. 1.6 km
7. More than 700
8. More than 2000
9. Cats / the cat
10. Senet
11. Paper, pens, locks, keys and toothpaste
B.
1. YES (Green Park on FNB)
2. YES (It’s Your Money on FNB)
3. Travel Abroad (on ABN)
4. ABN
5. Fastest Animals (on ABN)
6. Football (on CBC)
7. Ping Pong (on FNB)
8. Art For everyone (on CBC)
9. At 6:00 p.m. and 00:30
10. YES
C.
1. Zambia and Tanzania
2. Its barrel-shaped torso, enormous mouth and teeth, hairless body, and tremendous size
3. plants
4. 30 mph (48 km/h)
5. Whales and dolphins
6. 5-30 members
7. 16 million years
D.
1. 3 million years ago
2. cria
3. 280 pounds (127 kilograms) to 450 pounds (204 kilograms)
4. the central plains of North America
5. 10,000–12,000 years ago
6. over 7 million
GUESSING VOCABULARY
Part A
1.a 2.c 3.c 4.b 5.c
Part B
1.b 2.a 3.c 4.a 5.c 6.b 7. b 8. c 9. c 10.b
Part C
1.
1.h 2.i 3.a 4.c 5.e 6.d 7.j 8.f 9.g 10.b
2.
1.e 2.j 3.h 4. D 5.a 6.f 7.c 8.b 9.g 10.i
TEXT 1 CHINESE CULTURE
I. PREVIEWING THE TOPIC
Students’ own answers
PREVIEWING VOCABULARY
1.b 2.a 3. g 4.e 5.d 6.f 7.h 8.c
II. READING FOR GIST
1.c 2.b 3. a 4. a, c, d, e, f
III. READING FOR DETAILED UNDERSTANDING
1. It is proud of its vast and varied geographic area, 3,600 years of written history, as well as its rich and
profound culture
2. (any three) dragons / the red flag / pandas / the Great Wall / table tennis / Chinese silk / ancient porcelain
3. The Revolution of 1911 and the founding of the Republic of China
4. (choose one of the following) 48 sites / The Great Wall / the Terracotta Army / the Forbidden City
5. (choose one of the following )Traditional and ethnic festivals / Chinese New Year /Mid-Autumn Festival /
Dragon Boat Festival.
6. Because it is a pictographic language with thousands of characters making up the written language. Also, its
pronunciation is generally one syllable per character, in one of five tones.
7. exercise, practical self-defense, self-discipline, and art
8. its long history, unique features, numerous styles and exquisite cooking
9. Religious activities are protected by the constitution. / It protects religious activities.
IV. GUESSING MEANING FROM CONTEXT
1. unusual and special (clue: - -)
2. a series of rulers from the same family (clue: ,, )
3. making something famous (clue: information around the word)
4. special and delicious (clue: () )
V. VOCABULARY PRACTICE
1. heritage 2. unique 3. profound 4. diverse 5. boasts 6. promotes 7. utilizing
VI. READING FOR SPECIFIC INFORMATION
1. The Golden Triangle
2. three cities (Beijing, Xi’an , Shanghai)
3. the Terracotta Warriors
4. The Flavor of China
5. enjoy a stroll
6. the Great Wall, the Forbidden City, the Terracotta Warriors.
7. 11 days
8. The Golden Triangle tour
TEXT 2 WHAT IS IT ABOUT THE ERASMUS PROGRAM?
3.
 Finance  The time you will spend there
 Accommodation
 Transportation
1. e 2. b 3. f 4. c 5. h 6. a 7. g 8. d
DID YOU KNOW?
1. A famous character of Christian humanism/ Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus/ Erasmus of Rotterdam.
2. 1500
3. The University of Basel
4. A religious education
5. Dutch
6. In Paris
7. Mobility grants
I. B II. F III. D IV. G V. C VI. A VII. E
III. READING FOR SPECIFIC INFORMATION

1. In 1987
2. 33 (countries)
3. German
4. 1 year
5. Austria
IV. READING FOR DETAILED UNDERSTANDING

1. She found out about Erasmus from a film called L’Auberge Espagnole [(translated as The Spanish
Apartment) in the days of her teens] / She watched a film called called L’Auberge Espagnole [(translated
as The Spanish Apartment) in the days of her teens].
2. b
3. It shows them what studying abroad means, and they can find out afterwards whether they want to do it
for the long run.
4. They offer free language courses, so it helps students learn a foreign language/ you practice a foreign
language/ host universities may offer free language courses/ you will improve your communication skills
in a foreign language
5. a
6. There are students who feel that they have lost their motivation/ Students losing motivation / Students lose
motivation
7. b
8. Because it offers you the chance to see what it means to manage those chores that a responsible adult deals
with every day. / They deal with different people and mentalities.
9. ANY ANSWER THAT IS ACCEPTABLE
V. PARAPHRASING
1. Read paragraph 6 and fill in the blanks with the appropriate information.
The grant that Erasmus gives depends on a) the home country and b) destination. Although students
know that not c) all their/the expenses will be covered, the grant is still helpful, and it is d) pretty high
for students from places like Eastern Europe.
2. Read paragraph 10 and fill in the blank with the appropriate information.
Even if your traditions, beliefs, language or race are different, a) friendship is universal, i.e. it is common
to everyone. By joining an Erasmus program, you make friends abroad, and although you don’t get to see
each other often, you know that you b) can always visit each other and c) have a lot to share with.
VI. GUESSING MEANING FROM CONTEXT

A
1. a information around the word: European and non-European universities/this
program, which offers students a wide range of courses and study programs to choose from.
2. c information around the word: bucket list, I didn’t think twice
3. take ( )
4. able to speak well information around the word
5. a information around the word: encourage
6. thought about or
7. b the whole paragraph
8. certainly – –
9. free and
B
1. launched 2. involved 3. grant
4. fluent 5. inspire 6. expenses 7. confusion
VII. DISCUSSION
TEXT 3 A UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE

1. c 2. d 3. h 4. e 5. a 6. b 7. g 8. f 9. i
1. D 2. B 3. F 4. E 5. C 6. A

A.
1. on the bus.
2. France
3. from a newsagent
4. smaller
5. further apart
6. a serious insult
7. raising their eyebrows
8. sign of surprise
9. sad
10. bored
11. angry
B.
1. Information on differences in social behaviour, people’s roles in the society, their attitudes to money and
the significance of body language
2. a)Your relationship to others b)the culture
3. Raising your eyebrows
4. Because it is a much more profitable route than focusing on the differences. / It benefits people more.
5. By making the wrong gesture or invading someone’s personal space
6. Understanding universal signals & reacting appropriately
Applying just a little sensitivity and common sense

A. 1. a 2. b 3. a 4. a 5. b
B. 1. universal 2. exploit 3.insult 4.common sense

5. attitude 6. adopt 7. depend 8. significance
V. DISCUSSION
UNIT 2
Finding Main Ideas
A. 1. b 2. c 3. c 4. d 5. d
B. 1. c 2. c 3. b 4. d 5. a 6. b 7. d
DICTIONARY USE
PRACTICE 1: Note to the Instructor: at this point you can go to the other entries in the appendices and get
your Ss to try to guess other abbreviations, or you may utilize them as you do the following exercises.
1) $ a) Gives information on how frequent items are used: low, medium, or high
__h___
2) __f___ S1 b) Shows that the word is from the Academic Word List
S2
S3
3) __g__ UK/ UK c) Gives the frequency of words used in written language
4) __e___ US/ US d) Shows how to pronounce words in British and American English
5) __d__ e) Shows the word is American English
6) __b__ AWL f) Gives the frequency of words used In spoken language
7) __c__ W1 g) Shows the word is British English

W2
W3
8) __a___ ●○○ h) Separates British and American pronunciations: British on the left, American on
●●○
●●● the right
PRACTICE 2:
Part A.
T. was quinged (1) v. (born) in Milan, Ohio, in 1847, and grew up in Port Huron, Michigan. He went to fickel
(2) n. (school) for a short maser (3) n. (time). His gaga (4) n. (mother) hudgered (5) v. (taught) him how to
nader (6) v. (read) and write.
T. was a very duggery (7) adj. (clever) person. He dabed (8) v. (made) many goint (9) adj. (important)
jongincents (10) n. (inventions). He precked (11) v. (spent) very little maser (12) n. (time) with his family uffisio
(13) conj. (because) he worked very bimsily (14) adv. (hard) on his hinconts (15) n. (projects).
His most goint (16) adj. (important) jongincents (17) n. (inventions) included the phonograph and posfer
paleries (18) n. (storage batteries). He is best known for jongincing (19) v. (inventing) the hift kung (20) n.
(light bulb).
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In the 1870s, many jongincers (21) n. (inventors) were trying to dabe (22) v. (make) a practical hift kung (23) )
n. (light bulb). T. morinely (24) adv. (carefully) zaptotied (25) v. (studied) different options and he bastily (26)
adv. (finally) jonginced (27) v. (invented) the hift kung (28) n. (light bulb).
Part B.
1. Who hudgered T. how to nader and write? His gaga.

2. What were T.’s most goint jongincents? The phonograph and posfer paleries.
3. What were many jongincers trying to dabe in the 1870s? A practical hift kung.
4. How did T. zapoty different options? Morinely.
C. The text is about the famous inventor, Thomas Alva Edison.

PRACTICE 3:
1. a) verb
b) to gradually become familiar with a new situation.
2. a) adjective
b) superlative
c) a happy time, relationship, event etc. is a good one that makes you feel happy
3. a) threaten – verb , threat – noun
b) threaten: to be likely to harm or destroy something
threat: the possibility that something bad will happen
PRACTICE 4:
Part A:
1. a) 2
b) noun and adjective
c) adjective
d) 4
e) someone who commits the same crime several times
f) the collocations given in bold
2. a) 2
b) noun and verb
c) noun
d) 3
e) a very strong desire to have something, usually power or money – used to show disapproval
f) the preposition following lust: “for”, and the rest of the sentence
3. a) verb
b) had been imprisoned is a form of past tense / past perfect passive
c) 2
d) to put someone in prison or to keep them somewhere and prevent them from leaving
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Part B:
1. (adv) very much or to a great degree
2. (v) to attack someone, especially suddenly
3. (v) to take someone away by force (to kidnap)
4. (v) if the police apprehend a criminal, they catch them (to arrest)
5. (v) to kill someone, especially legally as a punishment
PRACTICE 5: Please accept any other possible answers.

