Chapter 4 Exercises

MARS intro
Hello World
.text #Code segment to store instructions
addi $t1,$zero,2 #$t1 = 2
addi $t2,$zero,3 #$t2 = 3
add $t0, $t1, $t2 #$t0 = $t1 + $t2
Ex.1
• Implement the following pseudo program in MIPS
assembly.
• Assume that x, y, z, i, j are in s1, s2, s3, t0, t1.

if (i<=j){
x=x+1;
z=1;
}
else {
y=y-1;
z=2*z;
}
Solution
start:
slt $t0,$s2,$s1 # j<i
bne $t0,$zero,else # branch to else if j<i
addi $t1,$t1,1 # then part: x=x+1
addi $t3,$zero,1 # z=1
j endif # skip “else” part
else: addi $t2,$t2,-1 # begin else part: y=y-1
add $t3,$t3,$t3 # z=2*z
endif:
Ex.2
Find the sum of all elements in array A

loop: i = i + step;
sum=sum + A[i];
if (i != n) goto loop;
 Solution
.text
loop:
add $s1,$s1,$s4 #i=i+step
add $t1,$s1,$s1 #t1=2*s1
add $t1,$t1,$t1 #t1=4*s1
add $t1,$t1,$s2 #t1 store the address of A[i]
lw $t0,0($t1) #load value of A[i] in $t0
add $s5,$s5,$t0 #sum=sum+A[i]
bne $s1,$s3,loop #if i != n, goto loop

How to declare variables, array?

2nd Hello World
.data #Data segment
x: .word 0x01020304 # x is a word
message: .asciiz "Dept. of Computer Engineering"
.text #Code segment to store instructions
la $a0, message #load string address to a0
li $v0, 4 #function $v0 = 4
syscall #call system routine

addi $t1,$zero,2 #$t1 = 2

addi $t2,$zero,3 #$t2 = 3
add $t0, $t1, $t2 #$t0 = $t1 + $t2

• Run and observe

• Text and data segment
• la, li, syscall instructions
• How to use variable x?
Directives
• Instruct assembler to store or allocate program
objects.
• Program structure
.text: store objects in the code segment (these are
instructions)
.data: store objects in data segment (static variables)
.ktext, .kdata: code and data segments for kernel (OS)
• Variable declaration (allocation)
.byte/.half/.word: store listed values as bytes/halfs/words
.ascii/.asciiz: string and null-terminated string
.space: reserved specified number of bytes
MIPS memory map
• Settings → Memory Configuration
Exercise
• Use .word directive to allocate a 4-byte integer
• Use code to assign value of 0x01020304 to that
integer
• Check the endianness used by the simulator
Exercise
• Draw the map of .data
this data segment arr16: .space 16
arr: .byte 'a','b','c'
s1: .ascii "abcd"
X1: .word 0xFFFFFFFF
s2: .ascii "efgh"
X2: .word 0xFFFFFFFF
s3: .asciiz "1234"
X3: .word 0xFFFFFFFF
s4: .asciiz "5678"
X4: .word 0xFFFFFFFF
Exercise
• Use .word directive to allocate a static array of 10
elements, initialize data for each element, and
calculate the sum of all element items.
Exercise
• Declare and initialize an array of integers. The
number of element in that array is already known.
• Find the largest value in the array.
Exercise
• Write a program
- Print “Hello!” to console
- Wait for user to press any key
- Print “Have a good day!”
Exercise
• Write a program to ask for a name, then print
“Hello ” + the name that was read.
Exercise
• Write a program to read two integers from console,
then print the sum of that two integers.
Exercise
• Write a program to read a positive value n from
console, then calculate and print the sum of all
numbers from 1 to n.
Exercise
• Write a program for printing an array value to
output.
- Allocate a static array of n integers, n is a known
value
- Write a subroutine for printing array, with two
arguments: array A and number of elements n
- Use the subroutine to print array value
Exercise
• Write a program based on the given sorting
function.
- Allocating a static array of 10 integers
- Print original value of array
- Sort the array
- Print value of array after sorting
Exercise
• Develop a simple implementation of strlen function
size_t strlen(const char *str)
• Write a program to input a string (max of 255
chars), print out its length
Exercise
• Develop a function to accept an input string, then
revers that string to a new string.