1. do 2. overly/ too 3. mistakenly 4. to 5. Recent 6. than good 7. unintentional
8. care 9. with 10. resolve 11. arise 12. efficiently 13. life
TEXT 1 EATING DISORDERS

1. e 2. c 3. h 4. g 5. j 6. d 7. a 8. b 9. f 10. i

1. Students’ own answers. (information about eating disorders, different types, causes and effects of these
disorders, treatment methods)
2. A scientific article (that describes a health problem)
3. a) 5 b) 2, 3, 4 c) 1
1a) adolescents 1b) young women 2) five 3) bulimia 4) binge-eating (disorder)
5) young people 6) several times 7) adolescence 8a) thirties 8b) forties
9) women / people with obesity 10) a few months
1. Dieting, or extreme dieting, to stay thin, certain sports (such as gymnastics), and careers (such as
modeling) (make them more likely to get an eating disorder.)
2. They are terrified of gaining (any) weight / becoming fat.
3. Anorexia causes them to believe that their body weight, shape, and size are directly related to how good
they feel about themselves and their worth as a human being. / It leads to poor self-image.
4. No, because many individuals with bulimia “binge and purge” in secret and maintain normal or above
normal body weight and they can often successfully hide their problem from others for years.
5. binge eat
6. It differs from bulimia in that the person binge eats, but does not vomit or use other methods to prevent
gaining weight after a binge.
7. c
9
VOCABULARY PRACTICE 1
1. a) verb / it is in past-participle form in a passive structure
a) Probably negative as it is used with the word “disorder”.
b) to affect sb / smt negatively (from the context)
2. a) verb / it is used in gerund form with a present deduction.
b) to experience problems or pain because of an illness (It is followed by the word “disorder” + context)
c) from
3. a) verb / It comes after the modal “may”.
b) to follow smt strictly / to stick to smt firmly ( the context + the collocation)
c) to
4. a) adjective / It comes after the verb “be” + the suffix)
b) in a way that matches something else
c) with
5. a) verb / It comes after the modal “cannot” and an adverb.
b) to judge, assess, or calculate the quality, importance, amount, or value of something (context)
c) objectively
6. a) adjective (a past-participle form that has become an adjective)
b) firmly established or held, not likely to change easily (context)
c) deeply
7. a) verb / It is used in V3 form in a passive structure
b) to say or think that someone is responsible for something bad
c) for
VOCABULARY PRACTICE 2
1. deny 2. seek 3. detected 4. require 5. initial
6. independence 7. binge and purge 8. effect 9.blame 10. significantly
V. DISCUSSION
Students’ own answers.
Some possible ideas are:
 very thin or skinny figures that we see on TV programs or magazines
 the imposed idea that these figures are the standard, or they are healthy and beautiful
 the changing trends in the fashion industry such as smaller size clothes or types of clothing that requires
a slim body
 impact of peers at school, teachers or even parents at home
changing standards of beauty in general
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TEXT 2 NICOTINE FACTS
1. b 2. d 3. i 4. h 5. e 6. f 7. c 8. g 9. a 10. j

a. 2 b. 1 c. 4 d. 5 e. 3
III. FINDING MAIN IDEAS
1. f 2. a 3. c 4. d 5. e

C.
1. Because it is one of the leading causes of many diseases, such as heart attacks and lung cancer. /
2. Because more people die as a result of smoking than all the deaths due to HIV, vehicle accidents,
murders, suicides, and drug abuse combined.
3. It results in / leads to/ causes the release of adrenaline and glucose as well as an increase in heart rate,
respiration, and blood pressure. / It releases adrenalin…… and increases heart rate, ..… .
4. Because the more nicotine people have, the higher their tolerance becomes, so they need higher doses.
5. They steadily increased / By steadily increasing the nicotine content of their cigarettes from 1998 to
2004. They did it to secure their sales / to preserve their market.
6. Psychological therapy and medication
7. a
8. b
9. c
10. c
D. 1. F (Tobacco smoking was already common in Americas.)
2. T
3. F (Some studies show that nicotine appears to improve memory and concentration, and reduce anxiety.)
4. T
5. F (It undermines the success rates of smoking-cessation therapies.)
6. NG
7. F (A significant number of smokers find breaking their tobacco dependence difficult.)
8. NG
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V. UNDERSTANDING COLLOCATIONS
A.
 Noun + verb (an) effect occurs
 Verb + noun break (nicotine) dependence / give up smoking
 Adjective + noun regular smoker / industrialized countries
 Noun + noun health hazard / alcohol abuse / heart attack
 Verb + adverb spread rapidly
 Adverb + verb steadily increase (smt) / virtually disappear / regularly consume
 Adverb + adjective highly addictive / temporarily pleasing
 Noun / adjective / verb + have an effect on (something) / a sensation of contentment
preposition
B.
 Para.1: one of the leading causes of many diseases
 Para. 2: health risks
 Para. 2: (to be) exposed to nicotine
 Para. 3: (to) develop tolerance to nicotine
 Para. 4: (to) be addicted to nicotine
 Para. 4: a sense of emptiness
 Para. 4: nicotine dependence
 Para. 4: (to) have a big role in (this addiction)
 Para. 4: (to) secure sales
 Para. 4: the success rates of (smoking - cessation therapies)
 Para. 5: (to) be linked to many possible complications
 Para. 5: (to) have a higher chance of permanent success
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
Answer key: 1. release 2. abused 3. sensations 4. exposed
5. rapidly 6. increase 7. symptoms 8. dependence
VI. DISCUSSION
Suggested ideas:
 launching anti-smoking campaigns that educate young people on the health risks of smoking
 inviting health experts or doctors to schools so that they can give speeches on the issue
 dissemination of methods of smoking cessation (therapy, pills, nicotine patches, and etc.) increasing
taxes on tobacco products
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TEXT 3 REASONS WHY CELLPHONES ARE BAD FOR YOUR HEALTH
1. h 2. d 3. j 4. a 5. f 6. e 7. i 8. b 9. g 10. c
II. READING FOR SPECIFIC INFORMATION

 There are at least 1) seven billion mobile phone subscribers in the world, and the typical US citizen spends
2)144 minutes per day on their phone during a 3) 16-hour period.
 In the first study at the University of Essex, 4) 74 participants were required to talk for 5) 10 minutes on an
interesting experience they had within the past month. In the second study, the number of dyads was 6) 34.
III. FINDING MAIN IDEAS

1. b 2. b
Practice 1
Effects on: Research Results
1) Hygiene  Method: researchers tested 390 phones  3) 92% of the cell phones sampled had
and their users’ hands to determine bacteria on them.
2)levels of bacteria.  82% of the users’ hands had bacteria.
 16% of cell phones and users had 4) (traces
of) E. Coli
Musculoskeletal  Typing text messages quickly may lead to
system 5)pain and inflammation of thumbs and
wrists.
 When you hold the phone between your neck
and shoulders during long periods of call,
6)back pain is typical.
7) Eye/Vision  Method: two thousand people under 25  The back of the eyes can be seriously harmed
by 8) blue violet light, which may be unsafe
and toxic.
 Not blinking enough and bringing the device
closer than you normally should strain your
eyes.
Practice 2
1. To study/ discover the effects of the presence of a mobile device during face-to-face conversation
2. the number of participants/dyads.
In the first study, pairs were asked to talk to each other about an interesting event that happened in their lives.
In the second study, pairs were asked to discuss significant events that occurred in their lives.
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In the first study, the participants were given 10 minutes for conversation, but in the second study no time
limit is mentioned.
3. Yes, the presence of mobile phones/ having mobile phones nearby can negatively interfere with human
relationships.
4. half of the group / dyads / participants
5. It increases their stress levels, tendency towards sleep disturbances, and depression increase.
6. Any logical suggestion is acceptable. Suggestions: They could decrease their use of phones / They could
switch off their phone outside working hours or when they do not want to be disturbed.
V. DICTIONARY USE AND GUESSING MEANING FROM CONTEXT

Practice 1
1. (adj.) relating to the most basic and important parts of something
2. (n.) when someone is in a situation/position where they are not protected from something dangerous or
unpleasant
3. (n.) a very small amount of something that is difficult to see or notice
4. (n.) an occasion when two or more people or things communicate with or react to each other
5. (v.) to produce or cause something
Practice 2
There is a large amount of research on mobile phone use, and its positive and negative effects on human
psychology. One such study which was 1) conducted in 2013 by Kara Klein Murdock, a psychology professor
at Washington and Lee University, focused on mobile phone use and quality of sleep. According to this research,
there was a possible link between 2) excessive texting and insufficient sleep. The college students in her study
who texted heavily took longer to sleep, slept less, and felt tired during the day. Students who were 3) suffering
from this poor quality sleep also complained about increased stress levels as they felt that they had to respond to
texts immediately after they received them during the night.
Another negative outcome is related to the use of smartphones for work-related issues. In a research at Erasmus
University Rotterdam, it was concluded that the participants displayed 4) symptoms of stress because they were
available for work even outside the working hours. This led them to become 5) susceptible to work-related
exhaustion. The reason for this was that they felt it 6) interfered with their personal life, which brought about
fatigue, 7) lack of sleep, and decreased performance. It was suggested that if this situation persisted, the person
might develop physical or psychiatric 8) disorders.
VI. UNDERSTANDING THE AUTHOR’S STANCE

The author believes that cellphones are dominating our lives and that we should do something about this.
Agree: have a healthier relationship with the people around us / be physically healthier, etc.
Disagree: the world is changing as technology develops, so we should adapt to it, etc.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/05/18/nomophobia-smartphone-sep_n_7266468.html addiction to phone
quiz.
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UNIT 3
INTERPRETING GRAPHIC DATA
TASK 1:
1. Label 2. Title 3. Legend 4. Label
5. Source 6. vertical axis 7. horizontal axis 8. trends and patterns
TASK 2:
PRACTICE 1
1.New Global Investment in Renewable Energy in 2015
2.A horizontal bar graph
3.UNFP & Bloomberg
4.It gives information about the amount of global investment. The measurement unit is billions of US
dollars.
5. The investment of countries/nations and regions
6. China with $102.9 billion and Brazil with $7.9 billion
7. Europe with $48.8 billion and the Middle East & Africa with $12.2 billion
PRACTICE 2
The first paragraph introduces the topic of the graph, explains what the graph shows, and outlines overall trends
or patterns. The second paragraph describes the trends in more detail and illustrates these using data from the
graph. The final paragraph draws a simple conclusion from the data.
1. Fall 2016 2. sixteen/16 3. percentage 4. (27%) 5. Pinterest 6. 12% 7. Spring

of 2016
respondents
8. decrease/decline 9. Fall 2012 10. 30% 11. 24% 12. Twitter 13. Snapchat
PRACTICE 3
1.
Do you believe the use of animals in medical research is necessary for progress in human health?
2.
Research!America
3.
Percentage
4.
46% Yes
Suggested answer: The fact that the percentage of ‘yes’ is at 46%. Almost half of the people surveyed
5.
believed in the necessity of animal testing.
PRACTICE 4
1. It’s about a university application procedure for foreign students.
2. By registering your details on the university website and filling in an online application form.
3. Application materials and fee receipt.
4. He/she should re-submit the erroneous or missing application materials.
5. They are passed on to the relevant subject department, so they are re-assessed.
6. By inviting them to an assessment.
7. Applicants whose applications are rejected/ unsuccessful applicants.
8. The end of Spring Semester
9. On the university website
10. The ISO
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DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN FACTS AND OPINIONS
ANSWER KEY
A. Read and mark each statement as a fact (F) or an opinion (O).
F O 1. The parallels between two of America’s most well-known presidents are shocking.
F O 2. Several surprising facts emerged when researchers investigated the lives of Abraham Lincoln and
John F. Kennedy.
F O 3. Lincoln was elected to Congress in 1846; Kennedy in 1946. Lincoln was elected President in 1860;
Kennedy in 1960.
F O 4. Both last names contain seven letters, and both men were shot in the head on a Friday.
F O 5. Both were succeeded by a Vice President named Johnson, one born in 1808 and the other in 1908.
F O 6. Lincoln’s assassin, John Wilkes Booth, was born in 1839; Kennedy’s assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald,
was born in 1939.
F O 7. Both of the assassins’ names contain fifteen letters and both were known by all three of their names.
F O 8. Finally, both assassins were themselves assassinated before their trials.
F O 9. It definitely seems that fact is stranger than fiction.
B. The parts underlined are facts, the ones in italic are opinions.
F O 1. 1) Born in Austria in 1889, Adolf Hitler rose to power in German politics as leader of the National
Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP), also known as the Nazi Party. 2) During this period,
F O 2.
Hitler was imprisoned after a failed coup in Munich. 3) Hitler was chancellor of Germany from
F O 3. 1933 to 1945, serving as dictator for the greater part of his time in power. 4) In his first six years
F O 4. in power, Germany’s economy recovered rapidly, and the restrictions which were imposed after
World War I were abandoned. 5) Meanwhile, Anti-Semitism was on the rise. 6) Hitler introduced
F O 5.
numerous laws to exclude Jews from society. 7) Among these exclusions were employment,
F O 6. education, and restrictions in cultural and daily life. 8) Not only did he target children and adults
who had developmental and physical disabilities by euthanizing them, but he was also responsible
F O 7.
for the persecution in prisons and concentration camps of an estimate of a hundred thousand
F O 8. homosexuals. 9) These fascist policies triggered World War II, and led to the genocide known as
the Holocaust, which resulted in the deaths of some 6 million Jews and another 5 million
F O 9.
civilians. 10) Being defeated, Hitler committed suicide with wife Eva Braun on April 30, 1945,
F O 10. in his Berlin bunker, a day after getting married.
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DERIVATIVES
PRACTICE 1
A. 1. rewrite 2. underweight 3. unhappy 4. misunderstand 5. overwork
6. incorrect 7. sub-zero 8. multitasking 9. Pre-historic
10. semi-annual (biannual is also possible here, but it is not covered in the table)
B. 1. psychologist 2. dancer 3. homeless 4. Sadness 5. thankful

6. Socialism 7. disappointment 8. performance 9. comfortable 10.glamorous
PRACTICE 2
A. 1. d 2. a 3. c 4. b 5. c
B.
Item Possible answers Dictionary meanings
1 make smt new again to repair a building so that it is in good condition again
2 guess smt lower than it should be to think or guess that something is smaller, cheaper,
easier etc. than it really is
3 without care, not careful not paying enough attention to what you are doing
4 calculate smt wrongly to make a mistake when deciding how long something
will take to do, how much money you will need etc.
5 with hesitation uncertain about what to do or say because you
are nervous or unwilling
6 with fear, full of fear frightened that something bad might happen
7 many, full of, high number of a large number of people or things
8 change forms to completely change the appearance, form,
or character of something or someone, especially in a
way that improves it
9 spending too much spending more than you can afford or more than
you intended
TEXT 1 BROKEN WINDOWS

1.i 2.d 3.a 4.g 5.h 6.f 7.b 8.c 9.j 10.e
17
II. PREDICTING
1. Possible answers: A sink with lots of dirty dishes means that you can easily put some more dirty dishes
there without feeling bad about it. In the same way, an area with a high crime rate could mean that it is
OK or easier to commit crimes there. The crime prevention theory could be related to this.
2. Similar to the sink example, a building with broken windows gives a message that you can easily break
the other windows or that the building is not taken care of, which makes it easy to use this building for
illegal actions.
III. GUESSING MEANING FROM CONTEXT
1. e (adj) 2. h (adj) 3. a (adj) 4. c (adj) 5. f (n)
6. d (v) 7. i (n) 8. g (v) 9. b (n)

1. This is a threat to the neighborhood because broken windows invite more broken windows in the same
way litter that accumulates in the sidewalk invites more litter./
Because people tend to use buildings with broken windows for illegal purposes, and they easily pollute
the streets if they are already full of litter.
2. Any three.
Vandalism, litter, abandoned buildings and cars, lots of petty crimes (such as public drunkenness,
pickpockets, and traffic violations)
3. These neighborhoods give a message that crime is tolerated, or maybe even accepted, there. (which attracts
criminals or people who tend to commit crimes.)
4.
1.important 2.prevent /cut down on 3.changes 4.repairing buildings, sidewalks
5.enforce 6.arrested 7.serious crimes
5. No, they didn’t. For some people, it was a smashing success in preventing crime, while for others an
irrelevant policy, or a violation of individuals’ rights.
6. They cracked down on all sorts of minor infractions (including subway fare dodging, public drinking,
urinating in public, and even wiping the windows of stopped cars and demanding payment). As a result,
rates of both petty and serious crimes dropped substantially. / In the first year, murders were down 19%
and car thefts fell by 15%, and crime continued to drop every year for the following ten years.
7. sitting on milk crates (on the sidewalk)
8. Because crime dropped significantly in other major cities that had not adopted broken windows policy,
too. / crime dropped nationwide in this period for reasons other than the application of broken windows
theory.
Because they claim that the declines seen in New York City did not result from broken windows policy
but rather they would have happened anyway.
The line graph shows the overall reduction in crime in other cities and the country in the same time period,
which supports the critics in their arguments against this policy.
9. b (others are minor ideas that support the main idea)
V. DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN FACTS AND OPINIONS

1. F 2. O 3. O 4. O 5. F 6. F 7. O 8. O
18
VOCABULARY PRACTICE: DERIVATIVES
verb noun adjective adverb
add addition additional additionally

reason reason reasonable reasonably
prevent prevention preventive/preventative
preventable
tend tendency
occupy occupancy/occupant unoccupied × occupied
violate violation /violator
enforce enforcement
apply application /applicant applicable
affect effectiveness effective × ineffective effectively
accept acceptance unacceptable unacceptably
×acceptable ×acceptably
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
1. prevention 2. adopted 3. enforcement 4. effective

5. violated 6. tend 7. petty 8. substantially
TEXT 2 RECYCLING: THE KAMIKATSU EXAMPLE

Suggested answers (Most of the answers in this part are taken from the World Bank report, but the students are
not expected to have and provide these answers. This warm-up task only aims at activating students’ content
schemata, encouraging them to think and discuss about the topic before dealing with the text and thus giving them
a purpose to read.):
1. Waste generation by region
2. OECD countries are responsible for generating the most waste as they are richer and more developed compared
to the countries in other regions. The urban life and industry in these countries are probably the major cause
of waste.
3. Because they are less developed and poorer, they don’t produce as much waste as the other regions.
4. Organic materials, paper, glass, metal, other. Organic materials.
5. Hopeful because organic materials and paper are easy to recycle. Also, they are less dangerous for the
environment than the others in the chart.
6. Textiles, leather, rubber, multi-laminates, e-waste, appliances, ash, other materials
7. The vast majority of our waste goes into landfills where it's (often) covered up. A very small share of waste is
recycled or composted.
1.i 2.f 3.d 4.a 5.h 6.c 7.j 8.b 9.e 10.g
19
1.c 2.e 3.f 4.a 5.b

1. Their concerns about the human and environmental impact of the town's trash incinerators.
They grew concerned… (Accept it, but encourage them to answer it as a subject question.)
2. a
3. each (sustainable) initiative
4. They have to wash, sort, and bring their own trash to a central recycling center. It is more difficult as they
organize their trash in 34 different categories, not just two or three.
5. Because for some, it isn't convenient where they live, and for others, they find the practice too time-
consuming.
6. the items you're throwing away (again and again)
7. involving all the residents in the process and creating a community around waste disposal.
8. Higher-value items such as e.g. torn clothing or broken toys. They are revived into new items by local
crafters. (From there, they are returned to the original owner or sold in a local shop.)
9. Accept any answer that comes to the same effect.
If we don't waste what we have, we'll still have it in the future and will not lack (want) it.
It is usually said to advise someone not to waste anything, because they might need it in the future.
10. Any of the following.
Cafe Polestar doesn't leave paper napkins on its tables.
It doesn't print receipts unless a customer specifically asks for one.
Employees use their own reusable shopping bags to buy local, seasonal ingredients to be fashioned into
staples like curries and soups.
11. c (others are minor ideas that support the main idea)
12. c
IV. DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN FACTS AND OPINIONS

Suggested answers:
1.O 2.F 3.O 4.O 5.F 6.O 7.F 8.O 9.F&O 10.F
VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT
realize: 6/b toss: 3/g diligence: 1/d frustration: 7/h
reward: 2/f estimate: 8/a value: 4/e innovation: 5/c
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
1. initiatives 2. implemented 3. sustainable 4. Utilize
5. Recycling 6. Consider 7. convenient 8. tendency
V. DISCUSSION
20
TEXT 3 FUTURE OF EDUCATION
I. PREVIEWING AND SKIMMING (Suggested answers)
1. Students’ own answers
2. The cartoons imply that job applicants may need some skills in addition to their expertise in their field in
order to get a job. Today, they may need some skills/competencies such as collaboration,
communication, adaptability, creativity, problem solving, critical thinking, curiosity, persistence,
leadership, initiative, and social and cultural awareness.
3. App developer, Zumba instructor, Blogger, Drone operator, etc.
II. PREVIEWING VOCABULARY
1. b 3. d 5. c 7. g 9. i
2. h 4. a 6. j 8. f 10. e
Exhibit 1: d
Exhibit 2: a
Exhibit 3: c
Exhibit 4: e
Exhibit 5: b
Practice 1.
1. i 3. a 5. f 7. d 9. g
2. c 4. j 6. b 8. h 10. e
Practice 2.
1. a 3. c 5. b 7. c 9. a
2. b 4. c 6. a 8. c 10. a
Practice 3.
1. (to) thrive
2. Four. Literacy, Numeracy, Scientific literacy, Financial literacy (They are core literacies - reading,
writing, and arithmetic. They are the ones which do not require social or emotional skills.)
3. increased: surged, decreased: contracted
4. The share of jobs which require social skills have increased since 1980.
5. They can remain engaged in their child’s education and provide a safe and nurturing environment. They
can also encourage their children to do extracurricular activities such as sports, music and scouting.
6. (to) complement
7. limited, insufficient, inadequate
8. impede: to block, to prevent, to make it difficult for someone or something to move forward or make
progress. In para. 9, the writer talks about the reasons why SEL skills cannot be improved using words or
phrases with negative connotation (e.g. insufficient priority…limited awareness of SEL… a lack of
consensus … low levels of funding …an inadequate supply of SEL programmes and products… these
challenges...), so these difficulties make it difficult to develop SEL skills.
9. He supports the use of technology in the development of SEL skills. (any two of the following)
 He claims that technology can personalize learning, complement what happens in the classroom,
and provide access to learning for those with insufficient educational opportunities.
21
 He says that existing technology like videogames can aid in the development of education.
 Strategy games such as Sid Meier’s Civilization V, teach an understanding of the intricate, or
complex, relationships among the geographical, historical and economic systems that shape
civilizations.
 Sandbox games like Minecraft can boost SEL skills like collaboration, creativity and problem-
solving.
 Leading-edge technologies like wearable devices, apps, and virtual reality can also improve SEL
skills.
 Wearables can be used to help students manage their emotions and build communication skills.
 Virtual reality can be used to take children on virtual field trips that build curiosity and improve
critical thinking.
V. VOCABULARY PRACTICE
Practice 1.
Definition Other Forms
to found (Intro) to start something such as an organization, founder (n.)

company, school, or city, often by foundation (n.)
providing the necessary money; to foundational (adj.)
establish
interactive (Intro) An interactive system or computer interact (v.)
program is designed to involve the user in interaction (n.)
the exchange of information; interactively (adv.)
communicative
to manage (para. 7) to succeed in doing or dealing with manager (n.)
something, especially something difficult management (n.)
(manageable)
virtual (para. 7) made, done, seen etc. on the Internet or on virtually (adv.)
a computer, rather than in the real world
Practice 2.
1. transforms 4. core 7. interactive
2. consensus 5. equipped 8. literacy
3. adapted 6. collaborate 9. manage
VI. DISCUSSION
22
UNIT 4
KEEPING TRACK OF INFORMATION (NOTE-TAKING)
Task 1
1. c 2. e 3. d 4. b 5. a
Task 2
1. MARKING & ANNOTATING: This is the most commonly used method. It might be suitable when reading
to answer some questions or to understand a text better. Especially visual students may find it easier to see
important points in a text when they mark them (for example, by highlighting). Later, it can be used to study
for an exam. Also, students who don’t like writing down long notes may use this method easily. They just
make brief notes on the text, which turns reading into a more active and interactive activity. However, if
students want to write a paper using the text, using only this method may lead to plagiarism, so they should
also use one other method like note-taking or summarizing.
3. OUTLINING: Making an outline allows you to understand how different parts of a text are connected to each
other. You can easily see how the writer has developed an argument. Therefore, this may be used especially
when there is a need for a transfer from reception to production. You need to organize the main ideas and their
supporting ideas in your notes, which you may use later, for example, to write a summary or to evaluate the
writer’s opinion in a response writing task.
4. MAPPING: This is mostly preferred by visual people. It is especially useful to show processes, cause-effect
relationships, classifications, etc.
5. NOTE-TAKING: This is used when you need to understand a text well enough to participate in a discussion,
write a paper or prepare for an exam.
6. SUMMARIZING: This is used when you need to understand a text well enough write a paper or prepare for
an exam.
Task 3
In the first part of the text in Task 3, please go over the notes with your students and discuss which technique they
are. Also, explain why you would use some symbols, e.g. a question mark to show that you need to check its
meaning or an exclamation mark to show that it is an important piece of information.
The following notes for the second part are just suggestions. Please encourage your students to use a variety of
techniques.
23
It’s not me, it’s you…
? ?
When we can’t avoid
f/b, we tend to focus Although ignorance is bliss, it isn’t always possible to ignore or avoid
our attention away critical feedback entirely. In many situations, we instead focus our
attention away from our flaws to protect against ego-bruising. For
from our example, when we hear that we have performed worse than other
shortcomings, focus people, our common reaction is to point to those people’s shortcomings
on our strengths and away from our own. It isn’t unusual to exaggerate our own
and/or exaggerate admirable qualities and our rivals’ flaws, of course, but research shows
that we do this far more when we learn that our rivals have
our rivals’ flaws.
outperformed us. This can be a highly effective way of maintaining and
This helps to validating our positive self-regard in the face of failure. !!!
maintain our
positive self-image. Discrediting the feedback-giver is not always enough, though, and the
We may even blame next step might be to actively blame them for our failures. In a study
them for our own conducted at the University of Waterloo in Canada, students reported
the grades they had received in various courses, and rated the quality of
mistakes. (e.g.
the teachers who gave them those grades. The results showed that
grades and ratings students who performed poorly judged the teaching as low-quality.
of the quality of the
teacher) ‘Emotional armour’
It seems that even the most useful feedback can bring out our worst
How to be more sides. But feedback is one of the strongest influences on our
receptive to f/b: development, so if we want to be more receptive to unwanted news, it
might help to put on some emotional armour beforehand. First of all,
1) Put on some
we shouldn’t consider feedback as unwanted in the first place. Classic
emotional armour: psychological studies on persuasion show that people can easily trick
Convince yourself themselves into thinking they enjoyed an unpleasant task, if they only
that you want to get believe they actively chose to do it. Could something similar work with
f/b. feedback? Can we convince ourselves to accept advice merely by
believing that we chose to receive it?
2) Strengthen your
positive identity and
If we actively seek to receive honest feedback, and if we strengthen our
be ready to hear and positive identities in anticipation of how bad it might feel, we may find
accept f/b even if it ourselves ready to hear and accept the advice that we most need.
makes you feel bad. Perhaps there are even ways to train ourselves to recognise our knee-
3) Train yourself to jerk reactions whenever we have them, so that we can resist concluding
that everyone else, rather than us, is wrong.
recognize your knee-
jerk reactions and
stop them.
24
Task 4 (suggested answers)
atoms - bonded fairly firmly together / locked tightly

into a definite shape
SOLID
enough energy through heating → atoms break apart
→ liquid
atoms - more randomly arranged and a little bit
further apart /
STATES OF MATTER
LIQUID
weaker forces bw them → move around easily
more heat → some of the atoms escape → gas
atoms - much more randomly arranged
very weak forces bw atoms → speed around freely
GAS
with lots of energy
expand to fill all the space available to it
fourth state of matter
heat a liquid → gas → keep heating → plasma
gas molecules - separate from one another + break
PLASMA
apart into their subatomic components =
electrons and ions
plasma TVs
2 factors: pressure and/or temperature
not change much on Earth
Temp.: −30°C to +30°C
Air pressures: tornadoes (0.8 atmospheres) the
Changing States on Earth highest (1.1 atmospheres)
to turn a block of iron from a solid into a liquid -
about 1500°C / nitrogen from gas into a
liquid - about −200°C
exception - water
how solids, liquids, and gases behave in terms of the
heat their moving molecules possess
e.g. balloon
Kinetic Theory of Matter heat it up → molecules have more energy → more
velocity → more pressure → inflate
cool a balloon down → less energy → less velocity
→ less pressure → balloon deflates
= lowest theoretically possible temperature
Absolute Zero (−273.15°C / −459°F) - atoms or molecules
stop moving altogether
25
Modern Kelvin scale (absolute scale): temperature
scales start from zero point
developed by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)
written without a degree (°) sign
Properties of Substance: All the ways in which a
particular substance behaves
Physical properties: The changes it goes through
when we push/pull it, put electricity through it, heat it, or
try to smash it with a hammer
Properties & Materials Size
Chemical properties: How it reacts with other
substances
Materials science: Explaining all the properties of
matter by looking at what's happening to the atoms or
molecules inside them
UNDERSTANDING TEXT STRUCTURE

Suggested Answer Key:
Text 1 Graphic organizers used: A, C, E
Why law (national/ international level)?
harmonic operation of the components absolute harmony in and among

similarly
of a car, e.g. the engine and tires societies
the car moves societies exist and thrive on the world

stage
Text 2 Graphic organizers used: A, E
Language if knowledge is
distorted through
language
a way of the building block of all
obtaining our thought processes misunderstandings and
knowledge wrong ethical values
help us reach an ethical position

e,g, a bad translation
26
Text 3 Graphic organizers used: D, B
Problem: Solution:
a virus attack and still reformatting
problems after cleaning
it
1. confirm you have the Windows product key

+ a Windows installation disc or the
recovery disc for your laptop
2. back up all your data on an external hard
drive or online back-up services
3. insert the CD and it will run automatically
4. follow the instructions to install Windows
or perform a full system recovery, and
return your laptop to its original state
Text 4 Graphic organizer used: F
Compulsive Overeating Cycle
They feel bad about

their weight or size.
They start to feel

They start a
guilty, ashamed, or
restrictive diet.
depressed.
They hit a breaking

point and binge on They find it too hard
forbidden foods/ to stick to the diet.
They start binge-
eating.
27
Text 5 Graphic organizer used: A
Author: a murder mystery

Mark Haddon novel
The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-

Time
The protagonist and narrator of

the novel:
Christopher John Francis Boone
lives with his father a 15-year-old boy with

in Swindon Asperger’s Syndrome
CONNECTOR USE
EXAMPLES FUNCTION
1. A movie is a series of pictures. Each image is a still photograph, just like a picture a)___contrast_______
you take with a regular camera. Howevera, the pictures flash by so fast in a movie
that the images blend together and overlap. As a resultb you see horses run, b)____result_______
people talk, cars plunge over mountainsides, and other kinds of motion.
1. Althougha dolphins never fall completely asleep, half of their brain does shut
down when they are tired, allowing them to rest and regain their energy. a)_unexpected result_
2. A person always has to go to a snake in order toa be bitten. In other wordsb, a a)___purpose______
snake will not come to bite you.
b)___paraphrasing__
3. Dolphins’ main prey (fish and squid), contains large amounts of water. For
examplea, fish like herring and mackerel, which can be made up of as much as a)___example______
80% liquid, provide dolphins with the water their bodies need. In this sense,
dolphins don't need to take in very much fluid becauseb their skin is impermeable b)___reason_______
and they don't lose water by sweating unlike humans.
4. Eagles and hawks are raptors (birds of prey) that belong to the family a)_comparison_____
Accipitridae. Botha eagles and hawks inhabit forests, grasslands, alpine
meadows, tundra, deserts, sea coasts, suburban and urban areas. They are diurnal b)_unexpected result_
birds (active during the day). They hunt and eat different types of animals. Even
thoughb they have common features, eagles and hawks are alsoc different in c)additional information
some respects.
28
PRACTICE
A.
1. What does the signal word but indicate in sentence #2? 5. What relationship is shown
a) contrast between sentences #5 and #6?
b) example a) listing
c) comparison b) example
c) comparison
2. What does the signal for one thing indicate in sentence #3?
a) reason
6. What signal word(s) would best fit
b) example
between sentences #5 and #6?
c) comparison
a) in addition
3. What does the signal word or indicate in sentence #3? b) however
a) alternative c) for example
b) cause/effect
c) contrast 7. What structure is used within
4. What relationship is shown between sentences #3 and #4? sentence #6?
a) contrast a) cause/effect
b) cause/effect b) comparison
c) addition c) definition
B.
1. a)example 2. a) meanwhile
b)contrast b) however
c)definition
c) that is
3. a) contrast
4. a) however
b) alternative
b) first
c) cause/effect
c) as a result
5. a) example 6. a) Since
b) contrast b) This is because
c) cause/effect c) However
C.
The first practical typewriter was patented in the United States in 1868 by Christopher Latham Sholes. His
machine was known as the type-writer. It had a movable carriage, a lever for turning paper from line to line,
(1)__and__ a keyboard on which the letters were arranged in alphabetical order. (2)__However__, Sholes had
a problem. On his first model, the "ABC" key arrangement caused the keys to jam when the typist worked
quickly. Sholes didn't know how to keep the keys from sticking, so his solution was to keep the typist from
typing too fast. He finally managed to solve this problem by using a study of letter-pair frequency prepared by
educator Amos Densmore, brother of James Densmore, who was (3)__also__ Sholes’ chief financial backer.
The QWERTY keyboard itself was determined by the existing mechanical linkages of the typebars inside the
machine to the keys on the outside. Sholes’ solution did not eliminate the problem completely (4)__but__
reduced it greatly. The keyboard arrangement was considered important enough to be included on Sholes' patent
granted in 1878, some years after the machine went into production. (5)__Since__ the new arrangement
reduced the key clashes, typing speed increased considerably.
29
TEXT 1 THE SKILLS GAP
1.j 2.f 3.a 4.i 5.d 6.b 7.h 8.c 9.e 10.g

I. B II. E III. A IV. C
III. UNDERSTANDING TEXT STRUCTURE AND KEEPING TRACK OF INFORMATION
The skills gap
Definition: the difference between the skills that employers want (as shown by their job
advertisements) and those that are available from workers looking for a job
Example: US, 2014, 4.7 million jobs The skills that are unavailable: no agreement
advertised, and 9.7 million people looking for on this
a job – employers still complaining about lack
of people with the right skills
Possible reasons why there is a skills gap
Theory 1: Employers no longer provide Theory 2: There is a rise in degrees and the
training for their staff. consequent fall in vocational training and
education.
Possible sufferers form the skills gap
Group 1: New graduates Group 2: Older workers
The reason: little work experience & lack The reason: working in one place for too
of “soft skills” long & possibly lacking up-to-date “hard
skills” and technical knowledge
30
The solution to the skills gap problem
Step 1: Work out what you are good at, and what you are less good at.
Step 2: Address the shortages and improve yourself in these areas.
Step 3: Think about how you present yourself to potential employers to make yourself attractive to
them.

1. unavailable 2. precisely 3. supply 4. invest
5. remedy 6. label 7. demonstrate 8. attribute
V. READING FOR DETAILED UNDERSTANDING

1. the skills
2. a shortage of suitably-skilled employees
3. That the UK has lots of graduates but its literacy and numeracy levels are not as high as Finland, Sweden and
Japan / that the UK has lots of graduates but they are not as good at literacy and numeracy as some other
countries, which shows a skills gap.
4. b
5. It probably means a job that a person does all his/her life without a change.
6. Because they fear that if they provide training to their staff, they will leave the company and join their
competitors as soon as they become ‘useful’.
7. Staff identified as having / who have potential for future leadership roles are offered these probably because
managers think that these people will not leave them after training because of their positions and the training
will be worth it.
8. do some unpaid or voluntary work (such as running a club or society for students) for a while
9. skills which are unavailable in the workforce / skills which others do not have
10. acquired the / those skills which others do not have
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
1. seeking 2. interact 3. expectations 4. persuade 5. evaluating
6. appropriate 7. attitude 8. valued 9. Regardless 10. acquire
of
VI. DISCUSSION
31
TEXT 2 IS THE GLASS CEILING CRACKED?
1. i 3. e 5. f 7. h 9. g
2. c 4. a 6. j 8. d 10. b

1. c 2. a 3. d 4. b
(This practice aims to raise students’ awareness of text organization. Students may have ordered it as c-d-a-b, so
tell students that the author has preferred to organize his article in this way, but he could have explained the
reasons first and then the effects.)
Practice 1.
1. (key) senior management positions

2. explanations
3. family (and household) responsibilities
Practice 2.
Senior managers in Fortune 500 service

and Fortune 1000 industrial companies
5%
men
women
95%
32
Percentage of women earning Bachelor's
and Master's degrees
70
Percentage of Women
60
50
40
Bachelor's degree
30
Master's degree
20
10
0
1960 1980 2000
Figure 1 shows the percentage of male and female senior managers in the Fortune 500 service and Fortune 1000
industrial companies. Figure 2 shows the percentage of women earning Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees from
1960 to 2000. We can conclude from the graphs that although the percentage of women with degrees has
increased, there are still relatively few women in senior management.
Practice 3. Read paragraphs 6-8 and complete the table below with your notes.
Explanations for the Underrepresentation of Women

in Senior Management
A. Characteristics of Individuals a. women’s lack of experience, skills, motivation, personal

characteristics, or other qualifications which are necessary for such
positions → lower chances of being promoted
b. women’s involvement with family and household responsibilities →

cannot work long hours, travel or get relocated
Counter-argument: Many women do not have family responsibilities

or are willing to meet the requirements of demanding managerial
jobs regardless of these responsibilities, but still encounter glass-
ceiling barriers.
B. Organizational Barriers a. gender bias against women in organizational selection and promotion
decisions
traditional stereotypes → men are more suitable for senior management
jobs
b. exclusion from interpersonal networks that can facilitate career

advancement
few women in the organization → exclusion from informal interactions
→ missing out on critical information about career opportunities or
support and sponsorship of managers
33
c. occupational segregation, or “glass walls,” within organizations
critical line positions held by men / staff support jobs given to women →
women’s lack of line management experience → not promoted to top
management
Practice 4.
1. d 3. f 5. a
2. b 4. c 6. e
IV. VOCABULARY PRACTICE

Practice 1.
1. qualified
2. pursue
3. face
4. discrimination
5. handle
Practice 2. Match the words with their definitions by using the contextual clues in the text.
1. e 2. d 3. b 4. c 5. a
Practice 3.
1. segregation 3. investigated 5. deprived 7. seek

2. eliminate 4. encounter 6. competent 8. facilitate
V. DISCUSSION
TEXT 3 MALALA YOUSAFZAI – A BIOGRAPHY

Practice 1.
1. girls 2. 65 (year 2012) 3. Educated 4. married 5. childbirth
Practice 2.
1. b 2. d 3. f 4. g 5. c
6. h 7. e 8. i 9. a
34
II. GUESSING MEANING FROM CONTEXT
Practice 1.
1. c 2. a 3. c
Practice 2.
1. motives 2. over the course of 3. lodged 4. residing
Practice 1.
MALALA YOUSAFZAI
Her Family Ziauddin Yousafzai (father): a passionate education advocate/ ran a learning institution
Tor Pekai Yousafzai (mother)
two younger brothers
1997 born on July 12 in Mingora, Pakistan
2007-2008 The Taliban becomes the dominant socio-political force:
 girls banned from going to school
 cultural activities prohibited
 suicide attacks
 400 schools destroyed by the end of 2008
 opposition to a proper education for girls
 Malala stood up to Taliban, claiming her right to education
2009 Malala started to blog as “Gul Makai” on BBC – her fears about the war/Taliban
Internally Displaced Person (May 5) / forced to leave home
2009-2011 returned and continued her campaign
she and her father became known for their determination to give Pakistani girls access to a free
quality education
2012 shot by the Taliban on the school bus
taken to Birmingham, England for treatment
no major brain damage
2013 recovered & began attending school in Birmingham → global support
visited NY and spoke at the UN
2014 traveled to
 Jordan to meet Syrian refugees
 Kenya to meet young female students
 northern Nigeria to speak out in support of the abducted girls who were kidnapped
earlier that year by Boko Haram
Today residing in Birmingham
an active proponent of education as a fundamental social and economic right
Her I Am Malala: The Girl Who Stood Up for Education and Was Shot by the Taliban, 2013
publications
Nominations a nomination for the International Children's Peace Prize in 2011
& Awards received Pakistan's National Youth Peace Prize in 2011
awarded the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought by the European Parliament in 2013
received a Nobel Peace Prize in October 2014 (along with Indian children's rights activist
Kailash Satyarthi) / the youngest person to receive this prize
35
The  co-founded with her father
Malala  empowers girls to achieve their potential and become confident and strong leaders in
Fund their own countries
 funds education projects in six countries and works with international leaders
 joins with local partners to invest in innovative solutions on the ground
 advocates globally for quality secondary education for all girls
Practice 2.
1. cultural activities
2. 11/ eleven
3. a/the bus / major brain injuries
4. Birmingham
5. 2013
6. the European Parliament
7. Nobel Peace Prize / the youngest (person)
8. her father
IV. VOCABULARY PRACTICE

Practice 1.
verb noun adjective adverb meanings collocations
advocate advocate (v) to publicly to strongly/
support a seriously advocate
particular way of something
doing something / An advocate of/for
(n) someone who something
publicly supports
someone or devil’s advocate
something
(=proponent)
prohibit prohibition prohibited to say that an to be prohibited
action is illegal or (from doing
not allowed something)
(=ban)
oppose opposition opposing to fight or to strongly oppose
opponent opposed compete against something
another person or to oppose doing
group in a battle,
something
competition, or
election to be opposed to
something
passion passionate passionately a very powerful to have passion for
feeling, for something
example of sexual to do something
attraction, love, with passion
hate, anger, or
other emotion to be passionate
about something
36
determine determination determined (v) to decide to do to determine to do
determining something / something
(adj) having a to be determined to
strong desire to do do something
something, so that
you will not let to be determined
anyone stop you that
anonymous anonymously done, sent, or an anonymous
given by someone phone call, letter,
who does not want etc.
their name to be
known
nominate nomination to officially to nominate sb/ sth
suggest someone for something
or something for to nominate sb/ sth
an important
as something
position, duty, or
prize to nominate sb/ sth
to do something
recover recovery to get better after to recover from
an illness, something
accident, shock
etc.
acknowledge acknowledgement ackowledged (v) to publicly in
announce that you acknowledgement
are grateful for the of something
help that someone
has given you
(n) the act of
publicly thanking
someone for
something they
have done
prestige prestigious respect and to gain/have/ lack/
admiration given lose prestige
to someone or the prestige of
something, usually doing something
because of a
reputation for high a loss of prestige
quality, success,
or social influence
innovate innovation innovative innovatively to start to use new to encourage
ideas, methods, or innovation
inventions innovation in
something
scientific/
technical/
37
technological
innovations
serious seriously (adj) a serious a serious injury/
situation, problem, illness/accident
accident etc. is
to be seriously
extremely bad or ill/injured/damaged
dangerous / etc.
(adv) very much
or to a great
degree
invest investment to spend a large to invest
amount of money (something) in
to improve something
something or help to make an
it succeed investment
a profitable
investment
ban ban banned (v) to say that to put/ impose/ lift
something must a ban on something
not be done, seen, to ban somebody
used etc / from doing
(n) an official something
order that prevents a banned
something from substance/drug
being used or
done
Practice 2.
1. determined 3. prestige 5. right 7. ban
2. serious 4. opponents 6. prohibited 8. stand up to
V. DISCUSSION
Students’ own answer
38
UNIT 5
Denotative, Connotative and Technical Meanings

Audience, Purpose and Tone
Practice 1.
a. a new airline company
NAME DENOTATION CONNOTATION
Cheapflights cheap: low in price and quality This name implies a negative
meaning and is not appropriate
International
since the adjective ‘cheap’
reflects on the quality and
suggests that the company
provides low-quality service.
Fly Express express: direct or fast, especially This name makes people think
making few or no intermediate of high-speed and no delays, so
stops it is a better choice.
b. a new dietary product
Skinny-me skinny: very thin, especially in a This has a negative connotation.
way that is unattractive Skinny people are not attractive,
so people would not want to use
a product with this name.
Slender-up slender: thin in an attractive or This has a positive connotation,
graceful way so this name is better.
c. a new men’s perfume
Confident sure that you have the ability to do Being confident is a desirable quality,
things well or deal with situations so this name is suitable for a men’s
successfully perfume.
Cocky too confident about yourself and Being cocky is an annoying
your abilities, especially in a way characteristic; it implies an excess of
that annoys other people confidence which other people don’t
like, so this name is not suitable.
Practice 2.
1 & 2: Home is used in a more personal and emotional way when referring to where we live. However,
house is used to refer to a building.
3 & 4: Pushy means “behaving in an unpleasant way by trying too much to get something or to make someone
do something,” so it has a negative meaning, and it is mainly used to complain about salespeople. However,
aggressive means “behaving in a confident way, so that people notice you,” so being aggressive is a desirable
characteristic for a salesperson.
5 & 6: Workaholics value work over any other activity, even when it negatively affects their health and family,
as well as the quality of their work. On the other hand, hard workers love their jobs and go the extra mile to
finish a project, but they still spare time for their loved ones and enjoy outside activities when they have free
time.
39
Practice 3.
1. b
2. a (technical)
3. a (technical)
4. b
5. b (technical)
6. a
Practice 4.
1. the general public

2. a job applicant
3. teachers/ prospective teachers
4. parents (with school-age children)
5. those who are interested in science/ atomic bomb/ nuclear energy
Practice 5.
1. c / d 2. b / c 3. b / a 4. b / c 5. d / d
TEXT 1 HOW TO BEAT BOREDOM

1. g 3. b 5. h 7. a
2. c 4. f 6. e 8. d

1. e 2. d 3. b 4. c 5. a
Practice 1.
1. aversion 3. accorded 5. appending
2. expend 4. pitch-black
Practice 2.
1. No, it isn’t because the writer says that the modern concept of boredom goes back to the 19th century,
and on the walls of the ruins of Pompeii, there is Latin graffiti about boredom that dates back to the
first century.
2. The fact that animals have much higher thresholds for boredom while humans don’t because humans
are aware/conscious of their inability to do something more stimulating/ OR that humans are more
conscious and aware than animals, so they have a lower threshold for boredom
40
3. ‘Shepherd’ means ‘to lead or guide a group of people somewhere, making sure that they go where you
want them to go’; and the noun form means ‘someone whose job is to take care of sheep’. This word
stresses that children and teenagers have no control or freedom but follow their parents’ wishes and
orders, and the writer uses this word to emphasize that they are controlled by their parents like sheep
controlled by a shepherd. / OR ‘to shepherd’ means to guide a group of people, but here it has a
negative meaning because it means that children are controlled by their parents and have no choice of
their own
4. There is an inverse relationship. As need increases, boredom decreases.
5. He has a negative attitude because he says that despite the huge amounts of money put into the business
and the technological advances, things have become worse. We are not satisfied but desensitized, and
need more stimulation.
6. He is a pessimistic philosopher because the writer uses the word ‘gloomy’ to describe him, and
Schopenhauer finds life meaningless and not fulfilling.
7. Silence is disturbing or boring for us, so we do fun things like parties to cover it. In the same way, we
have to be busy to block out the uncomfortable thoughts or feelings such as helplessness and despair,
so we try to occupy our minds with feelings of euphoria, purposeful activity, and unlimited control.
8. We have a negative impression because she must be a stupid person as the writer uses the word
‘airhead’ to describe her.
9. It signals that we are not spending our time as well as we could, that we should rather be doing
something more enjoyable, more useful, more important, or more fulfilling./ It can be a stimulus for
change./ It may lead us on to better ideas, higher ambitions, and greater opportunities.
10. any three of the following
 avoid situations over which we have no or little control
 cut out distractions
 motivate ourselves
 put things into their proper perspective / realize how lucky we really are
 expect less
 instead of being outside a situation, get inside it
11. If you try to fight boredom, it is like pulling the curtains. Just as there are bright stars in the dark night,
there are also positive sides of boredom, so we should embrace it rather than fight it.
12. general public
13. critical, persuasive, objective, philosophical, pragmatic, impartial (any one of these)
14. to persuade readers that boredom is not something to fight against but something to benefit from
Practice 3.
1. delay
4. predict 6. escape
2. successful 5. cancellation 7. conscious
3. bored
IV. VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

Practice 1.
engage in: 3/b internal: 2/c underlie: 1/f
date back: 6/d external: 7/h productive: 5/a
profoundly: 8/g fulfilling: 4/e
41
Practice 2.
Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
profound profoundly
fulfil (fulfill) fulfilment (fulfillment) fulfilling
produce product productive productively
production
productivity
underlie underlying
internal internally
external externally
Practice 3.
1. dates back
2. productive
3. External
4. stimulants
5. engage in
6. despair
7. propensity
8. underlying
V. DISCUSSION
TEXT 2 THE GROWTH MINDSET

1. g 2. j 3. d 4. e 5. b 6. h 7. i 8. c 9.f 10. a
42
II. READING FOR DETAILED UNDERSTANDING
1. c
2. The idea that through diligent study, we can become more intelligent by nurturing our creative impulses,
analytical skills, and reasoning ability
3. b
4. That we label some athletes thinking that they don’t have a natural ability in sports or cannot be
professionals or as successful as others
That we think some sportspeople serve as only substitutes in a team or play for fun at the weekend
That we think they won’t be successful
5. b
6. c
7.
The Fixed Minded vs The Growth Minded
1a) abilities 1b) traits 8) determined effort
2) external validation / extrinsic 9) failure
accomplishment 10a) success 10b) fixed minded
3) inner weakness 11a) way / path 11b) an/their enemy
4) risk
5) try
6) quit
7) jealous
8. a
9. c
10. It shows that there is more mental activity in the growth minded participants’ brains following a mistake
as they focus on trying to understand and correct their errors.
11. b
Key words: quit, alter course or blame; resentful, timid and trapped
12. b
13. c
14. a
III. GUESSING MEANING FROM CONTEXT

1. fulfilment 2. emerging 3. nurturing 4. compelling 5. attempt
6. mold 7. evaluated 8. resilient 9. burdened 10. shifting
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
1. compelling 2. validity 3. shift 4. underlie
5. requires 6. setbacks 7. nurturing 8. Gradually
IV. DISCUSSION
43
TEXT 3 Why We're All Addicted to Texts, Twitter and Google
1. c 4. f 7. g
2. h 5. d 8. e
3. i 6. a 9. b

1. a, c, d, e, f, g, h
2. ... the text directly addresses the reader / the text is written in an interactive way/ the text has an informal
style.
3. informal (questions, shortened questions from spoken English, imperatives, pronouns ‘we, you,’ etc.)
4. b
5. reasons why people get addicted to texting, e-mails and social media (the Internet), and how to deal with
this problem
1. culprit: 1) the person who is guilty of a crime or doing something wrong 2) (informal) the reason for a
particular problem or difficulty
It has a negative connotation, and the writer prefers this word because dopamine causes behaviors which
interfere with our work/ he blames dopamine for our addiction.
2. That it (actually) causes seeking behavior rather than causing pleasure.
3. They are complementary/ complement each other. The dopamine system propels you to action and the
opioid system makes you feel satisfied and pause your seeking. If the dopamine system isn’t paused, then
you start to run in an endless loop and you tend to seek more than you are satisfied.
4. gratification (para. 5) and satiety (para.6)
5. Without dopamine, people will not want, desire, seek out, and search/ people will not have seeking
behavior/ people will lose anticipation so they will not search for anything.
6. a. unpredictability
b. cues
c. small amouts of information
7. a
44
IV. VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT
Practice 1.
Verb Definition Noun Adjective
1. accomplish to succeed in doing accomplishment
something, especially
after trying very hard
2. anticipate to expect; look forward t anticipation
o
3. enhance to improve something
4. stimulate to encourage something stimulation stimulating
to grow, develop, stimulus (pl. stimuli)
or become active stimulant
5. exhaust to make someone feel exhaustion exhausted
extremely tired exhausting
6. predict to say that something will prediction (un)predictable
happen, before it happens (un)predictability
7. adjust to change or move adjustment
something slightly
to improve it or make it
more suitable for a
particular purpose
8. notify to formally or officially notification
tell someone about
something
Practice 2.
1. desire 3. notify 5. adjust 7. accomplishment
2. stimuli 4. instant 6. cues 8. predictable
V. DISCUSSION
45
UNIT 6
MAKING INFERENCES & DRAWING CONCLUSIONS
1
1. a, c, d
2. Not everyone who is sentenced to death penalty is guilty / Judges/Courts must be very careful while imposing
a death penalty / Death penalty is not an effective form of punishment as it may take innocent lives as shown
in the US examples.
2
Practice 1:
1. Cooking habits have changed over the years.
2. Homemade chocolate cake was one of the author’s favorite foods.
4. The author is probably married with children.
5. The author is now aware that his/her mother’s food was unhealthy.
Practice 2:
2. Many people have had moments when they felt proud because of something good they did.
3. While playing basketball with the kids, Rabbit remembers his days of glory.
5. Rabbit did not play in the NBA.
Practice 3:
1. a 2. c 3. b 4. b
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=to30AJm2epQ Explanation for making inferences
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HDi66yKKxDM Can be used for extra practice or warm-up
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS

A.
1. continue 2. achieve 3. consume 4. loses 5. desires
6. nourishing 7. neglect 8. receive 9. take 10. repair
B.
1. absence 2. tough 3. ancient 4. solve 5. accidentally 6. important
7. easy 8. common 9. new 10. faster 11. major
C.
research = studies
arena = area
focus = emphasis
illness = disease
assert = state
46
D.
anxious × confident
clear × unclear / confused / unsure
distressed × comfortable
small × great
encourage × discourage
unfamiliar × familiar
Linking through synonyms and antonyms in a text
Practice A
1. Maggie’s exceptional gift in painting
2. Contextual synonyms:
Maggie : their little painter, little Maggie, little Monet
precocious : (with) exceptionally advanced skill, ahead of her age compared to other children
flabbergasted: utterly blown away, amazed
dexterity : a natural ability, or ease, with which she used her hands
Contextual antonyms:
gloated, or took pride in her paintings × acted modestly
agape × closed
3. to talk about an extraordinary talent (maybe as an introduction to a text on child prodigies)
4. a general interest magazine or a story book. general public / non-experts/ parents
TEXT 1 IS INTERRAILING STILL A RITE OF PASSAGE?

1. c 2. b 3. h 4. g 5. d 6. e 7. a 8. f
Practice 1.
1. b
2. young people / teenagers / people who are interested in interrailing
3. a
47
Practice 2.
INTERRAIL The 70’s The 80’s

AGE LIMIT 21 26
COST £ 27.5 ___
NUMBER OF TRAVELERS/
85,000 250,000
YEAR
III. MAKING INFERENCES AND EVALUATING INFORMATION FROM THE TEXT

1. No, she didn’t because she ran out of money in 12 days / she had to live on food salvaged from pavements
near markets / she had to sleep on station floors, parks and outside shops.
2. Yes, it was. She was cannier and more experienced/resourceful. She felt great.
I didn’t feel sophisticated, but experienced/ taught me resourcefulness / a sense of humor/ gave me skills / gave
me freedom like I'd never experienced before.
3. The Interrail pass
4. Because young people are more adventurous and smarter and they prefer to travel to further places like the Far
East, India rather than Europe. No, she isn’t. When she was on a five-day holiday in Europe, she met interrailers
wherever she went.
5. hostels
6. At the beginning, it seems to her that they are soft since all the difficulties she faced when she was young are
not problems anymore. However, seeing what these young people are experiencing today and how they are
viewing interrailing, she doesn’t think that they are soft at all. (Students can exemplify if they wish)
7. While the writer was dealing with minor problems like finding a place to sleep, wasting time changing money,
working out how to spend her money, interrailers today had experiences specific to their own travels.
8. a
IV. KEEPING TRACK OF INFORMATION

DIFFERENCES PAST TODAY
ACCOMMODATION - hostels: dirty dumps - hostels: booked in advance / like boutique

PREFERENCES - slept on station floors/ parks/ outside hotels / better equipped (free wi-fi, bars,
of shops/ luggage racks / trains barbecues, etc.)
FINANCE - travelers checks (in nylon money - bank cards, making it safer
belt) in danger of theft
INTERRAILERS - disorganized - more organized

- naïve - less naïve/ more experienced
- better-washed
- smarter
- more adventurous
48
V. IDENTIFYING TONE & PURPOSE
1. b 2. a
VI. FINDING CONTEXTUAL SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS
Practice 1:
1. para. 4: young people, young Europeans
para.7: modern interrailers
para 8: (modern) backpacker(s)
2. para.7: hostel, good places, boutique hotels X detention centers, dirty dumps
para. 9: somewhere to sleep
3. para. 1: 200 pounds-worth, travelers cheques
para. 8: cash, bank cards
4. para: 9: crew
Practice 2:
1. (para. 3) canny X naïve
≈ experienced
2. (para. 3) familiar X strange
3. (para. 5) savvy ≈ experienced
X naive
4. (para. 7) akin ≈ similar
5. (para. 8) organized X disorganized, messy
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
1. salvaged 2. launched 3. hosts 4. kidnap
5. naive 6. impressive 7. assured 8. sophisticated
VII. DISCUSSION
Suggested answers:
1.
Advantages: you become more experienced/resourceful/smart
you broaden your horizons
you meet new people and make great friendships
Disadvantages: could get robbed/mugged
could end up in prison
could use up all your money
2. Yes, because I will learn a lot and make new friends.

No, because it could be dangerous.
49
TEXT 2 FROZEN BODY: CAN WE RETURN FROM THE DEAD?
I. PREVIEWING & PREDICTING

1. 1.c 2.a 3.b
2. All the characters were frozen.
3. Suggested Answer: Bodies are frozen for a period of time and then they are woken up / People may have
themselves frozen for different purposes / People may be shocked when they return to life.
4. Students’own answers.
1. c 2. g 3. j 4. e 5. d 6. i 7. a 8. b 9. h 10. f

Para.1: b Para. 2: d Para. 3&4: f Para. 5: a Para. 6&7: c Para. 8: e
III. KEEPING TRACK OF INFORMATION
Before the body is put into a

The body is then cooled tank of liquid nitrogen, kept
The person dies. at -196 degrees, it is placed
5) to -130 C. 6)upside down in a
container. The reason for
this is to prevent brain leak.
The blood is
An emergency response 3) removed and replaced
team is sent to keep with a cryoprotectant
blood circulation. solution, an organ
preservation solution, to
stop ice crystal formation
in the 4)organs and tissues.
To reduce blood clotting

and damage to the brain, The 2) body is cooled to
the body is just above water's freezing
1) packed in ice and is level the moment it
injected with a variety of reaches the cryonics
chemicals. institute.
50
1. a
2. Because they are big in size and it is more difficult to control cooling, and cryoprotectants may not be
properly diffused.
3. Each organ should be cooled at a different rate and with a different mixture and concentration of
cryoprotectants. He is not very hopeful of its outcome/He’s pessimistic.
4. b
5. c
6. (the fact) That nanotechnology could one day provide a solution.
7. Because of the scale of the problems in each cell / Because a human cell has around 50,000 proteins and
hundreds of millions of fat molecules that make up the membranes.
8. Scientists need to work out how to overcome the destructive effects of cryopreservation.
9. c
V. VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT
Practice 1
1. doubtful 2. crucial 3. thaw 4. enthusiast(s) 5. overcome
Practice 2
Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
preserve 1. preservation well-preserved
2. preserve
restore 1. restoration
2. restorer
sufficient sufficiently X
X insufficient insufficiently
transplant transplant
transplantation
crucial crucially
Practice 3: restore: 5b declare: 3d transplant: 1e subtle: 2c crucial: 4a

Practice 4
1. inevitable 2. restore 3. fragile 4. preservation
5. transplant 6. employed 7. crucial
Vocab adapted from: practice 4 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/11/18/cancer-girl-14-is-cryogenically-frozen-after-telling-

judge-she-w/
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/nov/18/teenage-girls-wish-for-preservation-after-death-agreed-to-by-court
51
VI. DISCUSSION
TEXT 3 SWEATSHOPS
1. e 2. g 3. j 4. h 5. a 6. f 7. d 8. c 9. b 10. i

A. 2. C 3. A 5. D 7. F 8. B 9. E
B.
1. cramped 2. controversy 3. atrocious 4. lay off 5. signal
6. sanitary 7. better off 8. impose 9. necessities 10. devastating
C.
1. He is negative / critical towards sweatshops. The keywords or phrases to be underlined: women and
children working in cramped, rat-infested quarters…… abused by their supervisors and paid barely
enough to survive... ………… horrors of Mexican maquiladoras, ……….young female apparel workers
……. often subject to sexual harassment from the local supervisors, and punished severely…….
2. By buying dresses etc. made by these people, they provide economic support to the system which leads
to them to be abused/ oppressed.
3. b
4. c
5. Because this means that workers would need to seek lower-paying employment elsewhere in the
legitimate economy, or try to make money by illicit means, which is worse.
Because the situation of the workers wouldn’t improve.
6. Working at sweatshops
7. Sweatshops don’t lead to poverty in developing countries. Their existence only means that this country
is poor or that its economy is weak.
8. b
9. c
10. If the workers’ wages increase, they can provide for their nutritional needs and are as productive as
those who are able to afford a steady and reliable diet.
If the workers’ wages increase, they can provide for their nutritional needs and be more productive at
work.
11. a
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
1. violates 2. subject 3. abuse 4. starvation 5. provide
6. wages 7. lack 8. applicable 9. necessities 10. improvements
III. DISCUSSION
52
UNIT 7
COMBINED SKILLS
INCORPORATING VARIOUS READING SKILLS
Practice 1.
1. b
2. a
3. c
4. Para. 1: b Para. 2: c Para. 3: a
5. A/The new human-like robot, it, the humanized machine, this robot
6. a) an example such as (para. 1.) for example (para. 3)
b) a reason because (para. 2)
c) an additional idea and (para.1&2), What’s more (para. 2), That’s not all (para. 2),
not only…but also (para. 2)
d) a purpose to (para. 1), so that (para. 3)
e) a contrasting idea however (para. 3)
f) a result therefore (para. 2)
g) an alternative or (para. 1)
7. is nearly 40 cm…walk about on its own / is fitted with two… five sensors / it can utter more than 3,000
phrases / It can recognize… persons / The robot can project facial… diodes
8.
a) It can walk about on its own.
b) It can listen, talk and even pass on messages.
c) It can utter more than 3,000 phrases.
d) It can recognize humans and respond differently to different persons.
e) It can project facial expressions.
9. The author provides information about the new robot first, but towards the end of the text, he gets to his
main point. He is critical of the use of this new robot to strengthen human interaction. Some parts which
signal the writer’s attitude are “one cannot help wondering about the effect … the family members already
do not talk to each other… Would having a robot really make communication easier?”
10. Suggested answers:

I agree with the writer because family members nowadays have busy lives. Parents work too much and
children have to go to school and take many courses, which takes all their time. When these people come
home, they prefer to unwind by watching TV, playing PC games or following social media on the mobile
phone rather than interacting with family members. Therefore, it is difficult for a robot to change this
routine.
The writer criticizes the expectation that this human-like robot will improve the communication in the
family, but I don’t agree with the writer. The new generation is born into the technological age, and this
new technological tool may attract children’s attention. The family members may want to spend more time
with it, and therefore with each other. For example, they may play games together.
53
Practice 2.
1. b
2. green, natural, organic, products, ingredients, consumers, consumption
3. suggested answers:
green/natural/organic X non-organic/non-natural
green craze/green-conscious consumption
beauty products/cosmetics
a cause for concern/worrying
so-called/supposedly
firm/company
false/misleading X true
report/file a complaint
a complaint/a lawsuit
4. c
5. c
6. a
7. suggested sections from the text:
(para. 1) … so-called organic, natural, and green products, but are they buying what they really think
they are buying?
(para. 2) … a cause for concern and questions have been raised as to whether they do more harm…
worrying … the long list of the impenetrably named ingredients…
(para. 3) … the fear is not restricted to non-organic products only… supposedly “natural” products …
false or misleading claims in order to appeal to green-conscious consumers
(para. 3) … deceive … blatant lies
8. a
9. Para. 1: b
Para. 2: d
Para. 3: a
Para. 4: c
10. Para. 1: There is an increasing interest in natural beauty products, but it is doubtful if they are really
natural.
Para. 2: The long-term effects of cosmetics on our health are not known.
Para. 3: Many non-natural products are a lie that companies tell to sell more.
Para. 4: Consumers should be aware of greenwashing and not trust everything they read on labels.
11. b
12. c
13. b
Suggested answers for the discussion questions:
1. He uses both facts and opinions to support his view. For example, he states facts such as “60% of what
you put on your skin is absorbed into the bloodstream,” or “More than 98% of supposedly “natural”
products in the US are in fact as non-natural as the ones not claiming to be so, according to a study
performed by an environmental consulting firm.” In the majority of the text, he expresses his opinions,
e.g. “it is our duty as consumers to educate ourselves about greenwashing and not to implicitly trust what
the label on a product says.”
54
2. No, because the author does not provide sufficient studies/ research to support his/her view that few
natural products are green. When s/he mentions a study, s/he does not cite it correctly. The examples are
generalized and no specific brands are revealed, so it is difficult to trust what is said.
3. worried/concerned/alarmed/helpless/defenceless
TEXT 1 THINKING ETHICALLY

1.d 2.i 3.g 4.a 5.f 6.b 7.c 8.j 9.e 10.h

1.c 2.b
III. GETTING FAMILIAR WITH THE TEXT
1. We face/struggle with moral issues in different aspects of our lives every day.
Moral issues are an inseparable part of our lives and we deal with them every single day in different ways.
2. Expected answers: confusing, difficult or tiring (as the writer poses some difficult questions regarding moral
issues after this word)
3. a) getting the facts b) appealing to values
IV. KEEPING TRACK OF INFORMATION IN A TEXT
Suggested answers:
THE NAME OF THE THE BASIC QUESTION(S) THE ULTIMATE
THE APPROCAH PHILOSOPHER(S THAT IT DEALS WITH ETHICAL BEHAVIOUR
) THAT THAT IT AIMS
DEVELOPED IT
1.The Utilitarian Jeremy Bentham What actions are available to us? The one that provides the
Approach and John Stuart Who will be affected by each greatest good for the
Mill action and what benefits or harms greatest number
will be derived from each?
2. The Rights Immanuel Kant What moral rights do the affected The one that doesn’t
Approach (and others like parties have? Does the action violate the rights of others
him) respect the moral rights of
everyone?
3. The Fairness or Aristotle How fair is an action? Does it The one that is just, or fair,
Justice Approach treat everyone in the same way, or and that doesn’t favour or
does it show favoritism and discriminate anyone
discrimination? (without a good reason)
4. The Common Plato, Aristotle, What action is for the common The one that is both to our
Good Approach and Cicero good of the society? and the community’s
advantage
5.The Virtue ___ What kind of person should I be? The one that develops
Approach What will promote the ideals, or moral virtues
development of character within
myself and my community?
55
V. READING FOR DETAILED UNDERSTANDING
1. their ability to choose freely what they will do with their lives (and their fundamental right to have their
choices respected)
2. actions that violate the rights of individuals / others
3. that people should be treated fairly / that people should avoid favoritism and discrimination
4. favoritism and discrimination
5. any two.
affordable health care, effective public safety, peace among nations, a just legal system, an unpolluted
environment
6. further
7. any two. honesty, courage, compassion, generosity, fidelity, integrity, fairness, self-control, and prudence
students’ own answers
8. a
9. b
10. c
11. a
12. c
13. b (the other two are too specific for a title)
VI. ANALYZING THE TEXT FOR TEXTUAL CLUES
1. moral issues, ethical issues, dealing with / resolving ethical / moral problems, ethical thinking, rights, values,
moral / ethical actions
2. contextual synonyms
a. ethical issue
b. basic right
c. justice
d. conditions that are equally to everyone’s advantage
e. society
f. moral problem
contextual antonyms
a. evil b. harm c. immoral / wrong d. unjust / wrong
3.
a. between sentence 3 and 4 b. between sentence 6 and 7
…manipulated. Therefore, it is a violation… …like habits. That is, once acquired…
TEXT 2 SPEAKING AGAINST THE SILENCE

1. & 2. Students’ own answers
3. That the Internet use is monitored and the press is controlled in China.
56
1. f 3. g 5. c 7. e 9. b
2. i 4. d 6. a 8. j 10. h
1. b
2. b
3. dubbed
4. c
5. a
6. a
7. b
8. c
9. punishments, penalties, fines, jail time
10. c
11. buffer
12. b
13. a
III. VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT
Practice 1.
a. noun, censorship
b. noun, regulations
c. verb, invade
d. noun, invasion
e. verb, harassed
f. noun, sentence
g. verb, rebel
h. noun, rebels
i. noun, rebellion
Practice 2.
1. censorship
2. addressed
3. regulations
4. wary
5. harassment
6. harsh
7. abstract
8. justification
IV. DISCUSSION
57
TEXT 3 GENETIC MODIFICATION OF FARM ANIMALS FOR AGRICULTURE
The definition of genetic modification is given in the 1 st paragraph of the text.
1. e 2. h 3. c 4. a 5. f 6. b 7. i 8. d 9. g
II. GUESSING MEANING FROM CONTEXT
1. manipulation 2. yield 3. scrutinise 4. infertile 5. slaughtered
Practice 1. (Students can take the related parts directly and write them as answers.)
1. increase in the number of animals

2. biological processes and the relationships between mutations and diseases
3. Any of the following:
milk production / disease resistance / the nutritional value of the products they are farmed for
4. (in) medicine and industry
5. non-genetically engineered animals, and even humans (Both parts should be written in the answer.)
6. animal cruelty legislations
7. don’t survive
8. for / in genetic modification
9. mass produce therapies for human medicine
10. Any of the following:
have your programme reviewed before you go ahead / have veterinary care programmes in place / have
staff that are qualified to care for live animals
Practice 2
1. The problem is that the present system uses / relies on human blood for these products and it is limited.
Genetically modified farm animals can be used to produce such products in large quantities.
2. The writer questions whether eating the products of such animals could potentially harm people or not.
3. selective breeding
4. To show that genetic modification can put animals at risk of harm / harm animals. Students’ own
answers. (suggested answer: no, it is not ethical because the animals had diseases or lost some of their
body functions after this practice. This is not acceptable even for the sake of development in science.)
5. It can be used to improve the resistance of livestock to disease and to remove characteristics that cause
injury. Students’ own answers. (suggested answer: no, because alternative methods could be used for
the same purposes.)
6. The writer probably means taking the role of God, creating or playing with life freely. Students’ own
answers.
7. maintain
58
8. Because existing regulations are for the use of animals in research and it not clear how they would be
applied to genetic engineering of farm animals.
Because few guidelines in existing regulations refer to it directly.
9. Mostly objective / neutral / impartial although s/he gives more arguments for the issue.
VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT: DERIVATIVES

verb noun adjective adverb
modify modification (genetically) modified

agriculture agricultural
manipulate manipulation manipulative
enhance enhancement
resist resistance resistant
donate donor / __donation___
thorough thoroughly
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
1. maintain 2. gain 3. convenient 4. manipulated
5. modification 6. occupy 7. undergone 8. thorough
IV. DISCUSSION
59

The Answer Key For Reading Strategies

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The Answer Key For Reading Strategies

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THE ANSWER KEY

I. PREVIEWING THE TOPIC

 Finance  The time you will spend there

II. READING FOR GIST

I. B II. F III. D IV. G V. C VI. A VII. E

III. READING FOR SPECIFIC INFORMATION

IV. READING FOR DETAILED UNDERSTANDING

VI. GUESSING MEANING FROM CONTEXT

I. PREVIEWING THE TOPIC

II. READING FOR GIST

III. READING FOR DETAILED UNDERSTANDING

IV. GUESSING MEANING FROM CONTEXT

B. 1. universal 2. exploit 3.insult 4.common sense

3) __g__ UK/ UK c) Gives the frequency of words used in written language

5) __d__ e) Shows the word is American English

6) __b__ AWL f) Gives the frequency of words used In spoken language

7) __c__ W1 g) Shows the word is British English

1. Who hudgered T. how to nader and write? His gaga.

C. The text is about the famous inventor, Thomas Alva Edison.

PRACTICE 5: Please accept any other possible answers.

TEXT 1 EATING DISORDERS

II. READING FOR GIST

II. READING FOR GIST

IV. READING FOR DETAILED UNDERSTANDING

II. READING FOR SPECIFIC INFORMATION

III. FINDING MAIN IDEAS

V. DICTIONARY USE AND GUESSING MEANING FROM CONTEXT

VI. UNDERSTANDING THE AUTHOR’S STANCE

1. Fall 2016 2. sixteen/16 3. percentage 4. (27%) 5. Pinterest 6. 12% 7. Spring

B. 1. psychologist 2. dancer 3. homeless 4. Sadness 5. thankful

TEXT 1 BROKEN WINDOWS

I. PREVIEWING THE TOPIC

IV. READING FOR DETAILED UNDERSTANDING

V. DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN FACTS AND OPINIONS

add addition additional additionally

1. prevention 2. adopted 3. enforcement 4. effective

TEXT 2 RECYCLING: THE KAMIKATSU EXAMPLE

III. READING FOR DETAILED UNDERSTANDING

IV. DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN FACTS AND OPINIONS

to found (Intro) to start something such as an organization, founder (n.)

atoms - bonded fairly firmly together / locked tightly

UNDERSTANDING TEXT STRUCTURE

Why law (national/ international level)?

harmonic operation of the components absolute harmony in and among

the car moves societies exist and thrive on the world

Text 2 Graphic organizers used: A, E

help us reach an ethical position

1. confirm you have the Windows product key

Text 4 Graphic organizer used: F

Compulsive Overeating Cycle

They feel bad about

They start to feel

They hit a breaking

Author: a murder mystery

The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-

The protagonist and narrator of

lives with his father a 15-year-old boy with

II. READING FOR GIST

Possible reasons why there is a skills gap

Possible sufferers form the skills gap

Group 1: New graduates Group 2: Older workers

Step 2: Address the shortages and improve yourself in these areas.

IV. GUESSING MEANING FROM CONTEXT

3) g UK/ UK c) Gives the frequency of words used in written language

5) d e) Shows the word is American English

6) b AWL f) Gives the frequency of words used In spoken language

7) c W1 g) Shows the word is British English